426 lecture1: Introduction to AR

COSC 426: Augmented Reality

Mark Billinghurst
mark.billinghurst@hitlabnz.org

July 11th 2012

Lecture 1: Introduction

Mark Billinghurst
  PhD Electrical Engineering
  University of Washington
  Interaction Design
  Museum experiences
  Tools for designers
  Augmented Reality
  Mobile AR, Evaluation,
  Multimodal Interfaces, Collaborative
  Collaboration
  Enhanced FtF and remote collaboration
  Social networking

Overview
  One two hour lecture a week
  Wednesday 1pm – 3pm
  You will learn
  Introduction to Augmented Reality
  Augmented Reality technology
  AR Interaction techniques
  Interaction Design
  AR authoring tools
  Research directions in AR
  Complete a simple project

Course Outline
  Wk 1 (July 11th): Introduction to Augmented Reality (AR)
  Wk 2 (July 18th): AR Technology
  Wk 3 (July 25th): AR Developer Tools
  Wk 4 (Aug 1st): AR Interaction Techniques
  Wk 5 (Aug 8th): AR Applications
  Wk 6 (Aug 15th): Outdoor and Mobile AR
  Wk 7,8 (Aug 22nd, Aug 29th): Holidays
  Wk 9 (Sept 5th): Collaborative AR
  Wk 10 (Sept 12th): Usability Testing
  Wk 11 (Sept 19th): AR research Directions
  Wk 12 (Sept 26th): Final Project Presentations

Assessment - Update
  Research project – 40%
  Group work (2-4 people)
  Due Sept 28th
  Two Class Assignments – 20 %
  Programming assignments, individual work
  Final Exam – 40%
  Exam week Oct 3rd – 14th

A Brief History of Time

  Trend
  smaller, cheaper, more functions, more intimate
  Technology becomes invisible
  Intuitive to use
  Interface over internals
  Form more important than function
  Human centered design

A Brief History of Computing

  Trend
  smaller, cheaper, faster, more intimate, intelligent objects
  Computers need to become invisible
  hide the computer in the real world
-  Ubiquitous / Tangible Computing
  put the user inside the computer
-  Virtual Reality

Invisible Interfaces

Jun Rekimoto, Sony CSL

Graphical User Interfaces

  Separation between real and digital worlds
  WIMP (Windows, Icons, Menus, Pointer) metaphor

Ubiquitous Computing

  Computing and sensing embedded in real world
  Particle devices, RFID, motes, arduino, etc

Virtual Reality

  1985…

Virtual Reality

  Immersive VR
  Head mounted display, gloves
  Separation from the real world

Augmented Reality Definition
  Defining Characteristics [Azuma 97]
  Combines Real and Virtual Images
-  Both can be seen at the same time
  Interactive in real-time
-  The virtual content can be interacted with
  Registered in 3D
-  Virtual objects appear fixed in space

Augmented Reality Examples
  Put AR pictures here

AR vs VR
  Virtual Reality: Replaces Reality
  Scene Generation: requires realistic images
  Display Device: fully immersive, wide FOV
  Tracking and Sensing: low accuracy is okay
  Augmented Reality: Enhances Reality
  Scene Generation: minimal rendering okay
  Display Device: non-immersive, small FOV
  Tracking and Sensing: high accuracy needed

Milgram’s Reality-Virtuality continuum
"...anywhere between the extrema of the virtuality continuum."

Mixed Reality

Real Augmented Augmented Virtual
Environment Reality (AR) Virtuality (AV) Environment

Reality - Virtuality (RV) Continuum

P. Milgram and A. F. Kishino, Taxonomy of Mixed Reality Visual Displays
IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems, E77-D(12), pp. 1321-1329, 1994.

Augmented Virtuality

  VR with windows into the real world

Metaverse
  Neal Stephenson’s “SnowCrash”
  The Metaverse is the convergence of:
  1) virtually enhanced physical reality
  2) physically persistent virtual space
  Metaverse Roadmap
  http://metaverseroadmap.org/

Metaverse Dimensions
• Augmentation technologies that layer information onto
our perception of the physical environment.
• Simulation refers to technologies that model reality
• Intimate technologies are focused inwardly, on the
identity and actions of the individual or object;
• External technologies are focused outwardly, towards
the world at large;

Metaverse Components
  Four Key Components
  Virtual Worlds
  Augmented Reality
  Mirror Worlds
  Lifelogging

Mirror Worlds
  Mirror worlds are informationally-enhanced
virtual models of the physical world.
  Google Earth, MS Street View, Google Maps

LifeLogging
  Technologies record and report the intimate
states and life histories of objects and users
  Nokia LifeBlog, Nike+, FitBits

  Steve Mann - LifeLogging

Gordon Bell: LifeLogging

1 TB to store 65 years of data

Summary
  Augmented Reality has three key features
  Combines Real and Virtual Images
  Interactive in real-time
  Registered in 3D
  AR can be classified alongside other technologies
  Invisible Interfaces
  Milgram’s Mixed Reality continuum
  MetaVerse

A Brief History of AR (1)
  1960’s: Sutherland / Sproull’s
first HMD system was see-
through


F16 – Head Up Display


1960 - 70’s: US Air Force helmet mounted
displays (T. Furness)


1970 - 80’s: US Air Force Super Cockpit (T. Furness)


  Early 1990’s: Boeing coined the term “AR.” Wire harness
assembly application begun (T. Caudell, D. Mizell).


  1994: Motion stabilized display [Azuma]
  1995: Fiducial tracking in video see-through [Bajura / Neumann]
  1996: UNC hybrid magnetic-vision tracker


  1996: MIT Wearable Computing efforts
  1998: Dedicated conferences begin (ISMAR)
  Late 90’s: Collaboration, outdoor, interaction
  Late 90’s: Augmented sports broadcasts

History Summary
  1960’s – 80’s: Early Experimentation
  1980’s – 90’s: Basic Research
  Tracking, displays
  1995 – 2005: Tools/Applications
  Interaction, usability, theory
  2005 - : Commercial Applications
  Games, Medical, Industry

2007 - AR Reaches Mainstream
  MIT Technology Review
  March 2007
  list of the 10 most
exciting technologies
  Economist
  Dec 6th 2007
  Reality, only better

2009 - AR in Magazines
  Esquire Magazine
  Dec 2009 issue
  12 pages AR content
  Many Others
  Wired
  Colors
  Red Bull
  Etc

2008 - Browser Based AR
  Flash + camera + 3D graphics
  High impact
  High marketing value
  Large potential install base
  1.6 Billion web users
  Ease of development
  Lots of developers, mature tools
  Low cost of entry
  Browser, web camera

Impact of Web-based AR
  Boffswana Living Sasquatch
  http://www.boffswana.com/news/?p=605
  In first month
  100K unique visits
  500K page views
  6 minutes on page

2005 - Mobile Phone AR
  Mobile Phones
  camera
  processor
  display
  AR on Mobile Phones
  Simple graphics
  Optimized computer vision
  Collaborative Interaction

AR Advertising (HIT Lab NZ 2007)

  Txt message to download AR application (200K)
  See virtual content popping out of real paper advert
  Tested May 2007 by Saatchi and Saatchi

2008: Location Aware Phones

Motorola Droid Nokia Navigator

2009 - Outdoor Information Overlay
  Mobile phone based
  Tag real world locations
  GPS + Compass input
  Overlay graphics data on live video

  Applications
  Travel guide, Advertising, etc
  Wikitude, Layar, Junaio, etc..
  Android based, Public API released

Layar (www.layar.com)
  Location based data
  GPS + compass location
  Map + camera view
  AR Layers on real world
  Customized data
  Audio, 3D, 2D content
  Easy authoring
  Android, iPhone

AR Today
  Key Technologies Available
-  Robust tracking (Computer Vision, GPS/sensors)
-  Display (Handheld HMDs)
-  Input Devices (Kinect, etc)
-  Developer tools (Qualcomm, Metaio, ARTW)
  Commercial Business Growing
-  Gaming, GPS/Mobile, Online Advertisement
•  >$5 Billion USD by 2016 (Markets andMarkets)
•  >$1.5 Billion USD in Mobile AR by 2014 (Juniper Research)

AR Business Today
  Marketing
  Web-based, mobile
  Mobile AR
  Geo-located information and service
  Driving demand for high end phones
  Gaming
  Mobile, Physical input (Kinect, PS Move)
  Upcoming areas
  Manufacturing, Medical, Military

Some Commercial AR Companies
  ARToolworks (http://www.artoolworks.com/)
  ARToolKit, FLARToolKit, SDKs
  Metaio (http://www.metaio.com/)
  Marketing, Industry, SDKs
  Total Immersion (http://www.t-immersion.com/)
  Marketing, Theme Parks, AR Experiences
  Qualcomm (http://developer.qualcomm.com/dev/augmented-
reality)
  Mobile AR, Vuforia SDK
  Many small start-ups (String, Ogmento, etc)

Summary
  Augmented Reality has a long history going
back to the 1960’s
  Interest in AR has exploded over the last few
years and is being commercialized quickly
  AR is growing in a number of areas
  Mobile AR
  Web based AR
  Marketing experiences

Applications
  Medicine
  Manufacturing
  Information overlay
  Architecture
  Museum
  Marketing
  Gaming

Applications: medical
  “X-ray vision” for surgeons
  Aid visualization, minimally-invasive operations.
Training. MRI, CT data.
  Ultrasound project, UNC Chapel Hill.

Courtesy
UNC
Chapel
Hill

Medical AR Trials
  Sauer et al. 2000 at Siemens
Corporate Research, NJ
  Stereo video see through

F. Sauer, Ali Khamene, S. Vogt: An Augmented Reality Navigation System with a
Single-Camera Tracker: System Design and Needle Biopsy Phantom Trial,
MICCAI 2002

Assembly and maintenance
© 1996 S. Feiner, B. MacIntyre, &
A. Webster, Columbia University

© 1993 S. Feiner, B. MacIntyre, &
D. Seligmann, Columbia University

PS3 - Eye of Judgment (2007)
  Computer Vision Tracking
  Card based battle game
  Collaborative AR
  October 24th 2007

AR Books – Markerless Tracking

AR Annotations

Columbia
University

© 1993 S. Feiner, B. MacIntyre, © 1997 S. Feiner, B. MacIntyre,
M. Haupt, & E. Solomon, T. Höllerer, & A. Webster,
Columbia University Columbia University

HRL

Interactive Museum Experiences
  BlackMagic
  Virtual America’s Cup
  410,000 people in six months
  MagicPlanet
  TeManawa science museum
  Virtual Astronomy
  Collaborative AR experience
  AR Volcano
  Interactive AR kiosk
  Scienceworks museum, Melbourne

Digital Binocular Station

http://www.DigitalBinocularStation.com/

Museum Archeology
  LifePlus (2002-2004)
  Natural feature tracking
  Virtual characters
  Mobile AR system
  Archeoguide (2000-2002)
  Cultural heritage on-site guide
  Hybrid tracking
  Virtual overlay

Sales and Marketing
  Connect with brands and branded objects
  Location Based Experiences
  Lynx Angels
  Web based
  Rayban glasses
  Mobile
  Ford Ka campaign
  Print based
  Red Bull Magazine

Summary
  AR technology can be used to develop a wide
range of applications
  Promising application areas include
  Games
  Education
  Engineering
  Medicine
  Museums
  Etc..

“The product is no longer
the basis of value. The
experience is.”

Venkat Ramaswamy
The Future of Competition.

The Value of Good User Experience

50c

$3.50

20c

Good Experience Design
  Reactrix
  Top down projection
  Camera based input
  Reactive Graphics
  No instructions
  No training

SideTalking
  http://www.sidetalkin.com

Interaction Design
“Designing interactive products to support people in their
everyday and working lives”
Preece, J., (2002). Interaction Design

  Design of User Experience with Technology
  Higher in the value chain than product design

  Interaction Design involves answering three questions:
  What do you do? - How do you affect the world?
  What do you feel? – What do you sense of the world?
  What do you know? – What do you learn?

Interaction Design is All About You

  Users should be
involved throughout
the Design Process
  Consider all the needs
of the user

Building Compelling AR Experiences

experiences
Usability

applications Interaction

tools Authoring

components Tracking, Display

Summary
  In order to build AR applications you need to
focus on the user experience
  Great user experience is based on
  Low level AR component technology
  Authoring tools
  Application/Interaction design
  User experience texting

426 lecture1: Introduction to AR

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