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3. justicia adhatoda(asuro)
This document provides information on the plant Justicia adhatoda, including its classification, biological sources, habitat, cultivation, macroscopic and microscopic characteristics, chemical constituents, pharmacological activities, ethnomedical uses, pharmacopeial standards, and formulations. It discusses how the leaves, flowers, and stems of J. adhatoda are used medicinally and contains vasicine and vasicinone alkaloids, which have antitussive, bronchodilatory, cardioprotective, abortifacient, and antimicrobial effects. The document also outlines standards and traditional preparations like juices, decoctions, and extracts using parts of the J. adhatoda plant.
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3. justicia adhatoda(asuro)
- 1. Shailendra shah Department ofpharmaceutical science Pokhara University Justicia adhatoda(Asuro)
- 2. Pokhara University School ofHealth and Allied Sciences Nomenclature/ Classification July 22, 20192 Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Sub- Division: Spermatophtina Class: Magnolipsida Order: Lamiales Family: Acanthaceae Genus: Justicia Species: J. adhatoda Vernacular Name: Asuro
- 3. Pokhara University School ofHealth and Allied Sciences Biological sources July 22, 20193 The main biological source of J. adhatoda is plant. Major parts which are used for the medicinal purpose are the Leaves, Flowers, Stem barks.
- 4. Pokhara University School ofHealth and Allied Sciences Habit and Habitat July 22, 20194 This shrub grows on the plains of India and in the lower Himalayans, up to a range of 1000 meters above mean sea level. This plant is also cultivated in other tropical areas. It will grow well in low moisture areas and dry soils. In Nepal it is distributed throughout the country up to the altitude of 1300m.
- 5. Pokhara University School ofHealth and Allied Sciences Cultivation and collection July 22, 20195 Cultivation:- It is a medicinal plant that grows in all type of soil especially in red soil compared to other type of soil. Requirements:- •Sunlight: The plant needs a lot of sunlight, at least 4 hours of sunlight is required. •Irrigation: Less water is required for proper growth of plant. Dry condition is favorable. But during germination favorable amount of water should be provided.
- 6. Pokhara University School ofHealth and Allied Sciences July 22, 2019Pharmaceutical Seminar 46 • Animal manure: Required for germination and growth. • NPK mixture : Nitrogen potash and phosphorus in the concentration range of 50:50:50. Avoid the use of chemical fertilizer. Collection:- Leaves are collected when the leaves are fully grown and flowers began to expand.
- 7. Pokhara University School ofHealth and Allied Sciences Macroscopical characteristics July 22, 20197 J. adhatoda is a perennial evergreen, bushy, shrub, about 2m in height. Leaves: opposite, simple, elliptical, entire, about 10-20*3 cm in size, estipulate 10-30 cm long and 3-10 cm broad, light green in color, 8-10 parts of lateral veins which are reticulate. Petioles 2-8 cm long. Flower: dense, spike, sessile, white with purple veins. Flowering: February- March Fruits: capsule longitudinally channeled for seeded Stem: erect, branched in upper part, cylindrical with leaf scars, about 2.5 cm long and 0.5 cm diameter, brownish in color.
- 8. Pokhara University School ofHealth and Allied Sciences Microscopial characteristics July 22, 201948 Petiole: TS of petiole shows a single layered epidermis of parenchyma cells interrupted at places by multicellular trichomes; up to 10 layer hypodermis of parenchymatous cells; ground tissue of round parenchyma cells encircling a large, collateral arch-vascular bundle in the center and two small vascular bundles in each wings bellow hypodermis. Lamina: TS of lamina shows, dorsiventral structure with 2 layers of palisade cells; in surface view, epidermal cells sinuous with diacytic stomata on both surfaces, more numerous on the lower size; ordinary trichomes a few; 1 to 3, rarely up to 5 cells, up to 500 μ glandular trichomes with unicellular stalk and 4 celled head
- 9. Pokhara University School ofHealth and Allied Sciences July 22, 20199 Measuring 25 to 36 μ in diameter in surface view; elongated cigar shaped cystoliths in midrib, spongy parenchyma and palisade cells, elongated and cigar shaped; acicular and prismatic forms of calcium oxalate crystals present in spongy parenchyma cells; palisade ratio 5 to 8.5; stomatal index 10 to 18 for lower surface; vein islets number 6.5 to 7.5. Powder: Powder shows fragments of thin-walled, cystolith bearing parenchyma cells; sinuous epidermal cells, acicular and prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate and debris from lamina showing sinuous epidermal cells with dicytic stomata, glandular and warty trichomes.
- 10. Pokhara University School ofHealth and Allied Sciences July 22, 2019Pharmaceutical Seminar 410
- 11. Pokhara University School ofHealth and Allied Sciences Chemical Constituents July 22, 201911 o The chemical compounds found in J. adhatoda plant includes essential oils, fats, resins, sugar, gum, amino acids, proteins and vitamins ‘C’ etc (Bhat et al., 1978). o The phytochemical analysis show that phenols, tannins, alkaloids, anthraquinone, saponins, flavonoids and reducing sugars were found in the leaves of J. adhatoda (Pathak, 1970)
- 12. Pokhara University School ofHealth and Allied Sciences July 22, 2019Pharmaceutical Seminar 412 o But the pharmacologically most studied chemical component in J. adhatoda is a bitter quinazoline alkaloid which is present in the leaves, roots and flowers. It includes Vasicine and Vasicinone as a major constituents having pharmacological activities. Vasicine is metabolized to vasicinone and analysis of J. adhatoda leaf extract showed that it contained 0.85% vasicine and 0.027% vasicinone.
- 13. Pokhara University School ofHealth and Allied Sciences July 22, 2019Pharmaceutical Seminar 413
- 14. Pokhara University School ofHealth and Allied Sciences Pharmacological Activities July 22, 201914 Antitussive: The extracts of J. adhatoda were shown to comprise a good antitussive activity in anaesthetized rabbits and guinea pigs as well as in un anaesthetized guinea pigs. Because Vasicine showed the bronchodilatory activity both in vitro and in vivo. Although, Vasicinone the main metabolite of Vasicine, which is also present in J. adhatoda extracts, showed bronchoconstriction in vivo but the bronchodilatory activity overcome both in vitro and in vivo (Atal, 1980). It may be due to the presence of the specific site. Intravenously, it was as active as codeine. Cardioprotective In combination of vasicine and vasicinone significant reduction in cardial depressant effects was observed. No effect was shown by vasicinone (Dl-form), however Lform was found to be weakly effective stimulating cardiac muscles (Atal, 1980)
- 15. Pokhara University School ofHealth and Allied Sciences July 22, 201915 Abortifacient: Vasicine was found to have uterotonic activity in different species including human beings. It was shown that the effect was influenced by the priming degree of the uterus by estrogens. Vasicine initiated rhythmic contractions of human myometrial strips from both non-pregnant and pregnant uteri with the effect which was comparable with that of oxytocin and mathergin (Atal, 1980). Vasicine has uterotonic and abortifacient effects possibly by enhancing the synthesis and release of prostaglandins(Chandhoke, 1982). Anti cholinesterase: Vasicinone obtained from the roots, produced transient hypotension, contraction of isolated intestine thus showing good anticholinesterase activity (Lahiri and Prahdan,1964).
- 16. Pokhara University School ofHealth and Allied Sciences July 22, 201916 Anti-inflammatory The methanolic extract of J. adhatoda was evaluated for anti-inflammatory activities.(Chakrabarty and Brantner, 2001). Anti microbial :- The water extract was shown to be active against microbial flora isolated from patients with gingivitis (Patel and Venkata-Krishna-Bhatt, 1984). The alcoholic extract of leaves and roots showed antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli. (George et al., 1947). The crude ethanolic extract of the leaves exhibited antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus subtilis(Karthikeyan et al., 2009). the methanolic extract of J. adhatoda exhibited positive antimicrobial activity for P. aeruginosa, S. Aureus and B. subtilis while E. coli was not effectively inhibited by extracts of tested plant.
- 17. Pokhara University School ofHealth and Allied Sciences Ethnomedical Uses July 22, 2019Pharmaceutical Seminar 417 Whole plant The whole plant is used as an ingredient of numerous popular formulations including cough syrup used in combination with Ginger (Zingiber officinale) and Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) where it exerts its action as an expectorant and antispasmodic (Atal, 1980). The plant is used for treatment of excessive phlegm and menorrhagia (Kirtikar and Basu, 1975). It is also used for the treatment of bleeding piles (Ahmad et al., 2009), impotence and sexual disorders. Leaves:- The various preparation of leaves are used for curing bleeding, haemorrahge, skin diseases, wounds, headache and leprosy. The bruised fresh leaves are used for snake-bites in India (Roberts, 1931). Usually, yellow leaves are exploited for cough (Lal and Yadav, 1983). The plant leaves are used for checking postpartum haemorrhage and urinary trouble.
- 18. Pokhara University School ofHealth and Allied Sciences July 22, 2019Pharmaceutical Seminar 418 Flowers:- Flowers are used for treatment of cold, phthisis, asthma, bronchitis, cough, antispasmodic, fever and gonorrhea in South-East Asia (Dymock et al., 1890). The flowers are also used as antiseptic to improve blood circulation and hectic heet of blood (Kirtikar et al. 1975) Fruit The fruit of J. adhatoda are used for curing cold, antispasmodic, bronchitis, Jaundice (Kirtikar and Basu, 1975), Diarrhea, Dysentery, Fever and as laxative (Roberts, 1931)
- 19. Pokhara University School ofHealth and Allied Sciences Pharmacopeial standard July 22, 2019Pharmaceutical Seminar 419 Foreign matter NMT 2% Ash value NMT 21% Acid insoluble ash NMT 1% Alcohol soluble extract NLT 3% Water soluble extract NLT 22% Total alkaloids NLT 0.5%
- 20. Pokhara University School ofHealth and Allied Sciences Formulation July 22, 2019Pharmaceutical Seminar 420 Ethno medical preparations are:- Fresh leave juice Fresh flower juice Decoction of leaves and roots Alcoholic extract Syrup
- 21. Pokhara University School ofHealth and Allied Sciences References July 22, 2019Pharmaceutical Seminar 421 • https://en.m.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Justicia_adhatoda (Accessed on June 14,2018) • Dhankhar S. , Kaur R. et al(2011) A review on Justicia adhatoda: A potential source of natural medicine, African Journal of Plant Science Vol. 5(11), pp. 620-627
- 22. Pokhara University School ofHealth and Allied Sciences July 22, 2019Pharmaceutical Seminar 422