Accessibility emphasis theory of Guttenberg

Accessibility emphasis theory of Guttenberg

• 1.
  Accessibility Emphasis theory ofGuttenberg Submitted To: Prof Dr Manoj Kumar Submitted By: Pragati Srivatava Roll – 215AR020 NIT PATNA
• 2.
  Accessibility Emphasis theoryof Guttenberg •It was given in 1968. •This theory was based on the reconstruction of the city, which weredestroyed in the world wars. •The main emphasis was to access the facilities and services. The first job of reconstruction was to remove the mismatch. •Guttenberg thought that establishing accessibility is the main point in urban planning, Thus the whole work was an establishing norms and standards. •Guttenberg said that each land use must be attributed to its accessibility planning standards depends on the technological process of the country and other social and economic factors. •Hence the standards developed in the country or city but they can be developed for a particular country and particular time. •Earlier town was developed for slow moving traffic but today is for fast moving traffic. •Earlier town pattern was decided for slow traffic. Total structure of the town has a new shape and it has changed into sophisticated bits of malls, multiplexes etc. This is only because of transport system.
• 3.
  Accessibility Emphasis theoryof Guttenberg •Thus, community has taken a shape in terms of size and also varied depending on time as the different activity grows. So, the different activity set the township. •This transportation system activity centers keep on changing. •As once activity changes automatically each facility and different areas give rise to new patterns for both i.e, individuals and communities, links are communication and transportation roots. New activity becomes more important than older ones, so old activity may be less or broken. Theory of urban structure and urban growth was developed by Albert and Guttenberg and he put these theories in 3 steps- How the structure and form results from an effort to relate people and facility to each other. The neutral influence of the structure and form are one hand at community size and growth on other hand. To design the major features of future metropolis from the present structure due to change in transportation system and its efficiency. In urban structures people and facility have same distances which are to be maintained. NEW ACTIVITY COMMUNITY OLD ACTIVITY PEOPLE FACILITIES Distance Less/Broken Open
• 4.
  Objective of theplanning is to overcome the distance optimally for this we have these two options- •Distribute the people and transport them to the facility. •Facility can be transported to the people. •But now there is a problem individually the transportation and facility cannot serve to all purpose. Both the transportation and distribution of facility must be used to overcome the total distance partially by means of local facility and remaining facility can be provided by transportation system. •So, by this way we have to identify the distributed facility and transported system as major part of urban structure. • Now how the distributed facility and transport system are complimentary to each other. There are limits of distributed facilities and transportation roots. Practical limit for concentration and distribution can be said by place bound facility on place bound people and thus combining these two would give us the structure of urban system of relating the facility like community shape and small distributed throughout the area to close proximity to the users and large facility i.e., Departmental store. But a major work place is distributed only in the sense through their main accessible through a transportation system. 1 2
• 5.
  Urban structure affectsthe urban form- •The first objective is to overcome the facility. •The second is to reduce the distance of the facility by transportation and for this arrangement we have to make an urban form is specific form of our community for this there are two types of grid form. Both the cases as above where the larger facilities are concentrated on one place. The distance travelled in the 2nd case is less than in the 1st case because of the central facility will result in case of city and radial shape of transport system. And this distance can be further reduced by running the transport system or by operating change in the speed of traffic. Therefore, limits of concentration or dispersion maybe get by immobile prison or facilities which may not be distributed the mobility of prison will be differ with age, sex, income whereas the distribution is a matter of economic size and natural features that is topography and natural resources, so the people travel much less distance to reach the facility and also facility will have different service radius or the influence area which give also of different level of central place ,we see that there is more than one level of community exist. So that community planning must be carried out on more than one level. As each case on each level 1 2 1 2
• 6.
  Preferences and requirementchanges to the people and facility are brought together it creates the three urban structure elements: - •Localized human activities (distributed facility) •Regional services (undistributed facilities) •Transportation system which is related to regional activities. Now here two activities conflicted together given rise to different level of development because local area is operated with local elements which is considering to the first level and bears it at a regional activity. Local area or operation maybe at regional center or regional geographies area and to overcome the conflicting demand of a property defined land –use relationship should exist to permit the existence of regional and local functions simultaneously and accordingly. But in all the cases' central part is situated and this situation is due to conversion of regional routes and it is because of regional activities i,e,. More dominant and accommodation of local activities that became difficult.. Density effect on urban structure: - Density have mean factor to give a value that is location on the urban factor. Now, by this value mean the diversity to occupy a particular location. The value of relationship that is A and B now in case on all individuals has said rigid process they would like to live at “O” but this is not happening so the value of every point are valued all the point are not a value as said for all the people now the core of equally populated all the place, where all the places have different values. One is the high and the other is low because of accessibility it substitutes the main place. They differ in Crowd and density of people as a general rule once's lives in the center of the region-all facilities are nearer to him. There is no possibility to substitute for the center.
• 7.
  There the landused is affected economic activity and the fall of the value at the distance founds the economic gradient of the density which affects between the economic density and residential density and is not directly related to physical density because high economic density may not be transferred into high physical density that depends Upon the physical change of site and requirement, capabilities and usability of uses, so, we may say high economic density with low physical density and vice versa. In this fashion growth of town may develop in certain areas or certain area may decay. This growth also translocate the other facility with its population. when the growth of town occurs either we take the population or facility in the consequences of new location so the location may relatively be solved.
• 8.
  In this casewe have to develop a regional center without investing resources. we have to identify the future region valued in advance before comparing to present and future region as have to allocate the future region. These locations as X1,Y1,Z1, are compared to with respect to accessibility to each other. Value of the space is calculated by cast based analysis. Here in this fig 1 the same value although the absolute location might be changed. Now then activity is differed to ability to service. On different sides and at the time distance from the center. Now because of this an area where any type of activity prevails shall have to decide the location of the activity in the future. Or in that of corresponding region which might also change the economic condition of the region and such cases the future region will not be just of the employment of the present region. Therefore, it is not wise to identify and compare the corresponding parts in the existing and the developed region in the respect of time-distance relationship. Now, we talk about the transportation be near not only to travel distance from one place to another but also substituting the one facility to other. Transport efficiency for the different systems will differ and so the substitution affects which would change the special pattern of the area. For large city center of the area are considered that its transportation efficiency is same in all direction. So, this result in simple radial form where the dispersal of people in all direction is same as differ and we get the city in a circular form, when we analyze the transport route the demand along the main route is more. And as we go away from the main route have less demand because of less accessibility.
• 9.
  So, along theroutes the density is high and when we go away from it, density is lower and this displacement of activity from the center along the major radial route is also continuous otherwise it will concentrate at the arterial access of the point of intersection of circular. This gives the relationship of the future and present metropolis. This structural change is different. Due to transportation system in cost, quality, socio-economic characteristic of the population for which we are planning and so we should investigate, Analise and calculate all the factors, like socio- economic, cultural, etc.
• 10.
  Cities were mostdamaged in ww2: Allied bombers killed tens of thousands and destroyed large areas with attacks on Cologne, Hamburg and Berlin, and the Japanese cities of Tokyo, Hiroshima and Nagasaki. But the bombing has become one of the most controversial Allied acts of World War Two. Some have questioned the military value of Dresden. Dresden city was completely destroyed in ww2 The punishing, three-day Allied bombing attack on Dresden from February 13 to 15 in the final months of World War II became among the most controversial Allied actions of the war. The 800-bomber raid dropped some 2,700 tons of explosives and incendiaries and decimated the German city.
• 11.
  Dresden The bombing ofDresden remains one of the most controversial acts of the Second World War. Dresden had been a cultural center for centuries, the capital of the Electors of Saxony and renowned for its Baroque architecture. On the nights of February 13th to 15th the city was firebombed by the RAF and USAAF. Critics call it a case of area bombing, that is, the indiscriminate bombing of a location with no specific tactical target. Dresden’s historical center was gutted and destroyed, along with hundreds of thousands of homes in the suburbs with thousands of civilian casualties. Since 1945 the center of Dresden has been rebuilt, with the Frauenkirche, Zwingler Palace and Opera House restored as they were before 1945. Curiously this wasn’t the approach of Coventry, Dresden’s twin city, which pulled down most of its ruins and built new structures rather than recreating the old.
• 12.
  Transport The longest tramsin Dresden set a record in length Roads The Bundesautobahn 4 (European route E40) crosses Dresden in the northwest from west to east. The Bundesautobahn 17 leaves the A4 in a south-eastern direction. In Dresden it begins to cross the Ore Mountains towards Prague. The Bundesautobahn 13 leaves from the three-point interchange "Dresden-Nord" and goes to Berlin. The A13 and the A17 are on the European route E55. In addition, several Bundesstraßen (federal highways) run through Dresden. Rail Dresden Central Station is the main inter-city transport hub There are two main inter-city transit hubs in the railway network in Dresden: Dresden Hauptbahnhof and Dresden-Neustadt railway station. The most important railway lines run to Berlin, Prague, Leipzig and Chemnitz. A commuter train system (Dresden S-Bahn) operates on three lines alongside the long-distance routes. Aviation Dresden Airport is the city's international airport, located at the north-western outskirts of the city. After German reunification the airport's infrastructure has been considerably improved. In 1998, a motorway access route was opened.[108] In March 2001, a new terminal building was opened along with the underground S-Bahn station Dresden Flughafen, a multi-storey car park and a new aircraft handling ramp. Trams Dresden has a large tramway network operated by Dresdner Verkehrsbetriebe, the municipal transport company. The Transport Authority operates twelve lines on a 200 km (124 mi) network.[110] Many of the new low-floor vehicles are up to 45 metres long and produced by Bombardier Transportation in Bautzen. While about 30% of the system's lines are on reserved track (often sown with grass to avoid noise), many tracks still run on the streets, especially in the inner city. The CarGoTram is a tram that supplies Volkswagen's Transparent Factory, crossing the city. The transparent factory is located not far from the city centre next to the city's largest park.[ The districts of Loschwitz and Weisser Hirsch are connected by the Dresden Funicular Railway, which has been carrying passengers back and forth since 1895.
• 13.
  Berlin Hitler planned toturn Berlin into his ‘World-Capital’ Germania. Instead the city endured the bombing raids of the RAF and American Eighth Air Force during the war, before the Soviets closed in, shelling and bombarding the city, then fighting street-by-street for control. Famously they took the Reichstag Building and left it in ruins – one of the iconic images of the last days of the War is the Soviet flag flying from its roof. Around 80 percent of Berlin was destroyed, and many buildings that survived are still pocked by bullet holes. Rebuilding has been going on since 1946, and you’ll still find strange open spaces in central Berlin. Potsdamer Platz, once a hub of activity in the Weimar era and flattened during the war is now home to huge developments like the Sony Center and Daimler Complex, while the Reichstag now boasts a glass dome from Norman Foster.
• 14.
  TransporT Roads Berlin's transport infrastructureis highly complex, providing a diverse range of urban mobility. A total of 979 bridges cross 197 km (122 mi) of inner- city waterways. 5,422 km (3,369 mi) of roads run through Berlin, of which 77 km (48 mi) are motorways (Autobahn). In 2013, 1.344 million motor vehicles were registered in the city.[With 377 cars per 1000 residents in 2013 (570/1000 in Germany), Berlin as a Western global city has one of the lowest numbers of cars per capita. In 2012, around 7,600 mostly beige colored taxicabs were in service. Since 2011, a number of app based e- car and e-scooter sharing services have evolved. Rail Berlin Hauptbahnhof is the largest grade-separated railway station in Europe. Long-distance rail lines connect Berlin with all of the major cities of Germany and with many cities in neighboring European countries. Regional rail lines of the Verkehrsverbund Berlin-Brandenburg provide access to the surrounding regions of Brandenburg and to the Baltic Sea. The Berlin Hauptbahnhof is the largest grade-separated railway station in Europe.[161] Deutsche Bahn runs high speed Intercity-Express trains to domestic destinations like Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Stuttgart, Frankfurt am Main and others. It also runs an airport express rail service, as well as trains to several international destinations like Vienna, Prague, Zürich, Warsaw, Wrocław, Budapest and Amsterdam. Water transport Berlin is connected to the Elbe and Oder rivers via the Spree and the Havel rivers. There are no frequent passenger connections to and from Berlin by water, but some of the freight is transported via waterways. Berlin's largest harbour, the Westhafen, is located in the district of Moabit. It is a transhipment and storage site for inland shipping with a growing importance. Intercity buses[ Similarly to other German cities, there is an increasing quantity of intercity bus services. The city has more than 10 stations[163] that run buses to destinations throughout Germany and Europe, Zentraler Omnibusbahnhof Berlin being the biggest station. Public transport The Berlin U-Bahn (Metro) at Heidelberger Platz station The Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe (BVG) and the Deutsche Bahn (DB) manage several extensive urban public transport systems.[164] Travelers can access all modes of transport with a single ticket. Public transportation in Berlin has a long and complicated history because of the 20th-century division of the city, where movement between the two halves was not served. Since 1989, the transport network has been developed extensively; however, it still contains early 20th century traits, such as the U1.
• 15.
  Airports[ Flights departing fromBerlin serve 163 destinations around the globe. Airports in Berlin, including those that are no longer used (as of November 2020) Berlin is served by one commercial international airport: Berlin Brandenburg Airport (BER), located just outside Berlin's south-eastern border, in the state of Brandenburg. It began construction in 2006, with the intention of replacing Tegel Airport (TXL) and Schönefeld Airport (SXF) as the single commercial airport of Berlin. Previously set to open in 2012, after extensive delays and cost overruns, it opened for commercial operations in October 2020.[167] The planned initial capacity of around 27 million passengers per year[168] is to be further developed to bring the terminal capacity to approximately 55 million per year by 2040.[169] Before the opening of the BER in Brandenburg, Berlin was served by Tegel Airport and Schönefeld Airport. Tegel Airport was within the city limits, and Schönefeld Airport was located at the same site as the BER. Both airports together handled 29.5 million passengers in 2015. In 2014, 67 airlines served 163 destinations in 50 countries from Berlin.Tegel Airport was a focus city for Lufthansa and Eurowings while Schönefeld served as an important destination for airlines like Germania, easyJet and Ryanair. Until 2008, Berlin was also served by the smaller Tempelhof Airport, which functioned as a city airport, with a convenient location near the city center, allowing for quick transit times between the central business district and the airport. The airport grounds have since been turned into a city park. Cycling Berlin is well known for its highly developed bicycle lane system. It is estimated Berlin has 710 bicycles per 1000 residents. Around 500,000 daily bike riders accounted for 13% of total traffic in 2010.Cyclists have access to 620 km (385 mi) of bicycle paths including approximately 150 km (93 mi) of mandatory bicycle paths, 190 km (118 mi) of off-road bicycle routes, 60 km (37 mi) of bicycle lanes on roads, 70 km (43 mi) of shared bus lanes which are also open to cyclists, 100 km (62 mi) of combined pedestrian/bike paths and 50 km (31 mi) of marked bicycle lanes on roadside pavements (or sidewalks). Riders are allowed to carry their bicycles on Regionalbahn, S-Bahn and U-Bahn trains, on trams, and on night buses if a bike ticket is purchased
• 16.
  Hiroshima Hiroshima was amajor military headquarters during the Second World War and a city dating back to the 16th century in western Honshu. On August 6, 1945 an American B-29 bomber called Enola Gay dropped the first atomic bomb on the city. 70,000 people were dead in an instant. The same amount probably died from radiation and injuries. And most of the city was gone. What was left was soon further damaged by a typhoon that hit in September. After the war the population slowly started to rise again, new buildings went up, with the 16th century Hiroshima Castle being rebuilt in the 1950s to serve as a museum documenting the history of the city. The Genbaku Dome, the closest surviving building to where the bomb, named ‘Little Boy’ by the Americans, landed is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site and peace memorial. Left picture : At the time this photo was made, smoke billowed 20,000 feet above Hiroshima while smoke from the burst of the first atomic bomb had spread over 10,000 feet on the target at the base of the rising column. Six planes of the 509th Composite Group participated in this mission: one to carry the bomb (Enola Gay), one to take scientific measurements of the blast (The Great Artiste), the third to take photographs (Necessary Evil), while the others flew approximately an hour ahead to act as weather scouts (08/06/1945). Bad weather would disqualify a target as the scientists insisted on a visual delivery. The primary target was Hiroshima, the secondary was Kokura, and the tertiary was Nagasaki. Right picture : Atomic bombing of Nagasaki on August 9, 1945, taken by Charles Levy.
• 17.
  Transportation Airport Hiroshima is servedby Hiroshima Airport (IATA: HIJ, ICAO: RJOA), located 50 kilometres (31 mi) east of the city, with regular flights to Tokyo, Sapporo, Sendai, Okinawa, and also to China, Taiwan, Singapore and South Korea. Iwakuni Kintaikyo Airport, 43 kilometres (27 mi) south-west of Hiroshima, re-instated commercial flights Railways High-speed rail Trains JR West •San'yō Main Line, Kure Line, Geibi Line, Kabe Line •Hiroshima New Transit Line 1 •Hiroshima Short Distance Transit Seno Line Tramways Hiroshima is notable, in Japan, for its light rail system, nicknamed Hiroden, and the "Moving Streetcar Museum". Streetcar service started in 1912,[was interrupted by the atomic bomb, and was restored as soon as was practical. (Service between Koi/Nishi Hiroshima and Tenma-cho was started up three days after the bombing. Streetcars and light rail vehicles are still rolling down Hiroshima's streets, including streetcars 651 and 652, which survived the atomic blast and are among the older streetcars in the system. When Kyoto and Fukuoka discontinued their trolley systems, Hiroshima bought them up at discounted prices, and, by 2011, the city had 298 streetcars, more than any other city in Japan. •Hiroden •Main Line, Ujina Line, Eba Line, Hakushima Line, Hijiyama Line, Yokogawa Line, Miyajima Line Roads Expressway •Hiroshima Expressway Japan National Route Hiroshima is served by Japan National Route 2, Japan National Route 54, Japan National Route 183, Japan National Route 261, Japan National Route 433, Japan National Route 487, Japan National Route 488. Prefectural Route[ Hiroshima Prefectural Route 37 (Hiroshima-Miyoshi Route), Hiroshima Prefectural Route 70 (Hiroshima-Nakashima Route), Hiroshima Prefectural Route 84 (Higashi Kaita Hiroshima Route), Hiroshima Prefectural Route 164 (Hiroshima-Kaita Route), and Hiroshima Prefectural Route 264 (Nakayama-Onaga Route).
• 18.
  THANK YOU