An Introduction to Django Web Framework

An Introduction to Django Web
Framework
David Gibbons
September 2015

Joined Ammeon almost 2 years ago in Porcos team
Previously worked with Django web framework.... and liked it.
Fast development of new features, clean architecture, on top of a fast, stable, secure
framework.
Developed a Django-powered Web Application for energy management
Over 100 users logged in each week to view, analyse their data
Easy to manage user permissions for specific website features
About Me
2

Introduction
Getting Started
Architecture
Other Components
Demo
3
Agenda

6
History
Created at Lawrence Journal-World
newspaper in 2003 in Kansas, USA
Adrian Holovaty and Simon Willison
initially wrote from scratch as nothing
fitted
Historically excellent documentation
Named after French Guitarist Django
Reinhardt
Open sourced in 2005

A high-level Python Web framework that encourages rapid development and clean,
pragmatic design
A free and open source web framework (public repository at https://github.
com/django/django)
Model–View–Controller (MVC) architectural pattern
Don’t Repeat Yourself (DRY) principle
Lots of out-of-the box features
What is Django?
7

What is a Web Framework?
9
Software framework designed to simplify your web development life
Handles many of the common operations associated with web development including:
● accessing the database
● creating HTML templates
● managing sessions
Promotes code reuse

Some other popular Python Web Frameworks
10
Flask: micro framework that provides a simple template for web development
Tornado: web framework and asynchronous networking library, noted for high
performance
Bottle: fast, simple lightweight micro web-framework
Pyramid: MVC framework with flexible component choices
CherryPy: mature object-oriented web framework - compact and simple

11
How popular is Django?
PyPI is the official 3rd party package repository for Python
Stats available on number of downloads in last week, month, year.
Django is the most downloaded web framework, is regularly updated by community

Django and LITP
Plugin development similar to developing Django apps:
- Defined directory structure
- Makes use of classes and functions provided by a “core”
- Form validation in Django is similar to LITP plugin validation
- Models and migrations in Django similar to LITP APIs and migrations
13

Build a web application to allow the public to vote in polls, and view results
Typical requirement for a online news website (such a Lawrence Journal-World)
Three interested parties:
● A software developer creates the necessary models
● A site administrator creates/updates/deletes the polls
● A public website visitor votes in the polls and views results
Same example application as the official Django tutorial, for more detailed explanation
see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.8/intro/tutorial01/
Polls Web Application
15

1. Django 1.8 needs at least Python 2.7 installed!
2. Create a new project directory, install Django (preferable with pip and virtualenv)
3. To create Django project “mysite” run:
Creates a directory structure which is the base of project:
16
mysite/
manage.py
mysite/
__init__.py
settings.py
urls.py
wsgi.py
$ django-admin.py startproject mysite
Django Quick Start Guide

4. Django supports 4 databases:
Update the settings.py file to use sqlite and ‘Europe/Dublin’.
5. To create the sqlite file and database tables initially needed by Django run:
DATABASES = {
'default': {
'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
'NAME': os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'db.sqlite3'),
}
}
TIME_ZONE = 'Europe/Dublin'
17
$ python manage.py migrate

6. Run the built-in Django development server (default port 8000):
7. Open 127.0.0.1:8000 in web browser, and you should see a page saying “It worked!”
18
$ python manage.py runserver

8. A Django “project” is a collection of Django “app”s.
An app is an application that does something specific (blog or poll)
To start our new polls app, cd into ‘mysite’ and run:
This creates the directory structure for your ‘polls’ app:
19
$ django-admin.py startapp polls
polls/
__init__.py
admin.py
migrations/
__init__.py
models.py
tests.py
views.py
Application Quick Start Guide

9. Add polls application to INSTALLED_APPS in settings.py to activate ‘polls’ models
10. Start working on the models, views, urls and templates for the polls app!
20
INSTALLED_APPS = (
...
‘polls’
)

What is MVC (Model-View-Controller)?
Software architectural pattern for user interfaces, popular in web applications.
Other MVC frameworks: Ruby-on-rails (Ruby), ASP.NET MVC (C# or Visual Basic)
Alternative Django-specific acronym is MTV (Model, Template, View) 22

Template - User facing
URLs - URL Configuration
View - Business Logic
Model - Database Table
23

Models
Single definitive source of information about data
Define the interface to the database, an auto-generated database API
Generally maps to a single database table, and each attribute represents a database
field
from django.db import models
class Question(models.Model):
question_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
pub_date = models.DateTimeField('date published')
24

Once the models are defined, two commands are run to create the database tables:
Models (continued)
25
$ python manage.py makemigrations polls
$ python manage.py migrate polls

Views
Python function which takes a Web request, and returns a Web response
This response can be HTML for a web page, a redirect, a 404 Not Found error etc.
Contains the logic on what is returned from a particular request
Function-based or class-based
26
from django.http import HttpResponse
from .models import Question
def index(request):
latest_question_list = Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:5]
output = ‘. ’.join([q.question_text for q in latest_question_list])
return HttpResponse(output)

Views (continued)
Often required to return some variables from the model to a HTML template. The
useful ‘render’ shortcut:
Views are also used to check that a user is logged in, and to handle HTTP GET and
POST requests (request.GET, request.POST)
27
from django.shortcuts import render
def index(request):
latest_question_list = Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:5]
context = {'latest_question_list': latest_question_list}
return render(request, ‘polls/index.html’, context)

URLs
Map a user request to the appropriate Django ‘view’
When accessed on the site, regex matching is performed on the path.
If no regex matched, then error handling is done.
Designed to make URLs elegant and understandable
A urls.py file for the base project and an urls.py file for each app.
28

URLs (continued)
<domain_name>/polls/ - directs the request to the views.index function
<domain_name>/polls/4/ - directs the request to the views.detail function with
argument 4
Optional “name” argument to reference a URL
29
from django.conf.urls import url
from . import views
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^$', views.index, name='index'),
url(r'^(?P<question_id>[0-9]+)/$', views.detail, name='detail')
]

Templates
Simply a text file. It can generate any-text based format (HTML, XML, CSV, etc.).
Site-wide templates live in a “templates” directory on the project base
App-specific templates live within the app ‘polls/templates’
Templates encourage separation of application and presentation logic (no Python
knowledge is required for templates)
Django has its own template engine and also supports Jinja2 engine
30

Templates (continued)
Contains variables “{{ }}”, which get replaced when the template is evaluated, and tags
“{% %}” which control the logic of the template
Template inheritance: A base HTML template can be used site-wide, and extended in
each template
31
<ul>
{% for question in latest_question_list %}
<li><a href="{% url 'polls:detail' question.id %}">{{
question.question_text }}</a></li>
{% endfor %}
</ul>

Admin
Useful auto-generated Django admin, which contains generated forms.
Should only be accessible by a trusted staff member to Create, Update, Delete site
content.
33

Admin (continued)
To use the admin, first create a superuser (with username and password):
Once done, login to the admin site at: “<domain_name>/admin/”
Use admin.py files in each app to decide what and how to display model content to the
staff user.
34
from django.contrib import admin
class QuestionAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
fields = [‘pub_date’, ‘question_text’]
admin.site.register(Question, QuestionAdmin)
$ python manage.py createsuperuser

Static Files
Includes images, JavaScript and CSS
Create a new directory ‘static’ within your app for these files ‘polls/static’
If using static files outside of an app, set STATICFILES_DIR in the settings file
Use the ‘static’ template tag in templates to avoid hardcoding paths to static files:
35
{% load staticfiles %}
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="{% static 'polls/style.css' %}" />

Testing
“Code without tests is broken by design”
- Jacob Kaplan-Moss, one of original Django developers
To run the test cases for an app run:
By default test runner will find any file named “test*.py” in current working directory
To run tests requiring database access subclass “django.test.TestCase”, a subclass of
“unittest.TestCase” from the Python standard library
36
$ python manage.py test polls

Testing (continued)
A very useful Test client which acts as a dummy Web browser can:
● Simulate GET and POST request on a URL
● Check redirects are working
● Test that a given request is rendered by a certain template
37
from django.test import TestCase
class QuestionViewTest(TestCase):
def test_index_view_with_no_questions(self):
"""
If no questions exist, an appropriate message should be displayed
"""
response = self.client.get(reverse('polls:index'))
self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
self.assertContains(response, "No polls are available.")

3rd Party Packages
Often prefixed - “django-”:
- djangorestframework
- django-registration-redux
- django-admin-honeypot
- django-debug-toolbar
- django-storages
Many more can be searched for at www.djangopackages.com
41

More topics not touched on, including ...
Internationalisation and Localisation (translation)
Django shell
Caching frameworks
Django deployment
Django Middleware
42

Summary
Started at Lawrence Journal-World newspaper in Kansas, USA
Most downloaded Python web framework, powering many popular websites
in existence today
Architecture is based around models, views, URLs and templates
Other useful “out-of-the-box” components are the admin interface, static file
handling, testing and user management
Excellent documentation - learn by example
43

References and Useful Links
● https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.8/
● https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Django_(web_framework)
● https://wiki.python.org/moin/WebFrameworks
● http://twoscoopspress.org/
44

Thank you and volunteer for talks!
45

An Introduction to Django Web Framework

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