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Agroforestry for Ecosystem Services.pptx

Agroforestry is a land use management practice based on integration of trees and/or crop and/or livestock to achieve economic, conservation, and ecological goals (Gold and Garrett, 2009), with increased benefits arising from interaction among components. Agroforestry offers proven strategies as an environmentally benign and ecologically sustainable land management practice to promote ecosystem services (Fagerholm et al., 2016). The high species richness of the "biodiverse" agroforestry systems leads to multifunctionality, the cornerstone of various ecological processes underlying the ecosystems services. These ecosystem services are divided into Provisioning, Regulating, Supporting and Cultural Services. World is becoming more industrial, ES needs more attention and emphasis than before. Properly designed and strategically located agroforestry practices can contribute to ES by mitigation of land degradation, climate change and desertification, while conserving natural resources and biodiversity. Agroforestry emerges as a sustainable and multifaceted solution for ecosystem management. Ecosystem services provided by agroforestry contributes to the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. (Agroforestry Network, 2020) Agroforestry is a promising strategy to achieve India's NDC. (Nath et al, 2021) and it contributes to 9 out of 17 SDGs.

Master’s Seminar FSA-591 (0+1) RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRALAGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
Submitted By: Ritika Maurya ID No. F/PG/014/22 M.Sc. Silviculture and Agroforestry Agroforestry for Ecosystem Services RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY Submitted To: Dr. Naresh Kumar Principal Scientist (Agroforestry), ICAR-CAFRI
CONTENT 1. Introduction 2. Ecosystem services 3. Types of Ecosystem services 4. Provisioning services 5. Regulating services 6. Supporting services 7. Cultural services 8. Case studies and Way forward 9. Conclusion 10. References RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
INTRODUCTION • Agroforestry is a land use management practice based on integration of trees and/or crop and/or livestock to achieve economic, conservation, and ecological goals (Gold and Garrett, 2009); with increased benefits arising from interaction among components. • Agroforestry offers proven strategies as an environmentally benign and ecologically sustainable land management practice to promote ecosystem services (Fagerholm et al., 2016). • The high species richness of the “biodiverse” agroforestry systems leads to multifunctionality, the cornerstone of various ecological processes underlying the ecosystems services. Agroforestry- a veritable tool in sustainable land use system (Aloa and Shuaibu, 2013). RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
 Total area under agroforestry in India is 28.427 M ha, which is about 8.65% of the total geographical area of the country. (Arunachalam et al., 2022) RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
‘Ecosystem services (ES)’ refer to the set of diverse ecological functions or the direct and indirect contributions of an ecosystem to the human well-being. (TEEB, 2010) The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MES, 2005) provides a globally recognized classification that describes four types of Ecosystem services, viz. (i) Provisioning services (ii) Regulating services (iii)Supporting services (iv)Cultural services (Tallis and Kareiva, 2005; Haines-Young and Potschin, 2012) ECOSYSTEM SERVICES (Source: WWF, 2016) RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
Provisioning Services Provisioning Services are the services that provide products directly from the agroforestry landscape such as raw material, food, fuel, fiber, medicine and other harvestable products. Regulating Services Regulating ecosystem services are the benefits obtained from the regulation of ecosystem processes such as carbon sequestration, soil fertility and prevention of soil erosion, pollination, pest control etc. Raw material Food Fodder for animals Farmer gets milk, fruit and other food products Benefit from Medicinal properties Timber NTFPs Fuel (Source: Forestrypedia, 2020) (Source: Kuyah et al., 2017) RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
Supporting Services Supporting Services include the foundational processes necessary for production of other services including soil formation, biodiversity, nutrient cycling & photosynthesis. Cultural Services Cultural Services are services provided by non-material benefits including recreational, aesthetic, spiritual benefits. Through these, humans create a connection with nature. (Source: Bhaduri et al., 2015) (Source: MEA, 2005) RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
Harnessing the unrealized potential of multifunctional agroforestry: an ecosystem service station Keerthika et al., 2022
Sustainable intensification of agriculture through agroforestry (Source: Graves et al., 2007) RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
Ecosystem Services rendered by Agroforestry System - An Overview RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
Important Provisioning Ecosystem Services rendered by agroforestry systems RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
Timber and NTFPs RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY The productivity of timber in India is 0.7cu. m/ha/yr compared to whole world (WWF, 2011). Timber species include Tectona grandis, Dalbergia latifolia, Gmelina arborea, Eucalyptus spp. etc. Timber products have overshadowed NTFPs as major commodities in modern times. However, the important contribution to food and resource security and financial well-being is gaining increasing recognition. According to FAO, 80% of the population of the world use NTFPs to meet their health and nutritional needs. The estimated total value of world trade in NTFPs is approximately US$1,100 million. Tectona grandis Dalbergia latiofolia Gmelina arborea Eucalyptus spp.
Trees for life: creating sustainable livelihood in Bundelkhand region of central India Chavan et al., 2016 Butea monosperma (Gum) Butea monosperma (Dona) P. Sylvestris (Broom) P. sylvestris Basket Bamboo sticks and handicrafts D. Melanoxylon (leaves)
 Food, Fodder and Medicinal products RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY Agroforestry can be directly used to enhance agro-biodiversity and to meet the demand of food and green fodder throughout the year (Yadav et al., 2022). Silvopasture model i.e. Ficus infectoria, Madhuca latifolia, Morus alba, Acacia nilotica, Leucaena leucocephala, and Moringa oleifera with grass species viz., Cenchrus ciliaris, Chrysopogon fulvus, Panicum maximum were evaluated for providing round the year quality fodder in Bundelkhand region of UP, India (IGFRI,2023). Perennial medicinal trees such as Aegle marmelos, Santalum album, Emblica indica, Terminalia chebula, Prunus africana, Anona squamosa, Terminalia arjuna, Jatropha curcas etc. can be planted at wide spacing as shade providers or boundary markers in a agroforestry system (Kalaichelvi and Swaminathan, 2009). (Source: Sannagoudar et al., 2023) Santalum album Terminalia chebula Emblica indica Aegle marmelos
 Energy from Fuelwood The demand for fuel wood and charcoal would continue to rise; agroforestry practices can provide significant amounts viz; western Maharashtra and north Karnataka communities earn livelihood through charcoal production from Prosopis juliflora (Atangana et al. 2012). RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY Fuelwood characteristics of selected tree species from Bundelkhand region of Central India Chavan et al., 2015
Agroforestry tropical woody species valued for biodiesel production include Azadirachta indica, Calophyllum inophyllum, Jatropha curcas, Mesua ferrea, Pongamia glabra and Pongamia pinnata (Atangana et al., 2013). Biofuel Pongamia pinnata (Karanj), a multipurpose, biofuel tree has recently gained high attention due to worldwide depleting resources and increasing prices of fossil fuel (Ahlawat et al., 2014). Pongamia pinnata Seeds of Pongamia pinnata RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
Regulating & Supporting Services rendered by agroforestry systems RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
Agroforestry enhances CS and decreases pressure on natural forests (Lal, 2004). The C sequestration potential of tropical agroforestry system in recent studies is estimated between 12 and 228 Mg ha-1 with a mean value of 95 Mg ha-1 (Pandey, 2007). The analysis of C stocks from various parts of world revealed that 1100 – 2200 Tg C could be removed from the atmosphere over next 50 years if agroforestry systems are implemented on a global scale (Albercht and Kandji, 2003).  Carbon sequestration RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
Potential of agroforestry systems in Carbon Sequestration in India Agroforestry system Tree species Age No. of tree/ha CSP (Mg C/ha/yr) Silviculture T. grandis 20 444 3.32 Block plantation T. grandis 10 570 3.74 Silviculture G. arborea 20 452 3.95 Agri-silviculture G. arborea 5 592 3.23 Block plantation M. azedarach 10 312 0.49 Hortipasture Prunus persica - - 1.08 Farm forestry Pinus spp. 30 - 7.1 Forestry plantation Eucalyptus spp. 6 - 2.18 Grove Bambusa spp. 4 11033 (culm) 19.14 (Source: Dhyani et al., 2015) RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
The Aonla agroforestry systems sustain for 35-40 years and have the great potential to change the scenario of Bundelkhand region. Soil structure and fertility enhancement services include the processes of structural development mediated by addition of organic matter to the soil by the tree leaf decomposition and nutrient cycling mediated by biotic and abiotic factors to support plant growth (Zhang et al., 2007). Unsustainable agricultural practices leads to loss of soil fertility. In the climate change context, agroforestry systems provide economically feasible and environmentally friendly conditions to improve soil fertility. Soil structure and fertility enhancement RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY (Source: ICAR-CAFRI) Soil improvement through Aonla based agroforestry system (Study Area: CAFRI) Source: Uthappa et al., 2015
Nutrient cycling Nutrient cycling refers to transfer of nutrients from one component to another in the soil plant animal- environment system. Trees act as a nutrient pump in agroforestry and mediate nutrient cycling by taking up nutrients from deeper layers of the soil and increasing the supply of nutrients in the crop root zone, increasing the availability and reducing the losses of nutrients from the system through leaching and erosion (Nair et al., 1979). Deep rooted trees are able to capture and retrieve nutrients leached below the rooting zone of crops referred to as safety net effect (Jose et al., 2004). RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY (Source: Kurubetta et al., 2023) Nutrient recycling by the trees
Biological N- Fixing Potential of Leguminous and Actinorhizal Trees and Shrubs in Agroforestry System Leguminous N2-fixing trees enrich soil fertility status through biological nitrogen fixation, addition of organic matter and recycling of nutrients. (Ram et al., 2017)
RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY Conversion of woodlands to crop land is the major reason for soil erosion. So, reintroduction of trees contributes to effectively reduce water erosion by acting as a barrier to prevent surface runoff (Nair, 1991b).  Conservation of degraded Soil &Erosion control Plant diversity enhances microbial biomass, which helps in erosion control through the effects of large root and mycorrhizal networks holding soil in place (Balvanera et al., 2006). India has 175 million ha degraded land (Bhan, 2013). So, Agroforestry is a viable option for rehabilitation of degraded sites (Singh et al. 2000). Establishment of permanent vegetative cover of suitable trees and grass mixtures will improve the deteriorated conditions and stop further degradation.
Agroforestry plays a crucial role in improving resilience to uncertain climates through microclimate buffering and mitigating non-point source pollution thereby conserving and protecting natural resources, and creating wildlife habitat. The mixing of woody plants with crop, and livestock provides greater resilience through crop diversification as well as through increased resource-use efficiency (Olson et al., 2000). Microclimatic improvement through agroforestry has a major impact as trees buffer climatic extremes (Madiwalar, 2016). Trees and shrubs in agroforestry or windbreak or shelterbelt systems can contribute to better microclimate. The trees bring about environmental changes, affecting not just available light but also air temperature, humidity, soil temperature, soil moisture content, wind movement etc. (Sileshi et al., 2007).  Ecosystem resilience and microclimate modification RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
Biodiversity is the variation of life in all forms from genes, to species, to communities, to whole ecosystems – is a significant determinant of ecosystem function and provision of ES. (Cardinale et al., 2012). Production stability comes through an array of genotypes, each with different characteristics of disease resistance, tolerance for environmental extremes, and nutrient use (Esquinas-Alcázar, 2005). Biodiversity conservation RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
Cultural Ecosystem Services RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
Some Cultural Services offered by Agroforestry Traditional Ecological Knowledge: The agroforestry practitioners possess a vast store of TEK about their specific landscapes and how best to maintain them in perpetuity. The longstanding observations and beliefs, which the indigenous farmers inherit, are continuously being modified and enriched through experimentation and adaptation to changing environmental conditions and societal needs over generations (Cairns, 2015). Sacred groves as provider of CES: Religious beliefs, worshiping the sacred lands, animals, or trees are very popular and represent the traditional way of nature protection for ethnic people (IPBES, 2018). For example, Ocimum sanctum, a medicinally important herb in India locally known as Tulsi is worshiped throughout the country. The aromatic, medicinal, and therapeutic values of a whole host of plant species grown in homegardens and other agroforestry systems are legion in several regions and religions of the world (Rao et al., 2004; Kumar, 2008). RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY Ocimum tenuiflorum L. (Krishna Tulsi) Under Eucalyptus tereticornis (Source: Pankaj et al., 2022)
The Sacred Groves and Their Significance in Conserving Biodiversity: An Overview Khan et al., 2008 RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
• Aesthetic Value of Agroforestry biodiversity and Ecotourism: The natural aesthetic beauty is provided by the meticulously maintained agroforestry assemblages of trees and crops of various shades and shapes could be excellent ecotourism destinations for modern urbanites. Ecotourism, defined by The International Ecotourism Society, TIES as “responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and sustains the well-being of the local people”. Several well-known home garden systems of the tropics such as those of Kerala, India is a popular ecotourism attractions. (Source: Nair, 2021) RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY Agroforestry and Ecotourism spot, Kerala
Aqua-agroforestry model would be one of the viable systems and are ecologically and economically viable where MPTs, crops, fishery and fruit trees can be grown round the year. RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY • Recreational Value: Biodiversity is a significant source of leisure or recreational activities having non- consumptive uses like bird watching, fishing, boating etc. Species for Aquaculture based agroforestry: Mango/Mahua – Aquaculture; (Aqua – Horticulture) Eucalyptus / Shisham – Aquaculture; (Aqua – Silviculture) SOURCE: CAFRI, JHANSI (2024)
CASE STUDY RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
Plant diversity and ecosystem services of wetland based agroforestry system in Tripura, Northeast India Taran and Deb, 2019 RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY Case study 1 Study area: Five villages (East Mirza, Jamjuri Para, Punendu Nagar, Barbari and Karjomani) of Kakraban Block in Gomati district, Tripura, India.
Agroforestry offers multiple ecosystem services in degraded lateritic soils Study area: Regional Research Station, Jhargram, West Bengal Biswas et al., 2022 RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY Case study 2
Biomass and carbon budgeting of sustainable agroforestry systems as ecosystem service in Indian Himalayas Yadav et al., 2007 Study area: Almora, Uttarakhand RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY Case study 3
RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
Ecosystem services valuation of homestead forests: A case study from Fatikchari, Bangladesh RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY Yeasmin et al., 2021 Case study 4 Distribution of homestead forests in the study area based on size.
Oil palm agroforestry enhances crop yield and ecosystem carbon stock in northeast India: Implications for the United Nations sustainable development goals Ahirwal et al., 2022 Study area: Mamit and Aizawl districts of Mizoram, Northeast India. RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY Case study 5
Evaluation of cultural ecosystem services of pulpwood multifunctional agroforestry: A case study from the foothills of the Nilgiris, Western Ghats, India Study Area: Forest College and Research Institute, Mettupalayam, Tamil Nadu, India Madiwalar and Parthiban, 2023 RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY Case study 6 Evaluated the CES of Pulpwood Multifunctional Agroforestry (PMFA), which consists of 8 pulpwood tree species and 4 perennial intercrops. It was observed that income and education level have a positive impact on CES. The average Willingness to pay (WTP) was Rs. 48/visit. The results revealed that the model provides scope for ecotourism which will provide additional income to small landholders.
Understanding cultural ecosystem services of multifunctional agroforestry: a study from the foothills of the Nilgiris, Western Ghats, India Study area: Forest College and Research Institute, Mettupalayam, Tamil Nadu, India. Keerthika et al., 2021 RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY Case study 7 Among the selected components, education and scientific knowledge (0.90) ranked first, followed by relaxation (0.86) and walking (0.84). The results indicate that MFA provides scope for agroforestry tourism, which will be an additional source of income for small and marginalscale farmers.
Carbon sequestration potential of agroforestry systems in Indian agricultural landscape: A Meta-Analysis Agroclimatic zones State Agroforestry system Area (ha) Relative Change in C stock (Mg ha−1 yr−1 ) Potential C sequestration (Mg CO2e yr−1 ) Western Himalayas Himachal Pradesh Silvipasture 228,490 0.25 208,160 Western Himalayas Uttarakhand Agri-horticulture 265,110 0.17 162,490 Eastern Himalayas North eastern states Agri-silviculture 68,740 0.1 25,730 Indo-Gangetic plains West Bengal, Bihar, Haryana, Punjab Agri-silviculture 671,500 0.76 1,872,940 Indo-Gangetic plains Uttar Pradesh Agri-horticulture 372,980 0.15 205,330 Eastern plateau & hills Delhi, Bihar Agri-silviculture 185,770 2.21 1,506,740 Central plateau & hills Rajasthan, U. P. Agri-horticulture 133,430 0.22 107,730 Southern plateau & hill A. P., Karnataka Agri-silviculture 579,910 1.18 2,511,360 East coast plains & hills A. P.,Tamil Nadu, Pondicherry Agri-silviculture 61,100 1.1 246,670 West coast plains &hills Kerala, Maharashtra Agri-silviculture 44,630 0.25 40,950 West coast plains &hills Goa, Karnataka Agri-silviculture 66,940 1.34 329,220 Western dry region Rajasthan Agri-silviculture 193,770 0.09 64,000 - TOTAL 2,872,370 7,281,320 Source: Dhyani & Handa, 2014 Kumara et al., 2023 RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY Case study 8
Assessment of carbon stock and carbon sequestration potential of agroforestry systems in India – A review RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY Zahoor et al., 2020 Case study 9 The available records of CSP of agroforestry systems in India are highly variable ranging from 0.29 to 15.21 Mg ha–1 year–1 .
Agroforestry systems for biodiversity and ecosystem services: the case of the Sibundoy Valley in the Colombian province of Putumayo Bucheli and Bokelmann, 2017 A total of 21 uses were identified for 128 species. Biodiversity maintained for three ecosystem services i.e. 109 species supplied provisioning services, 40 species supplied regulatory services and 13 species were a part of cultural services. Study area: Sibundoy Valley in the Colombian province of Putumayo RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY Case study 10
Way forward RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY  World is becoming more industrial, ES needs more attention and emphasis than before. Properly designed and strategically located agroforestry practices can contribute to ES by mitigation of land degradation, climate change and desertification, while conserving natural resources and biodiversity.  Besides getting tree based goods and services, agroforestry can be considered as an adoptive strategy in areas climatically and biologically vulnerable.  Being a potential C sink agroforestry can also mitigate negative impacts of CO2 emission. As green belt, trees have a role in maintaining air, water and soil quality in mining and industrial areas. However, what presently understood is very little and there is need to understand the organisms, guilds, and ecological communities that provide ecosystem services and how these aggregate at different scales from cultivated fields to broader regions. Continued work on this front of agroforestry ecosystem services is needed that can simultaneously meet production and conservation goals.
Conclusion: RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY Agroforestry emerges as a sustainable and multifaceted solution for ecosystem management. By integrating trees and shrubs with agricultural practices, agroforestry promotes biodiversity, soil health, and water conservation. Its multifunctional nature enhances productivity and economic viability for farmers while fostering climate resilience. Role of agroforestry in carbon sequestration contributes significantly to climate change mitigation. As a holistic approach, agroforestry embodies a harmonious coexistence between human activities and ecosystems, offering a practical and essential pathway towards sustainable development. What contributes to the ability of agroforestry systems to deliver a variety of ecosystem services is the relatively high species diversity. Ecosystem services provided by agroforestry contributes to the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. (Agroforestry Network, 2020) Agroforestry is a promising strategy to achieve India’s NDC. (Nath et al., 2021) and it contributes to 9 out of 17 Sustainable development goals. (Chavan et al., 2022)
References  Fagerholm, N., Torralba, M., Burgess, P. J., & Plieninger, T. (2016). A systematic map of ecosystem services assessments around European agroforestry. Ecological Indicators, 62, 47-65.  Alao, J. S., & Shuaibu, R. B. (2013). Agroforestry practices and concepts in sustainable land use systems in Nigeria. Journal of horticulture and forestry, 5(10), 156-159.  Arunachalam, A., Rizvi, R. H., Handa, A. K., & Ramanan, S. S. (2022). Agroforestry in India: area estimates and methods. Current Science, 743-744.  Chavan, S. B., Uthappa, A. R., Sridhar, K. B., Keerthika, A., Handa, A. K., Newaj, R., ... & Chaturvedi, O. P. (2016). Trees for life: Creating sustainable livelihood in Bundelkhand region of central India. Current science, 994-1002.  Sannagoudar, M. S., Kumar, G. P., Khandibagur, V., Ghosh, A., Singh, A. K., Rajanna, G. A., ... & Babu, R. C. (2023). Potentials and Opportunities of Agroforestry Under Climate Change Scenario. In Molecular Interventions for Developing Climate-Smart Crops: A Forage Perspective (pp. 161-181). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.  Chavan, S. B., Chauhan, D. S., Keerthika, A., Uthappa, A. R., Jha, A., & Newaj, R. (2016). Fuelwood characteristics of selected tree species from Bundelkhand region of Central India. Eco Environ Cons, 22(April Suppl), S95-S103.  Dhyan, S. K., Ram, A., & Dev, I. (2016). Potential of agroforestry systems in carbon sequestration in India. Dhyani, SK, Ram, A., Dev, I, 1103-1112.  Uthappa AR, Chavan SB, Dhyani SK, Handa AK, Newaj R (2015) Trees for soil health and sustainable agriculture. Indian Farm 65(3):2–5  Kurubetta, K. D., Kumar, C. J., & Munnoli, S. (2023). Potential of Agri-horti and agro-forestry systems for sustainability.  Ram, A., Dev, I., Uthappa, A. R., Kumar, D., Kumar, N., Chaturvedi, O. P., ... & Meena, B. P. (2017). Reactive nitrogen in agroforestry systems of India. In The Indian nitrogen assessment (pp. 207-218). Elsevier.  Khan, M. L., Khumbongmayum, A. D., & Tripathi, R. S. (2008). The sacred groves and their significance in conserving biodiversity: an overview. International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 34(3), 277-291. RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
Case study references  Taran, M., & Deb, S. (2019). Plant diversity and ecosystem services of wetland based agroforestry system in Tripura, Northeast India. Indian Journal of Agroforestry, 21(2), 13-17.  Biswas, B., Chakraborty, D., Timsina, J., Bhowmick, U. R., Dhara, P. K., Lkn, D. K. G., ... & Ray, B. R. (2022). Agroforestry offers multiple ecosystem services in degraded lateritic soils. Journal of Cleaner Production, 365, 132768.  Yadav, R. P., Gupta, B., Bhutia, P. L., Bisht, J. K., Pattanayak, A., Meena, V. S., ... & Tiwari, P. (2019). Biomass and carbon budgeting of sustainable agroforestry systems as ecosystem service in Indian Himalayas. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 26(5), 460-470.  Yeasmin, S., Islam, K. S., Jashimuddin, M., & Islam, K. N. (2021). Ecosystem services valuation of homestead forests: a case study from Fatikchari, Bangladesh. Environmental Challenges, 5, 100300.  Ahirwal, J., Sahoo, U. K., Thangjam, U., & Thong, P. (2022). Oil palm agroforestry enhances crop yield and ecosystem carbon stock in northeast India: Implications for the United Nations sustainable development goals. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 30, 478-487.  MADIWALAR, A., & PARTHIBAN, K. (2023). EVALUATION OF CULTURAL ECOSYSTEM SERVICES OF PULPWOOD MULTIFUNCTIONALAGROFORESTRY: A CASE STUDY FROM THE FOOTHILLS OF THE NILGIRIS, WESTERN GHATS, INDIA. Applied Ecology & Environmental Research, 21(3).  Keerthika, A., Parthiban, K. T., & Kumar, D. S. (2021). Understanding cultural ecosystem services of multifunctional agroforestry: a study from the foothills of the Nilgiris, Western Ghats, India. CURRENT SCIENCE, 121(12), 1610.  Kumara, K., Pal, S., Chand, P., & Kandpal, A. (2023). Carbon sequestration potential of agroforestry systems in Indian agricultural landscape: A Meta-Analysis. Ecosystem Services, 62, 101537.  Zahoor, S., Dutt, V., Mughal, A. H., Khan, P. A., & Qaiser, K. N. (2020). Assessment of carbon stock and carbon sequestration potential of agroforestry systems in India-A review. SKUAST Journal of Research, 22(2), 1-10.  Palacios Bucheli, V. J., & Bokelmann, W. (2017). Agroforestry systems for biodiversity and ecosystem services: the case of the Sibundoy Valley in the Colombian province of Putumayo. International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management, 13(1), 380-397.
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Agroforestry for Ecosystem Services.pptx

  • 1.
    Master’s Seminar FSA-591 (0+1) RANILAKSHMI BAI CENTRALAGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
  • 2.
    Submitted By: RitikaMaurya ID No. F/PG/014/22 M.Sc. Silviculture and Agroforestry Agroforestry for Ecosystem Services RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY Submitted To: Dr. Naresh Kumar Principal Scientist (Agroforestry), ICAR-CAFRI
  • 3.
    CONTENT 1. Introduction 2. Ecosystemservices 3. Types of Ecosystem services 4. Provisioning services 5. Regulating services 6. Supporting services 7. Cultural services 8. Case studies and Way forward 9. Conclusion 10. References RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
  • 4.
    INTRODUCTION • Agroforestry isa land use management practice based on integration of trees and/or crop and/or livestock to achieve economic, conservation, and ecological goals (Gold and Garrett, 2009); with increased benefits arising from interaction among components. • Agroforestry offers proven strategies as an environmentally benign and ecologically sustainable land management practice to promote ecosystem services (Fagerholm et al., 2016). • The high species richness of the “biodiverse” agroforestry systems leads to multifunctionality, the cornerstone of various ecological processes underlying the ecosystems services. Agroforestry- a veritable tool in sustainable land use system (Aloa and Shuaibu, 2013). RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
  • 5.
     Total areaunder agroforestry in India is 28.427 M ha, which is about 8.65% of the total geographical area of the country. (Arunachalam et al., 2022) RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
  • 6.
    ‘Ecosystem services (ES)’refer to the set of diverse ecological functions or the direct and indirect contributions of an ecosystem to the human well-being. (TEEB, 2010) The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MES, 2005) provides a globally recognized classification that describes four types of Ecosystem services, viz. (i) Provisioning services (ii) Regulating services (iii)Supporting services (iv)Cultural services (Tallis and Kareiva, 2005; Haines-Young and Potschin, 2012) ECOSYSTEM SERVICES (Source: WWF, 2016) RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
  • 7.
    Provisioning Services Provisioning Servicesare the services that provide products directly from the agroforestry landscape such as raw material, food, fuel, fiber, medicine and other harvestable products. Regulating Services Regulating ecosystem services are the benefits obtained from the regulation of ecosystem processes such as carbon sequestration, soil fertility and prevention of soil erosion, pollination, pest control etc. Raw material Food Fodder for animals Farmer gets milk, fruit and other food products Benefit from Medicinal properties Timber NTFPs Fuel (Source: Forestrypedia, 2020) (Source: Kuyah et al., 2017) RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
  • 8.
    Supporting Services Supporting Servicesinclude the foundational processes necessary for production of other services including soil formation, biodiversity, nutrient cycling & photosynthesis. Cultural Services Cultural Services are services provided by non-material benefits including recreational, aesthetic, spiritual benefits. Through these, humans create a connection with nature. (Source: Bhaduri et al., 2015) (Source: MEA, 2005) RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
  • 9.
    Harnessing the unrealizedpotential of multifunctional agroforestry: an ecosystem service station Keerthika et al., 2022
  • 10.
    Sustainable intensification of agriculture through agroforestry (Source:Graves et al., 2007) RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
  • 11.
    Ecosystem Services rendered by Agroforestry System- An Overview RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
  • 12.
    Important Provisioning EcosystemServices rendered by agroforestry systems RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
  • 13.
    Timber and NTFPs RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY Theproductivity of timber in India is 0.7cu. m/ha/yr compared to whole world (WWF, 2011). Timber species include Tectona grandis, Dalbergia latifolia, Gmelina arborea, Eucalyptus spp. etc. Timber products have overshadowed NTFPs as major commodities in modern times. However, the important contribution to food and resource security and financial well-being is gaining increasing recognition. According to FAO, 80% of the population of the world use NTFPs to meet their health and nutritional needs. The estimated total value of world trade in NTFPs is approximately US$1,100 million. Tectona grandis Dalbergia latiofolia Gmelina arborea Eucalyptus spp.
  • 14.
    Trees for life:creating sustainable livelihood in Bundelkhand region of central India Chavan et al., 2016 Butea monosperma (Gum) Butea monosperma (Dona) P. Sylvestris (Broom) P. sylvestris Basket Bamboo sticks and handicrafts D. Melanoxylon (leaves)
  • 15.
     Food, Fodderand Medicinal products RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY Agroforestry can be directly used to enhance agro-biodiversity and to meet the demand of food and green fodder throughout the year (Yadav et al., 2022). Silvopasture model i.e. Ficus infectoria, Madhuca latifolia, Morus alba, Acacia nilotica, Leucaena leucocephala, and Moringa oleifera with grass species viz., Cenchrus ciliaris, Chrysopogon fulvus, Panicum maximum were evaluated for providing round the year quality fodder in Bundelkhand region of UP, India (IGFRI,2023). Perennial medicinal trees such as Aegle marmelos, Santalum album, Emblica indica, Terminalia chebula, Prunus africana, Anona squamosa, Terminalia arjuna, Jatropha curcas etc. can be planted at wide spacing as shade providers or boundary markers in a agroforestry system (Kalaichelvi and Swaminathan, 2009). (Source: Sannagoudar et al., 2023) Santalum album Terminalia chebula Emblica indica Aegle marmelos
  • 16.
     Energy fromFuelwood The demand for fuel wood and charcoal would continue to rise; agroforestry practices can provide significant amounts viz; western Maharashtra and north Karnataka communities earn livelihood through charcoal production from Prosopis juliflora (Atangana et al. 2012). RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY Fuelwood characteristics of selected tree species from Bundelkhand region of Central India Chavan et al., 2015
  • 17.
    Agroforestry tropical woodyspecies valued for biodiesel production include Azadirachta indica, Calophyllum inophyllum, Jatropha curcas, Mesua ferrea, Pongamia glabra and Pongamia pinnata (Atangana et al., 2013). Biofuel Pongamia pinnata (Karanj), a multipurpose, biofuel tree has recently gained high attention due to worldwide depleting resources and increasing prices of fossil fuel (Ahlawat et al., 2014). Pongamia pinnata Seeds of Pongamia pinnata RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
  • 18.
    Regulating & SupportingServices rendered by agroforestry systems RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
  • 19.
    Agroforestry enhances CSand decreases pressure on natural forests (Lal, 2004). The C sequestration potential of tropical agroforestry system in recent studies is estimated between 12 and 228 Mg ha-1 with a mean value of 95 Mg ha-1 (Pandey, 2007). The analysis of C stocks from various parts of world revealed that 1100 – 2200 Tg C could be removed from the atmosphere over next 50 years if agroforestry systems are implemented on a global scale (Albercht and Kandji, 2003).  Carbon sequestration RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
  • 20.
    Potential of agroforestrysystems in Carbon Sequestration in India Agroforestry system Tree species Age No. of tree/ha CSP (Mg C/ha/yr) Silviculture T. grandis 20 444 3.32 Block plantation T. grandis 10 570 3.74 Silviculture G. arborea 20 452 3.95 Agri-silviculture G. arborea 5 592 3.23 Block plantation M. azedarach 10 312 0.49 Hortipasture Prunus persica - - 1.08 Farm forestry Pinus spp. 30 - 7.1 Forestry plantation Eucalyptus spp. 6 - 2.18 Grove Bambusa spp. 4 11033 (culm) 19.14 (Source: Dhyani et al., 2015) RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
  • 21.
    The Aonla agroforestrysystems sustain for 35-40 years and have the great potential to change the scenario of Bundelkhand region. Soil structure and fertility enhancement services include the processes of structural development mediated by addition of organic matter to the soil by the tree leaf decomposition and nutrient cycling mediated by biotic and abiotic factors to support plant growth (Zhang et al., 2007). Unsustainable agricultural practices leads to loss of soil fertility. In the climate change context, agroforestry systems provide economically feasible and environmentally friendly conditions to improve soil fertility. Soil structure and fertility enhancement RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY (Source: ICAR-CAFRI) Soil improvement through Aonla based agroforestry system (Study Area: CAFRI) Source: Uthappa et al., 2015
  • 22.
    Nutrient cycling Nutrientcycling refers to transfer of nutrients from one component to another in the soil plant animal- environment system. Trees act as a nutrient pump in agroforestry and mediate nutrient cycling by taking up nutrients from deeper layers of the soil and increasing the supply of nutrients in the crop root zone, increasing the availability and reducing the losses of nutrients from the system through leaching and erosion (Nair et al., 1979). Deep rooted trees are able to capture and retrieve nutrients leached below the rooting zone of crops referred to as safety net effect (Jose et al., 2004). RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY (Source: Kurubetta et al., 2023) Nutrient recycling by the trees
  • 23.
    Biological N- FixingPotential of Leguminous and Actinorhizal Trees and Shrubs in Agroforestry System Leguminous N2-fixing trees enrich soil fertility status through biological nitrogen fixation, addition of organic matter and recycling of nutrients. (Ram et al., 2017)
  • 24.
    RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY Conversion of woodlandsto crop land is the major reason for soil erosion. So, reintroduction of trees contributes to effectively reduce water erosion by acting as a barrier to prevent surface runoff (Nair, 1991b).  Conservation of degraded Soil &Erosion control Plant diversity enhances microbial biomass, which helps in erosion control through the effects of large root and mycorrhizal networks holding soil in place (Balvanera et al., 2006). India has 175 million ha degraded land (Bhan, 2013). So, Agroforestry is a viable option for rehabilitation of degraded sites (Singh et al. 2000). Establishment of permanent vegetative cover of suitable trees and grass mixtures will improve the deteriorated conditions and stop further degradation.
  • 25.
    Agroforestry plays acrucial role in improving resilience to uncertain climates through microclimate buffering and mitigating non-point source pollution thereby conserving and protecting natural resources, and creating wildlife habitat. The mixing of woody plants with crop, and livestock provides greater resilience through crop diversification as well as through increased resource-use efficiency (Olson et al., 2000). Microclimatic improvement through agroforestry has a major impact as trees buffer climatic extremes (Madiwalar, 2016). Trees and shrubs in agroforestry or windbreak or shelterbelt systems can contribute to better microclimate. The trees bring about environmental changes, affecting not just available light but also air temperature, humidity, soil temperature, soil moisture content, wind movement etc. (Sileshi et al., 2007).  Ecosystem resilience and microclimate modification RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
  • 26.
    Biodiversity is thevariation of life in all forms from genes, to species, to communities, to whole ecosystems – is a significant determinant of ecosystem function and provision of ES. (Cardinale et al., 2012). Production stability comes through an array of genotypes, each with different characteristics of disease resistance, tolerance for environmental extremes, and nutrient use (Esquinas-Alcázar, 2005). Biodiversity conservation RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
  • 27.
  • 28.
    Some Cultural Servicesoffered by Agroforestry Traditional Ecological Knowledge: The agroforestry practitioners possess a vast store of TEK about their specific landscapes and how best to maintain them in perpetuity. The longstanding observations and beliefs, which the indigenous farmers inherit, are continuously being modified and enriched through experimentation and adaptation to changing environmental conditions and societal needs over generations (Cairns, 2015). Sacred groves as provider of CES: Religious beliefs, worshiping the sacred lands, animals, or trees are very popular and represent the traditional way of nature protection for ethnic people (IPBES, 2018). For example, Ocimum sanctum, a medicinally important herb in India locally known as Tulsi is worshiped throughout the country. The aromatic, medicinal, and therapeutic values of a whole host of plant species grown in homegardens and other agroforestry systems are legion in several regions and religions of the world (Rao et al., 2004; Kumar, 2008). RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY Ocimum tenuiflorum L. (Krishna Tulsi) Under Eucalyptus tereticornis (Source: Pankaj et al., 2022)
  • 29.
    The Sacred Grovesand Their Significance in Conserving Biodiversity: An Overview Khan et al., 2008 RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
  • 30.
    • Aesthetic Valueof Agroforestry biodiversity and Ecotourism: The natural aesthetic beauty is provided by the meticulously maintained agroforestry assemblages of trees and crops of various shades and shapes could be excellent ecotourism destinations for modern urbanites. Ecotourism, defined by The International Ecotourism Society, TIES as “responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and sustains the well-being of the local people”. Several well-known home garden systems of the tropics such as those of Kerala, India is a popular ecotourism attractions. (Source: Nair, 2021) RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY Agroforestry and Ecotourism spot, Kerala
  • 31.
    Aqua-agroforestry model wouldbe one of the viable systems and are ecologically and economically viable where MPTs, crops, fishery and fruit trees can be grown round the year. RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY • Recreational Value: Biodiversity is a significant source of leisure or recreational activities having non- consumptive uses like bird watching, fishing, boating etc. Species for Aquaculture based agroforestry: Mango/Mahua – Aquaculture; (Aqua – Horticulture) Eucalyptus / Shisham – Aquaculture; (Aqua – Silviculture) SOURCE: CAFRI, JHANSI (2024)
  • 32.
  • 33.
    Plant diversity andecosystem services of wetland based agroforestry system in Tripura, Northeast India Taran and Deb, 2019 RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY Case study 1 Study area: Five villages (East Mirza, Jamjuri Para, Punendu Nagar, Barbari and Karjomani) of Kakraban Block in Gomati district, Tripura, India.
  • 34.
    Agroforestry offers multipleecosystem services in degraded lateritic soils Study area: Regional Research Station, Jhargram, West Bengal Biswas et al., 2022 RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY Case study 2
  • 35.
    Biomass and carbonbudgeting of sustainable agroforestry systems as ecosystem service in Indian Himalayas Yadav et al., 2007 Study area: Almora, Uttarakhand RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY Case study 3
  • 36.
  • 37.
    Ecosystem services valuationof homestead forests: A case study from Fatikchari, Bangladesh RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY Yeasmin et al., 2021 Case study 4 Distribution of homestead forests in the study area based on size.
  • 38.
    Oil palm agroforestryenhances crop yield and ecosystem carbon stock in northeast India: Implications for the United Nations sustainable development goals Ahirwal et al., 2022 Study area: Mamit and Aizawl districts of Mizoram, Northeast India. RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY Case study 5
  • 39.
    Evaluation of culturalecosystem services of pulpwood multifunctional agroforestry: A case study from the foothills of the Nilgiris, Western Ghats, India Study Area: Forest College and Research Institute, Mettupalayam, Tamil Nadu, India Madiwalar and Parthiban, 2023 RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY Case study 6 Evaluated the CES of Pulpwood Multifunctional Agroforestry (PMFA), which consists of 8 pulpwood tree species and 4 perennial intercrops. It was observed that income and education level have a positive impact on CES. The average Willingness to pay (WTP) was Rs. 48/visit. The results revealed that the model provides scope for ecotourism which will provide additional income to small landholders.
  • 40.
    Understanding cultural ecosystemservices of multifunctional agroforestry: a study from the foothills of the Nilgiris, Western Ghats, India Study area: Forest College and Research Institute, Mettupalayam, Tamil Nadu, India. Keerthika et al., 2021 RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY Case study 7 Among the selected components, education and scientific knowledge (0.90) ranked first, followed by relaxation (0.86) and walking (0.84). The results indicate that MFA provides scope for agroforestry tourism, which will be an additional source of income for small and marginalscale farmers.
  • 41.
    Carbon sequestration potentialof agroforestry systems in Indian agricultural landscape: A Meta-Analysis Agroclimatic zones State Agroforestry system Area (ha) Relative Change in C stock (Mg ha−1 yr−1 ) Potential C sequestration (Mg CO2e yr−1 ) Western Himalayas Himachal Pradesh Silvipasture 228,490 0.25 208,160 Western Himalayas Uttarakhand Agri-horticulture 265,110 0.17 162,490 Eastern Himalayas North eastern states Agri-silviculture 68,740 0.1 25,730 Indo-Gangetic plains West Bengal, Bihar, Haryana, Punjab Agri-silviculture 671,500 0.76 1,872,940 Indo-Gangetic plains Uttar Pradesh Agri-horticulture 372,980 0.15 205,330 Eastern plateau & hills Delhi, Bihar Agri-silviculture 185,770 2.21 1,506,740 Central plateau & hills Rajasthan, U. P. Agri-horticulture 133,430 0.22 107,730 Southern plateau & hill A. P., Karnataka Agri-silviculture 579,910 1.18 2,511,360 East coast plains & hills A. P.,Tamil Nadu, Pondicherry Agri-silviculture 61,100 1.1 246,670 West coast plains &hills Kerala, Maharashtra Agri-silviculture 44,630 0.25 40,950 West coast plains &hills Goa, Karnataka Agri-silviculture 66,940 1.34 329,220 Western dry region Rajasthan Agri-silviculture 193,770 0.09 64,000 - TOTAL 2,872,370 7,281,320 Source: Dhyani & Handa, 2014 Kumara et al., 2023 RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY Case study 8
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    Assessment of carbonstock and carbon sequestration potential of agroforestry systems in India – A review RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY Zahoor et al., 2020 Case study 9 The available records of CSP of agroforestry systems in India are highly variable ranging from 0.29 to 15.21 Mg ha–1 year–1 .
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    Agroforestry systems forbiodiversity and ecosystem services: the case of the Sibundoy Valley in the Colombian province of Putumayo Bucheli and Bokelmann, 2017 A total of 21 uses were identified for 128 species. Biodiversity maintained for three ecosystem services i.e. 109 species supplied provisioning services, 40 species supplied regulatory services and 13 species were a part of cultural services. Study area: Sibundoy Valley in the Colombian province of Putumayo RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY Case study 10
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    Way forward RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY  Worldis becoming more industrial, ES needs more attention and emphasis than before. Properly designed and strategically located agroforestry practices can contribute to ES by mitigation of land degradation, climate change and desertification, while conserving natural resources and biodiversity.  Besides getting tree based goods and services, agroforestry can be considered as an adoptive strategy in areas climatically and biologically vulnerable.  Being a potential C sink agroforestry can also mitigate negative impacts of CO2 emission. As green belt, trees have a role in maintaining air, water and soil quality in mining and industrial areas. However, what presently understood is very little and there is need to understand the organisms, guilds, and ecological communities that provide ecosystem services and how these aggregate at different scales from cultivated fields to broader regions. Continued work on this front of agroforestry ecosystem services is needed that can simultaneously meet production and conservation goals.
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    Conclusion: RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY Agroforestry emerges asa sustainable and multifaceted solution for ecosystem management. By integrating trees and shrubs with agricultural practices, agroforestry promotes biodiversity, soil health, and water conservation. Its multifunctional nature enhances productivity and economic viability for farmers while fostering climate resilience. Role of agroforestry in carbon sequestration contributes significantly to climate change mitigation. As a holistic approach, agroforestry embodies a harmonious coexistence between human activities and ecosystems, offering a practical and essential pathway towards sustainable development. What contributes to the ability of agroforestry systems to deliver a variety of ecosystem services is the relatively high species diversity. Ecosystem services provided by agroforestry contributes to the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. (Agroforestry Network, 2020) Agroforestry is a promising strategy to achieve India’s NDC. (Nath et al., 2021) and it contributes to 9 out of 17 Sustainable development goals. (Chavan et al., 2022)
  • 46.
    References  Fagerholm, N.,Torralba, M., Burgess, P. J., & Plieninger, T. (2016). A systematic map of ecosystem services assessments around European agroforestry. Ecological Indicators, 62, 47-65.  Alao, J. S., & Shuaibu, R. B. (2013). Agroforestry practices and concepts in sustainable land use systems in Nigeria. Journal of horticulture and forestry, 5(10), 156-159.  Arunachalam, A., Rizvi, R. H., Handa, A. K., & Ramanan, S. S. (2022). Agroforestry in India: area estimates and methods. Current Science, 743-744.  Chavan, S. B., Uthappa, A. R., Sridhar, K. B., Keerthika, A., Handa, A. K., Newaj, R., ... & Chaturvedi, O. P. (2016). Trees for life: Creating sustainable livelihood in Bundelkhand region of central India. Current science, 994-1002.  Sannagoudar, M. S., Kumar, G. P., Khandibagur, V., Ghosh, A., Singh, A. K., Rajanna, G. A., ... & Babu, R. C. (2023). Potentials and Opportunities of Agroforestry Under Climate Change Scenario. In Molecular Interventions for Developing Climate-Smart Crops: A Forage Perspective (pp. 161-181). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.  Chavan, S. B., Chauhan, D. S., Keerthika, A., Uthappa, A. R., Jha, A., & Newaj, R. (2016). Fuelwood characteristics of selected tree species from Bundelkhand region of Central India. Eco Environ Cons, 22(April Suppl), S95-S103.  Dhyan, S. K., Ram, A., & Dev, I. (2016). Potential of agroforestry systems in carbon sequestration in India. Dhyani, SK, Ram, A., Dev, I, 1103-1112.  Uthappa AR, Chavan SB, Dhyani SK, Handa AK, Newaj R (2015) Trees for soil health and sustainable agriculture. Indian Farm 65(3):2–5  Kurubetta, K. D., Kumar, C. J., & Munnoli, S. (2023). Potential of Agri-horti and agro-forestry systems for sustainability.  Ram, A., Dev, I., Uthappa, A. R., Kumar, D., Kumar, N., Chaturvedi, O. P., ... & Meena, B. P. (2017). Reactive nitrogen in agroforestry systems of India. In The Indian nitrogen assessment (pp. 207-218). Elsevier.  Khan, M. L., Khumbongmayum, A. D., & Tripathi, R. S. (2008). The sacred groves and their significance in conserving biodiversity: an overview. International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 34(3), 277-291. RANI LAKSHMI BAI CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
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    Case study references Taran, M., & Deb, S. (2019). Plant diversity and ecosystem services of wetland based agroforestry system in Tripura, Northeast India. Indian Journal of Agroforestry, 21(2), 13-17.  Biswas, B., Chakraborty, D., Timsina, J., Bhowmick, U. R., Dhara, P. K., Lkn, D. K. G., ... & Ray, B. R. (2022). Agroforestry offers multiple ecosystem services in degraded lateritic soils. Journal of Cleaner Production, 365, 132768.  Yadav, R. P., Gupta, B., Bhutia, P. L., Bisht, J. K., Pattanayak, A., Meena, V. S., ... & Tiwari, P. (2019). Biomass and carbon budgeting of sustainable agroforestry systems as ecosystem service in Indian Himalayas. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 26(5), 460-470.  Yeasmin, S., Islam, K. S., Jashimuddin, M., & Islam, K. N. (2021). Ecosystem services valuation of homestead forests: a case study from Fatikchari, Bangladesh. Environmental Challenges, 5, 100300.  Ahirwal, J., Sahoo, U. K., Thangjam, U., & Thong, P. (2022). Oil palm agroforestry enhances crop yield and ecosystem carbon stock in northeast India: Implications for the United Nations sustainable development goals. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 30, 478-487.  MADIWALAR, A., & PARTHIBAN, K. (2023). EVALUATION OF CULTURAL ECOSYSTEM SERVICES OF PULPWOOD MULTIFUNCTIONALAGROFORESTRY: A CASE STUDY FROM THE FOOTHILLS OF THE NILGIRIS, WESTERN GHATS, INDIA. Applied Ecology & Environmental Research, 21(3).  Keerthika, A., Parthiban, K. T., & Kumar, D. S. (2021). Understanding cultural ecosystem services of multifunctional agroforestry: a study from the foothills of the Nilgiris, Western Ghats, India. CURRENT SCIENCE, 121(12), 1610.  Kumara, K., Pal, S., Chand, P., & Kandpal, A. (2023). Carbon sequestration potential of agroforestry systems in Indian agricultural landscape: A Meta-Analysis. Ecosystem Services, 62, 101537.  Zahoor, S., Dutt, V., Mughal, A. H., Khan, P. A., & Qaiser, K. N. (2020). Assessment of carbon stock and carbon sequestration potential of agroforestry systems in India-A review. SKUAST Journal of Research, 22(2), 1-10.  Palacios Bucheli, V. J., & Bokelmann, W. (2017). Agroforestry systems for biodiversity and ecosystem services: the case of the Sibundoy Valley in the Colombian province of Putumayo. International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management, 13(1), 380-397.
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