2chapter 4

2chapter 4

• 2.
  International Context  Afterworld war, many countries were grappling with problems of reconstructions.  Fall of colonialism brought new nations to tackle the challenges of democracy and welfare.  India had many internal issues like partition together with international issues.  Poverty alleviation was main focus. International affairs.  India wanted foreign relations respecting the sovereignty of others .  Aim achieve peace through security.  Influence on foreign policy domestic and international environment.
• 3.
  Developing countries •Don’t have enoughresources for international relationships and satisfied with their little bit. •Attention to peace and development. •Dependence on powerful countries influences their foreign policy. •Supported powerful countries for aid and credit. •This led to two camps: US and USSR •Our freedom came when cold war was just beginning. •( Cold war-?
• 4.
   Indian strugglefor freedom is a part of worldwide movement to bring down imperialism and colonialism.  Indian leaders had relationship with other nations.Eg. Subhash Chandra Bose – INA participated in second world war.  Foreign policy takes shape when domestic and external factors interact.  Foreign policy was coloured by noble ideals which demanded freedom and our freedom was coincided with cold war.  Two super powers- USA and USSR  UNO was formed.
• 5.
  Emergence of communist China Makingof Nuclear weapons Decolonalization
• 6.
  Preserve hard earned sovereignty Promote rapid economic growth Protect territorial integrity Nehru wasin charge of foreign affairs too. He had three objectives in framing foreign policy. He wanted to achieve these goals through the strategy of non-alignment.
• 7.
   Foreign policynot supporting both groups.  Wanted to follow the dream of peaceful world through non- alignment policy.  Wanted to reduce cold war tensions and provided human resources for UN peace- keeping operations.  USA- Nato and USSR- Warsaw pact.  India kept a safe distance from both but maintained good relationship.  Non- alignment- difficult balancing act like tight rope walking.
• 8.
   In 1956,India led a world protest against Britain when it attacked Egypt stating that it was a neo colonialism. But kept silence on Russian invasion in Hugary.  This gave the feeling that India was supporting USSR. But India managed to be independent and received support from both blocs.  Pakistan joined US led military alliance as India tried to make other developing countries aware of the importance of non alignment policy.  America wanted India to follow them but India did not.
• 9.
   Nehru triedto establish contact with all newly independent nations in Asia and Africa.  He stood for Asian unity and convened Asian Relations Conference in March 1947.  Efforts to free Indonesia from Dutch Colonial regime.  Staunch supporter of decolonalization.  Fought against apartheid in South Africa.  1955- Bandung conference – India’s interest in newly independent nations in Asia and Africa.  NAM- first NAM meeting in Belgrade in 1961. Nehru was co- founder.
• 10.
   Started witha very friendly note.  India- one of the first nations recognized communist government after Chinese revolution in 1949.  India welcomed China’s coming out of Western dominance.  Vallabhai Pattel feared China’s invasion, but not Nehru. So para military forces guarded our chinese border.  Relations were strengthened by Panchasheel by Nehru and Zhou Enlai on April 1954.  (Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty, mutual non aggression,mutual non interference, equality and mutual benefit and peaceful co existence.
• 11.
   China annexedTibet in 1950 and removed historical buffer between two countries.  India did not express its displeasure but granted political asylum to Dalai Lama, spiritual leader of Tibet as he sought for an asylum. Anti Chinese act. Added fuel to the fire China did not accept the boundaries decided during colonial days.  China’s claim- Aksai Chin in Ladakh and NEFA( North East Frontier Agency) part of China occupied the Aksai –Chin area and made a strategic road – No conclusions from the discussions and debates between two leaders- small skirmishes between two armies.
• 12.
   Swift andmassive attack by China in October 1962on both the areas of dispute captured key areas of Arunachal Pradesh one more attack on Indian borders in the following month advanced to entry points of Assam plains. China unilaterally declared ceasefire.  India lost her image both at home and abroad.  sought military assistance from USA and UK. Russia took neutral position. This was a humiliation for India.  Nehru was criticized. Defence minister and military commanders resigned Congress lost in key by- elections and Government faced non confidence motion. It even affected the opposition parties. In 1964 CPI(M) and CPI were formed owing allegiance to China and the USSR.  National integration- Nagaland became separate state. Manipur and Tripura remained UT but government granted permission to elect their own assembly members.
• 13.
   Pakistan startedclaiming Kashmir to be part of Pakistan.  1947 itself a sort of war had broken out between Pakistan and India over the Kashmir issue but not a full pledged war referred to UNO Pakistan became a critical factor in India’s relations with US and China.  Two governments co operated in exchanging women who were abducted during partition.  World bank solved dispute over sharing river waters. Indus water treaty- Nehru and General Ayub Khan in 1960.  In 1965, serious conflict between India and Pakistan took place, when Lal Bahdoor Sastri was prime minister. They attacked ran of Kutch Kashmir  Expected local support but in vain.
• 14.
   Sastri allowedcounter attack on Punjab border and reached near Lahore.  UN intervened and war ended.  Tashkent Agreement between sastri and General Ayub in 1966.  Great loss for Pakistan and economic problems in India.
• 15.
   Pakistan’s greatestinternal crisis in 1970.  Firtst general elections split as Bhuto won in West Paksitan and Mujib UR Rahman in East.  The people of east were treated as second class citizen- Western authority never bothered about Bengali population of East- Elections showed the protest. Authority didn’t accept the verdict and arrested Mujib Ur Rahman the awami leader terror satrted. Liberation movemet to free Bangladesh from Pakistan India affected as 80 lakshs of refugees fled to India moral support by India. Pakistan accused of conspiracy to break up their country.
• 16.
   China, USsupported Pakistan. Advisor of American President visited Pakistan secretly in 1971.  To counter this India signed a 20 year treaty with USSR.  Diplomatic relations were strained, tension increased and war started in December 1971 Pakistani Planes attacked Punjab and Rajastan and military moved to J&K.  Indian navy, Airforce and Military attacked Pakistan both west and east fronts.  Within days Indian army surrounded Dhaka 90000 strong Pakistani army surrendered. Bangladesh became free nation and India declared unilateral ceasefire- Shimla Agreement signed by Indira Gandhi and Z. A. Bhuto.  It was a moment of glory- proved the power of military.  Congress and Indira Gandhi were glorified and Congress won in the states in elections.
• 17.
   Derailed fiveyear plans.  Govt. established Dept. of Defence production in 1962 to divert to defence sector and modernize the military.  Dept. Defence supplies in 1965.  Third five year plan was affected.  Fourth plan started in 1969.
• 18.
   Nehru hadgreat faith in science and technology  To modernize India, energy was a must.  The nuclear programmes started by Homi. J. Bhaba.  India wanted to produce atomic energy for peaceful purposes. Nehru didn’t want to produce nuclear weapons.  India requested two super powers for a comprehensive disarmament programme. But the number of nuclear weapons increased. China conducted nuclear tests in 1964.  Countries having nuclear arsenals tried to impose Nuclear non proliferation Treaty in 1968 on other countries of the world. India opposed.  India conducted her nuclear tests for peaceful purposes.
• 19.
   Sky rocketingoil price.  Political parties had unity on the issues of border security, national integration and national interests.