2023.24 Unit 3 - The European Restoration (1814-71) (PPT).pdf

UNIT 3
THE EUROPEAN RESTORATION, THE LIBERAL
REVOLUTIONS AND THE EMERGENCE OF
NATIONALISM (1814-1871)

1. The European Restoration
2. The Liberal Revolutions: 1820, 1830 and 1848
3. Nationalism Movements: Italian and German Unifications
4. Art: 19th Century

After Napoleon: Reorganisation of Europe
CONGRESS OF VIENNA
(1814-15)
Great Britain, Prussia, Russia and
Austria.
1. The Congress of Vienna
1. THE EUROPEAN RESTORATION

 Restoration of absolutist monarchies:
 legitimacy of monarchs
 denial of national sovereignty
 limitation of Constitutions, etc.
 Re-drawing of the map of Europe  No
regard of nationalist aspirations + Balance
of power.
 Holy Allegiance  Military help in case of
liberal revolutions.

Despite the Congress of Vienna and
the comeback of absolutism 
growth of liberalism and nationalism
in Europe è Uprisings from 1820
onwards è Eventual collapse of
absolutism.
2. Post-Napoleonic Liberalism, Nationalism and Democracy

LIBERALISM
- Freedom of the individual
- Separation of powers
- Constitutional monarchies with representative and
parliamentary assemblies.
- National sovereignty
- Limited male suffrage
- Governmental guarantees of individual rights and civil
liberties (association, expression, movement, press and
religion)
- Right to property and free trade
Directed by the bourgeoisie + popular support.
Led to the collapse of absolutism è Liberal state

NATIONALISM
• Response to:
• Napoleonic conquests
• Territorial impositions of Vienna
• Began as intellectual ideology: right of people
to establish its own boundaries based on a
common history, language and/or culture
(Volkgeist)
• Final product  Nation-state with national
sovereignty and the form of government that
each nation voted.

Secessionist nationalism  Several nations under the same large multinational power or foreign power

Unifier nationalism  Unstructured regions with a
common heritage

2. THE LIBERAL REVOLUTIONS: 1820, 1830 AND 1848

1. The Revolutions of 1820
Liberal revolutions.
Suppressed by the Holy Allegiance (ie.
Trienio Liberal).
Greece 
War of Independence – 1821-9.
Foreign support.
Independence in 1829.

- Moderate liberalism
- Constitutional monarchies
- Census suffrage.
France (Paris) è Middle and popular classes
Vs Charles X è Constitutional monarchy
(Louis Philippe de Bourbon).
1830  Belgium è Independence from the Netherlands.

End of the absolutist restoration in Europe
 More radical revolutionary wave.
LIBERALISM
NATIONALISM
WORKERS’
MOVEMENTS
Socialists
Anarchists
SEVERE CRISIS

From France to central Europe (Germany, Austria, Hungary) and Italy.
• Crisis  Fall of the Bourbon dynasty è Second Republic (1848-1852) 
LOUIS NAPOLEON BONAPARTE (Conservative)  1852: Coup è
Second Empire (1852-1870)
Austria, Germany, Italy
Nationalist movements.
Eventual failure

4. Consequences of the revolutions
Limited direct impact, but several advances:
 Progressive adoption of liberalism, division
of power and constitutional systems.
 Male limited suffrage generally recognised.
 Abolition of absolutist remains (serfdom,
for instance).
 Bourgeoisie  power.
o Industrial proletariat and commoners
è Class consciousness  Against
bourgeois ideas.

3. NATIONALIST MOVEMENTS
NAPOLEONIC
CONQUESTS
HOLY
ALLEGIANCE
NATIONALIST
MOVEMENTS

Italy: Divided into seven states (some under Austrian
sovereignty)
Risorgimento
Movement led by KING VITTORIO EMMANUELE DI SABOIA
(Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia) and his PM, the COUNT
OF CAVOUR.
Support of intellectuals, liberals and nationalists.
GIUSEPPE GARIBALDI (south)  Revolutionary soldier
against foreign powers (Two Sicilies, Austria, France)
1. Italian unification

1843 1870
1. Lombardy and Two Sicilies (1859-61)
War between Piedmont and Austria 
annexed Lombardy.
Expedition of the Thousand (Garibaldi) 
Conquered the south.
KINGDOM OF ITALY (1861)
Vittorio Emmanuele king.

2. Venetia (1866)
Conquered during the Austro-Prussian War.
3. Papal States (1870)
Integrated during the French-Prussian War.
Difficult integration until 1929.
Liberal and constitutional monarchy Limited suffrage
Separation of powers Rome as capital

2. German unification
Early 19th century
German confederation 36 states.
Prussia and Austria the strongest.

1834  Zollverein (custom union)
Majority of German-speaking states
1848  Revolutions. First offer of
unification è Rejected by the Prussian king.

Wilhelm I  King of Prussia
Otto von Bismark  Chancellor
Movements towards unification (excluding Austria)
1864  War Vs Denmark (Schleswig [PR] and Holstein
[AUS])
1866  Austro-Prussian War è No Austrian influence.
North German Confederation  After the war
1870  Franco-Prussian War (Vs Second French Empire)

1871 è WILHEM I EMPEROR
OF THE SECOND REICH
Constitutional and conservative state
Kaiser William I
Berlin as capital
Progressive concessions: universal male
suffrage

Liberal and parliamentary regimes
EUROPE IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY
Constitutional monarchies with representative assemblies, limited suffrage, etc
PORTUGAL
SPAIN
FRANCE
BELGIUM
NETHERLANDS
ITALY
GREAT BRITAIN
GREECE
GERMAN REICH
DENMARK
SWEDEN
FINLAND
NORWAY

 Strongest commercial, colonial and financial power in the world.
 Industrial Revolution.
 Great colonial empire.
 Bipartisanship, turning power: Conservative party and Liberal
party. Stability. Reforms (universal male suffrage in the early 20th
c; women in 1918).
Queen Victoria
(1837-1901)

 Revolution 1848  Louis Napoleon Bonaparte elected. Coup in 1852.
 Second French Empire (1852-1870). Napoleon III. Conservative and
authoritarian regime.
 Franco-Prussian War (1870)  Defeated by Prussia.
 Paris Commune: radical uprising.
 Third Republic (1870-1940). Instability. Conservative and authoritarian
governments.

Autocratic regimes
TSAR
Absolute political powers, controlled the army, the bureaucracy,
the political policy and it was also the highest religious charge of
the Orthodox Church.
Elimination of manorial system  1861.

Autocratic monarchy
Conservative parliament. Restrictive male
limited suffrage.
Several internal problems  Nationalist
movements.
Hungarian region  Demanded complete
autonomy è Creation of the
AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN EMPIRE
Dual monarchy
Two independent parliaments and
administrations
Common Emperor.
Late 19th, early 20th  Nationalist
movements in the Balkans.
Emperor Franz Joseph I
(1848-1916)
Nearly unlimited authority

Since 18th century: internal religious,
political and nationalist critics è Led to
independences and coups d’état.
1829  Greek independence.
Balkans  Increasing protests è military
conflicts with Russian support.
Late 19th century:
• independence of Romania and Serbia
• recognition of Bulgaria as autonomous
state
• Bosnia-Herzegovina recognised as part
of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

The development of the United States
THE UNITED STATES
Huge growth of population: from 4 million to
100 million people. Importance of Asian and
European migrants.
Expansion of territories: new states in the union.
● Interconnection of both coasts by train.
Conquest of the West

Centre of the second stage of the Industrial Revolution.
Discovery and exploitation of natural resources
(oil, coal, iron, gold)

The American Civil War (1861-65)
Political, economic and ethnic differences between the
north and the south
Confederate States of America
Southern states
Pro-slavery and its extension to
the west.
Union
Northern states
Abolitionists
Loyal to the government of
Abraham Lincoln.
• War: intense combat for four years. Union won. Slavery
abolished in the US.
• Aftermath: Reconstruction Era. Lincoln.

1. Romanticism
4. ART: THE 19TH CENTURY
• 1st half 19th century.
• Reaction against Neoclassicism
(academic, rigid and
inexpressive)
• Characteristics: individualism,
creativity, fantasy, expression of
feelings, exaltation of
nationalism, etc.

Revivals with nationalist meaning:
Neo-Gothic
Neo-Baroque
Neo-Mudéjar

Forced movements
and feelings
Historical themes.
The Marseillaise
François Rude
El ángel caído
Ricardo Bellver

Feelings and dynamic
actions located in
dramatic landscapes.
Contrasted colours and
lights.
The Abbey in the Oakwood
C. D. Friedrich

The raft of the Medusa
Géricault).

The death of Sardanapalus
Delacroix

Liberty guiding the people
Delacroix

Wanderer above the sea of fog
C. D. Friedrich
Rain, Steam and Speed
Turner

Ejecución de los
comuneros de Castilla
Gisbert

Fusilamiento de
Torrijos y sus
compañeros en las
playas de Málaga
Gisbert

San Juan de los Reyes, Toledo
Villaamil

Doña Amalia de Llano y
Dotres, Condesa de Vilches
Federico de Madrazo
Estudio de Mario Fortuny
Ricardo Madrazo

Los poetas
contemporáneos. Una
lectura de Zorrilla en el
estudio del pintor
Esquivel

• Central years of the century.
• Everyday reality and the common
people actions and jobs as sources of
inspirations,
• Critical point of view: political,
economic and social differences.
• Recognition of the value of the
lower classes: peasants,
proletariat...
• Connection with left-wing ideas.
2. Realism

The Painter’s studio
Courbet

La rendición de Bailén
Casado del Alisal

La campana de Huesca Baldomero Espartero
Casado del Alisal

2023.24 Unit 3 - The European Restoration (1814-71) (PPT).pdf

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2023.24 Unit 3 - The European Restoration (1814-71) (PPT).pdf