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Algae
This document discusses the role of algae in plants. It defines algae as primitive, non-vascular plants that reproduce through spores and have pigments like chlorophyll for photosynthesis. Algae are classified into different groups and can be unicellular, colonial, filamentous, or multicellular. They live in various habitats from marine to freshwater to terrestrial environments. Algae are important primary producers that produce oxygen and serve as the base of the food web. Some examples of their ecological roles include causing red tides and providing habitat in kelp forests. Seaweeds also have economic uses as food and in producing hydrocolloids.
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Overview of algae's role, characteristics, and classifications including Cyanophyta and other types.
Discussion on pigment functions, light absorption, and how algae adapt with accessory pigments.
Morphology types: unicellular, colonies, filamentous, and multicellular forms of algae.
Habitat locations for algae including marine, freshwater, and terrestrial environments.
Photosynthesis process, oxygen production, role as primary producers in aquatic ecosystems.
Examples of algal blooms, ecological impact, and their presence in extreme habitats.
Uses of seaweeds in food and industry, market value, and significance in Asian markets.
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Algae
- 1. NAME: NADIA IMDAD SUBMITTEDTO: M,AM RABIA LIAQAT DEPARTMENT: BOTANY COURSE TITLE: PLANT PHYSIOLOGY COURSE CODE: BOT-306 U O G
- 2. TOPIC ROLE OF ALGAEIN PLANTS
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- 4. Algae - Whatare they? • Primitive plants • No true roots, only attachment structures (Holdfasts) • Produce spores (not seeds)– motile or non-motile • Most have sexual and asexual reproduction • Non-vascular, do not possess an internal transport system.
- 5. Characteristics Of Algae •Vary in size from nanoplankton (< 2 µm cyanobacteria ) to Giant kelps (> 70 m long). Possess a cell wall. • Contain pigments • chlorophylls a, and many often have another chlorophyll, like b, c, or d and accessory red, blue and brown photosynthetic pigments
- 6. Classification Of Algae •Cyanophyta: Blue-green or Cyanobacteria. Prokaryotic,Marine,and terrestrial. • Pyrrophyta, Chrysophyta, Euglenophyta: Marine and phytoplankton – Photosynthetic Protists. KINGDOM PLANTAE: • Rhodophyta: Red algae. Mostly marine. • Phaeophyta: Brown algae. Mostly marine. • Chlorophyta: Green algae. Marine, and terrestrial.
- 7. The role ofthese pigments is to absorb light - In water the problem is that red and violet wavelengths do not penetrate the vertical column very well. So Chlorophylls do not work well at greater depths. Algae that inhabit greater depths do so with the help of accessory pigments, these algae take on a variety of colours.
- 8. -Chlorophyta – Contain Chlorophylla + b. So green wavelengths reflect. They store their products of photosynthesis as starch. - Phaeophyta – Contain Chlorophylls a + c as well as an accessory pigment Fucoxanthin. So yellow and brown wavelengths reflect. Store food as starch and as oil. Rhodophyta - Contain Chlorophyll a + (d) as well as accessory pigment Phycobillins. These phycobillins are specialized for absorbing blue light, which allows them to inhabit the deepest depths.
- 9. Morphology Of Algae 1.Unicellular algae 2. Colonies 3. Filaments 4. Multicellular
- 10. Unicellular algae • ‘Microalgae’- some may form colonies
- 11. Colonies e.g. Chlorophyta: Volvox -500-5000 cells per colony. - Colonies spherical up to 1.5 mm diameter. - Individual cells surrounded by a mucilaginous sphere - marine and freshwater
- 12. Filamentous algae • Unbranchedfilaments • Branched filaments • Different branches can have different morphologies:
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- 14. Where do Algaelive? Marine habitats: • seaweeds, phytoplankton Freshwater habitats: • streams, rivers, lakes and ponds Terrestrial habitats: • stone walls, tree bark, leaves, in lichens, on snow
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- 18. How do algaefunction? Photoautotrophs: 6C02 + 6H20 C6H1206 + O2 • use carbon, light, and water • produce chemical energy (carbohydrates) and produce O2 as a by-product. • Basic storage products: carbohydrates as starch or converted to fats as oil • Require nutrients: N, P and minerals.
- 19. Why are ALGAEimportant? Ecological importance of algae a) Production of Oxygen as ‘by- product’ of photosynthesis: • All aerobic heterotrophic organisms require O2, • e.g. fungi and animals need O2, to run cellular respiration to stay alive b) Production of biomass: • autotrophic organisms - represent the base of the food chain/web, particularly in aquatic environments.
- 20. Why are algaeimportant? • Primary producers, basis of food webs, “FORESTS/GRASSES OF THE SEA” • Pioneer Species: on rocky shores, mudflats, hot springs, lichen communities, 'snow algae' • O2 production and carbon fixation in aquatic habitats. • Rare autotrophic organisms in extreme habitats.
- 21. Examples of ecologicalimportance • Red tides, other algal blooms • Hot springs • Kelp forests • Rocky shore ecology • Aquaculture
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- 24. Uses of Seaweeds •Present • Food • Hydrocolloids and some chemical substances • Fertilizers • Potential • Source of energy/compost by digestion • Waste-water treatment
- 25. Algae as humanfood • Annual value is about US$6 billion • Main market and production area is Asia • “Mariculture” has become very important • Main high-value species are ‘Nori’, ‘Kombu’ and ‘Wakame’ (Porphyra, Laminaria and Undaria) • Mainly used as a subsidiary food: adding relish, taste and 'feel' to food • European and North American market presently very small but has potential