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Acid_Rain_Presentation.pptx acid rain ppt
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- 4. WHAT IS ACIDRAIN ? • Generally, rain water has a ph value of 5.6 because of the carbon dioxide from air dissolved in it. • Any rainfall with a ph value less than 5.6 is defined as acid rain.
- 5. ACID RAIN • Itis formed when sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides, as gases or fine particles in the atmosphere, combine with water vapours and precipitate as sulphuric acid or nitric acid in rain, snow, or fog. NOx
- 6. FORMATION OF ACIDRAIN • When water vapor condenses, or as the rain falls, they dissolve in the water to form sulphuric acid (H2SO4) and nitric acid (HNO3). • While the air in cleaned of the pollutants in this way, it also causes precipitation to become acidic, forming acid rain.
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- 9. ACID DEPOSITION • Acidscan be deposited in two ways 1. Wet deposition • Refers to acidic rain, fog, and snow. If the acid chemicals in the air are blown into areas where the weather is wet, the acids can fall to the ground in the form of rain, snow, fog, or mist. 2. Dry deposition • In areas where the weather is dry, the acid chemicals may become incorporated into dust or smoke and fall to the ground through dry deposition, sticking to the ground, buildings, homes, cars, and trees.
- 11. CAUSES OF ACIDRAIN • NATURAL SOURCES • Emissions from volcanoes and from biological processes that occur on the land, in wetlands, and in the oceans contribute acid- producing gases to the atmosphere • Effects of acidic deposits have been detected in glacial ice thousands of years old in remote parts of the globe
- 12. CAUSES OF ACIDRAIN • ANTHROPOGENIC CAUSES • The principal cause of acid rain is from human sources • Industrial factories, power-generating plants and vehicles • Sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen are released during the fuel burning process (i.e. Combustion)
- 13. EFFECTS OF ACIDRAIN • VEGETATION : Wash away essential nutrients ions from soil. Poor growth of plants (as acid rain falls on trees, it can make them lose their leaves, damage their bark, and stunt their growth). • AQUATIC LIFE : Inflow of acidic water containing poisonous metal ions. Kill the fish and plants.
- 14. EFFECTS ON FORESTS •However, trees can be damaged by acid rain even if the soil is well buffered • Forests in high mountain regions often are exposed to greater amounts of acid than other forests because they tend to be surrounded by acidic clouds and fog that are more acidic than rainfall. • Essential nutrients in their leaves and needles are stripped away when leaves are frequently bathed in this acid fog • Trees in high mountains exposed to acid fog. • Essential nutrients stripped from leaves.
- 15. EFFECTS ON MATERIALSAND VISIBILITY • ACID RAIN AND THE DRY DEPOSITION OF ACIDIC PARTICLES CONTRIBUTE TO THE CORROSION OF METALS AND THE DETERIORATION OF PAINT AND STONE (SUCH AS MARBLE AND LIMESTONE). • THESE EFFECTS SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCE THE SOCIETAL VALUE OF BUILDINGS, BRIDGES, CULTURAL OBJECTS (SUCH AS STATUES, MONUMENTS, AND TOMBSTONES), AND CARS • DRY DEPOSITION OF ACIDIC COMPOUNDS CAN ALSO DIRTY BUILDINGS AND OTHER STRUCTURES, LEADING TO INCREASED MAINTENANCE COSTS.
- 16. EFFECTS ON MATERIALSAND VISIBILITY • •SULFURIC ACID REACTS WITH CALCIUM COMPOUNDS IN STONES CREATING GYPSUM,CAUSING FLAKING.
- 17. TAJ MAHAL BEFOREAND AFTER
- 18. EFFECTS ON HUMANHEALTH • Acid rain looks, feels, and tastes just like clean rain • Walking in acid rain, or even swimming in an acid lake, is no more dangerous than walking or swimming in clean water. However, the pollutants that cause acid rain—sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx)—do damage human health
- 19. EFFECTS ON HUMANHEALTH • These gases interact in the atmosphere to form fine sulfate and nitrate particles that can be transported long distances by winds and inhaled deep into people's lungs. • Fine particles can also penetrate indoors. • Many scientific studies have identified a relationship between elevated levels of fine particles and increased illness and premature death from heart and lung disorders, such as asthma and bronchitis.
- 20. CASE STUDY: ACIDRAIN IN PAKISTAN • In pakistan, acid rain has become an increasing environmental problem, especially in large cities such as lahore, karachi, and faisalabad. Rapid industrialization, urban growth, and a sharp rise in vehicular emissions have led to higher concentrations of sulfur dioxide (so ) ₂ and nitrogen oxides (no ) ₓ — the main gases responsible for acid rain. Causes are: • Industrial Emissions: Factories and power plants burning coal and oil release large amounts of SO into the atmosphere. ₂ • Vehicle Exhaust: Massive increases in road traffic, especially diesel engines, emit nitrogen oxides (NO ). ₓ • Crop Residue Burning: In Punjab, farmers burning leftover crops add pollutants into the air during winter months. • Transboundary Pollution: Pollution from neighboring India (especially Punjab region) also drifts into Pakistan’s airspace
- 21. CASE STUDY: ACIDRAIN IN PAKISTAN • In november 2017, lahore experienced one of its worst smog and acid rain episodes. • The air quality index (aqi) rose to hazardous levels (>400 aqi). • Acid rain followed the smog event, damaging crops, corroding vehicles, and worsening respiratory health issues among residents. • Schools were closed and flights were delayed at allama iqbal international airport due to low visibility.
- 22. SHORT SOLUTIONS TOACID RAIN PROBLEM •Reduce emissions from factories and vehicles (use scrubbers, catalytic converters). •Use clean energy like solar, wind, and hydro instead of coal and oil. •Switch to low-sulfur fuels (cleaner fuels = less pollution). •Plant more trees to absorb harmful gases. •Enforce strict laws against pollution (heavy fines on violators). •Educate people about saving energy and reducing pollution. •Work with other countries to control air pollution across borders.