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4. ch 6 financial statement analysis

The document discusses financial statement analysis and key financial ratios. It provides an overview of the purpose of financial statement analysis, the major components of financial statements, and frameworks for analyzing a firm's financial needs, condition, profitability, and risk. It then defines and provides examples of calculating various ratios to evaluate a company's liquidity, financial leverage, coverage, activity, and profitability. These ratios are used to analyze trends over time and compare a company's performance to industry averages.

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Chapter 6 Financial Statement Analysis 6-1
After studying Chapter 6, you should be able to:  Understand the purpose of basic financial statements and their contents.  Explain why financial statement analysis is important to the firm and to outside suppliers of capital.  Define, calculate, and categorize (according to liquidity, financial leverage, coverage, activity, and profitability) the major financial ratios and understand what they can tell us about the firm.  Define, calculate, and discuss a firm’s operating cycle and cash cycle.  Use ratios to analyze a firm's health and then recommend reasonable alternative courses of action to improve the health of the firm.  Analyze a firm’s return on investment (i.e., “earning power”) and return on equity using a DuPont approach.  Understand the limitations of financial ratio analysis.  Use trend analysis, common-size analysis, and index analysis to 6-2 gain additional insights into a firm's performance.
Financial Statement Analysis  Financial Statements A Possible Framework for Analysis  Balance Sheet Ratios  IncomeStatement and Income Statement/Balance Sheet Ratios  Trend Analysis  Common-Size and Index Analysis 6-3
Financial Statement Analysis  The art of transforming data from financial statements into information that is useful for informed decision making. Financial statement analysis is used quite commonly in both external & internal. 6-4
Examples of External Uses of Statement Analysis Trade Creditors -- Focus on the liquidity of the firm. Bondholders -- Focus on the long-term cash flow of the firm. Shareholders -- Focus on the profitability and long-term health of the firm. 6-5
Examples of Internal Uses of Statement Analysis  Plan -- Focus on assessing the current financial position and evaluating potential firm opportunities.  Control -- Focus on return on investment for various assets and asset efficiency.  Understand -- Focus on understanding how suppliers of funds analyze the firm. 6-6
Primary Types of Financial Statements Balance Sheet  A summary of a firm’s financial position on a given date that shows total assets = total liabilities + owners’ equity. Income Statement  A summary of a firm’s revenues and expenses over a specified period, ending with net income or loss for the period. 6-7
Framework for Financial Analysis Trend / Seasonal Component How much funding will be required in the future? 1. Analysis of the funds needs of the firm. Is there a seasonal component? Analytical Tools Used Sources and Uses Statement Statement of Cash Flows Cash Budgets 6-8
Framework for Financial Analysis Health of a Firm 1. Analysis of the funds Financial Ratios needs of the firm. 2. Analysis of the financial condition and profitability 1. Individually of the firm. 2. Over time 3. In combination 4. In comparison 6-9
Framework for Financial Analysis Business risk relates to the risk inherent in the 1. Analysis of the funds needs of the firm. operations of the firm. 2. Analysis of the financial Examples: condition and profitability of the firm. Volatility in sales 3. Analysis of the business risk of the firm. Volatility in costs Proximity to break-even point 6-10
Framework for Financial Analysis A Financial Manager must 1. Analysis of the funds needs of the firm. Determining consider all 2. Analysis of the financial the three jointly financing condition and profitability needs of when of the firm. determining the firm. 3. Analysis of the business risk of the firm. the financing needs of the 6-11 firm.
Framework for Financial Analysis 1. Analysis of the funds needs of the firm. Determining Negotiations the 2. Analysis of the financial with financing condition and profitability suppliers of needs of of the firm. capital. the firm. 3. Analysis of the business risk of the firm. 6-12
Use of Financial Ratios A Financial Ratio is Types of an index that relates Comparisons two accounting numbers and is Internal obtained by dividing Comparisons one number by the External other. Comparisons 6-13
Internal Comparisons  Theanalyst can compare a present ratio with past and expected future ratios for the same company.  Example : The Current ratio for the present year could be compared with the current ratio for the previous year end. 6-14
External Comparisons and Sources of Industry Ratios This involves Examples: comparing the ratios Risk Management of one firm with those Association of similar firms or with industry averages. Dun & Bradstreet Almanac of Similarity is important Business and as one should Industrial compare “apples to Financial Ratios 6-15 apples.”
Liquidity Ratios Balance Sheet Ratios Current Current Assets Liquidity Ratios Current Liabilities Shows a firm’s For Basket Wonders ability to cover its December 31, 2007 current liabilities $1,195 = 2.39 with its current $500 6-16 assets.
Liquidity Ratio Comparisons Current Ratio Year BW Industry 2007 2.39 2.15 2006 2.26 2.09 2005 1.91 2.01 Ratio is stronger than the industry average. 6-17
Liquidity Ratios Balance Sheet Ratios Acid-Test (Quick) Current Assets - Inv Liquidity Ratios Current Liabilities Shows a firm’s For Basket Wonders ability to meet December 31, 2007 current liabilities $1,195 - $696 = 1.00 with its most liquid $500 6-18 assets.
Liquidity Ratio Comparisons Acid-Test Ratio Year BW Industry 2007 1.00 1.25 2006 1.04 1.23 2005 1.11 1.25 Ratio is weaker than the industry average. 6-19
Summary of the Liquidity Ratio Comparisons Ratio BW Industry Current 2.39 2.15 Acid-Test 1.00 1.25  Strong current ratio and weak acid-test ratio indicates a potential problem in the inventories account.  Note that this industry has a relatively high level of inventories. 6-20
Current Ratio -- Trend Analysis Comparison Trend Analysis of Current Ratio 2.5 2.3 Ratio Value 2.1 BW 1.9 Industry 1.7 1.5 2005 2006 2007 Analysis Year 6-21
Acid-Test Ratio -- Trend Analysis Comparison Trend Analysis of Acid-Test Ratio 1.5 1.3 Ratio Value 1.0 BW Industry 0.8 0.5 2005 2006 2007 Analysis Year 6-22
Summary of the Liquidity Trend Analyses  The current ratio for BW has been rising at the same time the acid-test ratio has been declining.  The current ratio for the industry has been rising slowly at the same time the acid-test ratio has been relatively stable.  This indicates that inventories are a significant problem for BW. 6-23
Financial Leverage Ratios Balance Sheet Ratios Debt-to-Equity Total Debt Financial Leverage Shareholders’ Equity Ratios For Basket Wonders December 31, 2007 Shows the extent to which the firm is $1,030 = .90 financed by debt. $1,139 6-24
Financial Leverage Ratio Comparisons Debt-to-Equity Ratio Year BW Industry 2007 .90 .90 2006 .88 .90 2005 .81 .89 BW has average debt utilization 6-25 relative to the industry average.
Financial Leverage Ratios Balance Sheet Ratios Debt-to-Total-Assets Total Debt Financial Leverage Total Assets Ratios For Basket Wonders Shows the percentage December 31, 2007 of the firm’s assets that are supported by $1,030 = .47 debt financing. $2,169 6-26
Financial Leverage Ratio Comparisons Debt-to-Total-Asset Ratio Year BW Industry 2007 .47 .47 2006 .47 .47 2005 .45 .47 BW has average debt utilization 6-27 relative to the industry average.
Financial Leverage Ratios Balance Sheet Ratios Total Capitalization (i.e., LT-Debt + Equity) Financial Leverage Long-term Debt Ratios Total Capitalization Shows the relative For Basket Wonders importance of long-term December 31, 2007 debt to the long-term $530 = .32 financing of the firm. $1,669 6-28
Financial Leverage Ratio Comparisons Total Capitalization Ratio Year BW Industry 2007 .32 .30 2006 .32 .31 2005 .37 .32 BW has average long-term debt utilization 6-29 relative to the industry average.
Coverage Ratios Income Statement Interest Coverage Ratios EBIT Interest Charges Coverage Ratios For Basket Wonders Indicates a firm’s December 31, 2007 ability to cover interest charges. $210 = 3.56 $59 6-30
Coverage Ratio Comparisons Interest Coverage Ratio Year BW Industry 2007 3.56 5.19 2006 4.35 5.02 2005 10.30 4.66 BW has below average interest coverage 6-31 relative to the industry average.
Coverage Ratio -- Trend Analysis Comparison Trend Analysis of Interest Coverage Ratio 11.0 9.0 Ratio Value 7.0 BW Industry 5.0 3.0 2005 2006 2007 Analysis Year 6-32
Summary of the Coverage Trend Analysis  The interest coverage ratio for BW has been falling since 2005. It has been below industry averages for the past two years.  This indicates that low earnings (EBIT) may be a potential problem for BW.  Note, we know that debt levels are in line with the industry averages. 6-33
Activity Ratios Income Statement / Receivable Turnover (Assume all sales are credit sales.) Balance Sheet Ratios Annual Net Credit Sales Receivables Activity Ratios For Basket Wonders Indicates quality of December 31, 2007 receivables and how successful the firm is in $2,211 = 5.61 its collections. $394 6-34
Activity Ratios Income Statement / Avg Collection Period Balance Sheet Days in the Year Ratios Receivable Turnover Activity Ratios For Basket Wonders December 31, 2007 Average number of days that receivables are outstanding. 365 = 65 days (or RT in days) 5.61 6-35
Activity Ratio Comparisons Average Collection Period Year BW Industry 2007 65.0 65.7 2006 71.1 66.3 2005 83.6 69.2 BW has improved the average collection 6-36 period to that of the industry average.
Activity Ratios Income Statement / Payable Turnover (PT) (Assume annual credit Balance Sheet purchases = $1,551.) Ratios Annual Credit Purchases Accounts Payable Activity Ratios For Basket Wonders Indicates the December 31, 2007 promptness of payment to suppliers by the firm. $1551 = 16.5 $94 6-37
Activity Ratios Income Statement / PT in Days Balance Sheet Ratios Days in the Year Payable Turnover Activity Ratios For Basket Wonders December 31, 2007 Average number of days that payables are 365 outstanding. = 22.1 days 16.5 6-38
Activity Ratio Comparisons Payable Turnover in Days Year BW Industry 2007 22.1 46.7 2006 25.4 51.1 2005 43.5 48.5 BW has improved the PT in Days. 6-39 Is this good?
Activity Ratios Income Statement / Inventory Turnover Balance Sheet Ratios Cost of Goods Sold Inventory Activity Ratios For Basket Wonders December 31, 2007 Indicates the effectiveness of the $1,599 = 2.30 inventory management $696 6-40 practices of the firm.
Activity Ratio Comparisons Inventory Turnover Ratio Year BW Industry 2007 2.30 3.45 2006 2.44 3.76 2005 2.64 3.69 BW has a very poor inventory turnover ratio. 6-41
Inventory Turnover Ratio -- Trend Analysis Comparison Trend Analysis of Inventory Turnover Ratio 4.0 3.5 Ratio Value 3.0 BW Industry 2.5 2.0 2005 2006 2007 Analysis Year 6-42
Activity Ratios Income Statement / Total Asset Turnover Balance Sheet Ratios Net Sales Total Assets Activity Ratios For Basket Wonders December 31, 2007 Indicates the overall effectiveness of the firm $2,211 = 1.02 in utilizing its assets to $2,169 6-43 generate sales.
Activity Ratio Comparisons Total Asset Turnover Ratio Year BW Industry 2007 1.02 1.17 2006 1.03 1.14 2005 1.01 1.13 BW has a weak total asset turnover ratio. 6-44 Why is this ratio considered weak?
Profitability Ratios Income Statement / Gross Profit Margin Balance Sheet Ratios Gross Profit Net Sales Profitability Ratios For Basket Wonders December 31, 2007 Indicates the efficiency of operations and firm $612 = .277 pricing policies. $2,211 6-45
Profitability Ratio Comparisons Gross Profit Margin Year BW Industry 2007 27.7% 31.1% 2006 28.7 30.8 2005 31.3 27.6 BW has a weak Gross Profit Margin. 6-46
Gross Profit Margin -- Trend Analysis Comparison Trend Analysis of Gross Profit Margin 35.0 Ratio Value (%) 32.5 30.0 BW Industry 27.5 25.0 2005 2006 2007 Analysis Year 6-47
Profitability Ratios Income Statement / Net Profit Margin Balance Sheet Ratios Net Profit after Taxes Net Sales Profitability Ratios For Basket Wonders December 31, 2007 Indicates the firm’s profitability after taking $91 = .041 account of all expenses $2,211 6-48 and income taxes.
Profitability Ratio Comparisons Net Profit Margin Year BW Industry 2007 4.1% 8.2% 2006 4.9 8.1 2005 9.0 7.6 BW has a poor Net Profit Margin. 6-49
Net Profit Margin -- Trend Analysis Comparison Trend Analysis of Net Profit Margin 10 9 Ratio Value (%) 8 7 BW Industry 6 5 4 2005 2006 2007 Analysis Year 6-50
Profitability Ratios Income Statement / Return on Investment Balance Sheet Ratios Net Profit after Taxes Total Assets Profitability Ratios For Basket Wonders Indicates the December 31, 2007 profitability on the assets of the firm (after $91 = .042 all expenses and taxes). $2,160 6-51
Profitability Ratio Comparisons Return on Investment Year BW Industry 2007 4.2% 9.8% 2006 5.0 9.1 2005 9.1 10.8 BW has a poor Return on Investment. 6-52
Return on Investment – Trend Analysis Comparison Trend Analysis of Return on Investment 12 Ratio Value (%) 10 8 BW Industry 6 4 2005 2006 2007 Analysis Year 6-53
Profitability Ratios Income Statement / Return on Equity Balance Sheet Ratios Net Profit after Taxes Shareholders’ Equity Profitability Ratios For Basket Wonders Indicates the profitability December 31, 2007 to the shareholders of the firm (after all $91 = .08 expenses and taxes). $1,139 6-54
Profitability Ratio Comparisons Return on Equity Year BW Industry 2007 8.0% 17.9% 2006 9.4 17.2 2005 16.6 20.4 BW has a poor Return on Equity. 6-55
Return on Equity -- Trend Analysis Comparison Trend Analysis of Return on Equity 21.0 Ratio Value (%) 17.5 14.0 BW Industry 10.5 7.0 2005 2006 2007 Analysis Year 6-56
Return on Investment and the Du Pont Approach Earning Power = Sales profitability X Asset efficiency ROI = Net profit margin X Total asset turnover ROI2007 = .041 x 1.02 = .042 or 4.2% ROIIndustry = .082 x 1.17 = .098 or 9.8% 6-57
Return on Equity and the Du Pont Approach Return On Equity = Net profit margin X Total asset turnover X Equity Multiplier Total Assets Equity Multiplier = Shareholders’ Equity ROE2007 = .041 x 1.02 x 1.90 = .080 ROEIndustry = .082 x 1.17 x 1.88 = .179 6-58
Summary of the Profitability Trend Analyses  The profitability ratios for BW have ALL been falling since 2005. Each has been below the industry averages for the past three years.  This indicates that COGS and administrative costs may both be too high and a potential problem for BW.  Note, this result is consistent with the low 6-59 interest coverage ratio.
Summary of Ratio Analyses  Inventories are too high.  May be paying off creditors (accounts payable) too soon.  COGS may be too high.  Selling, general, and administrative costs may be too high. 6-60
Common-size Analysis An analysis of percentage financial statements where all balance sheet items are divided by total assets and all income statement items are divided by net sales or revenues. 6-61
Basket Wonders’ Common Size Balance Sheets Regular (thousands of $) Common-Size (%) Assets 2005 2006 2007 2005 2006 2007 Cash 148 100 90 12.10 4.89 4.15 AR 283 410 394 23.14 20.06 18.17 Inv 322 616 696 26.33 30.14 32.09 Other CA 10 14 15 0.82 0.68 0.69 Tot CA 763 1,140 1,195 62.39 55.77 55.09 Net FA 349 631 701 28.54 30.87 32.32 LT Inv 0 50 50 0.00 2.45 2.31 Other LT 111 223 223 9.08 10.91 10.28 Tot Assets 1,223 2,044 2,169 100.0 100.0 100.0 6-62
Basket Wonders’ Common Size Balance Sheets Regular (thousands of $) Common-Size (%) Liab+Equity 2005 2006 2007 2005 2006 2007 Note Pay 290 295 290 23.71 14.43 13.37 Acct Pay 81 94 94 6.62 4.60 4.33 Accr Tax 13 16 16 1.06 0.78 0.74 Other Accr 15 100 100 1.23 4.89 4.61 Tot CL 399 505 500 32.62 24.71 23.05 LT Debt 150 453 530 12.26 22.16 24.44 Equity 674 1,086 1,139 55.11 53.13 52.51 Tot L+E 1,223 2,044 2,169 100.0 100.0 100.0 6-63
Basket Wonders’ Common Size Income Statements Regular (thousands of $) Common-Size (%) 2005 2006 2007 2005 2006 2007 Net Sales 1,235 2,106 2,211 100.0 100.0 100.0 COGS 849 1,501 1,599 68.7 71.3 72.3 Gross Profit 386 605 612 31.3 28.7 27.7 Adm. 180 383 402 14.6 18.2 18.2 EBIT 206 222 210 16.7 10.5 9.5 Int Exp 20 51 59 1.6 2.4 2.7 EBT 186 171 151 15.1 8.1 6.8 EAT 112 103 91 9.1 4.9 4.1 Cash Div 50 50 50 4.0 2.4 2.3 6-64
Index Analyses An analysis of percentage financial statements where all balance sheet or income statement figures for a base year equal 100.0 (percent) and subsequent financial statement items are expressed as percentages of their values in the base year. 6-65
Basket Wonders’ Indexed Balance Sheets Regular (thousands of $) Indexed (%) Assets 2005 2006 2007 2005 2006 2007 Cash 148 100 90 100.0 67.6 60.8 AR 283 410 394 100.0 144.9 139.2 Inv 322 616 696 100.0 191.3 216.1 Other CA 10 14 15 100.0 140.0 150.0 Tot CA 763 1,140 1,195 100.0 149.4 156.6 Net FA 349 631 701 100.0 180.8 200.9 LT Inv 0 50 50 100.0 inf. inf. Other LT 111 223 223 100.0 200.9 200.9 Tot Assets 1,223 2,044 2,169 100.0 167.1 177.4 6-66
Basket Wonders’ Indexed Balance Sheets Regular (thousands of $) Indexed (%) Liab+Equity 2005 2006 2007 2005 2006 2007 Note Pay 290 295 290 100.0 101.7 100.0 Acct Pay 81 94 94 100.0 116.0 116.0 Accr Tax 13 16 16 100.0 123.1 123.1 Other Accr 15 100 100 100.0 666.7 666.7 Tot CL 399 505 500 100.0 126.6 125.3 LT Debt 150 453 530 100.0 302.0 353.3 Equity 674 1,086 1,139 100.0 161.1 169.0 Tot L+E 1,223 2,044 2,169 100.0 167.1 177.4 6-67
Basket Wonders’ Indexed Income Statements Regular (thousands of $) Indexed (%) 2005 2006 2007 2005 2006 2007 Net Sales 1,235 2,106 2,211 100.0 170.5 179.0 COGS 849 1,501 1,599 100.0 176.8 188.3 Gross Profit 386 605 612 100.0 156.7 158.5 Adm. 180 383 402 100.0 212.8 223.3 EBIT 206 222 210 100.0 107.8 101.9 Int Exp 20 51 59 100.0 255.0 295.0 EBT 186 171 151 100.0 91.9 81.2 EAT 112 103 91 100.0 92.0 81.3 Cash Div 50 50 50 100.0 100.0 100.0 6-68

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In this document
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Introduction to financial statement analysis aiming to understand its purpose, calculations, and importance for firms.

Details on financial analysis frameworks including types of analysis like trend, common-size, and internal vs external uses of financial statements.

Definition and types of financial ratios, including internal and external comparisons for performance measurement.

Analysis of liquidity ratios like current and acid-test ratios, with comparisons to industry metrics and insights.

Trend analysis of liquidity ratios, highlighting the issues related to inventories affecting financial health.

Explores financial leverage ratios such as Debt-to-Equity and Debt-to-Total-Assets, comparing them to industry standards.

Interest coverage ratios indicating firms' capabilities to cover interest charges with trend analysis revealing need for improvement.

Activity ratios analyzing receivable turnover and inventory turnover indicating efficiency in asset management.

Trends and comparisons of activity ratios, discussing improvements and weaknesses against industry standards. Analyzes profitability ratios including gross profit margin, net profit margin, and return on investment against industry benchmarks.

Trend analysis indicating declining profitability ratios and their implications on operational costs and financial health.

Common-size analysis showing financial statements as percentages for easier comparison and identification of significant trends.

Indexed analysis presenting financial statements relative to a base year highlighting growth trends over time.

4. ch 6 financial statement analysis

  • 1.
    Chapter 6 Financial Statement Analysis 6-1
  • 2.
    After studying Chapter6, you should be able to:  Understand the purpose of basic financial statements and their contents.  Explain why financial statement analysis is important to the firm and to outside suppliers of capital.  Define, calculate, and categorize (according to liquidity, financial leverage, coverage, activity, and profitability) the major financial ratios and understand what they can tell us about the firm.  Define, calculate, and discuss a firm’s operating cycle and cash cycle.  Use ratios to analyze a firm's health and then recommend reasonable alternative courses of action to improve the health of the firm.  Analyze a firm’s return on investment (i.e., “earning power”) and return on equity using a DuPont approach.  Understand the limitations of financial ratio analysis.  Use trend analysis, common-size analysis, and index analysis to 6-2 gain additional insights into a firm's performance.
  • 3.
    Financial Statement Analysis  Financial Statements A Possible Framework for Analysis  Balance Sheet Ratios  IncomeStatement and Income Statement/Balance Sheet Ratios  Trend Analysis  Common-Size and Index Analysis 6-3
  • 4.
    Financial Statement Analysis  The art of transforming data from financial statements into information that is useful for informed decision making. Financial statement analysis is used quite commonly in both external & internal. 6-4
  • 5.
    Examples of ExternalUses of Statement Analysis Trade Creditors -- Focus on the liquidity of the firm. Bondholders -- Focus on the long-term cash flow of the firm. Shareholders -- Focus on the profitability and long-term health of the firm. 6-5
  • 6.
    Examples of InternalUses of Statement Analysis  Plan -- Focus on assessing the current financial position and evaluating potential firm opportunities.  Control -- Focus on return on investment for various assets and asset efficiency.  Understand -- Focus on understanding how suppliers of funds analyze the firm. 6-6
  • 7.
    Primary Types of Financial Statements Balance Sheet  A summary of a firm’s financial position on a given date that shows total assets = total liabilities + owners’ equity. Income Statement  A summary of a firm’s revenues and expenses over a specified period, ending with net income or loss for the period. 6-7
  • 8.
    Framework for Financial Analysis Trend / Seasonal Component How much funding will be required in the future? 1. Analysis of the funds needs of the firm. Is there a seasonal component? Analytical Tools Used Sources and Uses Statement Statement of Cash Flows Cash Budgets 6-8
  • 9.
    Framework for Financial Analysis Health of a Firm 1. Analysis of the funds Financial Ratios needs of the firm. 2. Analysis of the financial condition and profitability 1. Individually of the firm. 2. Over time 3. In combination 4. In comparison 6-9
  • 10.
    Framework for Financial Analysis Business risk relates to the risk inherent in the 1. Analysis of the funds needs of the firm. operations of the firm. 2. Analysis of the financial Examples: condition and profitability of the firm. Volatility in sales 3. Analysis of the business risk of the firm. Volatility in costs Proximity to break-even point 6-10
  • 11.
    Framework for Financial Analysis A Financial Manager must 1. Analysis of the funds needs of the firm. Determining consider all 2. Analysis of the financial the three jointly financing condition and profitability needs of when of the firm. determining the firm. 3. Analysis of the business risk of the firm. the financing needs of the 6-11 firm.
  • 12.
    Framework for Financial Analysis 1. Analysis of the funds needs of the firm. Determining Negotiations the 2. Analysis of the financial with financing condition and profitability suppliers of needs of of the firm. capital. the firm. 3. Analysis of the business risk of the firm. 6-12
  • 13.
    Use of FinancialRatios A Financial Ratio is Types of an index that relates Comparisons two accounting numbers and is Internal obtained by dividing Comparisons one number by the External other. Comparisons 6-13
  • 14.
    Internal Comparisons  Theanalyst can compare a present ratio with past and expected future ratios for the same company.  Example : The Current ratio for the present year could be compared with the current ratio for the previous year end. 6-14
  • 15.
    External Comparisons and Sources of Industry Ratios This involves Examples: comparing the ratios Risk Management of one firm with those Association of similar firms or with industry averages. Dun & Bradstreet Almanac of Similarity is important Business and as one should Industrial compare “apples to Financial Ratios 6-15 apples.”
  • 16.
    Liquidity Ratios Balance Sheet Ratios Current Current Assets Liquidity Ratios Current Liabilities Shows a firm’s For Basket Wonders ability to cover its December 31, 2007 current liabilities $1,195 = 2.39 with its current $500 6-16 assets.
  • 17.
    Liquidity Ratio Comparisons Current Ratio Year BW Industry 2007 2.39 2.15 2006 2.26 2.09 2005 1.91 2.01 Ratio is stronger than the industry average. 6-17
  • 18.
    Liquidity Ratios Balance Sheet Ratios Acid-Test (Quick) Current Assets - Inv Liquidity Ratios Current Liabilities Shows a firm’s For Basket Wonders ability to meet December 31, 2007 current liabilities $1,195 - $696 = 1.00 with its most liquid $500 6-18 assets.
  • 19.
    Liquidity Ratio Comparisons Acid-Test Ratio Year BW Industry 2007 1.00 1.25 2006 1.04 1.23 2005 1.11 1.25 Ratio is weaker than the industry average. 6-19
  • 20.
    Summary of theLiquidity Ratio Comparisons Ratio BW Industry Current 2.39 2.15 Acid-Test 1.00 1.25  Strong current ratio and weak acid-test ratio indicates a potential problem in the inventories account.  Note that this industry has a relatively high level of inventories. 6-20
  • 21.
    Current Ratio --Trend Analysis Comparison Trend Analysis of Current Ratio 2.5 2.3 Ratio Value 2.1 BW 1.9 Industry 1.7 1.5 2005 2006 2007 Analysis Year 6-21
  • 22.
    Acid-Test Ratio --Trend Analysis Comparison Trend Analysis of Acid-Test Ratio 1.5 1.3 Ratio Value 1.0 BW Industry 0.8 0.5 2005 2006 2007 Analysis Year 6-22
  • 23.
    Summary of theLiquidity Trend Analyses  The current ratio for BW has been rising at the same time the acid-test ratio has been declining.  The current ratio for the industry has been rising slowly at the same time the acid-test ratio has been relatively stable.  This indicates that inventories are a significant problem for BW. 6-23
  • 24.
    Financial Leverage Ratios Balance Sheet Ratios Debt-to-Equity Total Debt Financial Leverage Shareholders’ Equity Ratios For Basket Wonders December 31, 2007 Shows the extent to which the firm is $1,030 = .90 financed by debt. $1,139 6-24
  • 25.
    Financial Leverage Ratio Comparisons Debt-to-Equity Ratio Year BW Industry 2007 .90 .90 2006 .88 .90 2005 .81 .89 BW has average debt utilization 6-25 relative to the industry average.
  • 26.
    Financial Leverage Ratios Balance Sheet Ratios Debt-to-Total-Assets Total Debt Financial Leverage Total Assets Ratios For Basket Wonders Shows the percentage December 31, 2007 of the firm’s assets that are supported by $1,030 = .47 debt financing. $2,169 6-26
  • 27.
    Financial Leverage Ratio Comparisons Debt-to-Total-Asset Ratio Year BW Industry 2007 .47 .47 2006 .47 .47 2005 .45 .47 BW has average debt utilization 6-27 relative to the industry average.
  • 28.
    Financial Leverage Ratios Balance Sheet Ratios Total Capitalization (i.e., LT-Debt + Equity) Financial Leverage Long-term Debt Ratios Total Capitalization Shows the relative For Basket Wonders importance of long-term December 31, 2007 debt to the long-term $530 = .32 financing of the firm. $1,669 6-28
  • 29.
    Financial Leverage Ratio Comparisons Total Capitalization Ratio Year BW Industry 2007 .32 .30 2006 .32 .31 2005 .37 .32 BW has average long-term debt utilization 6-29 relative to the industry average.
  • 30.
    Coverage Ratios Income Statement Interest Coverage Ratios EBIT Interest Charges Coverage Ratios For Basket Wonders Indicates a firm’s December 31, 2007 ability to cover interest charges. $210 = 3.56 $59 6-30
  • 31.
    Coverage Ratio Comparisons Interest Coverage Ratio Year BW Industry 2007 3.56 5.19 2006 4.35 5.02 2005 10.30 4.66 BW has below average interest coverage 6-31 relative to the industry average.
  • 32.
    Coverage Ratio --Trend Analysis Comparison Trend Analysis of Interest Coverage Ratio 11.0 9.0 Ratio Value 7.0 BW Industry 5.0 3.0 2005 2006 2007 Analysis Year 6-32
  • 33.
    Summary of theCoverage Trend Analysis  The interest coverage ratio for BW has been falling since 2005. It has been below industry averages for the past two years.  This indicates that low earnings (EBIT) may be a potential problem for BW.  Note, we know that debt levels are in line with the industry averages. 6-33
  • 34.
    Activity Ratios Income Statement / Receivable Turnover (Assume all sales are credit sales.) Balance Sheet Ratios Annual Net Credit Sales Receivables Activity Ratios For Basket Wonders Indicates quality of December 31, 2007 receivables and how successful the firm is in $2,211 = 5.61 its collections. $394 6-34
  • 35.
    Activity Ratios Income Statement / Avg Collection Period Balance Sheet Days in the Year Ratios Receivable Turnover Activity Ratios For Basket Wonders December 31, 2007 Average number of days that receivables are outstanding. 365 = 65 days (or RT in days) 5.61 6-35
  • 36.
    Activity Ratio Comparisons Average Collection Period Year BW Industry 2007 65.0 65.7 2006 71.1 66.3 2005 83.6 69.2 BW has improved the average collection 6-36 period to that of the industry average.
  • 37.
    Activity Ratios Income Statement / Payable Turnover (PT) (Assume annual credit Balance Sheet purchases = $1,551.) Ratios Annual Credit Purchases Accounts Payable Activity Ratios For Basket Wonders Indicates the December 31, 2007 promptness of payment to suppliers by the firm. $1551 = 16.5 $94 6-37
  • 38.
    Activity Ratios Income Statement / PT in Days Balance Sheet Ratios Days in the Year Payable Turnover Activity Ratios For Basket Wonders December 31, 2007 Average number of days that payables are 365 outstanding. = 22.1 days 16.5 6-38
  • 39.
    Activity Ratio Comparisons Payable Turnover in Days Year BW Industry 2007 22.1 46.7 2006 25.4 51.1 2005 43.5 48.5 BW has improved the PT in Days. 6-39 Is this good?
  • 40.
    Activity Ratios Income Statement / Inventory Turnover Balance Sheet Ratios Cost of Goods Sold Inventory Activity Ratios For Basket Wonders December 31, 2007 Indicates the effectiveness of the $1,599 = 2.30 inventory management $696 6-40 practices of the firm.
  • 41.
    Activity Ratio Comparisons Inventory Turnover Ratio Year BW Industry 2007 2.30 3.45 2006 2.44 3.76 2005 2.64 3.69 BW has a very poor inventory turnover ratio. 6-41
  • 42.
    Inventory Turnover Ratio-- Trend Analysis Comparison Trend Analysis of Inventory Turnover Ratio 4.0 3.5 Ratio Value 3.0 BW Industry 2.5 2.0 2005 2006 2007 Analysis Year 6-42
  • 43.
    Activity Ratios Income Statement / Total Asset Turnover Balance Sheet Ratios Net Sales Total Assets Activity Ratios For Basket Wonders December 31, 2007 Indicates the overall effectiveness of the firm $2,211 = 1.02 in utilizing its assets to $2,169 6-43 generate sales.
  • 44.
    Activity Ratio Comparisons Total Asset Turnover Ratio Year BW Industry 2007 1.02 1.17 2006 1.03 1.14 2005 1.01 1.13 BW has a weak total asset turnover ratio. 6-44 Why is this ratio considered weak?
  • 45.
    Profitability Ratios Income Statement / Gross Profit Margin Balance Sheet Ratios Gross Profit Net Sales Profitability Ratios For Basket Wonders December 31, 2007 Indicates the efficiency of operations and firm $612 = .277 pricing policies. $2,211 6-45
  • 46.
    Profitability Ratio Comparisons Gross Profit Margin Year BW Industry 2007 27.7% 31.1% 2006 28.7 30.8 2005 31.3 27.6 BW has a weak Gross Profit Margin. 6-46
  • 47.
    Gross Profit Margin-- Trend Analysis Comparison Trend Analysis of Gross Profit Margin 35.0 Ratio Value (%) 32.5 30.0 BW Industry 27.5 25.0 2005 2006 2007 Analysis Year 6-47
  • 48.
    Profitability Ratios Income Statement / Net Profit Margin Balance Sheet Ratios Net Profit after Taxes Net Sales Profitability Ratios For Basket Wonders December 31, 2007 Indicates the firm’s profitability after taking $91 = .041 account of all expenses $2,211 6-48 and income taxes.
  • 49.
    Profitability Ratio Comparisons Net Profit Margin Year BW Industry 2007 4.1% 8.2% 2006 4.9 8.1 2005 9.0 7.6 BW has a poor Net Profit Margin. 6-49
  • 50.
    Net Profit Margin-- Trend Analysis Comparison Trend Analysis of Net Profit Margin 10 9 Ratio Value (%) 8 7 BW Industry 6 5 4 2005 2006 2007 Analysis Year 6-50
  • 51.
    Profitability Ratios Income Statement / Return on Investment Balance Sheet Ratios Net Profit after Taxes Total Assets Profitability Ratios For Basket Wonders Indicates the December 31, 2007 profitability on the assets of the firm (after $91 = .042 all expenses and taxes). $2,160 6-51
  • 52.
    Profitability Ratio Comparisons Return on Investment Year BW Industry 2007 4.2% 9.8% 2006 5.0 9.1 2005 9.1 10.8 BW has a poor Return on Investment. 6-52
  • 53.
    Return on Investment– Trend Analysis Comparison Trend Analysis of Return on Investment 12 Ratio Value (%) 10 8 BW Industry 6 4 2005 2006 2007 Analysis Year 6-53
  • 54.
    Profitability Ratios Income Statement / Return on Equity Balance Sheet Ratios Net Profit after Taxes Shareholders’ Equity Profitability Ratios For Basket Wonders Indicates the profitability December 31, 2007 to the shareholders of the firm (after all $91 = .08 expenses and taxes). $1,139 6-54
  • 55.
    Profitability Ratio Comparisons Return on Equity Year BW Industry 2007 8.0% 17.9% 2006 9.4 17.2 2005 16.6 20.4 BW has a poor Return on Equity. 6-55
  • 56.
    Return on Equity-- Trend Analysis Comparison Trend Analysis of Return on Equity 21.0 Ratio Value (%) 17.5 14.0 BW Industry 10.5 7.0 2005 2006 2007 Analysis Year 6-56
  • 57.
    Return on Investmentand the Du Pont Approach Earning Power = Sales profitability X Asset efficiency ROI = Net profit margin X Total asset turnover ROI2007 = .041 x 1.02 = .042 or 4.2% ROIIndustry = .082 x 1.17 = .098 or 9.8% 6-57
  • 58.
    Return on Equityand the Du Pont Approach Return On Equity = Net profit margin X Total asset turnover X Equity Multiplier Total Assets Equity Multiplier = Shareholders’ Equity ROE2007 = .041 x 1.02 x 1.90 = .080 ROEIndustry = .082 x 1.17 x 1.88 = .179 6-58
  • 59.
    Summary of theProfitability Trend Analyses  The profitability ratios for BW have ALL been falling since 2005. Each has been below the industry averages for the past three years.  This indicates that COGS and administrative costs may both be too high and a potential problem for BW.  Note, this result is consistent with the low 6-59 interest coverage ratio.
  • 60.
    Summary of RatioAnalyses  Inventories are too high.  May be paying off creditors (accounts payable) too soon.  COGS may be too high.  Selling, general, and administrative costs may be too high. 6-60
  • 61.
    Common-size Analysis An analysis of percentage financial statements where all balance sheet items are divided by total assets and all income statement items are divided by net sales or revenues. 6-61
  • 62.
    Basket Wonders’ Common Size Balance Sheets Regular (thousands of $) Common-Size (%) Assets 2005 2006 2007 2005 2006 2007 Cash 148 100 90 12.10 4.89 4.15 AR 283 410 394 23.14 20.06 18.17 Inv 322 616 696 26.33 30.14 32.09 Other CA 10 14 15 0.82 0.68 0.69 Tot CA 763 1,140 1,195 62.39 55.77 55.09 Net FA 349 631 701 28.54 30.87 32.32 LT Inv 0 50 50 0.00 2.45 2.31 Other LT 111 223 223 9.08 10.91 10.28 Tot Assets 1,223 2,044 2,169 100.0 100.0 100.0 6-62
  • 63.
    Basket Wonders’ Common Size Balance Sheets Regular (thousands of $) Common-Size (%) Liab+Equity 2005 2006 2007 2005 2006 2007 Note Pay 290 295 290 23.71 14.43 13.37 Acct Pay 81 94 94 6.62 4.60 4.33 Accr Tax 13 16 16 1.06 0.78 0.74 Other Accr 15 100 100 1.23 4.89 4.61 Tot CL 399 505 500 32.62 24.71 23.05 LT Debt 150 453 530 12.26 22.16 24.44 Equity 674 1,086 1,139 55.11 53.13 52.51 Tot L+E 1,223 2,044 2,169 100.0 100.0 100.0 6-63
  • 64.
    Basket Wonders’ Common Size Income Statements Regular (thousands of $) Common-Size (%) 2005 2006 2007 2005 2006 2007 Net Sales 1,235 2,106 2,211 100.0 100.0 100.0 COGS 849 1,501 1,599 68.7 71.3 72.3 Gross Profit 386 605 612 31.3 28.7 27.7 Adm. 180 383 402 14.6 18.2 18.2 EBIT 206 222 210 16.7 10.5 9.5 Int Exp 20 51 59 1.6 2.4 2.7 EBT 186 171 151 15.1 8.1 6.8 EAT 112 103 91 9.1 4.9 4.1 Cash Div 50 50 50 4.0 2.4 2.3 6-64
  • 65.
    Index Analyses An analysis of percentage financial statements where all balance sheet or income statement figures for a base year equal 100.0 (percent) and subsequent financial statement items are expressed as percentages of their values in the base year. 6-65
  • 66.
    Basket Wonders’ Indexed Balance Sheets Regular (thousands of $) Indexed (%) Assets 2005 2006 2007 2005 2006 2007 Cash 148 100 90 100.0 67.6 60.8 AR 283 410 394 100.0 144.9 139.2 Inv 322 616 696 100.0 191.3 216.1 Other CA 10 14 15 100.0 140.0 150.0 Tot CA 763 1,140 1,195 100.0 149.4 156.6 Net FA 349 631 701 100.0 180.8 200.9 LT Inv 0 50 50 100.0 inf. inf. Other LT 111 223 223 100.0 200.9 200.9 Tot Assets 1,223 2,044 2,169 100.0 167.1 177.4 6-66
  • 67.
    Basket Wonders’ Indexed Balance Sheets Regular (thousands of $) Indexed (%) Liab+Equity 2005 2006 2007 2005 2006 2007 Note Pay 290 295 290 100.0 101.7 100.0 Acct Pay 81 94 94 100.0 116.0 116.0 Accr Tax 13 16 16 100.0 123.1 123.1 Other Accr 15 100 100 100.0 666.7 666.7 Tot CL 399 505 500 100.0 126.6 125.3 LT Debt 150 453 530 100.0 302.0 353.3 Equity 674 1,086 1,139 100.0 161.1 169.0 Tot L+E 1,223 2,044 2,169 100.0 167.1 177.4 6-67
  • 68.
    Basket Wonders’ Indexed Income Statements Regular (thousands of $) Indexed (%) 2005 2006 2007 2005 2006 2007 Net Sales 1,235 2,106 2,211 100.0 170.5 179.0 COGS 849 1,501 1,599 100.0 176.8 188.3 Gross Profit 386 605 612 100.0 156.7 158.5 Adm. 180 383 402 100.0 212.8 223.3 EBIT 206 222 210 100.0 107.8 101.9 Int Exp 20 51 59 100.0 255.0 295.0 EBT 186 171 151 100.0 91.9 81.2 EAT 112 103 91 100.0 92.0 81.3 Cash Div 50 50 50 100.0 100.0 100.0 6-68