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ACE Security Laminates
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- 2. Introduction Intelligently designing windowand glass security into a building necessitates a complex series of compromises. •ACE’s primary design objective is to save lives. •ACE’s goal here as your solution provider is to provide intelligent window and glass security design solutions. 2
- 3. Introduction ACE’s recommendations are intendedfor security professionals/ architects tasked with implementing anti-terrorist design criteria, recognizing that these requirements need to be balanced against design constraints such as; • sustainability • construction and • life-cycle costs • architectural expression • natural hazards protection 3
- 4. Threat Definition Primary Threat Aprimary threat is a vehicle weapon located along a secured perimeter line. The size of the vehicle weapon considered may vary from hundreds to thousands of pounds of TNT equivalent depending on the criteria used. 4
- 5. Threat Definition The dangerhere is to be considered on all sides of the building. Air-blast loads decay speedily with distance; the highest loads are focused at base of the Building and decay with height. Ahead of the blast wave debris is picked up and creates hazards to the building and personnel. Cosmetic features such as potted plants, park benches, etc,…act as projectiles. In any typical bomb blast 85% of injuries is due to flying debris and glass shards. 5
- 6. Threat Definition Secondary Threat Asecondary threat is a hand carried weapon placed directly against the exterior envelope. This weapon may be carried in a briefcase, backpack or a bomb placed in a garbage receptacle. 6
- 7. Threat Definition Explosive pressuresare typically much greater than the other loads such as violent winds during severe weather conditions. Blast waves decay extremely rapidly with time and space. The pressures produced increase linearly with the size of the weapon, measured in equivalent pounds of TNT, and decrease exponentially with the distance from the explosion. 7
- 8. Threat Definition The durationof the explosion is extremely short, measured in milliseconds. Some explosives effects have a longer duration and higher peck levels. Those types of explosions are industrial related, i.e. natural gas, petro-chemical plants. 8
- 9. Threat Definition Effects ofshock wave expansion and engulfment of the building. All three steps happen in lest that a full second, and may suffer echo blast effects. Intelligently protecting your windows will assist immensely in saving lives and securing the building. 9
- 10. Threat Definition Some otherair-blast effects to be aware of include: • Pressure acting on the side of the building facing the explosion is amplified by factors ten times the incident pressure. This pressure is referred to as the reflected pressure. • Since it is not known which sides of the building the explosion will act on, all sides need to be designed for the worst case. 10
- 11. Threat Definition • Air-blastpressures have a negative or suction phase following the direct or positive pressure phase. • The negative phase pressures can govern response in low pressure regions causing windows to fail outward. 11
- 12. Threat Definition • Reboundof the exterior envelope components following the explosion can pull the façade components off the building exterior. • Rebound refers to the reversal of structural motion due to vibration. • Since the design objective is to protect occupants, failure of dual pane windows in the outward direction may be acceptable provided that the hazards of falling debris post-event and blocked egress points are avoided. 12
- 13. Threat Definition • Inaddition to the propagation of a pressure wave through the air, a proportion of the energy of the weapon is transmitted through the soil. This effect is analogous to a high intensity, short duration earthquake which will add additional stress to window frames causing glass to break away. 13
- 14. Threat Definition In thepast windows were the most defenseless portion of any building. Though it may be impractical to design all the windows to resist a large scale explosive attack, it is desirable to limit the amount of hazardous glass in reducing injuries. Annealed glass windows break at low pressure and impulse levels. The shards created by broken windows are responsible for a majority of the injuries incurred due to a large explosive attack. 14
- 15. Threat Definition Designing windowswith ACE security laminates to provide protection against the effects of explosions can be effective in reducing the glass laceration injuries. For a large-scale vehicle weapon, this pressure range is expected on the sides of surroundings buildings not facing the explosion, or for smaller explosions where pressures drop more rapidly with distance. Generally we do not know which side of the building the attack will occur on so all sides need to be protected. 15
- 16. Threat Definition Window protectionshould be evaluated on a case by case basis by a qualified threat risk professional. Generic recommendations can be dangerous. ACE does NOT recommend some of these. SAFE-Break – in - Frame. 16
- 17. Threat Definition In aneffort to prevent or limit glass laceration injuries, several approaches that can be taken, yet each remaining system releases glass. • Blast Curtains • Catch bar Systems • Wet Glazing 17
- 18. Threat Definition One industryprocess is to use a ‘wet glazing’ or sealant approach. This is a process where the window film installer will seal all four side of the window in an attempt to adhere the window film to the window frame. Although this is a window film industry practice, ACE will not and cannot endorse or support this recommendation as our in house testing has proven this method to be dangerous and not provide or limit the potential of injury. 18
- 19. Threat Definition ACE recommends that windows at emergency exits are to be avoided to facilitate egress. These windows are typically market with a RED triangle as shown here. The Emergency Responder advisory Triangle is widely used and measures 4 inches in diameter and placed at the bottom right hand side of the window that is unprotected. Presently in North America the government design criteria generally specify either the threat or the loading pressure and impulse that blast mitigating windows need to be designed for. Pressure levels given vary from about 4 psi up to about 40 psi depending on the criteria document. 19
- 20. Threat Definition The dangerhere is that the window film industry has set a 10psi threshold. A 10 psi threshold is unrealistic for the immediate dangers faced by buildings. ACE is the only product to meet the 10 psi industry standard and we exceed that as our field test performed by MREL. Presently ACE stands alone with 186 psi of Incident Pressure and 1100 reflected Pressure. (MREL Test Report 1999) 20
- 21. Threat Definition Typically, projectileimpact loads are not considered for air-blast testing like they are for wind loads. ACE finds this rather surprising as it is well documented that shrapnel and debris are always associated with an explosion. While window film companies promote their blast resistant capabilities only ACE addresses the shrapnel associated with a pipe bomb, or a car/truck bomb. 21
- 22. Glass Design • Glassis often the weakest part of a building, breaking at low pressures compared to other components such as the floors, walls, or columns. • Past incidents have shown that glass breakage and associated injuries may extend many thousands of feet in large external explosions. • High-velocity glass fragments have been shown to be a major contributor to injuries in such incidents. • For incidents within downtown city areas, falling glass poses a major hazard to passers-by. At this time, exterior debris is largely ignored by existing presentation. 22
- 23. Glass Design As partof the damage limiting approach, glass failure is not quantified in terms of whether breakage occurs or not, but rather by the hazard it causes to the occupants. Two failure modes that reduce the hazard posed by window glass are: • glass that breaks but is retained by the frame • glass fragments exit the frame and fall within 3 to 10 feet of the window 23
- 24. Glass Design The glassperformance condition is defined based on empirical data from explosive tests performed in a cubical space with a 10 foot dimension. The performance condition ranges from 1 which corresponds to not breaking to 5 which corresponds to hazardous flying debris at a distance of 10 feet from the window. Generally a performance condition 3 or 4 is considered acceptable for buildings that are not at high risk of attack. At this level, fragments fly into the building but land harmlessly within 10 feet of the window or impact a witness panel 10 feet away no more than 2 feet above the floor level. • The ACE design goal is to achieve a performance level less than 3a for 90% of the windows. 24
- 25. Glass Design Performance Protection Hazard Description of Window Glazing Condition Level Level 1 Safe None Glazing does not break. No visible damage to glazing or frame. 2 Very High None Glazing cracks but is retained by the frame. Dusting or very small fragments near sill or on floor acceptable. 3a High Very Low Glass cracks. Fragments enter space and land on floor no further than 1 meter (3.3 feet) from window. 3b High Low Glazing cracks. Fragments enter space and land on floor no further than 3 meters (10 feet) from the window. 4 Medium Medium Glazing cracks. Fragments enter space and land on floor and impact a vertical witness panel at a distance of no more than 3 m (10 feet) from the window at a height no greater than 2 feet above the floor. 5 Low High Glazing cracks and window system fails catastrophically. Fragments enter space impacting a vertical witness panel at a distance of no more than 3 meters (10 feet) from the window at a height greater than 0.6 meters (2 feet) above the floor. 25
- 26. Glass Design The idealsolution for new construction and or window change outs is to use ACE security laminated annealed (i.e., float) glass. For insulated units, only the inner pane needs to be laminated. The security laminate holds the shards of glass together in explosive events, reducing its potential to cause laceration injuries. Annealed glass is used because it has a breaking strength that is about one-half that of heat strengthened glass and about one-fourth as strong as tempered glass thus reducing the loads transmitted to the supporting frame and walls. 26
- 27. Energy Transference The effectsof explosions on structures are directly related to stress-wave propagation as well as impact and missile penetration (debris). For explosions close to the targeted object, the pressure-driven effects occur quickly, on the order of microseconds to a few milliseconds. The air-blast loads are commonly subdivided into: (1)loading due to the impinging shock front, its reflections, and the greatly increased hydrostatic pressure behind the front, all commonly denoted as overpressure; and (2) the dynamic pressures due to the particle velocity, or mass transfer, of the air. 27
- 28. Energy Transference It iscustomary to characterize the pressure loadings in terms of scaled range, as given by Z = R/W1/3 Z is the scaled range R is the radial distance between the explosion center and the target W is the explosive weight (normally expressed as an equivalent TNT weight). In the scaled-range concept, as long as the value of Z remains the same, the same parameters for the explosive effects (i.e., peak pressure, positive duration, etc.) should be obtained. 28
- 29. Energy Transference When anexplosion impinges on a structural element, a shock wave is transmitted internally at high speed; for example, dilatational waves (tension or compression) propagate at speeds of 2,700–3,400 m/s in typical concrete and 4,900–5,800 m/s in steel. At these speeds, reflections and refractions quickly occur within the material (within milliseconds), and, depending on the material properties, high-rate straining and major disintegration effects occur. 29
- 30. Energy Transference For example,under extremely high shock pressures, concrete, a relatively brittle material, tends to undergo multiple fractures which can lead to fragmentation. In steel, under similar conditions, depending on the material properties and geometry, yielding and fracture can be expected, especially if fabrication flaws are present, with fragmentation occurring in some cases. Primary, fragments are produced when a detonating explosive is in contact with a material such as concrete or steel. The initial velocity of the primary fragments depends in part on the detonation pressure. Secondary fragments are produced by the effect of the blast wave on materials not in contact with the explosive. 30
- 31. Energy Transference Openings suchas doors and windows require special design considerations if intrusion of the explosive shock wave is to be averted, or damage mitigated. Where high levels of blast-effects mitigation are sought, labyrinth (and) entrances, possibly with blast doors, as well as ventilation blast valves, can be used. As the energy of the blast wave is transferred from wall to window, from window to window frame, from window frame back to wall, the wall now takes on an excessive negative pressure adding to the rapid erosion of the wall leading to total collapse. 31
- 32. Checker Board Approach Insituations as described above, should your building not have blast doors as well as ventilation blast valves, ACE has developed a systematic approach whereby the glass is protected and the very same protected glass is used to assist in ‘venting or exhausting’ the shock wave in a technique preventing or minimizing negative pressures that may add to a rapid erosion of the targeted wall. 32
- 33. Checker Board Approach TheChecker Board system is where ACE will fasten (anchor) its security laminate on a window vertically (right and left sides) leaving the top and bottom free to expand venting the blast wave. The adjacent window will have the horizontal application whereby the top and bottom will be fasten leaving the right and left side open to act as a blast vale. This method would be done to the entire targeted side of the building. 33
- 34. Flexibility Is AMust! Utilizing the expertise of materials, adhesive formulation, and development along with manufacturing capabilities within ACE’s Engineered Protective Systems Group and the materials and blast analytics from the ACE Engineer Research and Development Center (AERDC), a highly innovative product has been brought to market. ACE’s SL14 performs well across a wide temperature range and diverse environmental conditions. ACE’s SL series of products are moisture, mold and fungus-resistant, and the environmentally friendly product contains no VOCs. 34
- 35. Flexibility Is AMust! An exceptionally formulated adhesive system allows the patent pending, (U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. ACE patent # PAT 2777P-2 US) SL14 to be applied to the interior side of any glass or window simply by removing the protective film liner and applying the product to the glass. ACE’s SL series is further supported by a simple yet highly sophisticated and effective anchoring system at the top and bottom or right and left sides of the window frame. Repel, resist, and absorb (RRA) the effects of a bomb blast flexibility is a must. Commonly referred to as Elasticity of material causes it to resume its original size and shape after having been stretched by an external force. This unheard of feature allows the ACE product to take several blasts without deteriorating. (MREL 1999 test report) 35
- 36. Flexibility Is AMust! The ratio of stress to strain, called the elastic modulus, and the elastic limit of a material are determined by the molecular structure of the material. The distance between molecules in a stress-free material depends on a balance between the molecular forces of attraction and repulsion. When an external force is applied, creating stress within the material, the molecular distances change and the material becomes deformed. If the molecules are tightly bound to each other, there will be little strain even for a large amount of stress. If, however, as with the ACE products the molecules are loosely bonded to each other, a relatively small amount of stress will cause a large amount of elasticity. Below the elastic limit, when the applied force is removed, the molecules return to their balanced position, and the elastic material goes back to its original shape. 36
- 37. Flexibility Is AMust! All materials have some degree of elasticity, but rubber, for example, is 'more elastic' than metal or wood. Using this theory ACE patent a process that allows its product to remain soft and flexible, yet resistant as steel. That is why ACE remains unmatched when it comes to protecting windows from bomb blast and bullets. The danger here is that much of the window tint/film industry attempts to compensate by making thicker films which lack flexibility and remain ridged failing to absorb the blast effect and unable to meet the high 186 psi that ACE has obtained. As an industry as a whole, the community of window film manufactures have settled on a 10 psi threshold. Yet the reality of the seriousness of threats existing call for a true Security Laminate to respond and provide you with a viable proven solution. That solution is ACE! 37
- 38. Blast Injuries Blast injuriestraditionally are divided into 4 categories: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary (or miscellaneous) injuries. • A primary blast injury is caused solely by the direct effect of blast overpressure on tissue. Air is easily compressible, unlike water. As a result, a primary blast injury almost always affects air-filled structures such as the lung, ear, and gastrointestinal (GI) tract. • A secondary blast injury is caused by flying objects that strike people. • A tertiary blast injury is a feature of high-energy explosions. This type of injury occurs when people fly through the air and strike other objects. • Miscellaneous or quaternary blast injuries encompass all other injuries caused by explosions, such as burns, crush injuries, and toxic inhalations. 38
- 39. Conclusion ACE has demonstratedto be your window security solution. ACE is NOT a window tint/film company, we are a security company focused on protecting the weakest link to building security. ACE is your peace of mind. ACE will assist in preventing a blast wave(s) from destroying your building. ACE will assist in preventing debris/ projectiles associated with a violent blast causing injury or death. ACE has the only UL 752 and BMAG Level 1. ACE is familiar with large scale projects. ACE is ready to begin work within 24 hours of a signed agreement. 39
- 40. Conclusion ACE exceeds industry10 psi providing you with 186 psi which is 18 times stronger & over 110 times stronger due to Echo effects ACE has factory certified trained technicians on the ground ACE offers a limited life time warranty ACE has been in business since 1991 ACE U.S. Patent & Trademark Office. Patent #PAT 2777P-2 US ACE has a proven record with ACE laminate being used in the theatre of war for example Iraq, Kirgizstan, Lebanon, Angola, Uganda, Kenya, South Africa, Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia, Greece, Romania, Indonesia, China, USA, Canada, Italy, UK and we are protecting some of India’s highest racking Politicians. ACE believes that the TAJ is just and so much so deserving to have ACE protect their facilities. 40
- 41. Disclaimer Independent third partytesting using the UL-752 Ballistics Standard has established that ACE's SL14 security laminate is capable of resisting bullets from weapons firing .38 calibre, 9mm FMJ and .357 projectiles. However, at no time does ACE promote or lead clients to believe that bullet-proofing or bomb proofing can be achieved solely with ACE products. ACE encourages potential users to consider having a risk threat assessment performed by one of our trained professionals or a competent independent security consultant to evaluate your security needs. 41
- 42. PO Box 4069 Ottawa,ON K1S 2J8 tel: 613.237.0000 toll free: 1.888.607.0000 For access to any of our test reports, contact us at [email protected]. www.usace.com www.youtube.com/acetvnews 42