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This document provides resources and strategies for teaching English as an additional language. It includes links to websites with information on differentiation strategies, assessment, games, and resources for new English learners. Some key strategies mentioned are using visuals, modeling, scaffolding, grouping students by ability, and providing leveled texts. The document also discusses the cognitive neuroscience of second language acquisition, including the brain regions involved and how individual differences impact language learning. Finally, it provides examples of British English words and phrases for students to learn. The overall purpose is to support teachers in helping English language learners progress quickly and achieve their full potential.
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- 2. • Semiotics, Languageand Culture • Developing vocabulary acquisition skills and strategies • Using inference and deduction to explore layers of meaning of a word • Making relevant notes when researching different sources, comparing and contrasting information. • Exploring Connotation/Denotation • Regionalisms and Accent • Using a variety of resources to study use and usage of a word • Improving vocabulary for precision and impact Learning Objectives:
- 9. ABC news aboutGrantham http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4rFVjzVr9i8 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gl3d-5KU_K0&feature=relmfu http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kYUpkPTcqPY&feature=related (live footage)
- 12.
- 14. Britishsms and Britishationof American English • Refer to the BBC text worksheet to answer the questions: • 1- Write down a list of Briticisms on a vocabulary log. • 2-What is your opinion about this phenomenon? • 3- What is the best way to keep yourself up-to-date with the new language? • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UIXHcOjJpxY (movie snippet) • http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-19670686 (text) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GHX2mvFVQMs&NR=1 (american accent and stereotyping)
- 15. Useful Sites • BBCPodcast: The English we speak • http://www.bbc.co.uk/podcasts/series/tae/all • BBC One-minute news • http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/video_and_audio/ • Cbbc news • http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/14730600 • cbbcnews mobile phones girl fall in hole • Webmix • http://www.symbaloo.com/mix/homewebmix1258?searched=true
- 16. How Haruli Murakami‘ 1Q84’ was translated into English • Refer to your worksheet and reflect on the questions: 1-According to this article, Gabriel Garcia Marquez allegedly tod Gregory Rabassa that his English translation of One Hundred Years of Solitude was better than the Spanish original. When translating, should one avoid this? What strategies were used for the purpose of this text? How effective were they? 2- Too many hands spoil the broth? Or Many hands, light work?
- 17. Memorias de umsargento de milicias • Ahead of time • Transition • Dramatic Irony • Ilha da Conceicao • Intertextuality • Anti-hero • Dialetica da Malandragem • Morro do Vidigal
- 18. • Couple: Portuguese Espanhola • Pataca • Magia Negra • Names without surnames • ‘ Filho de um beliscao e uma pisadela’ • Barbeiro • Parteira • Maria Regalada • Memorias em primeira pessoa, livro em terceira pessoa. • Milicia
- 19. Keneth, Hale • ‘When you lose a language, you lose a culture, intellectual wealth, a work of art.’ He sought to rescue languages that were dying out. He held that meaning were fluid to be captured and readily translated word-for-word from one language to another. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I8uUjtiaXqE (Dreaming in Different Tongues: Languages and the Way We Think) Extra Time
- 20. True or False? Theability to communicate is essential to deep learning. • Languages have patterns, structures and systems. • Language is a tool to access knowledge. • Language allows humans to share thoughts, feelings and emotions. • Language is part of the development of identity. • Communication is an essential tool for understanding.
- 21. Reflection • Is languagelearning universal? • Is there only one way to learn a language? • Is language acquisition universal? • How far does your language represent your culture?
- 22. Interviews I have interviewed5 language teaching native speakers and have asked them to: 1- Briefly describe where they come from. 2- Share some language typically from their place of origin. 3- Read an extract of a play.
- 23. While listening • 1-Make notes of similarities and differences in pronunciation. • 2- Keep track of the new words/expressions in your vocabulary log. • 3- Any observations on how easy/difficult to understand what they say.
- 24. Our Day Out ByWilly Russell,1977. ‘Carol rushes along the street wearing school uniform which doubles as a street outfit and her Sunday best’ Snippet Part I http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d-YQE1whleo Extract of the Book http://books.google.com.br/books?id=FOblbV3XBI4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=our+day+out+amazon&source=bl&ots=2lVnKtEsQC&sig=5vil3e82iT3IcRULFiiO6UnQ_Zg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=g
- 25. Wales • The countryof Wales is part of Great Britain, but a region with its own language, Welsh. • The accent of the Welsh is distinct from the rest of Great Britain.
- 26. North American English USA • Verydistinct from the English spoken in the UK • Discrepancies go beyond the accents (of which the US has great diversity), as far as spelling. Canada • Although the accent can sound similar to those found in the Northern states of the USA, Canadian English has retained far more in common with British English – including spelling – than the US.
- 27. Southern Hemisphere English Australia • Canbe divided into three general categories: Broad (stronger accent, generally found in rural regions), General (most common, urban majority) and Cultivated (declining – strong similarities to British “BBC” accent) . New Zealand • Similar to Australian accent, although distinct differences can be discerned in the pronunciation of certain vowels.
- 28. Understanding Culture Politically Correct •1- How does this vary from region to region in Brazil? • 2- How does that affect effective communication? • 3- Should it be explicitly taught in an ESL environment? Not so much. • Can you think of 5 words that are pejorative? • Why do they carry the negative connotation?
- 30. Being PC The politicallycorrect use of English • In order to minimize social and institutional offense in regards to race, class, gender, racial, sexual orientation, cultural, religious, ideological, disability and age-related contexts, certain vocabulary should be avoided as it may be perceived as being politically incorrect.
- 31. WORDS COMMONLY IDENTIFIED ASBEING OFFENSIVE • Class – bum • Racial – nigger – Paki • Gender – Use of ‘his’ • Sexual orientation – queer – poof • Religious – mick • Disability – spastic The purpose of Politically Correct language: 1. It reduces the social acceptability of using offensive terms. 2. It discourages the reflexive use of words that import a negative stereotype, thereby promoting conscious thinking about how to describe others fairly on their merits.
- 32. Check these • http://www.independent.org/pdf/tir/tir_16_02_8 •http://exchanges.state.gov/englishteaching/forum
- 33. Watch the following video Howmany times do the players in white pass the basketball?
- 34.
- 35. • ACQUISITION OFA LANGUAGE • Learning a Target Language Note Taking ‘PICK UP A LANGUAGE’ ‘INCIDENTAL LEARNING’ Studying it Intended learning
- 36. Jonhson, K. (2001)An Introduction to Foreign Language Learning and Teaching . Harlow : Longman Attempt to bridge the gap between theorists and practitioners. Bruner, J. (1986) Actual Minds, possible worlds. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ‘ The security of the familiar with the excitement of the new.’ Good readings
- 37. • Body movement •Choreography • Emotions • Expression • Coordination • Rhythm Acquiring vocabulary is like performing a very intricate dance.
- 38. Words presented withpictures e.g. Optical illusion
- 39. • What's anAnalogy? by Ann Reckner An analogy is a type of word problem that often appears on standardized tests. It is made up of two word pairs, like this: GRACEFUL : CLUMSY :: late : _______ • Your goal in solving an analogy is to find a word that correctly completes the second pair. At first glance the words in an analogy may seem to have nothing to do with each other, but the words are always logically related. Both pairs of words have the same kind of relationship. To solve the analogy you need to find that relationship. Read the analogy like this: "Graceful is to clumsy as late is to 'blank.'" • Ask yourself: What is the relationship between graceful and clumsy? They are antonyms—words that have opposite meanings. The second pair of words must also be antonyms. Fill in the blank with a word that means the opposite of late, and you've solved the analogy. Early is the best answer. Besides antonyms, the word pairs in an analogy could have one of these types of relationships: synonyms, or words that have the same or similar meanings, as in WORK : LABOR • descriptive, in which one word describes the other word, as in BLUE : SKY • part to whole, in which one word is a part or piece of the other, as in ARM : BODY • item to category, in which one word names something that falls into the group named by the other word, as in MILK : BEVERAGE PUPPY : DOG :: kitten : _______ Words presented in analogy
- 40. • Because • Business •Drop • Slippers • Leave Using graphics to show word meaning
- 41. Presented in wordfamilies Root Comes from Means bio Greek life cept Latin take form Latin Form, shape graph Greek write script Latin write spect Latin look phone Greek voice hydr Greek water fect Latin Cause, make Vid,vis Latin see cis Latin cut cent Latin hundred
- 42. Providing multipleexposures and opportunities to see, hear, write and use new words
- 43. There are alsodifferent ways to learn words
- 44.
- 45. Supporting Developing WordKnowledge • Repeat in various contexts • Describe words • Support with visuals • Connect to yours or other people’s lives • Extend meaning with anecdotes • Make associations • Give definitions • Compare and contrasts • Question • Chart characteristics • Rephrase sentences • Analyze structure • Provide tactile examples • Give examples of correct and incorrect use
- 46. IntroductionLet's face it- English is a crazy language. There is no egg in eggplant, nor ham in hamburger; neither apple nor pine in pineapple. English muffins weren't invented in England or French fries in France. Sweetmeats are candies while sweetbreads, which aren't sweet, are meat. We take English for granted. But if we explore its paradoxes, we find that quicksand can work slowly, boxing rings are square and a guinea pig is neither from Guinea nor is it a pig. ‘Learning involves the search for patterns, regularity and predictability’ Bruner 1960 And why is it that writers write but fingers don't fing, grocers don't groce and hammers don't ham? If the plural of tooth is teeth, why isn't the plural of booth, beeth? One goose, 2 geese. So one moose, 2 meese?
- 47. Doesn't it seemcrazy that you can make amends but not one amend? If you have a bunch of odds and ends and get rid of all but one of them, what do you call it? if teachers taught, why didn't preachers praught? If a vegetarian eats vegetables, what does a humanitarian eat? ...
- 48. • In whatlanguage do people recite at a play and play at a recital? Ship by truck and send cargo by ship? Have noses that run and feet that smell?
- 49. How can aslim chance and a fat chance be the same, while a wise man and a wise guy are opposites? You have to marvel at the unique lunacy of a language in which your house can burn up as it burns down, in which you fill in a form by filling it out and in which, an alarm goes off by going on.
- 50. • English wasinvented by people, not computers, and it reflects the creativity of the human race, which, of course, is not a race at all. • That is why, when the stars are out, they are visible, but when the lights are out, they are invisible.
- 51. • Make amends •usage notes: after to/by/with • e.g. I hope that by winning this game I will make amends to my fans for losing such an easy match yesterday. • at the end of a sentence: I embarressed my friends and want to make amends. Note taking
- 52. • Odds andends(pl) • Run an errand /run errands Note: When logging vocabulary one should add some examples to turn input comprehensible/ meaningful.
- 53. • Smelly feet/ flat foot/ ingrown nail/ athlete’s feet/ bunion • Running nose/ Have the flu / cold/ congested/ feel sick, be sick/ ill More notes
- 54. ‘ Memory canbe thought of as a kind of conveyor belt, which when in operation receives a constant stream of information, which it processes as follows:’
- 55. • How manywords do we know? • How many do we need to know in order to be fluent? • How many do native speakers know at the age of 3, when they start speaking? • How many can we learn ? Numbers
- 56. How many wordsdo we know? • Average first grader – 6,000 words • Average high school senior – 45,000 words • The Math: – 39,000 words over 12 years – About 3,000 words a year or 10 words a day • The range: – 1,000 words a year for low achieving children – 5,000 words a year for high achieving children
- 57. • I willlearn..... words a day. • 5? At the end of the year it will be 365X5=1825 Setting a smart target
- 58. What does itmean to KNOW a word? • A preliminary definition – Read/decode a word – Understand its meaning and use – Use it in oral response – Use it in written work • Levels of word knowledge – Unknown – Acquainted – Established
- 59. • There aremany other strategies used to learn a vocabulary and the following links may give you food for thought. • http://www.glencoe.com/sec/teachingtoday/subject/vocab_acq • http://203.72.145.166/TESOL/TQD_2008/VOL_25_4.PDF#page=9 • http://www.readwritethink.org/professional-development/strat • http://coachdes.wordpress.com/2005/10/24/english-use-and-us •
- 60. EAL teaching strategies- supporting pupils for whom English is an additional language EAL strategies and resources to make planning and teaching easier and help your pupils achieve the four Ps; - make accelerated progress - fulfil their potential - be happy motivated and proactive learners - be proud of their identity and language skills
- 61. Useful sources http://www.eal-teaching-strategies.com/differentiation-strategy.html • http://www.eal-teaching-strategies.com/assessment.html •http://www.eal-teaching-strategies.com/resources.html • http://www.eal-teaching-strategies.com/games.html • http://www.eal-teaching-strategies.com/assessment.html • http://www.eal-teaching-strategies.com/resources.html • http://www.thegrid.org.uk/learning/mecs/eal/newarrivals/index.shtml
- 62. The Cognitive Neuroscienceof Second Language Acquisition Perspectives of critical/sensitive periods, maturational effects, individual differences, neural regions involved, and processing characteristics. The research methods used include functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and event related potentials (ERP). Core questions including: which brain areas are reliably activated in second language processing? Are they the same or different from those activated in first language acquisition and use? And what are the behavioural consequences of individual differences among brains?
- 63. Zebra crossing Marmite Vegemite Off yougo Cheers Top of the morning Mind your own business Spot on! Private school Public school My journal
- 64.
- 65.
- 66. • Let’s goX off you go • Shall we/ you will have ten min to complete this task... Analogies
- 67. • Cheers • Ta •Thank you • Tara
- 68. • Morning • Topof the morning • G’day • Howdy
- 69. • Mind you... • Mind your own business (-) • Mind the gap
- 70. • Public school/ Private school Comprehensive Grammar Boarding Church Community Cultural Understanding
- 71. Spot on! Way togo Couldn’t do better myself Keep at it! Complimenting a student
- 72. • Receptive knowledge- decoding • Conceptual knowledge- applying • Phonological knowledge- pronouncing • Grammatical knowledge- usage • Co notational Knowledge- + or - • Metalinguistic Knowledge -literal and implied meaning • Memory- RETRIEVING Cameron, L. 2001 Learning a word
- 73. Studying the wordmoose http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ejlCv9pAiHY
- 74. How giant amplifierscan help Mr Moose hear for miles By DAVID DERBYSHIRE They are a sign of maturity, impress the ladies and come in handy for giving rivals a nasty poke in the ribs. But moose antlers have another crucial function - as giant amplifiers. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-541028/How-giant-amplifiers-help-Mr-Moose-hear-miles.html#ixzz1QOyHJLu2 Text I
- 75. • 1-What arethe words you have come across in context that you understood without using a dictionary or consulting someone? • 2-What are the words related to the original search ‘moose’ ? • 3- Did you know that one of the functions of antlers was to serve as amplifiers? Learning through Language
- 76. • Associating itwith picture • Learning other words related to original search • Learning something interesting about the word • Experiencing the word in different contexts • Repetition • Using the words Maximizing learning opportunities Recap
- 77. 1- Jeopardy, objection,overruled, court, parole, death sentence, jailhouse, appeal. Answer: 2- Flood, flash flood, torrent, downpour, in land tsunami, cats and dogs, flood appeal. Answer: What word generated the following words:
- 78. Task • Write downas many words as you can think of related to the ones bellow: 1- To walk 2- To say 3- Tired
- 79. Use the Word •The drunks swayed as they sang the song. • The mother rocked the baby in her arms. • Diamonds dangled on her ears. • The kids bounced a ball on the sidewalk. • He nodded his head in agreement.
- 80. Think of sentencesusing the words: • To shiver: • To flicker: • To stir • To wiggle
- 81. • Grouping theminto themes A very interesting text to be read is the chapter 4 of this Bolivian post- grad student paper on how she has overcome her difficulties in learning vocabulary for a post-grad purpose. http://digitalcollections.sit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1192&context=i Among many other things, she mentions that she benefitted from cognate awareness when acquiring new vocabulary. So she can draw upon her L1 experience to try and guess the meaning of a new word as well. She also calls our attention to the false cognates. Try and complete this exercise on false cognates and see how many you know or how many you can guess. Other strategies
- 82.
- 83. Double negatives: two‘negative’ words in the same sentence. For Standard English to apply one of the negative words must be changed. I ain’t got no pencils I haven’t got any pencils I don’t want none of that I don’t want any of that.
- 84. Standard English These arenot written in Standard English, how should they be written? May I lend your scissors Ben? May I your scissors Ben? I should of taken more care with the hammer. I should taken more care with the hammer. borrow have
- 85. Copy these intoyour books and write the correct version underneath. 1. I’d like one of them cakes. 2. My uncle gave me this book whenever I was born. 3. It was thunder what we heard. 4. Mum learned me to ride a bike. 5. He never! 6. It’s right hot! Try and think of some of your own. Write the non-standard and standard versions.
- 86. Received Pronunciation (RP), alsocalled the Queen's (or King's) English, Oxford English, or BBC English, is the accent of Standard English in England.
- 87. • Although thereis nothing intrinsic about RP that marks it as superior to any other variety, sociolinguistic factors have given Received Pronunciation particular prestige throughout the world.
- 88. Spoken Language andWritten Language • There are many differences between spoken and written English. In fact, speaking as we write may be considered stuffy, whereas writing as we speak may be considered uneducated. Spoken English and written English should be considered separately.
- 89. DAY AT WORK Inthe morning I 1-_______ a meeting between management and 2-_____ representatives. The discussion was very 3-________, covering topics like working hours, days off, retirement age, etc. Both sides were interested in an agreement and ready to 4-_______. The secretary 5-______everything in the notes. 6- ________, they decided to set a new meeting to sign the final draft of the agreement. Back at the 7-______, a colleague of mine asked me if I had 8-_______ that the proposed agreement would be partially against the company 9________ not to accept workers that have already 10-________. I 11-_______ to be really busy and late for an 12-_______, and left for the13-_______. Actually, I didn't want to discuss the matter at that particular moment because there were some strangers in the office. After lunch I attended a lecture given by the mayor, who is an expert in tax legislation and has a graduate degree in political science. He said his government intends to assist welfare programs and senior citizens, raise funds to improve college education and build a public library, and establish tougher limits on vehicle emissions because he assumes this is what the people expect from the government. Identifying false cognates in context
- 90. • DAY ATWORK • In the morning I attended a meeting between management and union representatives. The discussion was very comprehensive, covering topics like working hours, days off, retirement age, etc. Both sides were interested in an agreement and ready to compromise. The secretary recorded everything in the notes. Eventually, they decided to set a new meeting to sign the final draft of the agreement. • Back at the office, a colleague of mine asked me if I had realized that the proposed agreement would be partially against the company policy not to accept workers that have already retired. I pretended to be really busy and late for an appointment, and left for the cafeteria. Actually, I didn't want to discuss the matter at that particular moment because there were some strangers in the office. • After lunch I attended a lecture given by the mayor, who is an expert in tax legislation and has a graduate degree in political science. He said his government intends to assist welfare programs and senior citizens, raise funds to improve college education and build a public library, and establish tougher limits on vehicle emissions because he assumes this is what the people expect from the government. Key
- 91. hom·o·phone • a wordpronounced the same as another but differing in meaning a e.g. heir and air. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/homophones Homophones
- 92. A homophone isa word that is pronounced the same as another word but differs in meaning. e.g. Tip up the jug and _______ lots of cream on the strawberries. • paw • poor • Pour http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/paw_ Analyse it.
- 93. Write down thepair of homophones for the exercise below: 1- e.g.She was stung by a __bee____. ( be, bee) 2-Paper and envelopes are called _____.(.....) 3-After her illness, she looked very _____.(....) 4- I’d like some ____ of the chocolate cake, please. (.....) Practice
- 94. • http://www.cooper.com/alan/homonym.html How doyou make a sausage roll? Push it! Why are movie stars so cool? Because they have so many fans. Why did the boy take the pencil to bed? Because he wanted to draw the curtains. Why did the teacher wear sunglasses? Her students were too bright. Homonyms same spelling, same pronunciation
- 95. • Homographs arewords with different pronunciation, meanings and origins but the same spelling • e.g. • bow – type of knot OR to incline • minute – tiny OR unit of time • row – line OR argument OR propel a boat http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/wordscape/wordlist/homogr Homographs
- 96. It seems tobe appropriate to apply some of the strategies we have visited today while exercising our memories . The exercises proposed now will provide Language teachers/learners with examples of different types of vocabulary exercises . Practice
- 97. Metaphor: figure ofspeech in which an implicit comparison is made between two unlike things that actually have something in common.
- 98. • 1. ___The girl never tells the truth. • 2. ___ Please water that plant. • 3. ___ Those two children don't like each other. • 4. ___ That girl won't harm anyone. • 5. ___ I have many things to do today. • 6. ___ Be careful of the the broken glass. • 7. ___ The water has frozen. • 8. ___ This material is very soft. Similes
- 99. • 1. ___The girl never tells the truth. • 2. ___ Please water that plant. • 3. ___ Those two children don't like each other. • 4. ___ That girl won't harm anyone. • 5. ___ I have many things to do today. • 6. ___ Be careful of the the broken glass. • 7. ___ The water has frozen. • 8. ___ This material is very soft. • L. She lies like a rug • Y. It's as dry as a bone. • e. They always fight like cats and dogs. • c. She's as gentle as a lamb. • B. I'm as busy as a beaver • b. It's as sharp as a knife. • It's as hard as a rock. • A. It's as smooth as silk. Similes
- 100. • 9. aDid you scrub the floor? • 10. V Put on some warm gloves. • 11. P This cake is soft and fluffy. • 12. D I want to do well on my tests. • 13. H This bed sheet is very clean and smells good. • 14. S I can't understand this question. • 15. Z He will get lung cancer if he's not careful. • 16. d My father taught me many things. • 17. G Why is she taking so much time? • 18. f I have heard that story many times before. • 19. I He's such a sloppy eater. • 20. W He doesn't listen to anyone. • 21. O The patient looks very ill. • 22. J He doesn't eat very much. • 23. K She sings with much feeling. • 24. F The man can lift this heavy box. • 25. R We shouldn't waste time worrying. • 26. N Go to the bathroom to clean your hands. • 27. X The boy is very lazy. • 28. Q The pudding tastes delicious. • 29. U She has very poor eyesight. • 30. E Did you step on this? • 31. T She is very excited about getting her driver's license. • 32. C I will go check on the baby. Key
- 101.
- 102. • Phobias • The(0) ... of Phobia Awareness Week is to highlight the difficulties that many people (1) ... in everyday situations. It is important to (2) ... between a fear and a phobia. It's (3) ... usual for all of us to have our own peculiar fears, for example being anxious around snakes or nervous about flying. However, only a very small proportion of us actually have a phobia of these things. When these fears begin to (4) ... you embarrassment or you feel that your life is being disrupted then you would be wise to (5) ... treatment for what could potentially be a phobia. By far the most (6) ... phobia and potentially the most disruptive is agoraphobia. The word derives from Greek and (7) ... means 'fear of the marketplace' but we apply it today to describe a distressing (8) ... in which people (9) ... going outside because of the awful feelings of anxiety that arise. Treatment of phobias usually consists of the patient (10) ... behavioural therapy during which they gradually get used to being near the object or the situation that causes them fear. Drugs may be (11) ... to treat anxiety and many people opt for alternative therapy such as acupuncture or hypnosis to help them come to (12) ... with their fear and conquer it. Task 1
- 103. 1-) a) faceb) confront c) meet d) join 2- ) a) choose b) distinguish c) select d) pick 3-) a) very b)absolutely c) quite d) truly 4-) a) cause b)make c) create d)give 5-) a)explore b) hunt c) search d) seek 6-) a) standard b) average c) normal d) common 7-) a) precisely b) specifically c) literally d) exactly 8-) a)illness b)condition c) disease d) injury 9-) a) dodge b) avoid c)miss d) slip 10-) a) undergoing b) taking c) experiencing d)doing 11-) a) release b)issued c) cerified d) prescribed 12-) a) acceptance b) terms c) realisation d)comfort Cloze
- 104. Sound Advice forLanguage Learners A recent (0) issue of a language learning magazine has consulted a number of experts in the (1) ........ of second language acquisition. Their advice may prove invaluable for those (2) ........ a language course. One suggestion is that you (3) ........... whether you are likely to be successful at learning a language. Did you enjoy studying languages at school, for example? Do you have enough time to learn a language? The major (4) ........ will be your own time and effort. If proof of your level of proficiency is important you must make sure that the course on offer leads to a (5) ........ qualification. Also, be realistic in your (6) ...... . If you don't set achievable aims you are more likely to give up. Do not be deceived (7) ........... thinking that the most expensive courses are the best. (8) ........... around to get the best possible value for money. You should also bear in mind that the quicker you learn a language the more quickly you forget it. Sandra Miller, a French teacher, tried to teach herself German by enrolling on a (9) .......... course. Already fluent in four languages and with a sound knowledge of teaching methodology her chances of (10) ............ progress were high. Three years (11) ........ she remembers very little. She feels her biggest mistake was not to follow (12) ............ her first experience. "I should have consolidated what I'd learn by continuing to study, even if it were by myself."
- 105. 1) a)domain b)branch c) field d) area e.g.
- 106. Gap 2 wondering • Thinking •looking • considering
- 107. Gap 3 • assess •review • balance • survey
- 108. Gap 4 • change •cost • price • evaluation
- 109. Gap 5 • recognised •understood • valued • regarded
- 110. Gap 6 • sights •ends • objects • goals
- 111. Gap 7 • by •about • into • in
- 112. GAP 8 • Nose •Push • Run • Shop
- 113. GAP 9 • rapid •crash • quick • fast
- 114. GAP 10 • achieving •doing • gaining • making
- 115. GAP 11 • on •forward • from • onward
- 116. GAP 12 • up •on • through • out
- 117.
- 118. Word Formation Word Formation Readthe text and then write the correct form of the word on the right. There is an example at the beginning: It is not (0) unusual to make a hobby pay for itself USUAL even if initially you had no (1) ... of turning it INTEND into a business. Depending upon the hobby, the necessary (2) ... EQUIP
- 119. can be expensiveand the idea of (3) ... offering items OCCASION up for sale can at the very least help pay for the hobby. For those looking to make a profit on their (4) ..., CREATE these days an audience for products can range from the local to the truly global. Some hobbyists begin by donating a piece of work to a (5) ... sale CHARITY
- 120. just to seehow quickly and (6) ... it sells. PROFIT Local shops can be the next outlet for items, often the step taken by those making things like hand-made greetings cards for instance. And for the truly ambitious, websites like eBay enable the hobbiest to reach a (7 ) ... audience. WORLD
- 121. As with anybusiness idea, an honest (8) ... should be APPRAISE undertaken regarding the demand for the work and the price the customer is prepared to pay in (9) ... . REAL However, do not forget the degree of personal (10) ... SATISFY as well. Word Formation
- 122. 'Key' Word Transformations Forquestions 1-8, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and six words, including the word given. 1. Apparently, the restaurant in town has been bought out by someone else. UNDER I hear the restaurant in town ......................................... 2. Sarah cried her eyes out immediately she was told she'd failed her driving test. BROKE Sarah ........................................ soon as she heard she'd failed her driving test. 3. The Government recently said our problems are the fault of the worldwide economic slowdown. PLACED The Government have ........................................ the worldwide economic slowdown for our problems. 4. You led me to believe the job was mine if I wanted it. IMPRESSION I ........................................ that the job was mine if I wanted it.
- 123. 5. He wouldnever have guessed that at the age of 17 he would be playing for his country. LITTLE ........................................ that at the age of 17 he would be playing for his country. 6. Feel free to telephone if you have any further problems. CALL Do not ........................................ if you have any further problems. 7. When you do decide what you want to do please let us know. MIND When ........................................ what you want to do please let us know. 8. Do you mind if I come over to see you later? OBJECTION Do you ........................................ coming over to see you later?
- 124. • Is undernew management/ broke down in tears as placed the blame on/was left with the impression/was given the impression/ had the impression/was under the impression/ little dis he know/ little did he realised/ hesitate to call us/ hesitate to give us a call/ hesitate to call/ have made up your mind/ you’ve made up your mind/ have any objections to me. Key
- 125. Gapped Sentences For questions1-5, think of one word only which can be used appropriately in all three sentences. Here is an example: Could you do me a ........and hold the door open while I bring in the shopping? All those in ........ of the proposal please raise your hand. After being out of fashion for years the painter is now in ........ with the critics. Example: FAVOUR
- 126. Q1 John has justtaken up the ........ of Marketing Manager at a local college. He put me in a really difficult ........ asking for money when he knows I'm not very well off. The yoga teacher told everyone to remain in a standing ........ for 30 seconds. Q2 Apparently, the police are going to ........ the man with assault following that fight the other week. I couldn't get the car to start this morning and finally had to ........ the battery as it had gone flat. The company have been asked to submit a proposal outlining how much they will ........ for the consultancy work.
- 127. Q3 During the tutorialI was asked to give my........ of the portrayal of the main character in the film. There was a wonderful ........ from the hotel window, which looked out over beautiful countryside. Our son couldn't see the game as his ........ was blocked by the people in front. Q4 I had a real ........ of achievement when I passed the exams and got my degree. I don't see the ........ of going all the way into town when we can buy the dress locally. Paul has a great ........ of humour and always has everyone in the office in fits of laughter.
- 128. Q5 It wasn't my........ - the vase just fell off the table. There was a ........ with the computer and we had to take it back to the shop to get it repaired. The manager is always finding ........ with people and complaining about the quality of their work. KEY Position, charge, view, sense, fault.
- 129.
- 130. http://www.sk.com.br/sk-laxll.html Krashen, Stephen D.Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition. Prentice-Hall International, 1987. Krashen, Stephen D. Second Language Acquisition and Second Language Learning. Prentice-Hall International, 1988. http://www.teachingthinking.net/http://www.teachingthinking.net/thinking/pages/robert_fisher_webres ources.htm http://assets.cambridge.org/052177/3253/sample/0521773253WS.pdf • http://www.scribd.com/doc/5543219/False-Friends-English-and-Portuguese • Mentioned at translators’ conference • http://www.sk.com.br/sk-fals.html • http://usuarios.cultura.com.br/jmrezende/falsoscognatos.htm • Books • Guia prático de tradução inglesa“, de Agenor Soares dos Santos • “VocabuLando“, de Isa Mara Lando References
- 131. • http://www.decs.sa.gov.au/curric/files/pages/saisop/V acationLiteracy/whattodo.htm • Schoolresources • http://www.bbc.co.uk/apps/ifl/skillswise/mod_quizzes /words/spelling/recognising/homophones/quizengine • TES • The Guardian • Teach it • Learning Premium
- 132. • Linguist JohnHiggins has prepared a comprehensive list of homographs in various categories, including those where the meanings are related but the part of speech and pronunciation change. • For practising them: • • http://www.worksheetlibrary.com/subjects/languagearts/partsofspeech/homogra phs/homographs0136.pdf • There are many other strategies used to learn a vocabulary and the following links may give you food for thought. • http://www.glencoe.com/sec/teachingtoday/subject/vocab_acquisition.phtml • http://203.72.145.166/TESOL/TQD_2008/VOL_25_4.PDF#page=93 • http://www.readwritethink.org/professional-development/strategy- guides/supporting-vocabulary-acquisition-english-30104.html • http://coachdes.wordpress.com/2005/10/24/english-use-and-usage/ •
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- 134.
- 135. False Cognates(an EnglishSpeaker Learning Portuguese) ‘ Compromisso - looks like compromise, but really means “comittment”. (and the word “comprometido” means that you are in a relationship, or “committed”). cobra – you might think this word is referring to a cobra snake, when really “cobra” is actually the Portuguese word for snake, all snakes. desgraça – this is a very strong word in portuguese, while it looks like the english word “disgrace,” this is not the appropriate translation. Rather it is used to refer to things that are really abhorrent such as major tragedies or misfortunes. • http://www.solinguainglesa.com.br/conteudo/falsos_cognatos1.php
- 136. educado – thisPortuguese adjective looks like it means “educated” but it really means “polite” or “well- raised”. To describe someone as being educated in Portuguese, say: “ele tem estudo” literally meaning: “he has study,” and translates to “he is educated.” esperto - while this word looks like it means “expert,” it really means clever, sly or intelligent in a savvy way. local – does not mean “local.” In Portuguese this is a noun that means “place,” as in a location. atualmente – looks like “actually,” but really means “currently,” “nowadays” or ”at the moment”. (To say “actually” in Brazilian Portuguese, say: “na verdade”).
- 137. rato – thisis the Portuguese word for a rat, but also for a ”mouse.” propaganda – in Portuguese, this is the word for advertisement! It does not refer to the English word ‘propaganda. advertência – similarly, this word does NOT mean “advertisement”! The word advertência actually means “warning” in Portuguese. In order to say advertisement, use either anúncio or propaganda “fazer questão” – this phrase looks like it should mean “to make a question,” but what it really means is “to insist on/upon something”. graduação - looks like “graduation,” but really refers to a college or university major. For school graduations in Brazilian Portuguese, say “formatura.”
- 138. carona – thistook me forever to figure out and I have no idea why. So, even though this word is the name of a popular Mexican beer, in Brazilian Portuguese, it means “ride,” as in to get a ride from someone, or to give a ride “dar uma carona” to someone´ parentes - does NOT mean “parents,” it means “relatives.” The Portuguese word for “parents” is “pais.” pretender – this verb does not mean “to pretend,” it really means “to intend” or “to plan (to do something).” puxar - ironically, while this Portuguese verb looks like it means “to push,” and is commonly written on doors in Brazil, its true meaning is “to pull.” The Portugues word for “to push” is empurrar.
- 139. More Activities • GappedSentences Instructions For questions 1-6, think of one word only which can be used appropriately in all three sentences. Here is an example: • Some of the tourists are hoping to get compensation for the poor state of the hotel, and I think they have a very ........ case. There's no point in trying to wade across the river, the current is far too ........ . If you're asking me which of the candidates should get the job, I'm afraid i don't have any ........ views either way.
- 140.
- 141. • Q1 It isvery difficult to fully ........ certain pieces of jazz music until you've heard them a good few times. Although I'm always ready to lend a hand, Marta never really seems to ........ the things I do for her.
- 142.
- 143. • Q2 James isable to ........ an enormous amount of factual information in his head. Although the old house has been completely renovated, care has been taken to ........ as many of the original features as possible. When you're buying outdoor adventure clothing, the thing to look for is material that does not ........ a lot of moisture
- 144.
- 145. • Q3 With lessthan a minute of the football match to go, Phil managed to ........ the ball into the back of the net. I think the best course of action would be to jump into the car and ........ for Bristol as soon as possible. Louise has been asked to ........ an investigation into what went wrong on the night of the accident.
- 146.
- 147. • Q4 Initially, fewcompanies saw any potential in computers designed for the ........ rather than the office environment. Although extremely independent, and well able to look after themselves, cats are generally classified as ........ animals. Over the years the proportion of foreign stories in this newspaper has declined as people have become more engrossed in ........ issues.
- 148.
- 149. • Q5 The chesschampion held off a serious ........ from his younger opponent in the last match of the tournament. The chairman of the meeting seemed to regard questions from the audience as some kind of ........ to his authority. You'll find some aspects of the job a real ........, but we're confident that you can cope.
- 150.
- 151. • Q6 Melanie practisedher lines each day after school, getting increasingly nervous as the date of her audition ........ even closer. Although Tim had been in the lead for most of the race, as they reached the final bend, Graham ........ level and threatened to overtake him. On an impulse, Laurie ........ all the money out of his bank account and went to London, intending to spend every last penny of it.
- 152.