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Advances in use of plant bio-regulators for fruit production-includes new generation phyto hormone and bio formulations

1. The document discusses a seminar presentation on advances in the use of plant bio-regulators (PBRs) for fruit production. It begins with an introduction to PBRs, their classification, mechanisms of action, and physiological effects. 2. The document then presents case studies on the effects of a brassinosteroid analogue on passion fruit yield, and the effects of brassinosteroids, gibberellins, and kinetin on almond pollen germination, tube growth, and fruit set. Both studies showed PBRs increased yields by improving various fruit growth and development parameters. 3. In conclusion, the studies demonstrated that judicious application of PBRs can help overcome

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Presentation introduction and speaker details; focus on the seminar topic of bio-regulators.

Factors influencing agricultural demand include urbanization, GDP, income, and population growth.

Structure of seminar addressing PBR types, mechanisms, applications, constraints, and conclusions.

Common challenges in fruit production: flower/fruit drop, low seed count, late maturity, etc.

Overview of bioregulators, their definitions, historical symposiums by ISHS since 1972.

Effects of PBRs include flower drop reduction, fruit set improvement, and increased stress tolerance.

Classification of PBRs based on chemical nature, including hormone-based and chemical-based types.

Application of various PBRs and their impacts on plant stress management and growth.

Introduction of novel PBRs: Brassinosteroids, their stimulatory effects on plant physiology.

Overview of brassinosteroids in Indian markets and their positive impacts on crop yields.

Experiment design to analyze brassinosteroid effects on passion fruit yield under field conditions.

Statistical data on the impact of PBRs on passion fruit yield and fruit quality.

Evaluating PBRs to improve almond pollen germination, tube growth, and fruit set metrics.

Statistical analysis of pollen germination, tube length, and fruit set in almond cultivars.

Plant immune hormone functions, including effects on growth, development, and stress responses.

Salicylic Acid's effects on seed germination, disease resistance, and metabolic processes.

Functions and agricultural applications of polyamines in growth regulation and stress response.

Effect of putrescine application on peach fruit quality and attributes during growth.

Challenges in hydroponic strawberry cultivation and PBRs' roles in enhancing growth and yield.

Statistical comparison of the efficacy of different PBR treatments on strawberry fruit quality.

1-MCP functions in delaying ripening and enhancing quality through ethylene interaction.

Impact of Prohexadione-Ca on gibberellin biosynthesis and shoot growth management.

Study of gene expression involved in fruit texture and post-harvest management.

Innovative uses of PBRs and their outcomes on various fruit cropping systems.

Evaluation of PBRs on pear cultivation addressing growth, yield, and quality improvements.

Final thoughts on the socio-economic impact of fruits and the importance of effective PBR use.

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11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 1
Panchaal Bhattacharjee UHS16PGM713 Sr. M. Sc. Horticulture (Fruit science) Seminar-II on Advances in use of plant bio- regulators for fruit production University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot K.R.C College of Horticulture, Arabhavi Department of Fruit Science
Demand Urbanization Purchasing power GDP and Per capita income 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 3 Population Growth drivers Financial Express,2017
Topic division Conclusion Constrains & Do’s and don’ts in use of PBR’s Advances in applications of PBR’s with case studies New Generation of PBR’s with relevant case studies Types of PBR’s Mechanism of action of PBR’s Introduction-PBR Problems in fruit crops 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 4
 Less number of flowers  Flower drop  Fruit drop  Less number of seeds  Hard seed coat  Less plant growth rate  Late maturity  Less germination 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 5 Problems in fruit crops
Account for 5-10% of the world agrochemical sales. (Mori, 2011) Bioregulators are endogenous or synthetically produced substances that can control one or more specific bio chemical and physiological function of many spp. Probably by their influence on gene and enzyme interacttion (Olaiya, 2013) Introduction 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 6
Plant bio-regulators, previously termed as plant growth regulators. In 1992 at Jerusalem in the 7th international symposium the name changes from plant growth regulators to plant bio-regulators. Which was conducted by ISHS (International Society for Horticultural Sciences) 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 7
11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 8 ISHS, started this kind of symposium in 1972, for order to achieve summarized compendium of worldwide research regarding the bio-regulator’s application on fruit.
 Reduction of fruit/flower abscission  Vegetative growth control & increase fruit set Rooting, water sprouts  Increase/ inhibit flower bud formation  Reduce pre-harvest drop Improve fruit shape Stress tolerance  Fruit colour & ripening Physiological responses that are regulate/influenced by PBR’s Greene (2010)11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 9
Schematic representation of plant bio-regulator (PBR) application and their unified mechanism 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 10 Ursini et al. (2016)
Plant bio-regulator (PBR) mode of action 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 11 Ursini et al. (2016)
Chemical based PBRs :- Thiourea, Silicon, Potassium, Polyamines, Hydrogen Peroxide, Hydrogen Sulfide, H2-Rich Water Hormone based PBRs :- Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, Ethylene, Abscisic acid Fig : Thiourea Fig : GA3 Types of bio-regulator based on chemical nature 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 12 Srivastava et al. (2016)
PBR’s Dose Stress Mode of application Effect Reference 1.Thiourea 7.5 mM Drought Seed soaking + foliar Increased plant growth and yield Sahu et al. (2006) 2.Silicon 2 mM Sodium silicate K, Ca stress Soil application Enhanced potassium use efficiency Miao et al. (2010) 3. Potassium 6–21 mM KNO3 Salt stress Soil application Stress Alleviation of salt stress symptom with enhanced K+ accumulation Zheng et al. (2010) 4.Polyamines 2 mM Flooding stress Soil application Enhanced antioxidant capacitance and flooding tolerance Yiu et al. (2009) Chemical-based PBRs, their mode of application and effect on plants 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 13
PBR’s Dose Stress Mode of application Effect Referenc e 5. Hydrogen peroxide 100 μM Drought, salt In culture medium, foliar spray Activation of myo- inositol pathway and maintenance of leaf water content Ishibashi et al. (2011) 6. Nitric oxide 10 μM Sodium nitroprus side Drought Seed soaking Improved photosynthetic performance of leaves and stress amelioration Liao et al. (2012) 7. Hydrogen sulfide 400 μM Sodium hydrosulf ide Multiple abiotic stress In growth medium Enhanced antioxidant capacitance Yu et al. (2013) 8. Hydrogen rich water 50% saturatio n Salt In growth medium Activation of zinc- finger transcription factor and related antioxidant defense Xie et al. (2012) Contd... 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 14
PBR’s Origin Role Auxin F. W. Went (1926) Produced by the growing apex of roots and stems of the plant Apical dominance, cell division and cell enlargement, shoot and root growth, flower initiation etc. Gibberellines Fungus (Gibberella fujikuroi) Kurosawa et al., 1926. Prevention of genetic dwarfism, bolting and flowering, germination, fruit setting, breaking of dormancy etc. Cytokinine Isolated from coconut milk, Miller, Skoog and their coworkers (1951) Cell division, cell and organ enlargement Seed germination, breaking dormancy bud development and shoot growth etc. Ethylene Neljubow (1901), colorless gaseous hormone Fruit ripening , growth inhibition, epinasty, thining in apple, flowering and sex expression etc. Abscisic Acid Addicot et al. (1964), acts as anti-Gibberellins , Abscission, Dormancy, Inhibit seed development and germination, Stomatal closing, Antagonism etc. Hormone -based PBR’s their origin & role on crop plants 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 15
New generation of PBR’s Brassino steroids (BRs) Prohexadio ne – Ca Jasmonic acid (JA) Salicylic acid 1-MCP Polyamines 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 16
WHAT ARE BRASSINOSTEROIDS ……………….? Steroidal substances Isolated from the pollen of rape plants (Brassica napus L.) The exogenous BR application in submicromolar concentration stimulates various physiological and bio chemical responses in various systems in plants. BRASSINOSTEROIDS (Gomes et al., 2006)
Role of brassinosteroids in plants 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 18
In India, Godrej Agrovet Ltd., Mumbai, introduced 28- homobrassinolide (Double). Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd.,Nasik,introduced brassinolide (Cadmore) in the market. Commercially available brassinosteroids in India ₹ 825 (250ml) ₹ 793 (250ml) ₹ 2200 (1000ml) 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 19
 Increasing yield of yellow passion fruit plants and produced the highest number of fruits per plant  Grapes  Cluster weight  Berry weight  Berry softening  Maintained external colour  Stabilized anthocyanins 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 20 Applications of Brassinosteroid
11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 21
Objective: To verify the effects of the application of brassinosteroid analogue (BB-16) on passion fruit yield under field condition. Case study-1 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 22
Treatment details T1 Control Sprayed with water T2 BR-1 One BR application after the appearance of first flower T3 BR-2 BR application in two consecutive weeks after the appearance of first flower T4 BR-3 BR application in three consecutive weeks after the appearance of first flower T5 BR-4 BR application in four consecutive weeks after the appearance of first flower T6 BR-5 BR application in five consecutive weeks after the appearance of first flower (Gomes et al., 2006) Conc. of brassinosteroid : 0.1 mg l-1 Dosage: 2 l/plant spray 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 23
Table 1: Effect of foliar spray of brassinosteroid analogue (BB-16) on number of fruits per plant and juice soluble solids content of passion fruits. Treatments Number of fruits per plant Soluble solids content (°B) Control 52.5±4.83b 12.65±0.45b BR-1 60.9±4.69b 13.40±0.42b BR-2 69.6±4.73ab 14.55±0.46a BR-3 82.5±8.35a 15.02±0.48a BR-4 59.9±4.02b 13.95±0.54ab BR-5 67.0±2.56ab 14.30±0.51ab (Gomes et al., 2006)11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 24 Mean of 105 fruits for each treatment (for soluble solid contents). a Means ±S.E. (means followed by the same letter are not significantly different, Tukey test, 5%).
Table 2: Effect of foliar spray of brassinosteroid analogue (BB-16) on fruit yield of passion fruits. Treatments Yield (t/ha) Control 11.02e BR-1 14.75d BR-2 17.48b BR-3 22.19a BR-4 15.02cd BR-5 16.74bc S.Em. ± 0.325 C.D.@5% 1.459 CV% 3.551 (Gomes et al., 2006)11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 25
11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 26 Fig.1-Graphic dispersion of six treatments based on the first two canonic variables obtained from the analysis of seven discriminatory traits. Fig.2-Dendrogram with treatments distance estimated among six treatments (control, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 foliar spray of the BR) obtained by hierarchical Closest Method on the Mahalanobis distance, based on seven characteristics. (Gomes et al., 2006)
Production problems in Almond: Fruit set 5-30% Self incompatibility . Objective: The effects of three commercially available PBRs were evaluated on pollen germination and pollen tube growth and fruit set in almond. Case study-2 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 27
11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 28 Treatments cv. Non Pareil cv. Carmel 2013 2014 2013 2014 Control 90.0d 90.9c 89.2c 91.9b BL 10 mg L-1 95.3a 97.7a 95.5ab 95.1a BL 30 mg L-1 92.4cd 94.4abc 92.6bc 94.0ab BL 50 mg L-1 91.0d 91.4bc 90.4c 93.6ab GA3 10 μL L-1 90.9d 91.3bc 92.4bc 94.3ab GA3 30 μL L-1 92.6bcd 95.2abc 96.7ab 94.8ab GA3 50 μL L-1 95.1ab 96.6ab 96.9a 95.1a KN 10 μL L-1 90.7d 92.8abc 92.9abc 92.8ab KN 30 μL L-1 92.0cd 94.5abc 93.3abc 94.3ab KN 50 μL L-1 94.1abc 95.9abc 94.4abc 94.7ab Table 3: Percentage of pollen germination in vitro on almond cultivars after 4 h, in the presence of plant bio-regulators in the 2013 and 2014 growing seasons. Maita and Sotomayor (2015)
11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 29 Treatments cv. Non Pareil cv. Carmel 2013 2014 2013 2014 Control 937.1f 945.0h 917.7e 921.3g BL 10 mg L-1 1067.4b 1078.8b 1117.0c 1100.1e BL 30 mg L-1 1032.6c 1043.0d 1059.7d 973.1f BL 50 mg L-1 963.9e 971.6f 921.3e 964.0f GA3 10 μL L-1 977.0e 971.7f 1183.0b 1144.6d GA3 30 μL L-1 1000.0d 997.7e 1199.4b 1168.1c GA3 50 μL L-1 1100.6a 1096.0a 1226.6ab 1183.5b KN 10 μL L-1 942.0f 947.3h 1198.4b 1179.9bc KN 30 μL L-1 965.1e 960.6g 1212.5ab 1186.2b KN 50 μL L-1 1056.8b 1066.9c 1243.4a 1215.9a Table 4: Pollen tube length in almond cultivars after 8 h, in the presence of plant bio-regulators in the 2013 and 2014 growing seasons (values in μm). Maita and Sotomayor (2015)
11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 30 Table 5: Percentage of fruit set in cv. Carmel almond cultivar at 60 days after full bloom, with plant bio-regulators treatments at two phenological stages (2013 and 2014). Treatments Pink Bud Fallen Petals 2013 2014 2013 2014 Control 11.8b 12.2b 13.8c 13.1b BL 10 mg L-1 19.5a 20.4a 20.0ab 20.1a BL 30 mg L-1 17.7a 15.6ab 15.2abc 16.4ab BL 50 mg L-1 15.2ab 14.1b 14.0bc 13.7b GA3 10 μL L-1 17.6a 16.6ab 15.5abc 17.2ab GA3 30 μL L-1 19.4a 17.5ab 18.6abc 19.7a GA3 50 μL L-1 15.4ab 13.0b 16.4abc 17.8ab KN 10 μL L-1 17.2ab 14.4b 15.3abc 15.6ab KN 30 μL L-1 19.8a 20.3a 21.0a 20.4a KN 50 μL L-1 18.2a 20.2a 20.6a 20.0a Maita and Sotomayor (2015)
11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 31 Treatments Pink Bud Fallen Petals 2013 2014 2013 2014 Control 17.1d 16.7d 15.6c 16.5c BL 10 mg L-1 24.6ab 22.3bcd 21.7abc 22.6ab BL 30 mg L-1 22.5abcd 19.2cd 19.5abc 20.4abc BL 50 mg L-1 22.1abcd 18.9cd 17.8bc 16.7bc GA3 10 μL L-1 23.7ab 26.2ab 19.8abc 22.5abc GA3 30 μL L-1 27.1a 28.0ab 26.2a 22.7ab GA3 50 μL L-1 18.0cd 22.7bcd 20.6abc 19.8abc KN 10 μL L-1 20.1bcd 22.7bcd 22.1ab 19.8abc KN 30 μL L-1 23.5abc 24.8abc 23.7ab 25.6a KN 50 μL L-1 25.8ab 31.0a 22.1ab 24.0a Table 6: Percentage of fruit set in cv. Non Pareil almond cultivar at 60 days after full bloom, with plant bio-regulators treatments at two phenological stages (2013 and 2014). Maita and Sotomayor (2015)
11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 32 JA is plant immune hormone derived from Linolenic acid. It’s role in plant defence was first shown by Farmer & Ryan (1990). ₹ 850 (250ml) Jasmonic Acid (JA)
 Methyl jasmonate (MeJA), initially MeJA was discovered as a secondary metabolite in essential oils of jasmine.  Regulated plant growth and development.  Senescence  Flower development, leaf abscission.  Response to wounding of plants  Transcription 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 33 Role of Jasmonic Acid (JA) in Plants
Applications of JA 1 • N-propyl di-hydrojasmonate (PDJ) improve apple fruit quality and colour. 2 • Regulates ethylene biosynthesis and influence aroma volatiles. 3 • Defence against environmental stress. 4 • Decreased low temperature injuries such as splitting and spotting in apple fruit. 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 34
Ortho-hydroxybenzoic acid Secondary metabolite Extracted as Saliciline, White willow (Salix alba) Salicylic Acid 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 35
Stomatal conductance Photo Synthesis & glycolysis Endogenous signal molecules Disease resistance & seed germination Transpiration Sex polarization Ion uptake & transport Role of Salicylic Acid (Malamy and Klessig,1992) 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 36
Chitinase β-1,3 - glucanase, Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase & Polyphenoloxidase enzymes increased total phenolic compounds & lignin in mango SA and ASA provide multiple stress tolerance in strawberry plants Maintained fruit firmness Applications of Salicylic Acid: 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 37
Polyamines Polyamines •Interfering with ethylene biosynthesis and perception, lead to a less ripe fruit - quality control in the postharvest handling chain. •LMW organic compound having two or more primary amino groups, linear polyamines perform essential functions in all living cells. Polyamines 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 38
Cell division Embryo development Regulate fruit ripening Flower development Microbial infection Abiotic stress Role of Polyamines: Reduce PLW 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 39
Reduce respiration rate Anti senescence Ethylene production rate Potassium and proline induction Applications of polyamines: Reduce chilling injury 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 40
Phenolic Compounds and Total Sugar Content in ‘Oro Azteca’ Peach Fruit Sprayed with Putrescine O. Franco-Mora1, O. Pérez-Huerta2, E.J. Morales-Rosales1, A. González-Huerta1 and M. Huerta-Lara2 1Laboratorio de Horticultura, Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Campus El Cerrillo, Toluca, C.P. 50000, Mexico 2Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Teziutlán, Puebla, Mexico Objectives: To determine the effect of three doses of putrescine application at 15 DAFB on the levels of phenolic compounds and total sugars in peach fruit during growth and harvest. Case study-3 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 41 Putrescine,Cadaverine,Spermi dine,Spermine-Main polyamines in plants.
Table 7. Fruit weight of ‘Oro Azteca’ peach treated with putrescine Fig. 3. Total sugar content peach fruit growth after putrescine treatment. Data are mean of 3 replicates. Mora et al. (2016)11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 42 Putrescine (mM) Weight (g) 0.0 100 a 2.5 108 ab 5.0 117 b
Fig. 4. Phenolic compounds in peach fruit growing after putrescine treatment. Conclusion: Increasing fruit TSS and phenolics are related to the expression of taste, aroma, and astringency, and antioxidant potential in case of peach, which makes them important for human consumption. Such exogenous putrescine applications also have positive effects on plum fruit development, in pear increased fruit set and in mango fruit size was positively affected. Mora et al. (2016)11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 43
11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 44 5mM Putrescine treated fruit 17g heavier the control. This increase in weight mostly related to high cell division and cell enlargement. Fruits treated with 2.5 and 5mM had higher sugar content this might have an effect as a signal to increase the transport of carbohydrate from source to sink and more accumulation of hexose. Higher phenolic compound content was observed at 19 to 60 days might be related to higher metabolic activity and endocarp lignifications.
Problems with hydroponic production of strawberry:  Low yield  Poor fruit quality  Sensitivity to unfavourable indoor conditions. 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 45 Case study-IV Objective: To evaluate the effect of PBR’s on various aspects of vegetative and reproductive growth of strawberry. PBR’s used- 1. Salicylic acid (SA) 2. Spermidine (Spd) 3. Putrescine (Put) 4. Manganese sulfate(MnSO4) Polyamines
Eshghia and Jamali (2014)11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 46 SA (mM) Number of fruits Yield (g) Ascorbic acid (mg/100 g fresh weight) Anthocayanins concentration (mg/Kg Fresh weight) 0 7.48 c 84.06 d 55.67 d 20.63c 1 12.87 a 166.49 c 60.80 c 25.83 b 2 13.64 a 191.05 a 68.77 b 26.96 ab 3 9.19 b 169.47 b 71.86 a 27.84 a Table 8: The effect of SA on number of fruits, yield, ascorbic acid and anthocyanins concentration of strawberry fruits .
Table 10: The effect of Spd on chlorophyll content and mean weight and diameter of primary and secondary fruits of strawberry ‘Paros’. Eshghia and Jamali (2014)11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 47 Spd (mM) Chlorophyll content (mg/g) Mean weight of primary and secondery fruits(g) Mean diameter of primary and secondery fruits(cm) 0 1.02 c 15.07 c 3.00 c 0.5 1.25 b 17.12 c 3.57 b 1 1.43 a 27.52 b 3.72 b 1.5 1.47 a 32.57 a 4.88 a Put (mM) Chlorophyll content (mg/g) Mean weight of primary and secondery fruits(g) Mean diameter of primary and secondery fruits(cm) 0 1.03 a 15.12 d 3.00 c 0.5 0.98 ab 22.23 c 3.42 b 1 0.93 b 29.50 b 3.61 b 1.5 1.05 a 35.00 a 4.27 a Table 9: The effect of Put. on chlorophyll content and mean weight and diameter of primary and secondary fruits of strawberry ‘Paros’ .
11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 48 Table 12: The effect of Spd on chlorophyll content and mean weight and diameter of primary and secondary fruits of strawberry ‘Selva’. Put (mM) Chlorophyll content (mg/g) Mean weight of primary and secondery fruits(g) Mean diameter of primary and secondery fruits(cm) 0 1.05 c 14.52 c 2.45 d 0.5 1.23 b 17.56 c 2.87 cd 1 1.33 b 20.28 bc 3.22 bc 1.5 1.37 ab 31.23 a 4.56 a Put (mM) Chlorophyll content (mg/g) Mean weight of primary and secondery fruits(g) Mean diameter of primary and secondery fruits(cm) 0 1.08 a 14.57 c 2.43c 0.5 1.12 a 15.72 c 2.78 bc 1 1.10 a 22.58 b 2.91 b 1.5 1.05 a 30.25 a 3.81 a Table 11: The effect of Put on chlorophyll content and mean weight and diameter of primary and secondary fruits of strawberry ‘Selva’.
11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 49 MnSO4 (g/L) Number of fruits Ascorbic acid (mg/100g fresh weight) TSS (%) 0 19.17 b 109.30 c 7.72 b 1.5 23.87 a 118.30 a 8.20 a 3 25.50 a 111.5 b 7.85 ab Table 13: The effect of MnSO4 on number of fruits, ascorbic acid concentration and TSS of fruits of strawberry ‘Selva’.
1-Methyl Cyclo Propane Synthetic cyclic oliphene, gaseous PBR. Delays fruit softening & improves quality Ripening, senescence & pigment changes Checks softening and cell wall metabolism Flavour and aroma Retaining nutritional properties 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 50
Role Interacts with ethylene sensitive site  Delays ripening, softening and senescence Maintains firmness Decreases storage disorders Delays chlorophyll degradation Role of 1-MCP 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 51
Less wt. loss & retention of more green colour. Control blue mould and postharvest pitting. More firmness at 6 DAS. Applications of 1-MCP: 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 52
Role Prohexadione – Ca • Reduces longitudinal shoot growth by blocking dioxygenases, involved in biosynthesis of gibberellin. •Reduces ethylene formation. •Reduces alternate bearing. •Alternative for paclobutrazol. Carboxylic group. Anti- gibberellin.  It is a mimic of 2-oxoglutaric acid & ascorbic acid. Prohexadione – Ca: 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 53
11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 54 Utilization of bio-technological tools to determine the use of PBR  Expression analysis of certain genes regulating the physiological functions in fruit crops can help to improvise the stage specific usage of PBR.  Genes regulating polygalactouronase activity for ripening and storage related studies.  Genes modulating flowering pathways- FT, SOC1 and LFY, determining their expressions elucidate the interactions among these integrators, genetic analyses were performed.
Changes in the Expression of Genes Involved in Ethylene Signalling in Peach Fruit with Different Flesh Texture and Softening Patterns A. Ghiani, F. Baldin, S. Morgutti, N. Negrini, F.F. Nocito, I. Mignani, D. Bassi and M. Cocucci Università degli Studi di Milano, itali 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 55 Objective: Determination of peach fruit texture, firmness and shelf-life under different condition of ethylene evolution. Case study-V
Fig 5: Ethylene evolution in fruit of two NMF (‘Oro A’ and ‘Andross’) and two MF (‘Bolero’ and ‘Springcrest’) peach cultivars at different softening stages. (Vertical bars: ± SD; N: Newton). Ghiani et al. (2017)11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 56
Fig 6: Expression analysis in fruit of two NMF (‘Oro A’ and ‘Andross’) and two MF (‘Bolero’ and ‘Springcrest’) peach cultivars at different softening stages of a few genes involved in ethylene signalling and flesh softening. Fig 7: Expression analysis in fruit with comparable firmness of NMF (‘Oro A’) and MF (‘Bolero’) peach cultivars at different softening stages of a few genes involved in ethylene signalling and flesh softening 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 57
Some of the advances and unique applications of PBR’s in fruit crops
 Fruit thinning by transiently blackening flowers and leaves of apple trees with the water soluble food colorant- Brilliant Schwarz.  They have compared the efficiency of Brilliant Schwarz food colorant with common chemical flower and fruit thinner  Fruit set was calculated as number of fruit per 100 flower clusters for 2 years.  Chemical thinning agents-Ammonium thiosulphate (ATS)- (67.2%, 47%), ATS+BA-(66.3%, 40.3%) with significant decrease in fruit weight.  Blackening with Brilliant Schwarz reduced fruit set by 33.1 and 26.6% with a increased rate of fruit weight. 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 59
Lime sulphur, fish emulsion, fish oil, potassium bicarbonate and sodium chloride are potential blossom thinners for reduction of crop load in Apple. Retamales et al. (2015) Bound (2017) AVG has been developed to increase fruit set in walnut trees by controlling pistillate flower abscission (PFA) 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 60
Fidelibus & Cathline (2016) Marino et al. (2017) In vitro treatment with low molecular weight humic acid (@ 0.5 and 1 mg L-1 ) extracted from peat sphagnum can improve growth and mineral uptake of pear plantlets during acclimatization. Application of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) can reduce FDF, promote the development of dry stem scars in Grapes, avoiding post harvest infections. 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 61
Ozkaya et al. (2014) Marino et al. (2017) Applications of a soybean oil adjuvant plus ethephon reduce peach flower bud survival, acting as potential thinning agent. Treatment with 1-MCP along with MAP significantly increase the shelf life of fruit, maintain firmness and reduce chilling injury in nectarine fruit 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 62
Objectives: To know the potentiality of PBR’s for boost up growth yield and quality of Pears (Pyrus pyrifolia) Case study-VI Problems : Vigorous growth with shy bearing, fruit drop and poor fruit growth , low yield & inferior quality. 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 63
C: Control, G: GA3 at 250 mg L-1, B: BA at 250 mg L-1, GB: GA3 + BA at 250 mg L-1 each, PPT: soil application of PP333 by 0.2g cm-1 trunk diameter of the tree, GBPP: combined application of GA3 + BA at 250 mg L-1 each + PP333 at 0.2g cm-1 trunk diameter of the tree and PP: foliar spray of PP333 at 250 mg L-1. Manoj et al. (2013) Table 14: Effect of PBR’s on fruit growth, quality and productivity of pear cv. Gola 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 64 Treatment Fruit volume (cc) Fruit weight (g) Productivity (ton/ha) Fruit quality Total sugar(%) TSS to Acid ratio C 158.80 ± 0.98 167.03 ± 1.20 8.48 ± 0.29 6.98 ± 0.08 17.55 ± 0.28 G 169.65* ± 2.07 173.31* ± 1.76 9.28 ± 0.38 7.39* ± 0.08 21.91* ± 0.34 B 175.57* ± 1.72 178.71* ± 0.88 9.69* ± 0.48 7.43* ± 0.06 20.45* ± 0.18 GB 182.50* ± 0.82 180.91* ± 1.16 9.78* ± 0.10 7.95* ± 0.03 23.09* ± 0.37 PPT 163.74* ± 0.57 172.49* ± 0.58 10.32* ± 0.14 7.64* ± 0.04 23.90* ± 0.22 GBPP 165.64* ± 0.52 170.83* ± 0.88 9.17 ± 0.14 7.11 ± 0.08 19.50* ± 0.25 PP 157.25 ± 0.60 173.75* ± 1.20 11.08* ± 0.27 7.19* ± 0.07 23.23* ± 0.77 CD0.05 3.92 3.77 0.97 0.20 1.20
Fig 8: Effect of different PBRs on fruit length (A) and diameter (B) of Gola pear. Horizontal axis indicate the period of fruit growth starting after fruit attained a minimal length and diameter of four cm to till harvesting at fifteen days interval. Vertical bars indicate the mean value. A B Manoj et al. (2013)11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 65
Inferences: These two treatments can be used as effective tool for successful cultivation of pear. Further studies are needed to investigate the effect of paclobutrazol on storage life, shipping quality as well as cost benefit ratio. Fig 9: Effect of different PBRs on prevention of fruit drops of Gola pear during the whole fruit growing season at fifteen days interval. Vertical axis indicates the fruit drop percentage. Horizontal axis indicates the period of fruit growth during whole fruit growing season. Manoj et al. (2013)11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 66
Constraints in the use of PBR’s Unpredictable response High Cost of tradional PBR’s Human health hazard. E.g- Dominozoid and MH. Lack of knowledge Supply Support 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 67
Do’s and don’ts in use of PBR’s Do’s/ Don’ts • Sprayed in afternoon • Avoid windy hours Do’s/ Don’ts • Spray uniform and rationally distribute • Use distilled water Do’s/ Don’ts • Surfactant or adhesive material • Appropriate stage Do’s/ Don’ts • Uniform dissolving • Fresh solution Do’s/ Don’ts • Hand atomizer • Wash thoroughly 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 68
11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 69 Fruit have major role in socio- economic upliftment in India as they provide vast employment opportunity through off- season production, and export. Quality fruits are the basic factor and act as carrier of modern technologies. On the evidences of some growth regulators activity in adverse effects, PBR in small quantity have been found greater in applications and economic importance for farmers and horticulturists.
11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 70

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Advances in use of plant bio-regulators for fruit production-includes new generation phyto hormone and bio formulations

  • 1.
  • 2.
    Panchaal Bhattacharjee UHS16PGM713 Sr. M.Sc. Horticulture (Fruit science) Seminar-II on Advances in use of plant bio- regulators for fruit production University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot K.R.C College of Horticulture, Arabhavi Department of Fruit Science
  • 3.
    Demand Urbanization Purchasing power GDP and Percapita income 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 3 Population Growth drivers Financial Express,2017
  • 4.
    Topic division Conclusion Constrains &Do’s and don’ts in use of PBR’s Advances in applications of PBR’s with case studies New Generation of PBR’s with relevant case studies Types of PBR’s Mechanism of action of PBR’s Introduction-PBR Problems in fruit crops 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 4
  • 5.
     Less numberof flowers  Flower drop  Fruit drop  Less number of seeds  Hard seed coat  Less plant growth rate  Late maturity  Less germination 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 5 Problems in fruit crops
  • 6.
    Account for 5-10%of the world agrochemical sales. (Mori, 2011) Bioregulators are endogenous or synthetically produced substances that can control one or more specific bio chemical and physiological function of many spp. Probably by their influence on gene and enzyme interacttion (Olaiya, 2013) Introduction 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 6
  • 7.
    Plant bio-regulators, previously termedas plant growth regulators. In 1992 at Jerusalem in the 7th international symposium the name changes from plant growth regulators to plant bio-regulators. Which was conducted by ISHS (International Society for Horticultural Sciences) 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 7
  • 8.
    11/29/2018 Dept ofFSC 8 ISHS, started this kind of symposium in 1972, for order to achieve summarized compendium of worldwide research regarding the bio-regulator’s application on fruit.
  • 9.
     Reduction offruit/flower abscission  Vegetative growth control & increase fruit set Rooting, water sprouts  Increase/ inhibit flower bud formation  Reduce pre-harvest drop Improve fruit shape Stress tolerance  Fruit colour & ripening Physiological responses that are regulate/influenced by PBR’s Greene (2010)11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 9
  • 10.
    Schematic representation ofplant bio-regulator (PBR) application and their unified mechanism 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 10 Ursini et al. (2016)
  • 11.
    Plant bio-regulator (PBR)mode of action 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 11 Ursini et al. (2016)
  • 12.
    Chemical based PBRs:- Thiourea, Silicon, Potassium, Polyamines, Hydrogen Peroxide, Hydrogen Sulfide, H2-Rich Water Hormone based PBRs :- Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, Ethylene, Abscisic acid Fig : Thiourea Fig : GA3 Types of bio-regulator based on chemical nature 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 12 Srivastava et al. (2016)
  • 13.
    PBR’s Dose StressMode of application Effect Reference 1.Thiourea 7.5 mM Drought Seed soaking + foliar Increased plant growth and yield Sahu et al. (2006) 2.Silicon 2 mM Sodium silicate K, Ca stress Soil application Enhanced potassium use efficiency Miao et al. (2010) 3. Potassium 6–21 mM KNO3 Salt stress Soil application Stress Alleviation of salt stress symptom with enhanced K+ accumulation Zheng et al. (2010) 4.Polyamines 2 mM Flooding stress Soil application Enhanced antioxidant capacitance and flooding tolerance Yiu et al. (2009) Chemical-based PBRs, their mode of application and effect on plants 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 13
  • 14.
    PBR’s Dose StressMode of application Effect Referenc e 5. Hydrogen peroxide 100 μM Drought, salt In culture medium, foliar spray Activation of myo- inositol pathway and maintenance of leaf water content Ishibashi et al. (2011) 6. Nitric oxide 10 μM Sodium nitroprus side Drought Seed soaking Improved photosynthetic performance of leaves and stress amelioration Liao et al. (2012) 7. Hydrogen sulfide 400 μM Sodium hydrosulf ide Multiple abiotic stress In growth medium Enhanced antioxidant capacitance Yu et al. (2013) 8. Hydrogen rich water 50% saturatio n Salt In growth medium Activation of zinc- finger transcription factor and related antioxidant defense Xie et al. (2012) Contd... 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 14
  • 15.
    PBR’s Origin Role AuxinF. W. Went (1926) Produced by the growing apex of roots and stems of the plant Apical dominance, cell division and cell enlargement, shoot and root growth, flower initiation etc. Gibberellines Fungus (Gibberella fujikuroi) Kurosawa et al., 1926. Prevention of genetic dwarfism, bolting and flowering, germination, fruit setting, breaking of dormancy etc. Cytokinine Isolated from coconut milk, Miller, Skoog and their coworkers (1951) Cell division, cell and organ enlargement Seed germination, breaking dormancy bud development and shoot growth etc. Ethylene Neljubow (1901), colorless gaseous hormone Fruit ripening , growth inhibition, epinasty, thining in apple, flowering and sex expression etc. Abscisic Acid Addicot et al. (1964), acts as anti-Gibberellins , Abscission, Dormancy, Inhibit seed development and germination, Stomatal closing, Antagonism etc. Hormone -based PBR’s their origin & role on crop plants 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 15
  • 16.
    New generation ofPBR’s Brassino steroids (BRs) Prohexadio ne – Ca Jasmonic acid (JA) Salicylic acid 1-MCP Polyamines 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 16
  • 17.
    WHAT ARE BRASSINOSTEROIDS ……………….? Steroidal substances Isolatedfrom the pollen of rape plants (Brassica napus L.) The exogenous BR application in submicromolar concentration stimulates various physiological and bio chemical responses in various systems in plants. BRASSINOSTEROIDS (Gomes et al., 2006)
  • 18.
    Role of brassinosteroidsin plants 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 18
  • 19.
    In India, GodrejAgrovet Ltd., Mumbai, introduced 28- homobrassinolide (Double). Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd.,Nasik,introduced brassinolide (Cadmore) in the market. Commercially available brassinosteroids in India ₹ 825 (250ml) ₹ 793 (250ml) ₹ 2200 (1000ml) 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 19
  • 20.
     Increasing yieldof yellow passion fruit plants and produced the highest number of fruits per plant  Grapes  Cluster weight  Berry weight  Berry softening  Maintained external colour  Stabilized anthocyanins 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 20 Applications of Brassinosteroid
  • 21.
  • 22.
    Objective: To verifythe effects of the application of brassinosteroid analogue (BB-16) on passion fruit yield under field condition. Case study-1 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 22
  • 23.
    Treatment details T1 ControlSprayed with water T2 BR-1 One BR application after the appearance of first flower T3 BR-2 BR application in two consecutive weeks after the appearance of first flower T4 BR-3 BR application in three consecutive weeks after the appearance of first flower T5 BR-4 BR application in four consecutive weeks after the appearance of first flower T6 BR-5 BR application in five consecutive weeks after the appearance of first flower (Gomes et al., 2006) Conc. of brassinosteroid : 0.1 mg l-1 Dosage: 2 l/plant spray 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 23
  • 24.
    Table 1: Effectof foliar spray of brassinosteroid analogue (BB-16) on number of fruits per plant and juice soluble solids content of passion fruits. Treatments Number of fruits per plant Soluble solids content (°B) Control 52.5±4.83b 12.65±0.45b BR-1 60.9±4.69b 13.40±0.42b BR-2 69.6±4.73ab 14.55±0.46a BR-3 82.5±8.35a 15.02±0.48a BR-4 59.9±4.02b 13.95±0.54ab BR-5 67.0±2.56ab 14.30±0.51ab (Gomes et al., 2006)11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 24 Mean of 105 fruits for each treatment (for soluble solid contents). a Means ±S.E. (means followed by the same letter are not significantly different, Tukey test, 5%).
  • 25.
    Table 2: Effectof foliar spray of brassinosteroid analogue (BB-16) on fruit yield of passion fruits. Treatments Yield (t/ha) Control 11.02e BR-1 14.75d BR-2 17.48b BR-3 22.19a BR-4 15.02cd BR-5 16.74bc S.Em. ± 0.325 C.D.@5% 1.459 CV% 3.551 (Gomes et al., 2006)11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 25
  • 26.
    11/29/2018 Dept ofFSC 26 Fig.1-Graphic dispersion of six treatments based on the first two canonic variables obtained from the analysis of seven discriminatory traits. Fig.2-Dendrogram with treatments distance estimated among six treatments (control, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 foliar spray of the BR) obtained by hierarchical Closest Method on the Mahalanobis distance, based on seven characteristics. (Gomes et al., 2006)
  • 27.
    Production problems inAlmond: Fruit set 5-30% Self incompatibility . Objective: The effects of three commercially available PBRs were evaluated on pollen germination and pollen tube growth and fruit set in almond. Case study-2 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 27
  • 28.
    11/29/2018 Dept ofFSC 28 Treatments cv. Non Pareil cv. Carmel 2013 2014 2013 2014 Control 90.0d 90.9c 89.2c 91.9b BL 10 mg L-1 95.3a 97.7a 95.5ab 95.1a BL 30 mg L-1 92.4cd 94.4abc 92.6bc 94.0ab BL 50 mg L-1 91.0d 91.4bc 90.4c 93.6ab GA3 10 μL L-1 90.9d 91.3bc 92.4bc 94.3ab GA3 30 μL L-1 92.6bcd 95.2abc 96.7ab 94.8ab GA3 50 μL L-1 95.1ab 96.6ab 96.9a 95.1a KN 10 μL L-1 90.7d 92.8abc 92.9abc 92.8ab KN 30 μL L-1 92.0cd 94.5abc 93.3abc 94.3ab KN 50 μL L-1 94.1abc 95.9abc 94.4abc 94.7ab Table 3: Percentage of pollen germination in vitro on almond cultivars after 4 h, in the presence of plant bio-regulators in the 2013 and 2014 growing seasons. Maita and Sotomayor (2015)
  • 29.
    11/29/2018 Dept ofFSC 29 Treatments cv. Non Pareil cv. Carmel 2013 2014 2013 2014 Control 937.1f 945.0h 917.7e 921.3g BL 10 mg L-1 1067.4b 1078.8b 1117.0c 1100.1e BL 30 mg L-1 1032.6c 1043.0d 1059.7d 973.1f BL 50 mg L-1 963.9e 971.6f 921.3e 964.0f GA3 10 μL L-1 977.0e 971.7f 1183.0b 1144.6d GA3 30 μL L-1 1000.0d 997.7e 1199.4b 1168.1c GA3 50 μL L-1 1100.6a 1096.0a 1226.6ab 1183.5b KN 10 μL L-1 942.0f 947.3h 1198.4b 1179.9bc KN 30 μL L-1 965.1e 960.6g 1212.5ab 1186.2b KN 50 μL L-1 1056.8b 1066.9c 1243.4a 1215.9a Table 4: Pollen tube length in almond cultivars after 8 h, in the presence of plant bio-regulators in the 2013 and 2014 growing seasons (values in μm). Maita and Sotomayor (2015)
  • 30.
    11/29/2018 Dept of FSC30 Table 5: Percentage of fruit set in cv. Carmel almond cultivar at 60 days after full bloom, with plant bio-regulators treatments at two phenological stages (2013 and 2014). Treatments Pink Bud Fallen Petals 2013 2014 2013 2014 Control 11.8b 12.2b 13.8c 13.1b BL 10 mg L-1 19.5a 20.4a 20.0ab 20.1a BL 30 mg L-1 17.7a 15.6ab 15.2abc 16.4ab BL 50 mg L-1 15.2ab 14.1b 14.0bc 13.7b GA3 10 μL L-1 17.6a 16.6ab 15.5abc 17.2ab GA3 30 μL L-1 19.4a 17.5ab 18.6abc 19.7a GA3 50 μL L-1 15.4ab 13.0b 16.4abc 17.8ab KN 10 μL L-1 17.2ab 14.4b 15.3abc 15.6ab KN 30 μL L-1 19.8a 20.3a 21.0a 20.4a KN 50 μL L-1 18.2a 20.2a 20.6a 20.0a Maita and Sotomayor (2015)
  • 31.
    11/29/2018 Dept ofFSC 31 Treatments Pink Bud Fallen Petals 2013 2014 2013 2014 Control 17.1d 16.7d 15.6c 16.5c BL 10 mg L-1 24.6ab 22.3bcd 21.7abc 22.6ab BL 30 mg L-1 22.5abcd 19.2cd 19.5abc 20.4abc BL 50 mg L-1 22.1abcd 18.9cd 17.8bc 16.7bc GA3 10 μL L-1 23.7ab 26.2ab 19.8abc 22.5abc GA3 30 μL L-1 27.1a 28.0ab 26.2a 22.7ab GA3 50 μL L-1 18.0cd 22.7bcd 20.6abc 19.8abc KN 10 μL L-1 20.1bcd 22.7bcd 22.1ab 19.8abc KN 30 μL L-1 23.5abc 24.8abc 23.7ab 25.6a KN 50 μL L-1 25.8ab 31.0a 22.1ab 24.0a Table 6: Percentage of fruit set in cv. Non Pareil almond cultivar at 60 days after full bloom, with plant bio-regulators treatments at two phenological stages (2013 and 2014). Maita and Sotomayor (2015)
  • 32.
    11/29/2018 Dept ofFSC 32 JA is plant immune hormone derived from Linolenic acid. It’s role in plant defence was first shown by Farmer & Ryan (1990). ₹ 850 (250ml) Jasmonic Acid (JA)
  • 33.
     Methyl jasmonate(MeJA), initially MeJA was discovered as a secondary metabolite in essential oils of jasmine.  Regulated plant growth and development.  Senescence  Flower development, leaf abscission.  Response to wounding of plants  Transcription 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 33 Role of Jasmonic Acid (JA) in Plants
  • 34.
    Applications of JA 1 •N-propyl di-hydrojasmonate (PDJ) improve apple fruit quality and colour. 2 • Regulates ethylene biosynthesis and influence aroma volatiles. 3 • Defence against environmental stress. 4 • Decreased low temperature injuries such as splitting and spotting in apple fruit. 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 34
  • 35.
    Ortho-hydroxybenzoic acid Secondary metabolite Extractedas Saliciline, White willow (Salix alba) Salicylic Acid 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 35
  • 36.
  • 37.
    Chitinase β-1,3 - glucanase, Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase& Polyphenoloxidase enzymes increased total phenolic compounds & lignin in mango SA and ASA provide multiple stress tolerance in strawberry plants Maintained fruit firmness Applications of Salicylic Acid: 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 37
  • 38.
    Polyamines Polyamines •Interfering with ethylene biosynthesisand perception, lead to a less ripe fruit - quality control in the postharvest handling chain. •LMW organic compound having two or more primary amino groups, linear polyamines perform essential functions in all living cells. Polyamines 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 38
  • 39.
    Cell division Embryo development Regulatefruit ripening Flower development Microbial infection Abiotic stress Role of Polyamines: Reduce PLW 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 39
  • 40.
    Reduce respiration rate Antisenescence Ethylene production rate Potassium and proline induction Applications of polyamines: Reduce chilling injury 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 40
  • 41.
    Phenolic Compounds andTotal Sugar Content in ‘Oro Azteca’ Peach Fruit Sprayed with Putrescine O. Franco-Mora1, O. Pérez-Huerta2, E.J. Morales-Rosales1, A. González-Huerta1 and M. Huerta-Lara2 1Laboratorio de Horticultura, Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Campus El Cerrillo, Toluca, C.P. 50000, Mexico 2Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Teziutlán, Puebla, Mexico Objectives: To determine the effect of three doses of putrescine application at 15 DAFB on the levels of phenolic compounds and total sugars in peach fruit during growth and harvest. Case study-3 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 41 Putrescine,Cadaverine,Spermi dine,Spermine-Main polyamines in plants.
  • 42.
    Table 7. Fruitweight of ‘Oro Azteca’ peach treated with putrescine Fig. 3. Total sugar content peach fruit growth after putrescine treatment. Data are mean of 3 replicates. Mora et al. (2016)11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 42 Putrescine (mM) Weight (g) 0.0 100 a 2.5 108 ab 5.0 117 b
  • 43.
    Fig. 4. Phenoliccompounds in peach fruit growing after putrescine treatment. Conclusion: Increasing fruit TSS and phenolics are related to the expression of taste, aroma, and astringency, and antioxidant potential in case of peach, which makes them important for human consumption. Such exogenous putrescine applications also have positive effects on plum fruit development, in pear increased fruit set and in mango fruit size was positively affected. Mora et al. (2016)11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 43
  • 44.
    11/29/2018 Dept ofFSC 44 5mM Putrescine treated fruit 17g heavier the control. This increase in weight mostly related to high cell division and cell enlargement. Fruits treated with 2.5 and 5mM had higher sugar content this might have an effect as a signal to increase the transport of carbohydrate from source to sink and more accumulation of hexose. Higher phenolic compound content was observed at 19 to 60 days might be related to higher metabolic activity and endocarp lignifications.
  • 45.
    Problems with hydroponicproduction of strawberry:  Low yield  Poor fruit quality  Sensitivity to unfavourable indoor conditions. 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 45 Case study-IV Objective: To evaluate the effect of PBR’s on various aspects of vegetative and reproductive growth of strawberry. PBR’s used- 1. Salicylic acid (SA) 2. Spermidine (Spd) 3. Putrescine (Put) 4. Manganese sulfate(MnSO4) Polyamines
  • 46.
    Eshghia and Jamali(2014)11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 46 SA (mM) Number of fruits Yield (g) Ascorbic acid (mg/100 g fresh weight) Anthocayanins concentration (mg/Kg Fresh weight) 0 7.48 c 84.06 d 55.67 d 20.63c 1 12.87 a 166.49 c 60.80 c 25.83 b 2 13.64 a 191.05 a 68.77 b 26.96 ab 3 9.19 b 169.47 b 71.86 a 27.84 a Table 8: The effect of SA on number of fruits, yield, ascorbic acid and anthocyanins concentration of strawberry fruits .
  • 47.
    Table 10: Theeffect of Spd on chlorophyll content and mean weight and diameter of primary and secondary fruits of strawberry ‘Paros’. Eshghia and Jamali (2014)11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 47 Spd (mM) Chlorophyll content (mg/g) Mean weight of primary and secondery fruits(g) Mean diameter of primary and secondery fruits(cm) 0 1.02 c 15.07 c 3.00 c 0.5 1.25 b 17.12 c 3.57 b 1 1.43 a 27.52 b 3.72 b 1.5 1.47 a 32.57 a 4.88 a Put (mM) Chlorophyll content (mg/g) Mean weight of primary and secondery fruits(g) Mean diameter of primary and secondery fruits(cm) 0 1.03 a 15.12 d 3.00 c 0.5 0.98 ab 22.23 c 3.42 b 1 0.93 b 29.50 b 3.61 b 1.5 1.05 a 35.00 a 4.27 a Table 9: The effect of Put. on chlorophyll content and mean weight and diameter of primary and secondary fruits of strawberry ‘Paros’ .
  • 48.
    11/29/2018 Dept ofFSC 48 Table 12: The effect of Spd on chlorophyll content and mean weight and diameter of primary and secondary fruits of strawberry ‘Selva’. Put (mM) Chlorophyll content (mg/g) Mean weight of primary and secondery fruits(g) Mean diameter of primary and secondery fruits(cm) 0 1.05 c 14.52 c 2.45 d 0.5 1.23 b 17.56 c 2.87 cd 1 1.33 b 20.28 bc 3.22 bc 1.5 1.37 ab 31.23 a 4.56 a Put (mM) Chlorophyll content (mg/g) Mean weight of primary and secondery fruits(g) Mean diameter of primary and secondery fruits(cm) 0 1.08 a 14.57 c 2.43c 0.5 1.12 a 15.72 c 2.78 bc 1 1.10 a 22.58 b 2.91 b 1.5 1.05 a 30.25 a 3.81 a Table 11: The effect of Put on chlorophyll content and mean weight and diameter of primary and secondary fruits of strawberry ‘Selva’.
  • 49.
    11/29/2018 Dept ofFSC 49 MnSO4 (g/L) Number of fruits Ascorbic acid (mg/100g fresh weight) TSS (%) 0 19.17 b 109.30 c 7.72 b 1.5 23.87 a 118.30 a 8.20 a 3 25.50 a 111.5 b 7.85 ab Table 13: The effect of MnSO4 on number of fruits, ascorbic acid concentration and TSS of fruits of strawberry ‘Selva’.
  • 50.
    1-Methyl Cyclo Propane Syntheticcyclic oliphene, gaseous PBR. Delays fruit softening & improves quality Ripening, senescence & pigment changes Checks softening and cell wall metabolism Flavour and aroma Retaining nutritional properties 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 50
  • 51.
    Role Interacts with ethylenesensitive site  Delays ripening, softening and senescence Maintains firmness Decreases storage disorders Delays chlorophyll degradation Role of 1-MCP 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 51
  • 52.
    Less wt. loss& retention of more green colour. Control blue mould and postharvest pitting. More firmness at 6 DAS. Applications of 1-MCP: 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 52
  • 53.
    Role Prohexadione – Ca • Reduceslongitudinal shoot growth by blocking dioxygenases, involved in biosynthesis of gibberellin. •Reduces ethylene formation. •Reduces alternate bearing. •Alternative for paclobutrazol. Carboxylic group. Anti- gibberellin.  It is a mimic of 2-oxoglutaric acid & ascorbic acid. Prohexadione – Ca: 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 53
  • 54.
    11/29/2018 Dept ofFSC 54 Utilization of bio-technological tools to determine the use of PBR  Expression analysis of certain genes regulating the physiological functions in fruit crops can help to improvise the stage specific usage of PBR.  Genes regulating polygalactouronase activity for ripening and storage related studies.  Genes modulating flowering pathways- FT, SOC1 and LFY, determining their expressions elucidate the interactions among these integrators, genetic analyses were performed.
  • 55.
    Changes in theExpression of Genes Involved in Ethylene Signalling in Peach Fruit with Different Flesh Texture and Softening Patterns A. Ghiani, F. Baldin, S. Morgutti, N. Negrini, F.F. Nocito, I. Mignani, D. Bassi and M. Cocucci Università degli Studi di Milano, itali 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 55 Objective: Determination of peach fruit texture, firmness and shelf-life under different condition of ethylene evolution. Case study-V
  • 56.
    Fig 5: Ethyleneevolution in fruit of two NMF (‘Oro A’ and ‘Andross’) and two MF (‘Bolero’ and ‘Springcrest’) peach cultivars at different softening stages. (Vertical bars: ± SD; N: Newton). Ghiani et al. (2017)11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 56
  • 57.
    Fig 6: Expressionanalysis in fruit of two NMF (‘Oro A’ and ‘Andross’) and two MF (‘Bolero’ and ‘Springcrest’) peach cultivars at different softening stages of a few genes involved in ethylene signalling and flesh softening. Fig 7: Expression analysis in fruit with comparable firmness of NMF (‘Oro A’) and MF (‘Bolero’) peach cultivars at different softening stages of a few genes involved in ethylene signalling and flesh softening 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 57
  • 58.
    Some of theadvances and unique applications of PBR’s in fruit crops
  • 59.
     Fruit thinningby transiently blackening flowers and leaves of apple trees with the water soluble food colorant- Brilliant Schwarz.  They have compared the efficiency of Brilliant Schwarz food colorant with common chemical flower and fruit thinner  Fruit set was calculated as number of fruit per 100 flower clusters for 2 years.  Chemical thinning agents-Ammonium thiosulphate (ATS)- (67.2%, 47%), ATS+BA-(66.3%, 40.3%) with significant decrease in fruit weight.  Blackening with Brilliant Schwarz reduced fruit set by 33.1 and 26.6% with a increased rate of fruit weight. 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 59
  • 60.
    Lime sulphur, fishemulsion, fish oil, potassium bicarbonate and sodium chloride are potential blossom thinners for reduction of crop load in Apple. Retamales et al. (2015) Bound (2017) AVG has been developed to increase fruit set in walnut trees by controlling pistillate flower abscission (PFA) 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 60
  • 61.
    Fidelibus & Cathline(2016) Marino et al. (2017) In vitro treatment with low molecular weight humic acid (@ 0.5 and 1 mg L-1 ) extracted from peat sphagnum can improve growth and mineral uptake of pear plantlets during acclimatization. Application of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) can reduce FDF, promote the development of dry stem scars in Grapes, avoiding post harvest infections. 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 61
  • 62.
    Ozkaya et al.(2014) Marino et al. (2017) Applications of a soybean oil adjuvant plus ethephon reduce peach flower bud survival, acting as potential thinning agent. Treatment with 1-MCP along with MAP significantly increase the shelf life of fruit, maintain firmness and reduce chilling injury in nectarine fruit 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 62
  • 63.
    Objectives: To know thepotentiality of PBR’s for boost up growth yield and quality of Pears (Pyrus pyrifolia) Case study-VI Problems : Vigorous growth with shy bearing, fruit drop and poor fruit growth , low yield & inferior quality. 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 63
  • 64.
    C: Control, G:GA3 at 250 mg L-1, B: BA at 250 mg L-1, GB: GA3 + BA at 250 mg L-1 each, PPT: soil application of PP333 by 0.2g cm-1 trunk diameter of the tree, GBPP: combined application of GA3 + BA at 250 mg L-1 each + PP333 at 0.2g cm-1 trunk diameter of the tree and PP: foliar spray of PP333 at 250 mg L-1. Manoj et al. (2013) Table 14: Effect of PBR’s on fruit growth, quality and productivity of pear cv. Gola 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 64 Treatment Fruit volume (cc) Fruit weight (g) Productivity (ton/ha) Fruit quality Total sugar(%) TSS to Acid ratio C 158.80 ± 0.98 167.03 ± 1.20 8.48 ± 0.29 6.98 ± 0.08 17.55 ± 0.28 G 169.65* ± 2.07 173.31* ± 1.76 9.28 ± 0.38 7.39* ± 0.08 21.91* ± 0.34 B 175.57* ± 1.72 178.71* ± 0.88 9.69* ± 0.48 7.43* ± 0.06 20.45* ± 0.18 GB 182.50* ± 0.82 180.91* ± 1.16 9.78* ± 0.10 7.95* ± 0.03 23.09* ± 0.37 PPT 163.74* ± 0.57 172.49* ± 0.58 10.32* ± 0.14 7.64* ± 0.04 23.90* ± 0.22 GBPP 165.64* ± 0.52 170.83* ± 0.88 9.17 ± 0.14 7.11 ± 0.08 19.50* ± 0.25 PP 157.25 ± 0.60 173.75* ± 1.20 11.08* ± 0.27 7.19* ± 0.07 23.23* ± 0.77 CD0.05 3.92 3.77 0.97 0.20 1.20
  • 65.
    Fig 8: Effectof different PBRs on fruit length (A) and diameter (B) of Gola pear. Horizontal axis indicate the period of fruit growth starting after fruit attained a minimal length and diameter of four cm to till harvesting at fifteen days interval. Vertical bars indicate the mean value. A B Manoj et al. (2013)11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 65
  • 66.
    Inferences: These two treatmentscan be used as effective tool for successful cultivation of pear. Further studies are needed to investigate the effect of paclobutrazol on storage life, shipping quality as well as cost benefit ratio. Fig 9: Effect of different PBRs on prevention of fruit drops of Gola pear during the whole fruit growing season at fifteen days interval. Vertical axis indicates the fruit drop percentage. Horizontal axis indicates the period of fruit growth during whole fruit growing season. Manoj et al. (2013)11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 66
  • 67.
    Constraints in theuse of PBR’s Unpredictable response High Cost of tradional PBR’s Human health hazard. E.g- Dominozoid and MH. Lack of knowledge Supply Support 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 67
  • 68.
    Do’s and don’tsin use of PBR’s Do’s/ Don’ts • Sprayed in afternoon • Avoid windy hours Do’s/ Don’ts • Spray uniform and rationally distribute • Use distilled water Do’s/ Don’ts • Surfactant or adhesive material • Appropriate stage Do’s/ Don’ts • Uniform dissolving • Fresh solution Do’s/ Don’ts • Hand atomizer • Wash thoroughly 11/29/2018 Dept of FSC 68
  • 69.
    11/29/2018 Dept ofFSC 69 Fruit have major role in socio- economic upliftment in India as they provide vast employment opportunity through off- season production, and export. Quality fruits are the basic factor and act as carrier of modern technologies. On the evidences of some growth regulators activity in adverse effects, PBR in small quantity have been found greater in applications and economic importance for farmers and horticulturists.
  • 70.

Editor's Notes

  • #33 JA is plant immune hormone derived from Linolenic acid which can convert into variety of derivatives including Methyl jasmonate (MeJA), initially MeJA was discovered as a secondary metabolite in essential oils of jasmine and it’s role in plant defence was first shown by Farmer & Ryan (1990).