AI and Machine Learning

AI and Machine Learning Demystified
Carol Smith @carologic
Midwest UX 2017, Cincinnati, Ohio
October 13, 2017

AI is when Machines
– Exhibit intelligence
– Perceive their environment
– Take actions/make decision to
maximize chance of success at a goal
NAO’s New Job as “Connie” the concierge at Hilton Hotels
https://developer.softbankrobotics.com/us-en/showcase/nao-ibm-create-new-hilton-concierge

AI and ML Demystified / @carologic / MWUX2017
In the extreme…
Google Search for “movies with AI” Copyrights as labeled.

“Most people working in AI have a healthy skepticism for the idea
of the singularity.
We know how hard it is to get even a little intelligence into a
machine, let alone enough to achieve recursive self-
improvement.”
– Toby Walsh
http://www.wired.co.uk/article/elon-musk-
artificial-intelligence-scaremongering

Remember: “We can unplug the machines!”
Grady Booch, Scientist, philosopher, IBM’er https://www.ted.com/talks/grady_booch_don_t_fear_superintelligence

Cognitive computers are
• Made with algorithms
• Knowledgeable ONLY about what taught
• Control ONLY what we give them control of
• Aware of nuances and can continue to learn more

Cognitive computers (algorithms) can…
• Do very boring work for you
• Often make better, more consistent decisions than humans
• Be efficient, won’t get tired
Q&A: Should artificial intelligence be legally required to explain itself?
By Matthew Hutson, May. 31, 2017. Interview with Sandra Wachter, data ethics researcher
at Univ. of Oxford and Alan Turing Institute.
http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/05/qa-should-artificial-intelligence-be-legally-required-explain-itself

Exhibit intelligence
- transfer human concepts and relationships
Photo by sunlightfoundation
https://www.flickr.com/photos/sunlightfoundation/2385174105

Dependent on Experts
• Subject Matter Experts (SME’s) Availability
– Lawyers
– Machinists
– Insurance adjusters
– Physicians
• Usually not experienced in machine learning
– Need close collaboration with those making algorithms

Number Five “Needs Input”
Short Circuit (1986 film) - Ally Sheedy and Number Five
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Circuit_(1986_film)

Content is annotated by experts
Image created by Angela Swindell,
Visual Designer, Watson Knowledge Studio

AI is taxonomies and ontologies coming to life
(NOT like humans learn)
Photo: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Baby_Boy_Oliver.jpg

Only as good as data
and time spent improving it
Biased based on what it taught

Creating an AI requires
• Algorithms
• Documents
• Ground truth (annotation)
• Teaching
• Iteration
• Repeat

Supervised (by a human) Machine Learning
Watson Knowledge Studio
https://www.ibm.com/us-en/marketplace/supervised-machine-learning

Knowledge and Accuracy
• How important is
accuracy?
• Consider a reverse card
sorting exercise
Image: Gerry Gaffney. (2000) What is Card Sorting? Usability Techniques Series,
Information & Design. http://www.infodesign.com.au/usabilityresources/design/cardsorting.asp

Across industries – priority of accuracy varies
Higher Priority
90-99%+
Lower Priority
60-89% accuracy is acceptable

Goal is saving time
Machine learning creates
more highly trained specialists
Not an “all knowing” being

Cancer Burden in Sub-Saharan Africa
Risk of getting cancer
and
Risk of Dying
~same
The Cancer Atlas http://canceratlas.cancer.org/the-burden/

What if we could reduce the burden?
• Bring taxonomies and ontologies to life
• Broaden access to evidence based medicine
• More informed treatment decisions

AI actions for success
• Example: Healthcare
– AI analyzes data (treatment options, similar patients)
– Goal: Provide quick, evidence based options
– Physician selects treatment for patients based on situation
• AI success is helping physician (not replacing)

Examples
of AI and Cognitive
Computing

Consider for each example
• What intelligence does the system need?
• What is the AI perceiving in their environment?
• What actions are taken to maximize chance
of success at goal?

Strategic Games
• 1997 Chess, IBM
• 2016 Go, Google
• Intelligence?
• Perception?
• Action/Decision?
Floor goban, 2007, By Goban1
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:FloorGoban.JPG

Understanding human speech
• Watson developed for quiz show Jeopardy!
• Won against champions in 2011 for $1 million
Video: “IBM's Watson Supercomputer Destroys Humans in Jeopardy!
Engadget” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WFR3lOm_xhE
Watson definition: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watson_(computer)

Decision Making: Self Driving (autonomous) vehicles
Junior, a robotic Volkswagen Passat, in a parking lot at Stanford University
24 October 2009, By: Steve Jurvetson
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hands-free_Driving.jpg

Image Recognition – Google Photos
Carol’s search for “cats” on her Google Photos account.

Sound recognition: Labeling of birdsongs
“Comparison of machine learning methods applied to birdsong element classification”
by David Nicholson. Proceedings of the 15th Python in Science Conference (SCIPY 2016).
http://conference.scipy.org/proceedings/scipy2016/pdfs/david_nicholson.pdf
Photo by Gallo71 (Own work) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ARbruni.JPG

Analyzing Text: Personality of @carologic (not quite)
Personality Insights applied to @Carologic on Twitter
IBM Watson Developer Cloud: https://personality-insights-livedemo.mybluemix.net/

Automating Repetitive Work
• Automated
Radiologist
highlights
possible
issues
• Radiologist
confirms
IBM’s Automated Radiologist Can Read Images and Medical Records,
MIT Technology Review
https://www.technologyreview.com/s/600706/ibms-automated-radiologist-can-read-images-and-medical-records/

88,000 retina images
• Watson knows what a
healthy eye looks like
• Glaucoma is the second
leading cause of
blindness worldwide
–50% of cases go
undetected
Seeing is preventing.
https://twitter.com/IBMWatson/status/844545761740292096

Chatbots for Easy ordering
• Order via text, email,
Facebook Messenger or
with a Slackbot
• Cognitive pieces:
–Speech-to-text
–Chat
–API’s in backend
Story: http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20161025006273/en/Staples%E2%80%99-%E2%80%9CEasy-
Button%E2%80%9D-Life-IBM-Watson
Photo: Easy Button from Staples: http://www.staples.com/Staples-Easy-Button/product_606396

Chatbots – not really AI, yet
• Mapping Q & A
–Expected language
–Appropriate automated
responses
–When to escalate
to a human
Images: https://www.pexels.com/photo/close-up-of-mobile-phone-248512/
https://www.amazon.com/Amazon-Echo-Bluetooth-Speaker-with-WiFi-Alexa/dp/B00X4WHP5E
https://www.ibm.com/watson/developercloud/doc/conversation/index.html

Optical character recognition (OCR)
• Used to be AI
• Now considered routine computing
Portable scanner and OCR (video)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portable_scanner_and_OCR_(video).webm

Ethics in Design for AI

Humans teach what we feel is important… teach them to share our values.
Super knowing - not super doing
Grady Booch, Scientist, philosopher, IBM’er https://www.ted.com/talks/grady_booch_don_t_fear_superintelligence

How might we…
• build systems that have ethical and moral foundation?’
• that are transparent to users?
• teach mercy and justice of law?
• extend and advance healthcare?
• increase safety in dangerous work?
Inspired by Grady Booch, Scientist, philosopher, IBM’er
https://www.ted.com/talks/grady_booch_don_t_fear_superintelligence

Trust machines
just as much
as a well-trained human?

Guiding Principles – Ethical AI
• Purpose
– Aid humans, not replace them
– Symbiotic relationship
“3 guiding principles for ethical AI, from IBM CEO Ginni Rometty”
by Alison DeNisco. January 17, 2017, Tech Republic http://www.techrepublic.com/article/3-guiding-
principles-for-ethical-ai-from-ibm-ceo-ginni-rometty/

Transparency
• How was AI taught?
• What data was used?
• Humans remain in control of the system

Skills
• Built with people in the industry
• Human workers trained
how to use tools to their advantage

Regulations
• Almost everyone agrees they are necessary
• Who will create regulations?
• Enforce?

“We often have
no way of knowing
when and why people
are biased.”
- Sandra Wachter
By Matthew Hutson, May. 31, 2017. Interview with Sandra Wachter, data ethics researcher at Univ. of Oxford and Alan Turing Institute.

The EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
• Framework for transparency rights
and safeguards against automated decision-making
• Right to contest a completely automated decision
if it has legal or other significant effects on them

Regulations take forever
• Humans and algorithms aren’t without bias
• ML has potential to make less biased decisions
• Algorithms trained with biased data
pick up and replicate biases, and develop new ones

How do we evolve the practice of UX
to deal with the new issues
these technologies bring
and the new information that is created?

Take Responsibility
• Create a code of conduct
– What do you value?
– What lines won’t your AI cross?
• Make your AI transparent
– How was it made and what does it do?
– How do you reduce bias?
• Keep humans in control

Don’t fear AI - Explore AI
Try the tools
Pair with others
IBM Watson Developer Tools (free trials):
https://console.ng.bluemix.net/catalog/?category=watson

Go forth and create ethical AI’s
• Purpose: Intelligence and actions to maximize success
• Transparency: Code of Conduct
• Skills: How will humans learn to use it?

Contact Carol
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/caroljsmith
Twitter - @Carologic: https://twitter.com/carologic
Slides on Slideshare: https://www.slideshare.net/carologic

Additional Information
and Resources

Watson is a cognitive technology that can think like a human.
• Understand
• Analyze and interpret all kinds of data
• Unstructured text, images, audio and video
• Reason
• Understand the personality, tone, and emotion of content
• Learn
• Grow the subject matter expertise in your apps and systems
• Interact
• Create chat bots that can engage in dialog
https://www.ibm.com/watson/

More on Strategic Games
Graphic, Science Magazine: http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/03/update-why-week-s-
man-versus-machine-go-match-doesn-t-matter-and-what-does

The Job Question
• Make new economies
and opportunities –
potentially:
–Create jobs
–Entire new fields
• Some jobs will be lost
–What can we do to
mitigate this?
Jobs that no longer exist
The Lector http://www.ranker.com/list/jobs-that-no-longer-exist/coy-jandreau

Tone Analyzer - Watson
IBM Watson Developer Cloud, Tone Analyzer
https://tone-analyzer-demo.mybluemix.net/

Optimist’s guide to the robot apocalypse - @sarahfkessler
“The optimist’s guide to the robot apocalypse” by Sarah Kessler. March 09, 2017. QZ.
@sarahfkessler https://qz.com/904285/the-optimists-guide-to-the-robot-apocalypse/

Additional Resources
• “How IBM is Competing with Google in AI.” The Information. https://www.theinformation.com/how-ibm-is-
competing-with-google-in-ai?eu=2zIDMNYNjDp7KqL4YqAXXA
• “The business case for augmented intelligence” https://medium.com/cognitivebusiness/the-business-case-for-
augmented-intelligence-36afa64cd675
• “Comparison of machine learning methods applied to birdsong element classification” by David Nicholson.
Proceedings of the 15th Python in Science Conference (SCIPY 2016).
http://conference.scipy.org/proceedings/scipy2016/pdfs/david_nicholson.pdf
• “Staples’ “Easy Button” Comes to Life with IBM Watson” in Business Wire, October 25, 2016.
http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20161025006273/en/Staples%E2%80%99-%E2%80%9CEasy-
Button%E2%80%9D-Life-IBM-Watson
• “How Staples Is Making Its Easy Button Even Easier With A.I.” by Chris Cancialosi, Forbes.
https://www.forbes.com/sites/chriscancialosi/2016/12/13/how-staples-is-making-its-easy-button-even-easier-
with-a-i/#4ae66e8359ef
• “Inside Intel: The Race for Faster Machine Learning”
http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/analytics/machine-learning/the-race-for-faster-machine-learning.html

More Resources
• “Update: Why this week’s man-versus-machine Go match doesn’t matter (and what does)” by Dana
Mackenzie. Science Magazine. Mar. 15, 2016 http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/03/update-why-week-s-
man-versus-machine-go-match-doesn-t-matter-and-what-does
• “For IBM’s CTO for Watson, not a lot of value in replicating the human mind in a computer.” by Frederic
Lardinois (@fredericl), TechCrunch, Posted Feb 27, 2017. https://techcrunch.com/2017/02/27/for-ibms-cto-for-
watson-not-a-lot-of-value-in-replicating-the-human-mind-in-a-computer/
• “Google and IBM: We Want Artificial Intelligence to Help You, Not Replace You” Most Powerful Women by
Michelle Toh. Mar 02, 2017. Fortune. http://fortune.com/2017/03/02/google-ibm-artificial-intelligence/
• “Facebook scales back AI flagship after chatbots hit 70% f-AI-lure rate - 'The limitations of automation‘” by
Andrew Orlowski. Feb 22, 2017. The Register https://www.theregister.co.uk/2017/02/22/facebook_ai_fail/
• “Microsoft is deleting its AI chatbot's incredibly racist tweets” by Rob Price. Mar. 24, 2016. Business Insider
UK. http://www.businessinsider.com/microsoft-deletes-racist-genocidal-tweets-from-ai-chatbot-tay-2016-3
Special Thanks: Soundtrack to 'Run Lola Run', 1998 German thriller film written and directed by Tom Tykwer, and
starring Franka Potente as Lola and Moritz Bleibtreu as Manni. Soundtrack by Tykwer, Johnny Klimek, and
Reinhold Heil

Even More Resources
• “IBM’s Automated Radiologist Can Read Images and Medical Records” by Tom Simonite, February 4, 2016.
Intelligent Machines, MIT Technology Review. https://www.technologyreview.com/s/600706/ibms-automated-
radiologist-can-read-images-and-medical-records/
• “The IBM, Salesforce AI Mash-Up Could Be a Stroke of Genius” by Adam Lashinsky, Mar 07, 2017. Fortune.
http://fortune.com/2017/03/07/data-sheet-ibm-salesforce/
• "Google can now tell you're not a robot with just one click" by Andy Greenberg. Dec. 3, 2014. Security: Wired.
https://www.wired.com/2014/12/google-one-click-recaptcha/
• “Essentials of Machine Learning Algorithms (with Python and R Codes)” by Sunil Ray, August 10, 2015.
Analytics Vidhya. https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2015/08/common-machine-learning-algorithms/
• IBM on Machine Learning https://www.ibm.com/analytics/us/en/technology/machine-learning/
• “At Davos, IBM CEO Ginni Rometty Downplays Fears of a Robot Takeover” by Claire Zillman, Jan 18, 2017.
Fortune. http://fortune.com/2017/01/18/ibm-ceo-ginni-rometty-ai-davos/
• “Google and IBM: We Want Artificial Intelligence to Help You, Not Replace You” by Michelle Toh. Mar 02,
2017. Fortune. http://fortune.com/2017/03/02/google-ibm-artificial-intelligence/

Yes, even more resources
• Video: “IBM Watson Knowledge Studio: Teach Watson about your unstructured data”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=caIdJjtvX1s&t=6s
• “The optimist’s guide to the robot apocalypse” by Sarah Kessler, @sarahfkessler. March 09, 2017. QZ.
https://qz.com/904285/the-optimists-guide-to-the-robot-apocalypse/
• “AI Influencers 2017: Top 30 people in AI you should follow on Twitter" by Trips Reddy @tripsy, Senior
Content Manager, IBM Watson . February 10, 2017 https://www.ibm.com/blogs/watson/2017/02/ai-
influencers-2017-top-25-people-ai-follow-twitter/
• “3 guiding principles for ethical AI, from IBM CEO Ginni Rometty” by Alison DeNisco. January 17, 2017, Tech
Republic http://www.techrepublic.com/article/3-guiding-principles-for-ethical-ai-from-ibm-ceo-ginni-rometty/
• "Transparency and Trust in the Cognitive Era" January 17, 2017 Written by: IBM THINK Blog
https://www.ibm.com/blogs/think/2017/01/ibm-cognitive-principles/
• "Ethics and Artificial Intelligence: The Moral Compass of a Machine“ by Kris Hammond, April 13, 2016.
Recode. http://www.recode.net/2016/4/13/11644890/ethics-and-artificial-intelligence-the-moral-compass-of-a-
machine

Last bit: I promise
• "The importance of human innovation in A.I. ethics" by John C. Havens. Oct. 03, 2015
http://mashable.com/2015/10/03/ethics-artificial-intelligence/#yljsShvAFsqy
• "Me, Myself and AI" Fjordnet Limited 2017 - Accenture Digital.
https://trends.fjordnet.com/trends/me-myself-ai
• "Testing AI concepts in user research" By Chris Butler, Mar 2, 2017. https://uxdesign.cc/testing-ai-
concepts-in-user-research-b742a9a92e55#.58jtc7nzo
• "CMU prof says computers that can 'see' soon will permeate our lives“ by Aaron Aupperlee. March
16, 2017. http://triblive.com/news/adminpage/12080408-74/cmu-prof-says-computers-that-can-
see-soon-will-permeate-our-lives
• “The business case for augmented intelligence” by Nancy Pearson, VP Marketing, IBM Cognitive.
https://medium.com/cognitivebusiness/the-business-case-for-augmented-intelligence-
36afa64cd675#.qqzvunakw

Definition: Artificial Intelligence
• Artificial intelligence (AI) is intelligence exhibited by machines.
• In computer science, an ideal "intelligent" machine is a flexible rational agent that
perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chance of success
at some goal.[1] Colloquially, the term "artificial intelligence" is applied when a
machine mimics "cognitive" functions that humans associate with other human
minds, such as "learning" and "problem solving".[2]
• Capabilities currently classified as AI include successfully understanding human
speech,[4] competing at a high level in strategic game systems (such as Chess
and Go[5]), self-driving cars, and interpreting complex data.
Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence#cite_note-Intelligent_agents-1

Definition: The Singularity
• If research into Strong AI produced sufficiently intelligent software, it might be able to reprogram
and improve itself. The improved software would be even better at improving itself, leading to
recursive self-improvement.[245] The new intelligence could thus increase exponentially and
dramatically surpass humans. Science fiction writer Vernor Vinge named this scenario
"singularity".[246] Technological singularity is when accelerating progress in technologies will
cause a runaway effect wherein artificial intelligence will exceed human intellectual capacity and
control, thus radically changing or even ending civilization. Because the capabilities of such an
intelligence may be impossible to comprehend, the technological singularity is an occurrence
beyond which events are unpredictable or even unfathomable.[246]
• Ray Kurzweil has used Moore's law (which describes the relentless exponential improvement in
digital technology) to calculate that desktop computers will have the same processing power as
human brains by the year 2029, and predicts that the singularity will occur in 2045.[246]
Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence#cite_note-Intelligent_agents-1

Definition: Machine Learning
• Ability for system to take basic knowledge (does not mean simple or non-complex)
and apply that knowledge to new data
• Raises ability to discover new information. Find unknowns in data.
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learning
More Definitions:
• Algorithm: a process or set of rules to be followed in calculations or other problem-
solving operations, especially by a computer.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm
• Natural Language Processing (NLP):
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_processing

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