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6. acorous calamus (bojho)
The document provides a comprehensive overview of Acorus calamus, also known as Bojho, detailing its botanical characteristics, habitat, and cultivation methods. It discusses the plant's morphology, including its aromatic rhizomes, leaves, and flowers, along with its medicinal properties and various bioactive compounds. Additionally, it highlights its distribution globally and in Nepal, along with cultivation practices for optimal growth and harvesting.
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6. acorous calamus (bojho)
- 1. Shailendra shah Department ofpharmaceutical science, Nobel college Pokhara University
- 2. Introduction Cultivationand Collection Microscopic characters Macroscopic characters
- 3. Taxonomical Classification Kingdom: Plantae Division:Magnoliophyta Class: Liliopsida Order: Acorales Family : Acoraceae Genus : Acorus Species: A. calamus Common name : Bojho Fig : Bojho Source: www.google.com
- 4. Description: Itis a herbaceous perennial with aromatic rhizomes, 30- 100 cm tall. It consists of tufts of basal leaves that rise from a spreading rhizome, flat, linear, distinct midrib, wavy margin, spathe elongated similar in shape to the leaves; flowers small, bisexual, yellowish, condensed on a cylindrical spadix; fruit berry. Flowering : April to June Fruiting : June to July
- 5. The dried rhizomesof the plant are used. It contains not less than 1.5% of volatile oil
- 6. Habitat Marshy land,on the bank of river and ponds, edges of swamps, moist places. Distribution : Today Calamus is found all over the world. On the banks of swamps, streams or ponds of North America, Europe and Asia. Sub-tropical to temperate zones (1200-2700). In case of Nepal, 200- 2300m in wet and marshy places.
- 7. Bojho ispropagated through rhizomes. Rhizomes obtained from earlier plants are kept preserved in the soil and constantly kept in moist. After emergence the rhizomes are cut into small pieces and are planted. Sprouted rhizome pieces are planted at a spacing of 30*30 cm and depth of 4 cm inthe month of July- August. The best time for planting is the second fortnight of June. Around 1,11,000 plants can be planted per hectare.
- 8. • As thegrowth rate is very fast the sprouts are visible on the second day of planting. • After 6-8 months, in December, the lower leaves turn yellow and dry indicating their maturity. • The field should be partially dried only leaving sufficient moisture for uprooting the plant . • In case of large scale cultivation rhizomes may be removed by passing the plough.
- 9. • Color -Rhizomes are brown in color • Odor - Characteristic and aromatic • Taste - Bitter, pungent and disagreeable • Size - 5 to 15 cm in length and 1 to 2 cm in thickness. • Shape - The rhizomes are cylindrical and branched. They are somewhat shrunken and with deep longitudinal wrinkles. The leaf scars more prominent on upper surface and encircle the rhizomes. The under surface of rhizomes bear very small, but raised circular root scars. The lateral branching is occasional. The facture is short
- 10. Rhizome: •A. calamus isa perennial plant with creeping and extensively branched, aromatic rhizome, cylindrical, up to 2.5 cm thick, purplish- brown to light brown externally and white internally. •At the rhizome forming, perennial that can grow to 2 meters resembling an iris. Fig: Rhizome of bojho Source: www.google.com
- 11. Leaves: The leavesare thick, erect and are very similar in appearance to the iris but edges are crimped. It has a single prominent mid vein and then on both sides slightly raised secondary veins and many, fine tertiary veins. The leaves are between 0.7 and 1.7 cm wide. The leaves are free, alternate, green and wavy.1-3 in seeded having a thin testa which is cylindrical in shape and green in colour. Fig: Leaves of bojho Source: www.google.com
- 12. Flower: The flower isvery rarely grown in this plant if grown than it is 3- 8cm long, cylindrical in shape, greenish brown in color and covered with the multitude of rounded spikes. The flowers are small, sessile and densely packed and 5-10 cm of spadix. Flowering occurs from early to late summer depending on the latitude, grows wild in marshy places up to 2000 m altitude in the Himalayas. Fig: Flower of bojho Source: www.google.com
- 13. Root: • It consistsof long creeping roots which spread out just below the surface of the soil. Fruit: •The fruits are small and berry like c-diglucoside; chemical constituents vary in ecotypes and containing few seeds. •Flowering and Fruiting occurs in July. Fig: Root of bojho Source: www.google.com Ref: Shetty and Shruthi (2015)
- 14. Fig. Calamus Rhizome.Transverse section, x 280; A) fragment of primary cortex; B) fragment of central cylinder; 1) Fibers, 2) crystals of calcium oxalate; 3) secretion sacs containing volatile oil; 4) collateral fibrovascular bundle; 5) phloem, 6) xylem, 7) intercellular-air-spaces; 8) concentric fibrovascular bundle of phlocentric type . Microscopic characters
- 15. The transversesection of the unpeeled acorus rhizome shows rarely cork followed by the cortex. The large stele or centre cylinder is seperated by endodermis. The cells of the endodermis possess thin walls and Casparyan spots. The outer region of the cortex consists of collenchyma cells while the inner region of the cortex and all of the pith consist of chains of rounded parenchyma cells surrounding large intercellular-air-spaces. A number of concentric bundles with fibers occur scattered in the cortex.
- 16. Most ofthe parenchyma cells contain small, spheroidal starch grains, but within each chain of these cells spheroidal secretion sacs with suberized walls and yellowish-orange volatile oil content are present. Phlocentric vascular bundles without fibers are scattered throughout the stele and occur more numerously just beneath the endodermis, where they appear crowded. Ref: http://pharmacognosy.org.ua/index.files/Page13419.htm
- 17. Activity Active compound or extract References ANTIFUNGAL •Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Microsporum gypseum • Trichophyton mentagrophytes and T. rubrum Essential oil, β-asarone Rajput and Karuppayil (2013), Thirach et al. (2003) • Aspergillus oryzae, A. nidulans, A. fumigates, Penicillum aculactum, Phomopsis Destuctum Essential oil Chantawannakul et al. (2005) ANTIBACTERIAL • Aeromonas hydrophila Essential oil, α- asarone, β- asarone Bhuvaneswari and Balasundaram (2006) • Staphylococcus aureus,E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, • Klebsiella pneumoniae Essential oil Chowdhury et al. (1993), Parekh et al. (2006) Rajendhran et al. (1998)
- 18. ANTI-INFLAMMATORY/ IMMUNOMODULATORY • Anti-inflammatory activityin human keratinocytes Leaf extract Kim et al. (2009) • Immunomodulatory activity in human PBMCs Ethanolic extract Mehrotra et al.(2010) ANTIOXIDATIVE/ PROTECTIVE EFFECT • Antioxidant and nephroprotective effect in male albino rats Ethanolic extract Palani et al. (2010) • Antioxidant activity in rats brain Α-asarone, ethyl acetate and methanolic extract Manikandan et al. (2005) • Neuroprotective effect in ischemic rats Ethyl acetate extract Hydroalcholic extract,α and β- asarone Acuna et al. (2002) Shukla et al. (2006) HYPOLIPIDEMIC • Decreased cholesterol and triglyceride levels in rats Saponins from hydroalcholic extract Parab and Mengi (2002) • Inhibited cholesterol synthesis in rat liver Rhizome extract D’Souza et al. (2003) • Inhibited hepatic HMG-CoA α-asarone
- 19. ANTICONVULSANT/ ANTISPASMODIC • Anticonvulsant actionin amygdale kindles rats Ethanolic extract Harza et al. (2005) • Anticonvulsant activity in mice models Methanolic extract, α- asarone Jayaraman et al. (2010), Sharma et al. (1961) • Antispasmolytic activity in rabbit Crude extract Shoba and Thomas et al. (2001) ANTIDIABETIC • Exhibited antidiabetic effect bg enhancing differentiation in adipocytes of mouse Ethanolic extract Wu et al. (2009) • Suppress blood glucose levels in normal mice Calamus extract Si et al. (2010) CARDIAC DEPRESSANT/ ANTIASTHMATIC • Airway relaxant activity Crude extract Jabbar and Hassan (2010), Shaha anda Gilani (2010) • Antiasthamatic activity Rhizome extract Rajasekhran and Srivastava (1977), Chandra (1980)
- 20. CARDIOVASCULAR RELATED ACTIVITY • Lowersblood pressure in cats, dogs and rabbits Essential oil Shaha and Gilani (2010), Dandiya and Cullumbine (1959) ANTICANCER • Anti-carcinogenic activity in human carcinoma cells α-asarone Hu and Ji (1986) • Anti-proliferitive activity in mice Rhizome extract Gaidhani et al. (2009), Chaitali et al. (2010) • Anti-cancer activity against human cancer cells Epieudesmin and galgravin from methanolic extract Balakumbahan et al. (2010) • Anticancer activity in human cancer cells β-asarone from calamus oil Palani et al. (2010) • Antimitogenic activity in mouse an human cell lines Lectins from rhizome Bains et al. (2005) • Anticellular activity in human cancer cells Ethanolic extract Mehrotra et al. (2003)
- 21. 1. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266372059 _Acorus_calamus_An_overview (accessedon June 7, 2018) 2. http://pharmacognosy.org.ua/index.files/Page13419.ht m (accessed on June 26, 2018) 3. Shetty G Rand Shruthi A M A Review on Pharmacology of Acorus calamus- an Endangered Medicinal Plant. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences (2015). 605 - 621