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Aggragate planning1
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- 2. Aggregate planning isthe process of developing, analyzing, and maintaining a preliminary, approximate schedule of the overall operations of an organization. The aggregate plan generally contains targeted sales forecasts, production levels, inventory levels, and customer backlogs. This schedule is intended to satisfy the demand forecast at a minimum cost.
- 3. Defined as ⌠â˘The process of determining output levels of product groups over the coming 6 to 18 months on a weekly or monthly basis ; the plan identifies the overall level of outputs in support of the business plan. ⢠Aggregate planning involves translating long-term forecasted demand into specific production rates and the corresponding labor requirements for the intermediate term. Aggragate planning Long term demand Production rates Labour requirements
- 4. objectives ⢠Minimize cost/ maximize profits ⢠Maximize customer service ⢠Minimize inventory investment ⢠Minimize changes in production rates ⢠Minimize changes in workforce levels ⢠Maximize utilization of plant and equipment
- 5. Aggregate planning process -Determine demand for each period . - Determine capacities for each period . - Identify policies that are pertinent . - Determine units costs for units produced . - Develop alternative plans and compute costs each. - Select the best plan that satisfies objectives .
- 6. AGGREGATE PLANNING STRATEGIES ⢠Thereare two pure planning strategies available to the aggregate planner: ⢠level strategy ⢠chase strategy. ⢠Firms may choose to utilize one of the pure strategies in isolation, or they may opt for a strategy that combines the two.
- 7. Level strategy ⢠Alevel strategy seeks to produce an aggregate plan that maintains a steady production rate and/or a steady employment level. In order to satisfy changes in customer demand, the firm must raise or lower inventory levels in anticipation of increased or decreased levels of forecast demand. The firm maintains a level workforce and a steady rate of output when demand is somewhat low. This allows the firm to establish higher inventory levels than are currently needed. As demand increases, the firm is able to continue a steady production rate/steady employment level, while allowing the inventory
- 8. Chase strategy ⢠Achase strategy implies matching demand and capacity period by period. This could result in a considerable amount of hiring, firing or laying off of employees; insecure and unhappy employees; increased inventory carrying costs; problems with labor unions; and erratic utilization of plant and equipment. It also implies a great deal of flexibility on the firm's part. The major advantage of a chase strategy is that it allows inventory to be held to the lowest level possible, and for some firms this is a considerable savings. Most firms embracing the just- in-time production concept utilize a chase strategy
- 9. Level vs Chase ADVANTAGES -Stableoutput rates and workforce DISADVANTAGES -greater inventory costs -increased over time and idle time -resource utilizations vary over time ADVANTAGES -Investment in inventory is low -Labor utilization in high DISADVANTAGES -The cost of fluctuating work force -potential damage to employee morale
- 10. Techniques ⢠Linear programmingmodel ⢠Linear decision rule ⢠Simulation
- 11. Linear programming ⢠LPmodels are methods for obtaining optimal solutions to problems involving the allocation of scarce resources in terms of cost minimization or profit maximization. ⢠With AGGREGATE PLANNING, the goal is usually to minimize the sum of costs related to regular labor time, over time , subcontracting , inventory holding costs, and costs associated with changing size of the work force. Constraints involve the capacities of the workforce,
- 12. ⢠E.H. BOWMAN- proposed formulating the problem in terms of transportation type programming model as a way to obtain aggregate plans that would match capacities with demand requirements and minimize cost.In order to use this approach ,planners must identify capacity (supply) of regular time, over time, subcontracting and inventory on a period by period basis as well as related costs of each variable.
- 13. LINEAR DECISION RULE Lineardecision rule is another optimizing technique. It seeks to minimize total production costs (labor, overtime, hiring/lay off, inventory carrying cost) using a set of cost-approximating functions (three of which are quadratic) to obtain a single quadratic equation. Then, by using calculus, two linear equations can be derived from the quadratic equation, one to be used to plan the output for each period and the other for planning the workforce for each period.
- 14. SIMULATION MODELS ⢠Anumber of simulation models can be used for aggregate planning. By developing an aggregate plan within the environment of a simulation model, it can be tested under a variety of conditions to find acceptable plans for consideration. These models can also be incorporated into a decision support system, which can aid in planning and evaluating alternative control policies. These models can integrate the multiple conflicting objectives inherent in manufacturing