2.railway track gauge

Railway Track Gauge
Mr MANIVEL M
FACULTY,CIVIL ENGINEERING
SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY
PANDIT DEENDAYAL PETROLEUM UNIVERSITY
GANDHINAGAR

Introduction
• Gauge is defined as the minimum distance
between inner face two rails. Indian Railways
follows this standard practice and the gauge is
measured as the clear minimum distance
between the running faces of the two rails as
shown in Fig. 2.1.

TYPES OF GAUGES IN INDIA
The different gauges in India are of the following
these types :-
1. Broad gauge (1676),
2. Meter gauge (1000),
3. Narrow gauge (762 mm & 610 mm).
In India, efforts are being made to convert all N.G. and M.G. lines
to B.G. lines on important sections as and when funds are
available.

Permanent Way
Permanent way: The combination of rails, fitted
on sleepers with the help of fixtures and
fastenings and resting on ballast and subgrade
is called the railway track or permanent way.

Choice of Gauge
• The choice of gauge is very limited, as each
country has a fixed gauge and all new railway
lines are constructed to adhere to the
standard gauge. However, the following
factors theoretically influence the choice of
the gauge.

1.Cost Considerations:
There is only a marginal increase in the cost of the track if
a wider gauge is adopted. In this connection, the
following points are important.
(a) There is a proportional increase in the cost of
acquisition of land, earthwork, rails, sleepers, ballast,
and other track items when constructing a wider gauge.
(b) The cost of building bridges, culverts, and tunnels
increases only marginally due to a wider gauge.
(c) The cost of constructing station buildings, platforms,
staff quarters, level crossings, signals, etc. associated
with the railway network is more or less the same for all
gauges.
(d) The cost of rolling stock is independent of the gauge of
the track for carrying the same volume of traffic.

2. Traffic Considerations:
The volume of traffic depends upon the size of
wagons and the speed and hauling capacity of the
train.
(a) As a wider gauge can carry larger wagons and
coaches, it can theoretically carry more traffic.
(b) A wider gauge has a greater potential at higher
speeds, because speed is a function of the
diameter of the wheel, which in turn is limited by
the width of the gauge.
(c) The type of traction and signalling equipment
required are independent of the gauge.

3. Physical Features of the Country:
It is possible to adopt steeper gradients and
sharper curves for a narrow gauge a compared
to a wider gauge.
4. Uniformity of Gauge:
The existence of a uniform gauge in a country
enables smooth, speedy, and efficient
operation of trains. Therefore a single gauge
should be adopted irrespective of the minor
advantages of a wider gauge and the few
limitations of a narrower gauge.

Problems Caused by Change of Gauge
The need for uniformity of gauge has been
recognized by all the advanced countries of
the world. A number of problems have
cropped up in the operation of Indian Railways
because of the use of three gauges. The ill
effects of change of gauge (more popularly
known as break of gauge) are numerous;
some of these are enumerated here.

1.Inconvenience to Passengers:
Due to change of gauge, passengers have to change
trains mid-journey along with their luggage, which
causes inconvenience such as the following.
(a) Climbing stairs and crossing bridges
(b) Finding seats in the compartments of the later
trains
(c) Missing connections with the later trains in case
the earlier train is late
(d) Harassment caused by porters
(e) Transporting luggage
(f) Uncertainty and delay in reaching the destination

2. Difficulty in Trans-shipment of Goods:
Goods have to be trans-shipped at the point where
the change of gauge takes place. This causes the
following problems.
(a) Damage to goods during trans-shipment.
(b) Considerable delay in receipt of goods at the
destination.
(c) Theft or misplacement of goods during trans-
shipment and the subsequent claims.
(d) Non-availability of adequate and specialized
trans-shipment labour and staff, particularly
during strikes.

3. Inefficient Use of Rolling Stock:
As wagons have to move empty in the direction
of the trans-shipment point, they are not fully
utilized. Similarly, idle wagons of one gauge
cannot be moved on another gauge.
4. Hindrance to Fast Movement of Goods and
Passenger Traffic:
Due to change in the gauge, traffic cannot move
fast which becomes a major problem
particularly during emergencies such as war,
floods, and accidents.

5. Additional Facilities at Stations and Yards:
(a) Costly sheds and additional facilities need to be
provided for handling the large volume of goods
at trans-shipment points.
(b) Duplicate equipment and facilities such as yards
and platforms need to be provided for both
gauges at trans-shipment points.
6. Difficulties in Balanced Economic Growth:
• The difference in gauge also leads unbalanced
economic growth. This happens because
industries set up near MG/NG stations cannot
send their goods economically and efficiently to
areas being served by BG stations.

7. Difficulties in Future Gauge Conversion
Projects:
Gauge conversion is quite difficult, as it requires
enormous effort to widen existing tracks.
Widening the gauge involves heavy civil
engineering work such as widening of the
embankment, the bridges and tunnels, as well
as the tracks; additionally, a wider rolling stock
is also required. During the gauge conversion
period, there are operational problems as well
since the traffic has to be slowed down and
even suspended for a certain period is order to
execute the work.

Uni-gauge Policy of Indian Railways
The multi-gauge system is not only costly and
cumbersome but also causes serious
bottlenecks in the operation of the Railways
and hinders the balanced development of the
country. Indian Railways therefore took the
bold decision in 1992 of getting rid of the
multi-gauge system and following the unigauge
policy of adopting the broad gauge (1676 mm)
uniformly.

Benefits of Adopting BG (1676 mm) as
the Uniform Gauge
The uni-gauge system will be highly beneficial to
rail users, the railway administration, as well
as to the nation as described below.
1.No Transport Bottlenecks:
There will be no transport bottlenecks after a
uniform gauge is adopted and this will lead to
improved operational efficiency resulting in
fast movement of goods and passengers.

2.No Trans-shipment Hazards:
There will no hazards of trans-shipment and as
such no delays, no damage to goods, no
inconvenience to passengers of transfer from
one train to another train.
3.Provisions of Alternate Routes:
Through a uni-gauge policy, alternate routes will
be available for free movement of traffic and
there will be less pressure on the existing BG
network. This is expected to result in long-haul
road traffic reverting to the railways.

4.Better Turn round:
There will be a better turn round of wagons and
locomotives, and their usage will improve the
operating ratio of the railway system as a whole. As a
result the community will be benefited immensely.
5.Improved Utilization of Track:
There will be improved utilization of tracks and
reduction in the operating expenses of the railway.
6.Balanced Economic Growth:

7.No Multiple Tracking Works:
The uni-gauge project will eliminate the need for
certain traffic facilities and multiple tracking
works, which will offset the cost of gauge
conversions to a certain extent.
8.Better Transport Infrastructure:
Some of the areas served by the MG have the
potential of becoming highly industrialized;
skilled manpower is also available. The uni-
gauge policy will help in providing these areas
a better transportation infrastructure.

9.Boosting Investor’s Confidence:
With the liberalization of the economic policy,
the uni-gauge projects of the Indian Railways
have come to play a significant role. This will
help in boosting the investors’ confidence that
their goods will be distributed throughout the
country in time and without any hindrance.
This will also help in setting up industries in
areas not yet exploited because of the lack of
infrastructure facilities.

Loading gauge
 A loading gauge defines the maximum
height and width for railway vehicles and
their loads to ensure safe passage through
bridges, tunnels and other structures.
 The loading gauge determines the sizes of
passenger trains and the size of shipping
containers that can be conveyed on a
section of railway line and varies across the
world and often within a single railway
system.

Construction gauge.
 By adding suitable clearance at the top
side of the loading gauge construction
gauge is obtained.
 It decides the dimensions such as
height and width of structures in
bridges and tunnels along the track
so that all wagons may pass through
them without damage to the
structures

2.railway track gauge

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