8377646.ppt8377646.ppt8377646.ppt8377646.ppt

8377646.ppt8377646.ppt8377646.ppt8377646.ppt

• 1.
  Altruism and Aggression Chapter8
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  2 Class Exercise &Discussion  List three occasions when you helped another person.  What were your motives for helping the person on each occasion?
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  HELPING and ALTRUISM 1.Motivation to Help Others 2. Characteristics of Needy -> Helping 3. Normative Factors 4. Personal and Situational Factors 5. Bystander Intervention in Emergencies 6. Seeking and Receiving Help
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  1. Motivation toHelp Others  Prosocial behavior (Broad category)  Beneficial to others  Positive social consequences
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  1. Motivation toHelp Others  1. Helping  Behavior intended to benefit another  Does not address helper benefit  2. Altruism  Voluntary help for others  No expectation of reward
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  What is Altruism? From Latin word alter – meaning “other”  Altruism – means “living for others”  Key component – Selflessness  Ignored as area of study until the mid-20th century  Even though Auguste Comte coined the term 100 years prior
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  Motivation to HelpOthers  3. Egoism  Rewards for helping  Costs of helping & not helping  Distress
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  Motivation to HelpOthers  4. Genuine concern for others  Empathy  5. Evolved trait  Survival of genes  Reciprocation
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  Egoism & Cost-RewardMotivation  Costs for Helping  Time  Danger  Expenditure of effort  Costs for Not Helping  Public disapproval  Loss of face  Embarrassment
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  Egoism & Cost-RewardMotivation  Rewards:  Thanks  Admiration  Financial rewards  Recognition of competence
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  Altruism and EmpatheticConcern  Empathy-altruism model  Two states of emotional arousal witnessing another’s suffering 1. Distress: Shock, alarm, worry, upset 2. Empathy: Compassion, concern, warmth, and tenderness  Empathy heightened  Victim similar to self
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  12 Evolution and Helping Evolutionary Theory:  Genetic trait that helps individuals survive will be passed on to next generation  Can also explain selfish or aggressive behavior  Sociobiology:  Related to “survival of the fittest”  Most likely to help those closely related to us  Reciprocity from non-relatives
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  2. Characteristics ofNeedy that foster Helping 1. Acquaintanceship 2. Liking 3. Similarity 4. Deservingness
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  3. Normative Factorsin Helping  Outsiders should ‘mind their own business’  Norm of Responsibility  Norm of Reciprocity  Personal Norms  Role Behavior
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  11/27 4. Personal& Situational Factors  Modeling Effects  What actions are possible  Gender Differences  Depends on situation  Good and Bad Moods  Good mood encourages helping  Guilt  If feel responsible
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  Bystander Intervention in EmergencySituations  1. Notice something is happening  2. Interpret as an emergency  3. Assume responsibility  4. Know appropriate assistance  5. Implement assistance
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  The Bystander Effect In emergency situations  Potential helpers  Influenced by relationship with other bystanders  Bystander effect:  As number of bystanders increases, likelihood that any one bystander will help a victim decreases
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  Understanding the Bystander Effect Evaluation apprehension  Concern about what others expect  How others evaluate their behavior  Diffusion of responsibility  Someone else will help  How to get emergency help!!!
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  Costs of EmergencyIntervention  Arousal/cost-reward model  Needs of the victim  Their own needs & goals  Decide if helping is too costly
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  6. Seeking &Receiving Help  Help & Obligation  Norm of self-reliance  Resent too much help  Threats to Self-Esteem  Implies weaknesses