AIDS/HIV/drugs

HIV/ AIDS/Drugs
The 21st century pandemic

S . Madan K
umar
M. A. , M. A. , M. P , B Ed. , M. B A.
hil.
.
.

A

Acquired
I

Immuno
D

Deficiency

4

A

Acquired
I

Immuno
D

Deficiency
S

Syndrome
5

H

Human

I

Immunodeficiency

7

H

Human

I

Immunodeficiency

V

Virus

8

HIV/AIDS refers to…
“Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome”
(AIDS) or a set of symptoms and
infections resulting from the damage to
the human immune system caused by the
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).
This condition progressively reduces the
effectiveness of the immune system and
leaves individuals susceptible to
opportunistic infections and tumors.
9

Basic Definitions And Meanings

What is HIV?
HIV is “Human Immunodeficiency Virus”,it is the
virus that cause AIDS.
Human means that it affects only humans and
lives only in humans.
The virus does not live in toilets, mosquitoes,
cups, spoons, on bed sheets or towels that people
with HIV might have used.
Immunodeficiency refers to lack(deficiency) or
breakdown of immune system. The “immune
system” is the body’s resistance or the body’s
defense force for fighting off infections.
10

The virus attacks and eventually overcomes
the body’s immune system. The immune
system is usually able to defend the body
against infections.
A virus is a germ.
What is AIDS?
• AIDS means “Acquired Immunodeficiency
Syndrome”
• To acquire means to “get or develop over a
period of time”
• The immune system breaks down gradually
11
over time.

It gets deficient or less and less efficient,
under relentless attack by the multiplying
number of virus in the body.
Syndrome refers to the group or collection of
signs and symptoms of indication of
diseases in a person who has AIDS.
HIV is the infectious stage of the condition,
AIDS is the disease phase.

12

The Origin of AIDS and HIV
HIV came from a similar virus found in
chimpanzees - SIV.
HIV probably entered the United States
around 1970.the first recognized case
of AIDS was in the early 1980s.
HIV is a lent virus (slow virus),which in
turn is a part of a larger group of viruses
known as retro virus
14

Epidemiology
Males>females
Occurs in all ages and ethnic groups
All areas of the country are affected
In some city inner areas, as many as 50% of
males are HIV positive
AIDS is now the second leading cause of death
for all men aged 25-44 years
(Unintended injuries is #1 and heart disease is
#3 for this age group)
15

HIV Transmission
• HIV enters the bloodstream through:
Open Cuts
Breaks in the skin
Mucous membranes
Direct injection

16

Routes of Transmission of HIV
Sexual Contact:

Male-to-male
Male-to-female or vice versa
Female-to-female

Blood Exposure:

Injecting drug use/needle sharing
Occupational exposure
Transfusion of blood products

Perinatal:

Transmission from mother to baby
Breastfeeding
17

Routes of Transmission of HIV
Occupational Transmission
Health care worker/ hospital staff
Laboratory workers
Other routes
Organ transplantation

Artificial insemination
Needle-prick

18

HIV Transmission
Common body fluids that are means of
transmission:
Blood
Semen
Vaginal Secretions
 Breast Milk

20

HIV in Body Fluids

Blood
18,000

Semen
11,000

Vaginal
Fluid
7,000

Amniotic
Fluid
4,000

Saliva
1

Average number of HIV particles in 1 ml of these body fluids
21

HIV-Infected T-Cell
HIV
Virus

T-Cell

HIV Infected
T-Cell

New HIV
Virus

22

Ways through which HIV/AIDS is
not contacted
HIV cannot reproduce outside the human body. It is not spread by:

• Air or drinking water from the same pot with an
infected person.
• Insects: including mosquitoes. Studies conducted
by researchers have shown no evidence of HIV
transmission from insects.
• Saliva, tears, or sweat. There is no documented
case of HIV being transmitted by spitting.
• Casual contact like shaking hands or sharing
dishes.
• Closed-mouth or “social” kissing.

Window Period
This is the period of time after
becoming infected when an HIV test is
negative.
90 percent of cases test positive within
three months of exposure
10 percent of cases test positive within
three to six months of exposure
24

Signs And Symptoms
The clinical consequence of HIV infection comprises of a
spectrum ranging from an acute syndrome with primary
infection to a prolonged asymptomatic stage to
advanced disease.
Incubation period: 2 to 10 yrs.

25

The Acute HIV Syndrome
Follows 3-6 wks following primary infection

26

Signs And Symptoms
Second phaseAsymptomatic contact
Initial HIV inf. or after illness of inf.
No symptoms
Last 2 to 10 yrs.

27

Signs And Symptoms
Third phasePGL (Persistent Generalized Lymphadenopathy)
Enlargement of lymph nodes.
outside the inguinal area
more than 2 areas
more that 3 months

28

Signs And Symptoms
Fourth phage-Overt Manifestation of AIDS
 ARC(AIDS-related complex): fever, loss of
weight, anorexia, diarrhea plus PGL
 Nervous system symptoms: headache,
convulsion, paralysis, progressive
dementia
 Rare opportunistic infection.
 Unusual malignant tumors.
 Pneumonia.
29

HIV Infection And Antibody Response
Initial Stage---------------- --------Intermediate or Latent Stage-------------- Illness Stage
--Flu-like Symptoms
Or
No Symptoms

AIDS Symptoms

Symptom-free

---Virus
Antibody

Infection
Occurs
6 m ont h

<

~ Years

~ Years

~ Years

~ Years

---30

Common manifestation of AIDS

31

Kaposis sarcoma

Candidiasis Of Mouth
33

Deterioration of the body
tissues

Extreme Wt loss

Lymphadenopathy
36

P. Carinii pneumonia

Primary CNS Lymphoma
37

Prevention Of HIV/AIDS
Risk factors

Anyone of any age, race, sex or sexual orientation can
be infected with HIV, but you're at greatest risk of
HIV/AIDS if you:
Have unprotected sex with multiple partners. Unprotected sex
means having sex without using a new latex or polyurethane
condom every time.
Have unprotected sex with someone who is HIV-positive.
Have another sexually transmitted disease, such as syphilis,
herpes, Chlamydia, gonorrhea or bacterial vaginosis.
Share needles during intravenous drug use.
Received a blood transfusion or blood products before 1985.
41

Newborns or nursing infants whose mothers tested
positive for HIV but did not receive treatment also are at
high risk.
Fastest growing method of HIV transmission:
heterosexual contact.
Heterosexual transmission is easier from men to women
than from women to men
Risk of acquiring for men is greater if contact occurs
during menstruation
Uncircumcised men are more likely to be seropositive
and contract HIV during sex

42

If mother is HIV positive, 100% of children will
test positive at birth

Breast feeding increases transmission
rate

43

There's no vaccine to prevent HIV infection and no cure for AIDS.
Prevention includes educating yourself about HIV and avoiding any
behavior that allows HIV-infected fluids — blood, semen, vaginal
secretions and breast milk — into your body.

HIV-negative Individual prevention:
Educate yourself and others.
Know the HIV status of any sexual partner.
Use a new latex or polyurethane condom every time you
have sex.
Consider male circumcision.
Use a clean needle.
Be cautious about blood products.
Get regular screening tests.
44

HIV positive individual prevention:
Follow safe-sex practices.
Tell your sexual partners you have HIV.
If your partner is pregnant, tell her you have HIV.
Tell others who need to know.
Don't share needles or syringes.
Don't donate blood or organs.
Don't share razor blades or toothbrushes.
If you're pregnant, get medical care right away.
45

Traditionally, prevention is described as being
at three levels:

47

at three levels:

48

at three levels:

49

Two Approaches To Disease Prevention

51

Risk Avoidance & Risk Reduction

52

EVALUATION
WHAT IS AIDS?
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HIV AND AIDS?
STATE THREE MODE OF TRANSMISSION OF HIV.
MENTION FIVE WAY THROUGH WHICH HIV/AIDS CAN NOT BE
TRANSMITTED.
OUTLINE THREE WAYS OF PREVENTING HIV/AIDS?
WHY WE SHOULD AVOIDE DRUGS?

58

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