Advances in medical technology
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The document discusses various advances in medical technology in the 21st century, including 4D ultrasound that provides more detailed moving images of fetuses; microfluidic chips that can quickly diagnose the flu; non-invasive methods for detecting diabetes; brain-computer interfaces; ingestible camera pills; smart capsules equipped with tools and sensors; engineered bacteria that prevent tooth decay; artificial lymph nodes; sensors for monitoring asthma and detecting oral cancer from saliva; biological pacemakers; prosthetics that provide feedback to the user; smart contact lenses that monitor eye pressure; speech restoration devices; and absorbable heart stents. The technologies presented help with diagnoses, treatment, and quality of life.
Advances in medical technology
- 1. ADVANCES IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY MR. RONNIE Z. VALENCIANO JR. BSE 4B
- 2. OBJECTIVES • At the end of the discussion students are expected to: a. A. identify the different medical technologies of 21st century. b. B. determine the specific application of technology in medical aspect. c. C. explain how they are operated/managed by an experts. d. D. Appreciate the different medical technologies.
- 3. OVERVIEW All in all, technology is becoming an ever more useful servant of the health services, in making early diagnoses, accurate operations and stressing patients as little as possible. This mitigate the possible risks of unhealthy lifestyle which may result to high life expectancy of the patients. The following technologies that will be presented are the breakthroughs of 21st century. Let’s see how these technologies become useful for preservation the human race.
- 4. Activity 1 Instruction: Close your eyes, imagine that you live on the year 3012, what technologies can you see or perceive? Draw on the sheet of paper given to you the advances or technologies you want to see in year 3012 then show it to the class. Advances
- 5. Different Medical Technologies of 21st Century 1. THE 4D ULTRASOUND The 4D ultrasound produces sound waves from many angles which shows moving images of the unborn. The images are more detailed and are captured at a much faster rate compared to 2D or 3D scanning.
- 6. Benefits • Expectant mothers (and fathers) have a better view of fetal movements inside the womb. • They can even ask their doctors for a DVD copy or still images of the baby. • Doctors can have a better view of the fetal development inside the mother’s womb. • Doctors can note if there are any abnormalities or malformations
- 7. • More prepared for the possible complications when the baby is formed. • Mitigate the problems even while the baby is still in the womb
- 8. THE 4D ULTRASOUND The 4D ultrasound like this in the picture will enable the parents witness how their child moves from mother’s womb.
- 9. 2. MICROFLUIDIC CHIP TO QUICKLY DIAGNOSE THE FLU • The chip is made of: 1. top column that extracts RNA from signature proteins associated with the influenza A virus, 2. a middle chamber that then converts the RNA into DNA, and 3. a climate-controlled lower channel that replicates the DNA enough times to be detected by an external reader.
- 10. Microfluidic chips Built in microfluidic chip that rivals in accuracy the gold-standard diagnostic test known as RT-PCR but is faster, cheaper, and disposable.
- 11. 3. New Method for Diabetes Detection • A device projects light to the skin which measures levels of blood sugar, or the presence of advanced glycation endproducts. • This device is called The Scout. Different wavelengths is flashed to the skin to determine diabetes risk. This will help patients go on a preventive health maintenance program.
- 12. • With this method, diabetes can actually be prevented. It is already being tested in several US hospitals. The new method is expected to cost about the same as existing diabetes testing methods.
- 13. 4. BRAIN TALK • There is a latest technology out in the market today which allows the human brain to make a direct contact with a computer. • This will really help those who are obsessive multi-taskers as they would no longer have to be in direct contact with a computer to avail of its services.
- 14. • This could also help patients who are in a coma as the computers can direct interaction when there is one from the sleeping brain. • With the digital automatic consciousness, patients can now stop relying on people to interact with slumbering patients and also, unlike people, computers don’t lose hope as they are programmed to do their job which is to awaken brain power in the patient.
- 15. BRAIN TALK It becomes necessary to hope for this kind of computer to proliferate if only to help the medical community cope with almost hopeless cases.
- 16. 5. CAMERA PILLS • Created by: a. Ronald Marvik and b. Thomas Lango Together, they have created a new IT-base window on the inside of the body, a window that makes a patient transparent on a screen when a surgeon inserts operating instruments through small openings in the abdominal wall.
- 17. • Camera pills can be swallowed already exist. They travel naturally through the digestive system and may take several days to make the passage.
- 18. • What the system actually does is transform X- ray and nuclear magnetic resonance (MR) images into three-dimensional maps by which the surgeon can navigate when he performs keyhole surgery in the abdominal cavity. • The system provides information that enables the surgeon to avoid blood vessels and other organs when he operates via small openings in the abdominal wall.
- 19. Camera Pills The 3D images derive from this technology helps the surgeon carefully navigate the surgical instrument to the point that blood vessels and other sensitive organs will not be damage.
- 20. The patient swallows a camera that is no larger than a candy. It makes its way through the intestine and transmits images of the intestinal villi to an external receiver which the patient carries on a belt. This device stores the data so that the physician can later analyze them and identify any hemorrhages or cysts.
- 21. 6. Smart capsule • The smart capsule will be controlled by the doctor or by a computer system, which will allow it to be stopped or even reversed when something is seen that needs to be examined more closely. • Project Vector by Thomas Lango
- 22. • A capsule that will be able to creep through the alimentary canal, carrying a battery of tools and sensors, as it hunts for diseased cells.
- 23. 7. Decay-Fighting Microbes • Bacteria living on teeth convert sugar into lactic acid, which erodes enamel and causes tooth decay. • Florida-based company ONI BioPharma has engineered a new bacterial strain, called SMaRT, that cannot produce lactic acid—plus, it releases an antibiotic that kills the natural decay-causing strain. • Dentists will only need to swab SMaRT, now in clinical trials, onto teeth once to keep them healthy for a lifetime.
- 24. 8. Artificial Lymph Nodes • Scientists from Japan's RIKEN Institute have developed artificial versions of lymph nodes, organs that produce immune cells for fighting infections. • Though they could one day replace diseased nodes, the artificial ones may initially be used as customized immune boosters. • Doctors could fill the nodes with cells specifically geared to treat certain conditions, such as cancer or HIV.
- 25. 9. Asthma Sensor • Asthma accounts for a quarter of all emergency room visits in the U.S., but a sensor developed at the University of Pittsburgh may finally cause that number to plummet. • Inside the handheld device, a polymer-coated carbon nanotube—100,000 times thinner than a human hair—analyzes breath for minute amounts of nitric oxide, a gas that lungs produce prior to asthma attacks.
- 26. 10. Cancer Spit Test • Forget biopsies—a device designed by researchers at the University of California-Los Angeles detects oral cancer from a single drop of saliva. • Proteins that are associated with cancer cells react with dyes on the sensor, emitting fluorescent light that can be detected with a microscope. • Engineer Chih-Ming Ho notes that the same principle could be applied to make saliva- based diagnostic tests for many diseases.
- 27. 11. Biological Pacemaker • Electronic pacemakers save lives, but use hardware that eventually wears out. • Now, researchers at several universities are developing a batteryless alternative: pacemaker genes expressed in stem cells that are injected into damaged regions of the heart. • Better suited for physical exertion, biological pacemakers have been shown to bring slow canine hearts back up to speed without complications.
- 28. Different organ system that can treat these new technologies.
- 29. 12. Prosthetic Feedback • One challenge of prosthetic limbs is that they're difficult to monitor. • Skin is sensitive to being stretched—it can detect even small changes in direction and intensity—so Karlin Bark is developing a device that stretches an amputee's skin near the prosthesis in ways that provide feedback about the limb's position and movement.
- 30. 13. Smart Contact Lens • Glaucoma, the second-leading cause of blindness, develops when pressure builds inside the eye and damages retinal cells. • Contact lenses developed at the University of California-Davis contain conductive wires that continuously monitor pressure and fluid flow within the eyes of at-risk people.
- 31. • The lenses then relay information to a small device worn by the patient; the device wirelessly transmits it to a computer. This constant data flow will help doctors better understand the causes of the disease. Future lenses may also automatically dispense drugs in response to pressure changes.
- 32. 14. Speech Restorer • For people who have lost the ability to talk, a new "phonetic speech engine" from Illinois-based Ambient Corporation provides an audible voice. • Developed in conjunction with Texas Instruments, the Audeo uses electrodes to detect neuronal signals traveling from the brain to the vocal cords. • Patients imagine slowly sounding out words; then the quarter-size device (located in a neck brace) wirelessly transmits those impulses to a computer or cellphone, which produces speech.
- 33. 15. Absorbable Heart Stent • Stents open arteries that have become narrowed or blocked because of coronary artery disease. Drug-eluting stents release medication that keeps the artery from narrowing again. • The bio-absorbable version made by Abbott Laboratories in Illinois goes one step further: Unlike metal stents, it does its job and disappears. • After six months the stent begins to dissolve, and after two years it's completely gone, leaving behind a healthy artery.
- 34. Determine what technology is use to treat the disorder of the numbered organ in the illustration.
- 35. 16. Muscle Stimulator • In the time it takes for broken bones to heal, nearby muscles often atrophy from lack of use. • Israeli company StimuHeal solves that problem with the MyoSpare, a battery- operated device that uses electrical stimulators—small enough to be worn underneath casts—to exercise muscles and keep them strong during recovery.
- 36. 17. Nerve Regenerator • Nerve fibers can't grow along injured spinal cords because scar tissue gets in the way. • A nanogel developed at Northwestern University eliminates that impediment. Injected as a liquid, the nanogel self-assembles into a scaffold of nanofibers. • Peptides expressed in the fibers instruct stem cells that would normally form scar tissue to produce cells that encourage nerve development. The scaffold, meanwhile, supports the growth of new axons up and down the spinal cord.
- 37. 18. Stabilizing Insoles • When Erez Lieberman's grandmother suffered a dangerous fall, he wanted to ensure it never happened again. • Using technology developed to monitor the balance of astronauts who have just returned from space, Lieberman's iShoe analyzes the pressure distribution of the feet. • Doctors can use the insole to diagnose balance problems in elderly patients before falls occur.
- 38. 19. Smart Pill • California-based Proteus Biomedical has engineered sensors that track medication use by recording the exact time drugs are ingested. • Sand-grain-size microchips emit high-frequency electrical currents that are logged by Band-Aid- like receivers on the skin. The receivers also monitor heart rate and respiration and wirelessly transmit the data to a computer..
- 39. 20. Autonomous Wheelchair • MIT researchers have developed an autonomous wheelchair that can take people where they ask to go. The chair learns about its environment by listening as a patient identifies locations—such as "this is my room" or "we're in the kitchen"—and builds maps using Wi-Fi, which works well indoors (unlike GPS). • The current model, which is now being tested, may one day be equipped with cameras, laser rangefinders and a collision- avoidance system.
- 40. Determine what technology is use to treat the disorder of the numbered organ in the illustration.
- 41. 21. Gastrointestinal Liner • Obesity is associated with type II diabetes, which over time wears out the pancreas. A gastrointestinal liner developed by Massachusetts-based GI Dynamics may restore the obese to a healthy weight by preventing food from contacting the intestinal wall. • The Endobarrier is routed endoscopically through the mouth—unlike a gastric bypass, no surgery is necessary—and lines the first 2 ft. of the small intestine, where the most calories are absorbed (nutrients are still absorbed farther down the intestine).
- 42. 22. Liver Scanner • How healthy is your liver? Until recently, answering that question often required a painful biopsy. • French company EchoSens has developed a machine that scans the organ for damage in just 5 minutes. • Studies have shown that damaged livers become stiffer and less elastic, so the scanner, called the Fibroscan, measures the organ's elasticity using ultrasound.
- 43. 23. Nanoscale Adhesive • Gecko feet are covered with nano-size hairs that exploit intermolecular forces, allowing the lizards to stick firmly to surfaces. • By replicating this nanoscale topography, MIT scientists have developed an adhesive that can seal wounds or patch a hole caused by a stomach ulcer. • The adhesive is elastic, waterproof and made of material that breaks down as the injury heals.
- 44. 24. Portable Dialysis • More than 15 million adult Americans suffer from diseases of the kidneys, which often impair the ability of the organs to remove toxins from the blood. • Standard dialysis involves three long sessions at a hospital per week. • But an artificial kidney developed by Los Angeles- based Xcorporeal can clean blood around the clock. The machine is fully automated, battery- operated, waterproof and, at less than 5 pounds, portable.
- 45. 25. Walking Simulator • Stroke victims are being tricked into recovering more quickly with a virtual-reality rehabilitation program developed at the University of Portsmouth in Britain. • As patients walk on a treadmill, they see moving images that fool their brains into thinking they are walking slower than they are. • As a result, patients not only walk faster and farther, but experience less pain while doing so.
- 46. 26. Rocket-Powered Arm • Adding strength to prosthetic limbs has typically required bulky battery packs. • Vanderbilt University scientist Michael Goldfarb came up with an alternative power source: rocket propellant. • Goldfarb's prosthetic arm can lift 20 pounds— three to four times more than current prosthetics—thanks to a pencil-size version of the mono-propellant rocket-motor system used to maneuver the space shuttle in orbit. • Hydrogen peroxide powers the arm for 18 hours of normal activity.
- 47. The technologies in the previous presentation focuses on the internal organs of the body
- 48. 27. Nanoboxes • Researchers at Washington University in St Louis have developed tiny gold cubes called nanoboxes which could deliver drugs to precisely targeted areas of the body. How? These boxes only open up and spill their drug contents when exposed to light.
- 49. • The nanoscale boxes will come packed with a drug, and then release it when hit by a laser. a. To do this, nanoscale gold boxes are created, and then coated with a polymer called poly(N-isopropylacrylamide). b. The polymers cling to the outer walls of the cube like hairs on a muppet, and seal the pores on the cube, thus preventing any of the payload from leaking.
- 50. c. When the gold is hit by light of a resonant frequency, it absorbs it and converts it to heat, and when the polymer is warmed, it shrinks and collapses, releasing the medicine. d. Once the light is turned off, the polymers stand on end again, re-sealing the boxes.
- 51. • The polymer is then tuned to react to a level of heat that won't kill any cells, but is still above the normal temperature of the body. In trials, the boxes were exposed to a laser of the correct frequency, releasing their dose, and then closing up once the light was turned off. Researchers used the boxes as a way of delivering targeted chemotherapy drugs and antibiotics to a controlled area.
- 52. 28. Stem Cell • Stem cells are a class of undifferentiated cells that are able to differentiate into specialized cell types. Commonly, stem cells come from two main sources: a. Embryos formed during the blastocyst phase of embryological development (embryonic stem cells) and b. Adult tissue (adult stem cells). • Both types are generally characterized by their potency, or potential to differentiate into different cell types (such as skin, muscle, bone, etc.).