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![Plots
Observed
aflatoxin
Apparent
reduction
Applied
VCGs
in Control
Aflatoxin if
Applied VCGs
not Present
Actual
Reduction
Treated 17 ppb
64% 88%
Control 49 ppb 66% 143 ppb
Data Measured Calculated Measured Calculated Calculated
Apparent Versus Actual Reductions in Maize Aflatoxin
Content, Bura Irrigation Scheme, 2011
Observed Aflatoxin = Quantity of total aflatoxin measured in the harvested crop.
Apparent Reduction = Calculated from the Observed Aflatoxin = [1 – (Treated Observed Aflatoxin ÷ Control
Observed Aflatoxin)] x 100.
Percent Applied VCGs in Control = the percent of the overall A. flavus community on the harvested crop composed
of the applied atoxigenic VCGs. Measured by performing Vegetative Compatibility Analyses on isolates from the
harvested crops.
Toxin if Applied VCGs not Present = Control Observed Aflatoxin ÷ [1 – (% Applied VCGs in Control ÷ 100)].
Actual Reduction = [100 – (Treated Observed Aflatoxin ÷ Aflatoxin if Applied VCGs not Present)] x 100.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/aflatoxinimpactsandmanagement-eacaflatoxinmeetingarushatanzania11mar2013-150611232145-lva1-app6892/75/Aflatoxin-impacts-and-management-48-2048.jpg)
Aflatoxin impacts and management
Ranajit Bandyopadhyay discusses the impacts and management of aflatoxins. Aflatoxins are highly toxic metabolites produced by the fungus Aspergillus flavus that commonly infect and contaminate staple crops in developing countries in Africa. They pose serious health risks, causing liver cancer and stunting growth in children. Management strategies include developing resistant crop varieties, controlling fungus growth pre- and post-harvest through practices like drying and storage, and using biocontrol methods like applying non-toxic strains of the fungus to compete with and exclude the toxic strains. Aflasafe, a biocontrol product developed by IITA, has shown success in reducing aflatoxin levels in fields in Africa based
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Aflatoxin impacts and management
- 1. P Aflatoxins Impacts &Management Ranajit Bandyopadhyay IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria EAC WORKING GROUP OF AFLATOXIN EXPERTS 11-15 MARCH 2013, ARUSHA, TANZANIA
- 2. Food Systems • LargeScale and Regulated – Developed countries – Trade based – Advanced infrastructure – Capital intensive Tim Williams, Peanut CRSP Small Scale and Unregulated – Developing countries – Informal markets – Subsistence – High food insecurity
- 3. www.iita.org • Highly toxicmetabolite produced by the ubiquitous Aspergillus flavus fungus • The fungus infects crops and produces the toxin in the field and in stores • Fungus carried from field to store • Contamination possible without visible signs of the fungus • Some predisposing factors: – pre-harvest high temp and drought stress – wet conditions at harvest and post-harvest periods – insect damage Aflatoxin Facts
- 4. www.iita.org Aflatoxin Contamination Occursin Two Phases Phase I: Before Crop Maturity Developing crops become infected. Associated with crop damage (insect, bird, stress). Favored by high temperature (night) and dry conditions. Phase II: After Crop Maturity Aflatoxin increases in mature crop. Seed is vulnerable until consumed. Rain on the mature crop increases contamination. Associated with high humidity in the field & store, insect damage, and improper crop storage or transportation.
- 5. Contamination is mostsevere at low elevations and during dry periods. During drought the zone with contamination expands. 35°N 35°S Zone with Perennial Contamination Risk Aflatoxin Contamination: A Perennial Concern in Warm Climates
- 6. Prevalence of Aflatoxins inFood & Feed • Several African staple commodities affected • High human exposure in Africa – mother to baby • Levels and frequency of occurrence high – >30% maize in stores with >20 ppb aflatoxin – ~90% stores are contaminated with Afla fungi – Up to 40% grain in households with aflatoxin • Concern for food and feed processors, government and emergency food reserve agencies, school-feeding • Aflatoxins disproportionately impact the poor • Highly toxic strains, conducive environmental conditions, traditional farming methods and improper grain drying and storage practices, unregulated markets
- 7. International Institute ofTropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
- 8. www.iita.org Aflatoxins in Food DistrictSamples Aflatoxin levels (ppb) < 20 21 - 99 100 - 1,000 > 1,000 Makueni 91 35 13 40 12 Kitui 73 38 21 32 10 Machakos 102 49 25 23 3 Thika 76 66 17 13 4 TOTAL 342 47% 19% 27% 7% Kenya – 2004 by CDC and Ministry of Health
- 9. International Institute ofTropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org Aflatoxin-albumin adducts (pg AFB1-lysine eq./mg albumin) <5 5-25 26-100 >100 Numberofindividuals(%) 0 20 40 60 80 100 Gambia (n = 950) Benin (n = 479) USA (n = 48) Europe (n = 74) Aflatoxin Exposure in Africa, Europe & USA
- 10. International Institute ofTropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org Aflatoxin Exposure in Africa • Exposure to aflatoxin in sub-Saharan Africa is common and at high levels – important exposure occurs at the small subsistence farm level • Exposure begins in utero and continues throughout life, with a reduced exposure during breastfeeding • Exposure in young children is associated with impaired growth and development • Under-nutrition and growth faltering is an underlying cause of 50% of deaths in children <5 years age (Black et al., Lancet, 2003)
- 11. International Institute ofTropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org Aflatoxin and Human Health Death Binds with DNA -- mutagenic Type I carcinogen Causes liver cancer – increasing incidence Aflatoxin interacts with HBV • 30 times more potent in HBV+ people • 5-60 times higher cancer risk • 40% of liver cancer cases linked to aflatoxin Impede uptake and utilization of micronutrients in human systems Associated with Kwashiorkor in children Contributes to 40% of DALYs
- 12. International Institute ofTropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org Organs/Systems Effects Gene and Gene Expression Teratogenic effect (birth defect) Gene and Gene Suppression Carcinogenic effect—higher incidence of cancer Pathological changes Liver, kidney, and spleen enlargement, fatty liver syndrome Immunosuppression Decreased resistance to enteropathy, HIV, TB, and other opportunistic infections Aflatoxin Effect on Human Health
- 13. International Institute ofTropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org Aflatoxin & Stunting in Children • Stunting - 40% more frequent in the high exposure zone • 28% reduction in height gain Aflatoxin exposure group AF-alb adduct (pg mg-1) Ht. increase* (cm) Lower quartile <23.3 5.88 Upper quartile >101.5 4.21
- 14. Aflatoxin and HIV •HIV increases the toxic effect of Aflatoxin (AF) by decreasing the levels of anti-oxidant nutrients that helps detoxify AF in the body • For HIV virus to penetrate a cell it has to overcome the barrier of cell membrane & secretory IgA. AF reduces the level of secretory IgA thereby easing one of the barriers. • In a large number of HIV cases there is a co-infection of HBV causing liver damages thereby potentiating the effects of AF
- 15. International Institute ofTropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org Animal Health Impact of Aflatoxin Livestock and poultry losses liver damage including cancer recurrent infection due to immune system suppression reduced growth rate losses in feed efficiency decreased milk and egg yield embryo toxicity (reduced reproductivity) death (cattle, turkey, poultry, swine..)
- 16. www.iita.org Aflatoxin and Poultry(Broilers) Aflatoxin levels in feeds in Nigeria Aflatoxin level (ppb) Samples (%) <20 (safe) 38 >20 to 100 (up to 5x) 14 >100 to 500 (up to 25x) 41 >500 to 1,000 (up to 100x) 7 AF-free diet 500 ppb AF diet AF-free diet 500 ppb AF diet ~40% reduction in live weight (8 weeks)
- 17. www.iita.org Trade Losses dueto Aflatoxins • Nigeria and Senegal major groundnut exporters in 1960s. Compliance has economic incentives • Senegal: US$ 4.1 million added capital investment and 15% recurring cost would attract 30% price differential to oil cake. • Export would increase from 25K tons to 210K tons. • Increased export volume and price differential would annually add $281 million value to groundnut export for the capital investment. • For confectionary groundnut, adherence to Good Management Practices would increase export value by US$ 45 million annually. • Best quality exported; poorer quality consumed domestically. Peanut Maize Coffee Cocoa Groundnut Pyramids in Nigeria during 1960s Pyramids in Egypt? World Bank; Mbaye (2004)
- 18. International Institute ofTropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org EU Rejections of Imports According to Risks SOURCE: EU Rapid Alert System For Food and Feed (RASFF, 2005)
- 19. www.iita.org Trade Losses dueto Aflatoxins • Export compliance with food safety and quality standards. • Total losses: $1.2 billion • World Bank estimate of unrealized trade – 2005 study: ~ Tens of millions of $ • Reasonable estimate: US$ 450 million • Some countries active to meet standards by putting in place relevant institutions • Best quality exported; poorer quality consumed domestically. Peanut Maize Coffee Cocoa
- 20. Aflatoxin Intervention Medical Agriculture Surveillance Enterosorption Pre-harvest Post-harvest Crop resistance tofungal infection or aflatoxin biosynthesis Biocontrol e.g. nonaflatoxigenic strains Reduce crop stress- irrigation, Insecticides, fungicides Improved drying, sorting, insect control and storage Detoxification, e.g., ammoniation Alternative uses e.g. Novasil clay Agriculture & Medical Prevention of Aflatoxin- related Food Security and Health Effects (Adapted from Wild and Hall, Mutation Res., 2000) Awareness Regulation Provision of safe food Early diagnosis
- 21. Agriculture Based Preventionof Aflatoxin- related Food Security and Health Effects • Pre-harvest – Resistant cultivars, if available – Biological control, e.g., aflasafe – Irrigation and water conservation practices – Lime and FYM application • Post-harvest – Sorting – Insect control – Improved drying and storage – Detoxification, e.g., ammoniation – Alternative uses including blending
- 22. www.iita.org 334 396 400488 800 809 816 956 5474 5671 6438 6087 5685 7115 6040 5891 5743 5662 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 Hybrids Aflatoxin (ppb) Grain yield (kg/ha) Aflatoxin(ppb) Grainyield(kg/ha) Less Aflatoxin Susceptible, High- Yielding Yellow Maize Hybrids Less toxin – high yield
- 23. www.iita.org Aflatoxin (ppb) inLow-Aflatoxin Maize Lines With and Without Aflasafe Treatment Experimental variety At harvest Control Treated RSYN2-Y 19.6 1.7 RSYN3-W 6.9 1.8 SYN3-Y 18.4 1.7 TZB-SR (susc.) 57.5 4.7 After poor storage Control Treated 462 44 627 38 387 19 1152 163
- 24. www.iita.org Experimental varieties Aflatoxin reduction (%) Resistance alone Biocontrol alone Resistance+ Biocontrol RSYN2-Y 66 (60) 91 (90) 97 (96) RSYN3-W 88 (46) 74 (94) 97 (97) SYN3-Y 68 (66) 91 (95) 97 (98) TZB-SR (Susc.) 58 (1152) ppb 92 (86) % Reduction in experimental varieties compared to susceptible variety (TZB-SR) under natural conditions % Reduction in varieties with biocontrol compared to susceptible variety (TZB-SR) under natural conditions % Reduction in biocontrol treated plots compared to control plots of the same experimental variety % Reduction in varieties with biocontrol compared to susceptible variety (TZB-SR) under natural conditions % Reduction in biocontrol treated plots compared to untreated plots of the same variety Synergistic Effect of Resistance and Biocontrol in Reducing Aflatoxins at Harvest and after poor storage
- 25. Contaminated Crops haveUses and Can be Valuable Markets are needed to provide value to crops unsafe for human consumption US FDA Action Level Permitted Use (Examples) 500 ppb Middleman (Blender) 300 ppb Finishing Beef 200 ppb Finishing Swine 100 ppb Breeding beef and swine; mature poultry 20 ppb Human Food, Feed 0.5 ppb (M1) Milk
- 26. Ammoniation is Highly Effectivein Eliminating Aflatoxin
- 27. Trade Based Preventionof Aflatoxin-related Food Security and Health Effects • Awareness campaigns to increase demand for aflatoxin safe products and incentivize adoption of aflatoxin control strategies along the value chain • Upgrade food control system • Enhanced laboratory capacity and availability of rapid test kits, trained users, documentation of results and withdrawal of contaminated products • Improved trader compliance with national regulatory codes • Create a commodity exchange system such as warehouse receipts • Improve enforcement mechanisms for domestic, import and export trades
- 28.
- 29. Branding for AflatoxinTesting as a Case for Self-Regulation
- 30. Breeding Tens ofMillions of dollars spent for over 40 years… No results Exceptionally difficult problem due to complex trait Leading international seed companies given up Storage Pre-harvest problem, that can be made worse post-harvest Toxic levels exist at harvest… Garbage in garbage out Studies • Health • Economics • Trade Already regulated to the most stringent standards globally; 0.05 ppb in milk 26 animal studies have proven health effects; Why test on African children Prevalence and severity can shift 100 fold in one year Fungus likes warm, humid places… A.K.A, African Tropics Aflatoxin reduces the revenue potential of poor farmers Alternative uses A critical piece of the puzzle, but is NOT a solution Alternative uses would by default create a lower price market Must first control, or volumes would be too large to be sustainable Biocontrol Proven, Cost Effective Solution Solves the problem at it’s root cause Dedicated team of African and International partners Builds on over a decade of work to fin real solution for Africa
- 31. www.iita.org Aflatoxin Problem Startsin the Field 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Farmers Aflatoxin(ppb) 792 309 2010: Maize 64% fields above 20 ppb at harvest in northern Nigeria Increases in stores; interventions required in field and stores
- 32. www.iita.org Texas 2010: Atharvest this field’s grain contained 400 to 1200 ppb aflatoxins
- 33. www.iita.org AF36 Aflaguard Biocontrol WORKS In 100’S of thousands ofacres in the US! IT WORKS In Africa TOO! Aflasafe
- 34. www.iita.org From an articlein Southwest Farm Press by Ron Smith published October 24th, 2011 in which Ron interviews Dr. Jim Swart, Integrated Pest Management Specialist, Texas A&M based in Commerce, Texas • In spite of 40 years of research, no aflatoxin resistant cultivars are available commercially • Biocontrol is the only viable solution used by farmers
- 35. Strong Partnership www.iita.org • IITA •USDA • AATF • BMGF • Doreo Partners • KARI • Several African institutions Training is an important component
- 36. www.iita.org Aflatoxin Mitigation byNative Beneficials: Principles In nature, some strains produce a lot (toxigenic), and others no aflatoxin (atoxigenic) Atoxigenic strains identified from nature, introduced in a carrier, and applied in fields to exclude toxigenic strains Shift strain profile from toxigenic to atoxigenic Thus, aflatoxin contamination reduced Strains move from field to stores Multiple year carry-over effect We identify and promote only native beneficial strains 0 25 50 75 100 Natural Biocontrol Incidence(%) T O X I G E N I C A T O X I G E N I C S Strain A. flavus L Strain or “typical” A. flavus On average, S strain isolates produce much more aflatoxin than L strain isolates.
- 37. www.iita.org Atoxigenic Strain Identification Collection/characterizationToxin assay Lab competition assay VCG/DNA characterization cnx nia-D Unknown 2 +
- 38. Pre-field selection criteria doesnot produce aflatoxin can genetically not produce aflatoxin can genetically not produce CPA outcompetes toxigenic strains belongs to different clonal lineages (SSR) VCG with wide geographic distribution in country VCG does not contain a single toxigenic member ~12 native strains are tested in the field
- 39. Selection of 4strains selection criteria: superior capacity to colonize, multiply and survive superior field efficacy in reducing aflatoxin www.iita.org 4 native strains formulated into a registered product
- 40. NAFDAC officials inspectingmaize fields treated with AflaSafe
- 41. Product: Aflasafe Mixture of4 native atoxigenic strains Nigeria
- 42. How Does aflasafeWork? Broadcast @ 10 kg/ha 2-3 weeks before flowering Sporulation on moist soil Spores Insects Aflasafe in 5 kg boxes 3-20 days Wind Soil colonization 30-33 grains m-2 Fungal network in killed grain
- 43. www.iita.org Farmers treating maizeand groundnut fields with Aflasafe in Nigeria MAIZE: Aflatoxin reduction (%) Stage 2009 2010 2011 Harvest 82 94 83 Storage 92 93 x PEANUT: Aflatoxin reduction (%) Stage 2009 2010 2011 Harvest - 95 82 Storage 100 80 x Results from 382 on-farm trials 71% and 52% carry-over of inoculum 1 & 2 years after application
- 44. www.iita.org 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 untreated fields treatedfields recoveryofreleased atoxigenicstrains(%) soil before inoculation soil at harvest grain at harvest Recovery of Atoxigenic Strains from Treated and Untreated Fields
- 45. www.iita.org Aflatoxin Reduction in4 zones 4 Months after Poor Storage in Nigeria 0 200 400 600 800 Birnin Gwari Lere Maigana Pampaida Aflatoxin(ppb) Control Treated 96 14 271 49 646 17 171 9 85% 82% 99% 95% % reduction in aflatoxin reduction in treated fields over control Mean reduction 90% Moist conditions may lead to moulding of feed Aflasafe-treated maize: non-toxic strains grow Non-aflasafe maize: mostly toxic strains grow
- 46. 75 94 100 0 3 39 73 27 100 80 60 40 20 0 <4 <10 <20>20 EU WFP US unsafe maximum allowable aflatoxin level (ppb) farmers'fields(%) Aflasafe untreated Productivity increased of communities in aflasafe-treated areas DALYs saved: 103,000 - 184,000 cost-effectiveness ratio: 5.1 - 24.8 Source: Felicia Wu, Pittsburgh Univ. www.iita.org Impact of Aflasafe on Trade and Health
- 47. Aflasafe Development inKenya • More than 3,400 isolates recovered from 263 maize samples obtained between 2004 and 2006 from the Eastern, Coast and Rift Valley • 11 atoxigenic VCGs (13 strains) repatriated to Kenya and tested in three experimental stations. • Reduced aflatoxin contamination in on-station trials by 88% • Four selected and formulated as aflasafe KE01 • 4.5 tons inoculum shipped from Nigeria to Kenya • 240 efficacy trials completed in farmers’ field in 2012; 200 more in 2012/2013
- 48. Plots Observed aflatoxin Apparent reduction Applied VCGs in Control Aflatoxin if AppliedVCGs not Present Actual Reduction Treated 17 ppb 64% 88% Control 49 ppb 66% 143 ppb Data Measured Calculated Measured Calculated Calculated Apparent Versus Actual Reductions in Maize Aflatoxin Content, Bura Irrigation Scheme, 2011 Observed Aflatoxin = Quantity of total aflatoxin measured in the harvested crop. Apparent Reduction = Calculated from the Observed Aflatoxin = [1 – (Treated Observed Aflatoxin ÷ Control Observed Aflatoxin)] x 100. Percent Applied VCGs in Control = the percent of the overall A. flavus community on the harvested crop composed of the applied atoxigenic VCGs. Measured by performing Vegetative Compatibility Analyses on isolates from the harvested crops. Toxin if Applied VCGs not Present = Control Observed Aflatoxin ÷ [1 – (% Applied VCGs in Control ÷ 100)]. Actual Reduction = [100 – (Treated Observed Aflatoxin ÷ Aflatoxin if Applied VCGs not Present)] x 100.
- 49. www.iita.orgFarmers treating groundnutfields with Aflatoxin Reduction: 2010 : 87% at harvest; 89% after Storage 2011: 82% at harvest; 93% after Storage Senegal 38 Farms Treated in 2010 40 Farms Treated in 2011 196 Farms Treated in 2012
- 50. Area-wide application: 196Farms Treated in 2012
- 51. La Capacity Development Laboratory infrastructure •Burkina Faso • Kenya • Zambia Human Technical capacity • Senegal • Ghana • Cameroon • Tanzania • Nigeria
- 53.
- 55. B Ownership and Advocacyby the Nigerian Government Billboard Interactive Forum A commercialization strategy for distribution and adoption being piloted Consider Aflasafe as public health intervention for aflatoxin
- 56. Policy Statement bythe Honorable Minister of Agriculture, Nigeria Various Nigerian stakeholders have developed a 5 year, 4 step commercialization plan. All parties involved, IITA, Doreo, and the government, have critical roles to play over the next five years to ensure that Aflasafe treated food crops are successfully introduced into the market. When we consider the potential benefits of Aflasafe, it is ultimately the smallholder farmer who stands to gain the most benefits. Farmers consume 65% of the maize they produce thus they stand to benefit the most from the improved health benefits of Aflasafe maize. Trading in Aflasafe products also increases smallholders’ opportunity to access premium and foreign markets where the product is in demand.
- 57. How do weGenerate Demand in the Medium-Term • Develop manufacturing capacity • Create awareness about aflatoxin • Demonstrate efficacy of Aflasafe • Incentivize use of Aflasafe by the poor • Train farmers in aflatoxin management • Enable aflatoxin testing of products • Link Aflasafe users to food and feed market • Being piloted by Doreo Partners
- 58. Babban Gona FranchisePilot • Farmers’ cooperative with professional management • Credit, inputs and technical services • Yield enhancing practices • Aflasafe use • Aflatoxin testing – 100% met standard • Incentive for meeting aflatoxin standard • Warehousing • Output marketing – linking to market • Return profit after sale • Farmers keep part of the harvest for family use
- 59. Poultry feeding study •Stakeholders’ meeting on 15 Jan • Poultry producers with farmers’ groups on one platform • Build relationships and create sustainable market
- 60. Farmers’ Willingness toPay 100% 99% 83% 60% 25% 19% 34% 31% 18% 12% 5% 4% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% $0 $3 - $6 $6 -$9 $9 - $12 $12 - $15 $15 - $19 $20 Farmers who have used Aflasafe (n=246) Farmers who have not used Aflasafe (n=119) Target Farm Gate Price Range Source: Godwin Okpachu & Tahirou Abdoulaye • 365 farmers in Kano and Kaduna interviewed in Nigeria • All prior-users willing to pay; almost 50% non-users willing to pay • Prior-users willing to pay more than non-users
- 61. AF36 manufacturing facility ArizonaCotton Research & Protection Council, USA Innovative Product, Excellent Efficacy……. SCALING! Manufacturing facility in Africa is the missing piece for SCALING
- 62. Aflasafe plant inNigeria (under construction) Capacity: 5 tons/hour OR 4,000 ha per shift
- 63. • G20: Aflasafeincentivization selected for implementation in Nigeria • Aflasafe will be used by smallholder farmers in 200,000 ha
- 64. Strategic Plan toDrive Sustainability Leverage Strong Regulatory Enforcement to Sustain Premium Market for Aflasafe maize 64 1 Year 2 3 4 5 PACA and Pull Mechanism Generate Supply of Cost Effective Low Aflatoxin Maize Enforce Regulatory Policy Enable Market Forces to Drive Sustainability Promote Health Awareness to Value Chain Actors Policy: Build Regulators Capacity Policy: Develop regulatory framework Policy: Phased in regulatory enforcement mechanism Market Forces Health Awareness: Farmer Focus Health Awareness: Industry Focus Health Awareness: End Consumer 1 2 3 4
- 65. Partnerships are Key: Nigeria •USDA-ARS, IITA, Universities of Ibadan and Bonn: Technology development • GTZ/AATF/EU/BMGF: Funds • Doreo Partners: Commercialization • AATF: Intellectual propriety • USDA-FAS: Registration • NAFDAC: Regulation, monitoring • Ag Dev Program (extension): Testing/promotion/awareness • Maize Association of Nigeria: Promotion/awareness • Ministry of Health: Promotion/awareness • Ministry of Agric: Promotion/awareness • Nigerian Mycotoxin Society: Awareness • Commercial Ag Development Program: Testing/awareness • Millennium Village Program: Testing/awareness • Nestle: Market • Babban Gona: Commercialization • Obasanjo Farms: Poultry Study • Poultry Association of Nigeria: Market • UNIDO: Promotion/investor forum • Nigerian Export Promotion Council: Promotion/investor forum • NEPAD Business Group: Promotion/investor forum • Nigerian Economic Summit Group: Promotion/investor forum • Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation: Promotion/commercialization
- 66. National Products www.iita.org Products readyfor registration Products under testing in farmers’ fields Strain development to start or in progress Aflasafe-NigeriaTM Aflasafe-SenegalTM Aflasafe-KenyaTM etc… Aflasafe-WestTM Aflasafe-EastTM Aflasafe-SouthTM Regional Products Senegal Mali Burkina Ghana Nigeria Kenya Tanzania Mozambique Zambia
- 67. Aflatoxin Biocontrol Facts Cropsare infected by complex communities of diverse fungi Fungal communities differ in aflatoxin- producing ability & this influences crop vulnerability to contamination. Atoxigenic strains can be used to reduce aflatoxin- producing ability. There are many atoxigenics Select safe strains best adapted to cropping systems, ecosystems, & climates Atoxigenics are Already Present on the Crop Just increase the frequency of endemic strains & natural interference with contamination Treatments May have Long-Term Influence & Cumulative Benefits More than One Crop May Benefit From the Applied Strain Atoxigenic Strains can be Applied Without Increasing Infection and without increasing the overall quantity of A. flavus on the crop & throughout the environment
- 68. Summary• Aflatoxins infood and feed pervasive in Africa • Biological control in conjunction with other management practices can dramatically reduce aflatoxin contamination • Efforts underway to pilot commercialization of aflatoxin biocontrol and develop regional strains • Technologies available but must be implemented to reduce aflatoxin burden in African economies and food system • Support and partnership needed from national governments, regulators, donors/investors, private food/feed sector and farmer groups
- 70.