8.1 solutions

8.1 solutions

• 1.
  NSS TRAINING COLLEAGE PRESENTS 1
• 2.
  SUBMITTED BY ISMATHRAMEEBA A P 2
• 3.
  SOLUTIONS Solutions General,Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 3
• 4.
  Solutions: Solute andSolvent Solutions  are homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances  consist of a solvent and one or more solutes General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 4
• 5.
  Nature of Solutesin Solutions Solutes  spread evenly throughout the solution  cannot be separated by filtration  can be separated by evaporation  are not visible but can give a color to the solution General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 5
• 6.
  Examples of Solutions  The solute and solvent in a solution can be a solid, liquid, and/or a gas. General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 6
• 7.
  Learning Check Identifythe solute in each of the following solutions: A. 2 g sugar (1) and 100 mL water (2) B. 60.0 mL of ethyl alcohol (1) and 30.0 mL of methyl alcohol (2) C. 55.0 mL water (1) and 1.50 g NaCl (2) D. Air: 200 mL O2 (1) and 800 mL N2 (2) General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 7
• 8.
  Solution Identify thesolute in each of the following solutions: A. sugar (1) B. methyl alcohol (2) C. NaCl (2) D. O2 (1) General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 8
• 9.
  Water Water is the most common solvent  is a polar molecule  forms hydrogen bonds between the hydrogen atom in one molecule and the oxygen atom in a different water molecule General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 9
• 10.
  Combinations of Solutesand Solvents in Solutions General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 10
• 11.
  Formation of aSolution Na+ and Cl– ions  on the surface of a NaCl crystal are attracted to polar water molecules  are hydrated in solution by many H2O molecules surrounding each ion General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 11
• 12.
  Equations for SolutionFormation When NaCl(s) dissolves in water, the reaction can be written as H2O NaCl(s) Na+(aq) + Cl- (aq) solid separation of ions General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 12
• 13.
  Learning Check SolidLiCl is added to water. It dissolves because: A. The Li+ ions are attracted to the 1) oxygen atom (d-) of water. 2) hydrogen atom (d +) of water. B. The Cl– ions are attracted to the 1) oxygen atom (d-) of water. 2) hydrogen atom (d +) of water. General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 13
• 14.
  Solution Solid LiClis added to water. It dissolves because: A. The Li+ ions are attracted to the 1) oxygen atom (d-) of water. B. The Cl– ions are attracted to the 2) hydrogen atom (d +) of water. General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 14
• 15.
  Like Dissolves Like Two substances form a solution  when there is an attraction between the particles of the solute and solvent  when a polar solvent (such as water) dissolves polar solutes (such as sugar) and/or ionic solutes (such as NaCl)  when a nonpolar solvent such as hexane (C6H14) dissolves nonpolar solutes such as oil or grease General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 15
• 16.
  Water and aPolar Solute General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 16
• 17.
  Like Dissolves Like Solvents Solutes Water (polar) Ni(NO3)2 CH2Cl2 (nonpolar) (polar) I2 (nonpolar) General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 17
• 18.
  Learning Check Willeach of the following solutes dissolve in water? Why or why not? 1) Na2SO4 2) gasoline (nonpolar) 3) I2 4) HCl General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 18
• 19.
  Solution Will eachof the following solutes dissolve in water? Why or why not? 1) Na2SO4 Yes. The solute is ionic. 2) gasoline No. The solute is nonpolar. 3) I2 No. The solute is nonpolar. 4) HCl Yes. The solute is polar. Most polar and ionic solutes dissolve in water because water is a polar solvent. General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 19