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An assessment of environmental impact of sugar mills
- 1. An Assessment ofEnvironmental Impact of Sugar Mills in District Rahim Yar Khan, Punjab, Pakistan.
- 2. RYK. AT AGLANCE Bhong Mosque ( Sadiqabad, distt. R.Y.Khan)
- 3. RYK. AT AGLANCE
- 4. Introduction The exponentialincrease in population compelled man to increase industrialization. On one hand industrialization has solved the needs and problems of human, but on the other hand it has created a gigantic problem of pollution. In Pakistan, 77 Sugar mills constitute the second most important industry sharing 16% in agricultural economy. Of these 38 are in punjab,32 in Sindh,6 in NWFP 1 in AK. Sugar mills use various chemicals during processing which include Calcium Hydroxide, polyelectrolyte, limestone, phosphoric acid, sulphur dioxide, caustic soda, HCl and Lead sub acetate etc. It is high time to keep an eye on our habitat and assess whether some sort of pollution is being caused by sugar industry or not.
- 5. AIMS AND OBJECTIVESThe study was structured to ascertain the impact of growing Sugar Industry on natural resources including soil and water.
- 6. Materials and MethodsArea of Study : JDW Sugar Mills, N 28.41.40.4″ E 70.44.41.9″ Humza Sugar Mills, N 28.41.40.5″ E 70.44.42.1″ United Sugar Mills, N 28.34.39.9″ E 7019.18.7″ Ettehad Sugar Mills, N 28.15.01.1″ E 70.02.25.5″
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- 9. Sampling Sites Water Sampling (site I, II, III, IV, V) Soil Sampling (site I, II, III, IV, V)
- 10. Saim- Nullah nearHumza Sugar Mills
- 11. Disposal pond ofEttehad Sugar Mills
- 12. Sampling Duration andAnalysis May 2007 to April 2008 S & W Testing Lab. Multan S & W Testing Lab. R Y KHAN
- 13. RESULTS 1. WATER ANALYSIS PARAMETERS: EC, Calcium, Magnesium, Available Na + , Bicarbonates, Available Na + , SAR, Chloride 2. SOIL ANALYSIS PARAMETERS: EC, pH, SAR
- 14. JDW Sugar Mills:Water Analysis Electrical Conductivity (EC): Range of EC at site III 311-1443 uS/cm Over all minimum value 311 uS/cm Over all maximum value 1443 uS/cm Permissible limit 1000 uS/cm
- 15. JDW Sugar Mills:Water Analysis Calcium-Magnesium: Range of Ca++, Mg++ at site III 0.99-.08 mg/l Over all minimum value 0.9 mg/l Over all maximum value 8.0 mg/l Permissible limit of Ca++, Mg++ 200 mg/l
- 16. JDW Sugar Mills:Water Analysis Available Sodium ( Na+): Range of Na+ at site III 0.71 - 7.3 meq/l Over all minimum value 0.71 meq /l Over all maximum value 7.3 meq /l Permissible limit Na+ 200meq /l
- 17. JDW Sugar Mills:Water Analysis Bicarbonates (HCO3 -): Range of HCO3- at site III 2.08 10.99 meq/l Over all minimum value (site I) 1.05 meq/l Over all maximum value (site III) 10.99 meq/l Permissible limit of HCO3- 1.25-2.5meq/l
- 18. JDW Sugar Mills:Water Analysis Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR): Range of SAR at site III 0 .58 -3.2 meq/l Over all minimum value (site I) 0.52 meq/l Over all maximum value (site III) 3.2 meq/l Permissible limit of SAR 7-10 meq/l
- 19. JDW Sugar Mills:Water Analysis Chlorides (Cl - ): Range of Chlorides at site III 1.1- 6.3 meq/l Over all minimum value 1.1 meq /l Over all maximum value 6.3 meq /l Permissible limit of Chlorides 250 meq /l
- 20. HUMZA SUGAR MILLS:Water Analysis Electrical Conductivity (EC): Range of EC at site III 4683 – 7768 uS/cm Over all minimum value 4156 uS/cm Over all maximum value 7768 uS/cm Permissible limit of EC 1000 uS/cm
- 21. HUMZA SUGAR MILLS:Water Analysis Calcium-Magnesium: Range of Ca++, Mg++ at site III 15.2 - 33.46 mg/l Over all minimum value (site III) 15.2 mg/l Over all maximum value (site II) 42.4 mg/l Permissible limit of Ca++, Mg++ 200mg /l
- 22. HUMZA SUGAR MILLS:Water Analysis Available Sodium ( Na+): Range of available sodium at site III 10- 31.7meq/l Over all minimum value (site III) 10 meq/l Over all maximum value (site I) 40.3meq/l Permissible limit of available sodium 200meq/l
- 23. HUMZA SUGAR MILLS:Water Analysis Bicarbonates (HCO 3 - ): Range of HCO 3 – at site III 4.26- 7.97 meq/l Over all minimum value (site I) 3.8meq/l Over all maximum value (site II) 9.1meq/l Permissible limit HCO 3 - 1.25-2.5meq/1
- 24. HUMZA SUGAR MILLS:Water Analysis Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR): Range of SAR at site III 6.2 – 13.07 meq/l Over all minimum value (site I) 2.72meq/l Over all maximum value (site III) 13.07meq/l Permissible limit of SAR 7-10 meq/l
- 25. HUMZA SUGAR MILLS:Water Analysis Chlorides (Cl -): Range of Chlorides at site III 26.61- 54.65meq/l Over all minimum value (site I) 13.63meq/l Over all maximum (site III) 54.65meq/l Permissible limit of Chlorides 250meq/l
- 26. UNITED SUGAR MILLS:WaterAnalysis Electrical Conductivity (EC): Over all minimum value 1470 uS/cm Over all maximum value 6024 uS/cm Permissible limit of EC 1000 uS/cm
- 27. UNITED SUGAR MILLS:Water Analysis Calcium-Magnesium: Over all minimum value 13.19 mg/l Over all maximum value 36.23 mg/l Permissible limit of Ca++, Mg++ 200mg/l
- 28. UNITED SUGAR MILLS:Water Analysis Available Sodium ( Na+): Over all minimum value 11.51meq/l Over all maximum value 27.7meq/l Permissible limit of available sodium 200meq/1
- 29. UNITED SUGAR MILLS:Water Analysis Bicarbonates (HCO 3 - ): Over all minimum value 4.8meq/l Over all maximum value 8.18meq/l Permissible limit HCO 3 - 1.25-2.5meq/l
- 30. UNITED SUGAR MILLS:Water Analysis Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR): Over all minimum value 7.98meq/l Over all maximum value 15.24meq/l Permissible limit of SAR 7-10 meq/l
- 31. UNITED SUGAR MILLS:Water Analysis Chlorides: Over all minimum value 17.09meq/l Over all maximum value 33.23meq/l Permissible limit of Chlorides 250meq/l
- 32. ETTEHAD SUGAR MILLS:Water Analysis Electrical Conductivity (EC): Over all minimum value 2023 uS/cm Over all maximum value 6634 uS/cm Permissible limit of EC 1000 uS/cm
- 33. ETTEHAD SUGAR MILLS:Water Analysis Calcium-Magnesium: Over all minimum value 15.24 mg/l Over all maximum value 30.34 mg/l Permissible limit of Ca++, Mg++ 200 mg/l
- 34. ETTEHAD SUGAR MILLS:Water Analysis Available Sodium ( Na+): Over all minimum value 13.3meq/l Over all maximum value 27.34meq/l Permissible limit of available sodium 200meq/l
- 35. ETTEHAD SUGAR MILLS:Water Analysis Bicarbonates (HCO 3 - ): Over all minimum value 2.3meq/l Over all maximum value 8.45meq/l Permissible limit HCO 3 - 1.25-2.5meq/l
- 36. ETTEHAD SUGAR MILLS:Water Analysis Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR): Over all minimum value 3.7meq/l Over all maximum value 9meq/l Permissible limit of SAR 7-10 meq/l
- 37. ETTEHAD SUGAR MILLS:Water Analysis Chlorides (Cl -): Over all minimum value 17.34meq/l Over all maximum value 30.19meq/l Permissible limit of Chlorides 250meq/1
- 38. Soil Analysis Parametersstudied: Soil EC Soil Reaction (pH) Soil Saturation %
- 39. Soil Analysis: JDWSugar Mills Soil Electrical Conductivity (EC): Range of EC at site III 0.15 – 16.41 dSm-1 Over all min value (site V) 0.12 dSm-1 Over all max value (site I) 17.42 dSm-1 Permissible limit of EC 4.1-8.1 dSm-1
- 40. Soil Analysis: JDWSugar Mills Soil pH: Range of pH at site III 7.6 – 9.0 Over all minimum value (site I) 7.6 Over all maximum value (site III) 9.0 Permissible limit of pH 6.4 - 8.5
- 41. Soil Analysis: JDWSugar Mills Soil Saturation %: Range of S.S. % at site III 16 – 45 Over all min value (site I) 14 Over all max value (Site III) 45
- 42. Soil Analysis: HumzaSugar Mills Soil Electrical Conductivity (EC): Range of EC at site III 2.12 – 24.96 dSm- 1 Over all minimum value (site I) 2.0 dSm- 1 Over all maximum value (site III) 25.67 dSm- 1 Permissible limit of EC 4.1-8.1 dSm- 1
- 43. Soil Analysis: HumzaSugar Mills Soil pH: Range of pH at site III 8.2 – 9.1 Over all minimum value (site I) 8.0 Over all maximum value (site II) 10.0 Permissible limit of pH 6.4 – 8.5
- 44. Soil Analysis: HumzaSugar Mills Soil Saturation %: Range of soil saturation % (site III) 13.0 – 34.0 Over all minimum value (site II) 13.0 Over all maximum value (site V) 35.0
- 45. Soil Analysis: UnitedSugar Mills Soil Electrical Conductivity (EC): Over all min value 9.9 dSm-1 Over all max value 82.36 dSm-1 Permissible limit of EC 4.1-8.1 dSm-1
- 46. Soil Analysis: UnitedSugar Mills Soil pH: Over all min value 8.1 Over all max value 8.7 Permissible limit of pH 6.4 – 8.5
- 47. Soil Analysis: UnitedSugar Mills Soil Saturation %: Over all minimum value 18 Over all maximum value 44 Permissible limit 19 – 60
- 48. Soil Analysis: EttehadSugar Mills Soil Electrical Conductivity (EC): Over all minimum value 9.78 dSm- 1 Over all maximum value 22.45 dSm- 1 Permissible limit of EC 4.1-8.1 dSm- 1
- 49. Soil Analysis: EttehadSugar Mills Soil pH: Over all minimum value 8.6 Over all maximum value 10.9 Permissible limit of pH 6.4 – 8.5
- 50. Soil Analysis: EttehadSugar Mills Soil Saturation %: Over all minimum value 31.0 Over all maximum value 35.0 Permissible limit 19 – 60
- 51. Figure 3: Showingmonthly variation of sodium in water at JDW Sugar Mills (Pvt.) Limited
- 52. Figure 3: Showingmonthly variation of sodium in water at JDW Sugar Mills (Pvt.) Limited
- 53. Figure 4: ShowingMonthly variation of Bi-carbonate in water at JDW Sugar Mills.
- 54. EC at 6”EC at 12” EC at 18” EC at 24” EC at 30” EC at 36” EC at 48” Figure 15: Graph showing monthly depth wise (6” – 48”) EC comparison in soil samples taken from JDW Sugar Mills effluent sites. Depth wise Figure 15: Graph showing monthly depth wise (6” – 48”) EC comparison in soil samples taken from JDW Sugar Mills effluent sites.
- 55. Figure 5: Showingmonthly variation of sodium absorption ratio (SAR) in water at JDW Sugar Mills.
- 56. Figure 6: Showingmonthly variation of Chloride in water at JDW Sugar Mills.
- 57. Figure 7: Showing monthly variation of EC in water at Humza Sugar Mills.
- 58. Figure 8: Showingmonthly variation of Ca++, Mg++ in water at Humza Sugar Mills.
- 59. Figure 9: Showing monthly variation of Chlorides in water at Humza Sugar Mills.
- 60. Figure 10: ShowingMonthly variation of sodium in water at Humza Sugar Mills.
- 61. Figure 11: Showingmonthly variation of SAR in water at Humza Sugar Mills.
- 62. Figure 12: Showingmonthly variation of Bi-carbonates in water at Humza Sugar Mills.
- 63. Figure 13: Showingmonthly variation of overall Parameters in water at United Sugar Mills.
- 64. Figure 14: Showing monthly variation of overall water Parameters at Ettehad Sugar Mills.
- 65. Figure 15: Graphshowing monthly depth wise (6” – 48”) EC comparison in soil samples taken from JDW Sugar Mills effluent sites.
- 66. DISCUSSION Water EC =Salinity Water Salinity @ Calcium, Magnesium, Bi-carbonates, Chlorides, Sodium &SAR pH @ CO 2 , Bicarbonates, carbonates, hydroxyl ions, Calcium & Magnesium etc Sugar Mills produce effluents CO 2 Bicarbonates, carbonates, hydroxyl ions, Calcium & Magnesium etc. Water pollution >>>>seepage + irrigation>>> Soil Pollution.
- 67. CONCLUSION Crop Replacement(Cotton to Sugar cane), Habitat degradation, Ecological Imbalance, Desertification.
- 68. RECOMMENDATIONS It isevident from the results that effluents these sugar mills are polluting the nearby natural resources. NEQS must be enforced on the basis of “Acta non Verba”
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