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Analysis of water pollution presentaion by m.nadeem ashraf
SES_311
    Introduction to soil and environment
Department of Soil & Environmental Sciences
           Faculty of Agriculture Rawalakot
             University of Poonch, awalakot.
         email: nadeemawan17@gmail.com
Why Water analysis is necessary?
 To asses water quality

 To provide pure water to public for drinking

 To analyse microbial organisms

 Preventive measure and effective disinfection

  procedure
 Sewagw and waste water analysed
   Physical assesment
•   Temperature
•   Ph
•   Turbidity
•   TSS
   Chemical assesment
•   Acidity
•   Alkalinity
•   COD
•   Chemical substances
   Biological assesment
   BOD
   Microbiological
   Colour in water is due to suspended particles in
    solution,even pure water is not colorless(pale-green)
   Colour of water may be caused by Fe,Mn,Cu,metals,Iron.
   humus,algae,weeds,protozoa etc.
   Colour can be compared visually or Photoelectrically.
   Colour is measured with an instrument known as
    Tintometer.
   Yellow color indicates the presence of O.M
   Yellow red color indicates.
   True color can be estimated by visual comparispon with
    platinum cobalt standard solution, unit is measured on
    cobalt scale.
 Turbidity in water mainly arises from colliodal
  material and fine suspended particles.
 Turbidity can be measured by

  absorptiometrically(visual methods) and
  nephelometrically(instrumental methods)
 Another methods used to measure turbidity is

  Turbidity Rod which has a platinum needle.
 Jackon,s turbidimeter which consists of metal

  stand over which a metal container is placed.
 Odour in water are sue to the presence of
  microscopic organisms or decaying vegetation
  including algae, fungi, bacteria, H2S, N, P, S
  compounds.
Determination of Odour:
 For dermination of odour place 250ml of sample in

  a 500ml wthite mouth erlenmeyer flask & sniff the
  odour.
   Dissolve mineral matters in water produce tastes but
    not odour.
   If faint bitter taste may be due to the presence of
    Sulphate while soapy or inky taste may be due the
    excess of sodium bicarbonate.
   Way to remove objectionable taste & odour from water
    is to pass it through a filter bed containing activated
    charcoal, if finely divided form of carbon. The
    enormous surface area enables it to absorb large
    quantities of impurities.
 Surface water differs considerably in temperature
  b/w winter & summer.
 Temperature measurment are usefull in detecting

  an unsuspected suorce of pollution, in calculating
  alkalinity and in industrial water supplies for heat
  tranmision calculations.
   pH a measure of hydrogen ion activity is used to
    express the intensity of acidic or alkaline condition of a
    solution. It is an also important factor in water analysis.
   pH of a sample can be determine by electrometrically.
    it involves the measurment of EMF of a cell comprising
    an glass electrode response to hydrogen ion and
    refrence electrode.
   pH meters used for measurement.
   The desirable pH range for drinking water is
    7-8.5
 EC is a measure of water’s capacity to convey
  electric current.its unit is micro Siemns/cm3
 Conductivity of water varies directly with

  temperature and is proportional to its dissolved
  mineral matter content.
 It is an important to check the purity of distilled

  water. Distilled water with conductivity more the 2
  should not be used for water analysis.
   500ml of a sample is taken in volumetric flask and
    allowed to filter through a dried and weighed
    Gooch crucible containing an asbestos mat.The
    suspended solids retained in the crucible or
    washed with distilled water to remove chloride.
    The crucible is finally dried, cooled in a desicator
    and weighed.the weighed of crucible is equalent
    to suspended impurities present.
   It is the power of water to neutralized hydroxyl ions
    and is expressed in terms of CaCO3. water attains
    acidity fron industrial effulents etc.
   Take 50ml of sample dechlorinated in a 250ml conical
    flask add 2 drops of methyl orange indicator and titrate
    with 0.02 N-NaOH solution till faint orange colour.
   Methyl orange point is a measure of mineral acidity.
   Amount of sodium hydroxide to reach pH 8.3
    (phenolphthaline end point) is a measure of total
    acidity.
 Alkalinity of water is generally due to the presence
  of carbonate and hydroxide ion.
 It is measured by titrimetric method.
   Calsium in water mainly due to the presence of
    limestone,gypsum,dolomite.
   The determination of Ca is required potable water.
   EDTA titrimetric method and gravimetric method are
    used for determination of calcium.
   In EDTA titrimetric method Ca reacts with EDTA in the
    presence of a selective indicator at a high pH and Mg
    is allowed to precipitate as its hydroxide.
   Ca2+ + 2EDTA            Ca(EDTA)2
 Magnesium salts occur in natural waters,sea
  waters(130ppm).
 It is measured by gravimetric method or

  photometric method.
 It may also be calculated as the difference

  between total hardness and Ca hardness as
  under:
 Mg(as CaCO3)mg/L =mg/L total hardness as

  CaCO3 –mg/L calcium hardness as CaCO3.
Ammonia
 N is present in water in the form of ammonia, nitrates

  & nitrites. The presence of the substances in water
  indicates the the presence of organic contamination.
 The amount of free ammonia is determine by boiling

  the sample of water. The quantitiy of ammonia in
  potable water should not be greater then 0.15 ppm.
 Ammonia is calorimrtrically measured using Nessler,s

  reagent.
 Nitrites are obtained by the oxidation of ammonia,
  nitrites should never be present in potable water.
 The presence of nitrites in water can be determine

  by adding sulphonilic and naphthamine.
 The permissible limit of Nitrate in drinking water is

  10mg/L.
 The presence of nitrate in water bodies caused

  mathemoglobinemia.
 It can be measured by Brucine method.
 Cyanide
 Sulphate

 Sulphide

 Chloride

 Fluoride

 Fluoridation
   It is necessary to destroy these chemical
    substances by digestion with strong acids.
    Digestion destroys the O.M and brings metallic
    compounds in suspension to solution.
 Arsenic occur in water as a result of mineral
  dissolution,industrial waste or application of
  insectisides.
 The presence of As as 100mg in water cause

  poisoning,it can cause chronic effect.
 It can be measured by Gutzeit method.
 Cd enters water through industrial wastes,it is
  toxic and poisoning can cause human kidney.
 It can be measured in water sample by detected

  by dinitrophenyl carbazide.
 Beryllium (atomic absorption method)
 Copper (spectrophotometric method)

 Chromium (diphenylcarbazide method)

 Lead (atomic absorption method)

 Iron (spectrophotometric method)

 Selenium (spectrophotometric method)

 Mercury (dithizone method)
List of National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations

Contaminant                             Secondary Standard



Aluminum                                0.05 to 0.2 mg/L
Chloride                                250 mg/L
Color                                   15 (color units)
Copper                                  1.0 mg/L
Corrosivity                             noncorrosive
Fluoride                                2.0 mg/L
Foaming Agents                          0.5 mg/L
Iron                                    0.3 mg/L
Manganese                               0.05 mg/L
Odor                                    3 threshold odor number

pH                                      6.5-8.5
Silver                                  0.10 mg/L
Sulfate                                 250 mg/L
Total Dissolved Solids                  500 mg/L

Zinc                                    5 mg/L
Substances                           Max. Allowable limit
1.Standards of chemical & physical
quality
(a) Toxic metals
   Lead                              10ug/L
   Arsenic                           10ug/L
   Barium                            0.10mg/L
   Cadmium                           0.01mg/L
   Chromium                          0.05mg/L
   Selenium                          5ug/L
   Mercury                           1ug/L
(b) Substsnces affectin health
   Fluoride                          1.5mg/L
   Nitrate                           45mg/L
Substances                                     Max. Allowable limit
(c) Substances affecting potability of water
Total solids                                   1500mg/L
Colour                                         50 units
Turbidity                                      25 units
Taste                                          -
Odour                                          -
Iron                                           1.0mg/L
Manganese                                      0.5mg/L
Copper                                         1.5mg/L
Zinc                                           15mg/L
Calcium                                        200mg/L
Magnesium                                      150mg/L
Chlorine                                       0.1mg/L
Sulphate                                       400mg/L
Mangnesium + Sodium sulphate                   1000mg/L
Phenonic compounds                             0.002mg/L
CCE                                            0.5mg/L
   BOD is the measure of the dissolve oxygen required
    by the microbes in polluted water, it is measured in
    mg/L.
   During this process dissolve oxygen is consumed
    and micro-organism transform the ollutants into non-
    hazardous compounds.
               microbes
   CH2O+O2                   CO2 +H2O+M.Org
    O.M      aerobic oxidation
   The water sample is first saturated with oxygen and
    then incubated at constant temperature(20C) for 5-
    days.
   This allows the sufficient time for     micro-
    organism in polluted water to affect oxidation of
    pollutants.
   After 5-days, the remaining amouny of dissolved
    oxygen is determined and BOD is obtained by
    substraction.
   The 5-day BOD(ppm) analysis is considerd as an
    accepted stndard test.
 Drinking water should have 5-day BOD of less
  than 1.5mg/L.
 BOD of raw sewge ranges from 200-400mg/L

 Major contributor to BOD are chemical industries,

  pulp and paper and food processig industry.
 BOD of very clean water is 1mg/L, clean water is

  2mg/L and unfit for drinking water is 5mg/L.
 COD is a measure of oxygen required to
  breakdown the organic matter.
 In BOD breakdown of organic matter is affected

  by micro organisms but in COD the degradation is
  affected by some chemical oxidizing agent like
  Potasium dichromite .
   The water sample is treated with an oxidizing
    agent(K2Cr2O7) which oxidizes most of the polluting
    substances including those which are resistant to
    microbial oxidation.
   The unused potassium dichomite is determine by
    back titration with a suitable reducing agent like
    Mohr’s salt.
   The amount of oxygen used in oxidation can be
    calculated as:
K2Cr2O7 + 4H2SO4    K2SO4+Cr2(SO4)3+4H2O+3(O)
COD in mg/L   Status



0-5           Very clean water, used for drinking



5-20          Fairly clean



20-100        Unfit for drinking
Microbiological
parameters
                    WHO standards      EU standards

Escherichia coli       Not mentioned            0 in 250 ml

Enterococci           Not mentioned          0 in 250 ml

Pseudomonas
aeruginosa            Not mentioned          0 in 250 ml

Clostridium

perfringens           Not mentioned          0 in 100 ml


Coliform bacteria     Not mentioned          0 in 100 ml



Colony count 22oC     Not mentioned            100/ml



Colony count 37oC     Not mentioned            20/ml
Analysis of water pollution presentaion by m.nadeem ashraf

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Analysis of water pollution presentaion by m.nadeem ashraf

  • 2. SES_311 Introduction to soil and environment Department of Soil & Environmental Sciences Faculty of Agriculture Rawalakot University of Poonch, awalakot. email: [email protected]
  • 3. Why Water analysis is necessary?  To asses water quality  To provide pure water to public for drinking  To analyse microbial organisms  Preventive measure and effective disinfection procedure  Sewagw and waste water analysed
  • 4. Physical assesment • Temperature • Ph • Turbidity • TSS  Chemical assesment • Acidity • Alkalinity • COD • Chemical substances  Biological assesment  BOD  Microbiological
  • 5. Colour in water is due to suspended particles in solution,even pure water is not colorless(pale-green)  Colour of water may be caused by Fe,Mn,Cu,metals,Iron.  humus,algae,weeds,protozoa etc.  Colour can be compared visually or Photoelectrically.  Colour is measured with an instrument known as Tintometer.  Yellow color indicates the presence of O.M  Yellow red color indicates.  True color can be estimated by visual comparispon with platinum cobalt standard solution, unit is measured on cobalt scale.
  • 6.  Turbidity in water mainly arises from colliodal material and fine suspended particles.  Turbidity can be measured by absorptiometrically(visual methods) and nephelometrically(instrumental methods)  Another methods used to measure turbidity is Turbidity Rod which has a platinum needle.  Jackon,s turbidimeter which consists of metal stand over which a metal container is placed.
  • 7.  Odour in water are sue to the presence of microscopic organisms or decaying vegetation including algae, fungi, bacteria, H2S, N, P, S compounds. Determination of Odour:  For dermination of odour place 250ml of sample in a 500ml wthite mouth erlenmeyer flask & sniff the odour.
  • 8. Dissolve mineral matters in water produce tastes but not odour.  If faint bitter taste may be due to the presence of Sulphate while soapy or inky taste may be due the excess of sodium bicarbonate.  Way to remove objectionable taste & odour from water is to pass it through a filter bed containing activated charcoal, if finely divided form of carbon. The enormous surface area enables it to absorb large quantities of impurities.
  • 9.  Surface water differs considerably in temperature b/w winter & summer.  Temperature measurment are usefull in detecting an unsuspected suorce of pollution, in calculating alkalinity and in industrial water supplies for heat tranmision calculations.
  • 10. pH a measure of hydrogen ion activity is used to express the intensity of acidic or alkaline condition of a solution. It is an also important factor in water analysis.  pH of a sample can be determine by electrometrically. it involves the measurment of EMF of a cell comprising an glass electrode response to hydrogen ion and refrence electrode.  pH meters used for measurement.  The desirable pH range for drinking water is 7-8.5
  • 11.  EC is a measure of water’s capacity to convey electric current.its unit is micro Siemns/cm3  Conductivity of water varies directly with temperature and is proportional to its dissolved mineral matter content.  It is an important to check the purity of distilled water. Distilled water with conductivity more the 2 should not be used for water analysis.
  • 12. 500ml of a sample is taken in volumetric flask and allowed to filter through a dried and weighed Gooch crucible containing an asbestos mat.The suspended solids retained in the crucible or washed with distilled water to remove chloride. The crucible is finally dried, cooled in a desicator and weighed.the weighed of crucible is equalent to suspended impurities present.
  • 13. It is the power of water to neutralized hydroxyl ions and is expressed in terms of CaCO3. water attains acidity fron industrial effulents etc.  Take 50ml of sample dechlorinated in a 250ml conical flask add 2 drops of methyl orange indicator and titrate with 0.02 N-NaOH solution till faint orange colour.  Methyl orange point is a measure of mineral acidity.  Amount of sodium hydroxide to reach pH 8.3 (phenolphthaline end point) is a measure of total acidity.
  • 14.  Alkalinity of water is generally due to the presence of carbonate and hydroxide ion.  It is measured by titrimetric method.
  • 15. Calsium in water mainly due to the presence of limestone,gypsum,dolomite.  The determination of Ca is required potable water.  EDTA titrimetric method and gravimetric method are used for determination of calcium.  In EDTA titrimetric method Ca reacts with EDTA in the presence of a selective indicator at a high pH and Mg is allowed to precipitate as its hydroxide.  Ca2+ + 2EDTA Ca(EDTA)2
  • 16.  Magnesium salts occur in natural waters,sea waters(130ppm).  It is measured by gravimetric method or photometric method.  It may also be calculated as the difference between total hardness and Ca hardness as under:  Mg(as CaCO3)mg/L =mg/L total hardness as CaCO3 –mg/L calcium hardness as CaCO3.
  • 17. Ammonia  N is present in water in the form of ammonia, nitrates & nitrites. The presence of the substances in water indicates the the presence of organic contamination.  The amount of free ammonia is determine by boiling the sample of water. The quantitiy of ammonia in potable water should not be greater then 0.15 ppm.  Ammonia is calorimrtrically measured using Nessler,s reagent.
  • 18.  Nitrites are obtained by the oxidation of ammonia, nitrites should never be present in potable water.  The presence of nitrites in water can be determine by adding sulphonilic and naphthamine.  The permissible limit of Nitrate in drinking water is 10mg/L.  The presence of nitrate in water bodies caused mathemoglobinemia.  It can be measured by Brucine method.
  • 19.  Cyanide  Sulphate  Sulphide  Chloride  Fluoride  Fluoridation
  • 20. It is necessary to destroy these chemical substances by digestion with strong acids. Digestion destroys the O.M and brings metallic compounds in suspension to solution.
  • 21.  Arsenic occur in water as a result of mineral dissolution,industrial waste or application of insectisides.  The presence of As as 100mg in water cause poisoning,it can cause chronic effect.  It can be measured by Gutzeit method.
  • 22.  Cd enters water through industrial wastes,it is toxic and poisoning can cause human kidney.  It can be measured in water sample by detected by dinitrophenyl carbazide.
  • 23.  Beryllium (atomic absorption method)  Copper (spectrophotometric method)  Chromium (diphenylcarbazide method)  Lead (atomic absorption method)  Iron (spectrophotometric method)  Selenium (spectrophotometric method)  Mercury (dithizone method)
  • 24. List of National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations Contaminant Secondary Standard Aluminum 0.05 to 0.2 mg/L Chloride 250 mg/L Color 15 (color units) Copper 1.0 mg/L Corrosivity noncorrosive Fluoride 2.0 mg/L Foaming Agents 0.5 mg/L Iron 0.3 mg/L Manganese 0.05 mg/L Odor 3 threshold odor number pH 6.5-8.5 Silver 0.10 mg/L Sulfate 250 mg/L Total Dissolved Solids 500 mg/L Zinc 5 mg/L
  • 25. Substances Max. Allowable limit 1.Standards of chemical & physical quality (a) Toxic metals Lead 10ug/L Arsenic 10ug/L Barium 0.10mg/L Cadmium 0.01mg/L Chromium 0.05mg/L Selenium 5ug/L Mercury 1ug/L (b) Substsnces affectin health Fluoride 1.5mg/L Nitrate 45mg/L
  • 26. Substances Max. Allowable limit (c) Substances affecting potability of water Total solids 1500mg/L Colour 50 units Turbidity 25 units Taste - Odour - Iron 1.0mg/L Manganese 0.5mg/L Copper 1.5mg/L Zinc 15mg/L Calcium 200mg/L Magnesium 150mg/L Chlorine 0.1mg/L Sulphate 400mg/L Mangnesium + Sodium sulphate 1000mg/L Phenonic compounds 0.002mg/L CCE 0.5mg/L
  • 27. BOD is the measure of the dissolve oxygen required by the microbes in polluted water, it is measured in mg/L.  During this process dissolve oxygen is consumed and micro-organism transform the ollutants into non- hazardous compounds. microbes  CH2O+O2 CO2 +H2O+M.Org O.M aerobic oxidation
  • 28. The water sample is first saturated with oxygen and then incubated at constant temperature(20C) for 5- days.  This allows the sufficient time for micro- organism in polluted water to affect oxidation of pollutants.  After 5-days, the remaining amouny of dissolved oxygen is determined and BOD is obtained by substraction.  The 5-day BOD(ppm) analysis is considerd as an accepted stndard test.
  • 29.  Drinking water should have 5-day BOD of less than 1.5mg/L.  BOD of raw sewge ranges from 200-400mg/L  Major contributor to BOD are chemical industries, pulp and paper and food processig industry.  BOD of very clean water is 1mg/L, clean water is 2mg/L and unfit for drinking water is 5mg/L.
  • 30.  COD is a measure of oxygen required to breakdown the organic matter.  In BOD breakdown of organic matter is affected by micro organisms but in COD the degradation is affected by some chemical oxidizing agent like Potasium dichromite .
  • 31. The water sample is treated with an oxidizing agent(K2Cr2O7) which oxidizes most of the polluting substances including those which are resistant to microbial oxidation.  The unused potassium dichomite is determine by back titration with a suitable reducing agent like Mohr’s salt.  The amount of oxygen used in oxidation can be calculated as: K2Cr2O7 + 4H2SO4 K2SO4+Cr2(SO4)3+4H2O+3(O)
  • 32. COD in mg/L Status 0-5 Very clean water, used for drinking 5-20 Fairly clean 20-100 Unfit for drinking
  • 33. Microbiological parameters WHO standards EU standards Escherichia coli Not mentioned 0 in 250 ml Enterococci Not mentioned 0 in 250 ml Pseudomonas aeruginosa Not mentioned 0 in 250 ml Clostridium perfringens Not mentioned 0 in 100 ml Coliform bacteria Not mentioned 0 in 100 ml Colony count 22oC Not mentioned 100/ml Colony count 37oC Not mentioned 20/ml