Africa

How does climate and geography affect African society?http://www.phschool.com/atschool/worldhistory/audio_guided_tours/WH07A01702.swf

Geography2nd largest continent in the world1/5th of the Earth surfaceShortest coastline in the worldHow: plateau on coastlineWaterfallsrapids

Environmental ChallengesDeserts cover most of the continent Sahara DesertBig as United StatesLarger each yearEdge of desert called the Sahel Kalahari Desert arid plateau regionReceives rainfallGrazing and a little agriculture are possible in certain areas.

Effects of Geography Long-term climate change will influence the social and agriculture throughout the region- 5,000 BCThrough desertification the rich grassland turned into an barren desert Drove humans and animals to more arid areas Some go towards lake Chad and other towards the Nile

Africa’s SavannaMost live in the savannaCover 40% of the continentAlternate hot with rainy Topsoil very thin as a resultSupport agriculture

Great Rift Valley 3,000 miles longElevation ranges from 1,300 to 1,830Surrounded by lakesLake Victoria largest lake in AfricaSuitable to sustain human lifeFarming water First humans came from this area of the world

Humans Adopt to EnvironmentEarliest Africans were nomadic hunters and gathersFollowed a food supplyTravel in a small band of relativesLearned to domestic and raise animals for foodImpact:Growing own food allowed a group of people settle in one locationLeads to healthier life styleIncrease birth rate Increase art Jewelry Pottery Governing bodies will develop

Bantu MigrationGroup of people located in the savanna of AfricaShared a common language cultural characteristics Were farmers and herdersSlash and burn farming technique caused them to move Push-pull factors will cause Bantu to migrateClimateFoodlandForced to migrate south Why: population increased no more land therefore migrated south to more land Culture diffusion will take placeIron smeltingEffects of migrationDrove other groups off landNew culture created

Why Africa???Industrial Revolution will cause the need for colonies Why: raw materialsNew markets TinCopperDiamondstimber Control a piece of land that has raw material the colonial power gets it for freeImperialism will start for the scramble of raw materials

List the motives behind European domination of Africa.

Rationalization Europeans felts they were better than the Africans Racism Will apply social Darwinism Those who were the fittest enjoyed wealth and powerTheir right to bring progress to non-EuropeansBerlin Conference

Independence Nationalism and Pan-Africanism will plant the seeds for liberation of AfricaUnifying Africans will end the colonial rule in AfricaSome colonies will gain independence easily while others will fight a long war for independence

South Africa and Apartheid Blacks made up 75% of total populationNo political, economic or social equality Could not voteGov’t set aside 13 % of the land for 75% populationWhites controlled the best landsSegregated school, public facilities and neighborhoods

South Africa Colonial of Great BritainNon-whites had few educational and economic opportunities1948 apartheid was passed by the minority whiteAfrican National Congress (ANC) will fight against apartheid Illegal political organization 1931 Great Britain will give South Africa its independence and the ANC is outlawed

Nelson Mandela Born 1918Joined ANC 1960Wanted to set up military wing of the ANCArrested in 1962- 5 years jail with hard labor 1963 put on trial for plotting to overthrow the government Sentenced to life imprisonment

F.W. de KlerkGoal was to transform South Africa and end isolationismHow: end apartheidLegalize ANCLet Mandela out of jailRevise apartheid lawsWrote new constitutionHeld free elections April 1994

End of Apartheid Nelson Mandela first black president of South AfricaANC won 63% of the vote in the national assembly252 out of 400 seats

RwandaTwo ethnic groups Majority HutufarmersMinority TutsisLand owners/aristocrats Two groups follow the same traditions and languageBelgians were the colonial ruler of RwandaBelgians considered the Tutsis to be superiorWhy: were rich and educatedBelgians left and Hutu took powerTutsi refugees were forming the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) Aim was to overthrow Habyarimana and return to their homeland

Problem April – June 2006 80,000 Tutsis and Hutu were killedMostly TutsisWhy: President Juvenal Habyarimana’splane, a Hutu, was shot downShot down by an Tutsis rebel group

Mass MurderOpposition was murdered by the HutuTutsi and moderate HutuHutu civilians were involvedHutu military officials promised land, money and food UN did nothingFrance, Belgium and US were criticized for doing nothing to the Hutu regimeWorst genocide of the 1990s

After MathA multi-ethnic government was set up, with a Hutu, Pasteur Bizimungu as president and Mr Kagame as his deputyFAILED:Bizimungu was charged with inciting ethnic violenceKagame became president Invaded the Republic og Congo Why: to get rid of the Tutsis who fled to the Congo

Somalia Independence from Great Britain 19602009 Population 9.8 millionOfficial religion- Islam 37.8% literatePresently: NO working government 1991Safe haven for Islamic militants Regions controlled by warlords Economy OKWhy: export livestockAccounts from 50% of exports

1992Worst drought in their historyKilled 300,000 peopleUS troops went in to protect the delivery of food in DecemberUS will pull put when a warlord drag US soldiers bodies through the streetUN troops will take over relief efforts

2006Worst outbreak of violence in 10 yearsIslamist militias, Somali Islamic Courts Council (SICC), seized control of the capital, MogadishuEthiopia felt threatened by the group so ground troops were sent inA week later most of the Islamists forced to flee the countryEthiopia announced that its troops would remain in the

Somalia Pirates Threat to international shipping since 1990s2008, received $150 million in ransom 2008 UN Security Council told nations to apply force when necessaryTake ship get back to Somalia strong hold and ransom the ship cargo to owner Why:Young men are drawn to piracy in order to provide for their families

Conflict Conflict land access to water raiding of cattle Why: drought Increased need for water and grazingdesertification Sahara getting biggermodern weapons

Sudan North is ArabSouth is animism and ChristianBlack Africans Comprised of 80 tribesFighting over grazing/ land2003 Sudan Liberation Army (SLA) and Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) began attacking government targetsFactious group formed from the two to form the JanjaweedRebel GroupsSudanese Liberation Army/Movement (SLA/SLM) and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) started the rebellion to get Khartoum to spend money on the development of the area Janjaweed are backed by the government to suppress to two rebel groups Government does not have control of the rebel group JanjaweedCannot get all three groups to the table to make pace Attack villages, slaughtering men, raping women and stealing Genocide is taking place along with crimes against humanity arrest warrant for President Bashi

The People2.7 million have fled their homes200,000 have fled to Chad300,000 people have died African Union has 7,000 peace keepersUN Security Council has passed resolutions Have not worked

Problems of Africa Problem 1: Political New African leaders were inexperienced Government can’t fix problems so the military comes inMilitary dictatorships will rule the countries Problem 2: Ethnic ViolenceNational boundaries were redrawn after colonial powers leftThe boundaries drawn by the colonial ruler took into no consideration different ethnic backgrounds

Problems of AfricaProblem 3: Economic Depend on a signal cash crop or mineral to exportGhana- cocoa Nigeria- oilWhen the world market price for a signal cash crop falls the whole economy of the country suffers Nigeria and Oil Oil in 1975 accounted for 75% of Nigeria’s export 1980s oil prices dropped effecting Nigeria economy Faltering economy the military takes over

Problems of Africa Problem 4: Environment Had to over plant to grow food for population Over planting an area caused that area’s topsoil to be blown away by windsThis resulted in desertification Problem 5: Disease 1995 deadly Ebola virus spread in Zaire Government had to close boarders to halt the spread of the disease1970 and 1980s the spread of aids spread quickly through regions of Africa

Africa

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