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Africa-History-Independence-Movements-Africa-Student-1x3g1lt.pptx
- 1. South Africa, Kenya,& Nigeria
- 2. What’s In MyHead? Directions: BEFORE the presentation, write down everything that you know about South Africa, Kenya, & Nigeria in the “heads” below. AFTER the presentation, add more facts that you learned about each country’s independence movements.
- 4. South Africa, Kenya,& Nigeria
- 5. • By the20th century, European powers had colonized the majority of Africa. • The only independent countries were Liberia and Ethiopia. • Liberia was founded in 1822 by former American slaves. • Nationalism, a feeling of strong pride for one’s country, fed the desire for independence from foreign rule. • Africans wanted to take control of their own governments and natural resources.
- 6. • Africa beganto change by the 1940s. • The rule of tribal chiefs had weakened because of their links with colonial governments, thus limiting their ability to control people. • An educated middle class that disliked colonial life began to grow in the cities. • The cost for European countries to maintain colonies was rising. • By the second half of the century, unrest arose throughout the continent and African nations fought to free themselves from European control.
- 8. • In the1600s, the British and the Dutch colonized South Africa. • More European settlers came to South Africa than to anywhere else on the continent. • In 1910, Great Britain established the Union of South Africa, and power was only given to whites. • In 1948, a new political party, the National Party, came to power and enforced the policy of apartheid through legislation across South Africa. • Apartheid was a system of racial segregation.
- 9. The arrival ofthe first European settlers -- Jan van Riebeeck (Dutch East India Company) in Table Bay in April 1652.
- 10. • Apartheid allowedmany Europeans to grow wealthy and powerful, while millions of South Africans suffered. • In 1951, European government officials created the Bantu Authorities Act, which created “homelands” for black South Africans. • At this time, whites owned 80% of the land, although they only represented 10% of the population. • As a result of this law, 9 million South Africans were excluded from participating in the government.
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- 12. • South Africa’sNational Party, which was white-only and in favor of apartheid, had a goal to gain independence from Great Britain. • In a white-only election in 1960, voters approved independence. • On May 31, 1961, the Republic of South Africa gained its independence from Britain. • It took years of protests, several more decades, and a change of government leaders before blacks began to have a role in the government of South Africa.
- 13. Nelson Mandela wasSouth Africa's first black chief executive, and the first elected in a fully representative democratic election (1994).
- 14.
- 16. • For hundredsof years, outsiders did not enter the region now known as Kenya because of the fierce warrior tribes that inhabited the area. • Arab traders took control of Kenya’s coast during the 1800s. • Next came Germany and Great Britain, but by the 1900s, the British were the only foreigners who remained.
- 17. • Most Kenyanswere upset by their loss of rights as landowners to the British. • They believed that their land was taken unfairly and opposition groups began to form in the 1920s. • For several decades, small bands of armed resistance forces (guerillas) fought to eliminate white settlers in Kenya, as well as any Africans who sided with them. • In 1956, there was a violent rebellion that resulted in the deaths of tens of thousands of Africans. • Although the British army mostly defeated the guerillas, this movement gained a great deal support among Kenyans.
- 18. The Mau Mauwas a secret society that believed force was the only way to win Kenyan rights and independence.
- 19. • Kenyans weretired of being treated unfairly, and it was time for a change. • Great Britain began to rethinking its policy on colonization, and on December 12th, 1963, the British Empire granted Kenya its independence. • Jomo Kenyatta was the most influential leader of the freedom movement in Kenya, and was appointed as the nation’s first president.
- 20. Lancaster House Conferencefor Kenya’s Independence in 1963.
- 21. • Kenyatta wasa leader of the Kenyan African National Union, and during his presidency, began a campaign called harambee, which is Swahili for “let’s pull together.” • Under Kenyatta and his successor, Daniel arap Moi, the KNAU ran unopposed in elections until the 1990s. • The country remains a multi-party state, but the reality is that the KNAU is in control of the government. • By the time of his death in 1978, Kenyatta had helped Kenya become one of the most stable and economically dynamic countries in Africa. • Even though there has been improvement in the political rights of Kenya’s people, more is still needed.
- 22. Jomo Kenyatta --The first president and “founding father” of Kenya.
- 23.
- 25. • The countrynow known as Nigeria was a diverse region with more than 250 ethnic groups. • Nigeria had maintained its independence until 1914 when Great Britain took over the area. • By the end of World War II, Nigerians had started political parties to work for Nigerian independence. • Most Nigerians believed that the only way to have rights was to be completely free of European rule.
- 26. • During the1950s, Great Britain allowed Nigeria to elect its own government. • In 1957, Nigerians elected Abubakar Tafawa Balewa as their first prime minister. • On October 1st, 1960, Great Britain granted Nigeria independence and an independent government was established. • At first, it was one of the most stable governments of the new African countries.
- 27. Abubakar Tafawa Balewa– Nigeria’s first prime minister. He was overthrown and murdered in a military coup in 1966.
- 28. • At first,Nigeria was one of the more stable governments in Africa. • Unfortunately, struggles for power have resulted in many military coups in the country. • Nigeria suffered from violence and military rule from 1966 until 1999, when a democratic government was established. • In recent years, political instability, religious competition, ethnic differences and the need to become more modern continue to plague Nigeria.
- 29.
- 30. • By 1966,all but six African countries were independent nation-states. • Unfortunately, once the countries were independent of European rule, they still faced many challenges. • Many of the new governments were politically unstable. • European powers did not teach new leaders how to govern. • In some African countries, military dictators took over the governments.
- 31.