ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.pptx
This document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the female reproductive system. It begins with an introduction to the external and internal genitalia. It then describes each organ in detail, including its anatomy, layers, functions, and role in reproduction. The document also discusses pelvic anatomy, types of pelvises, and complications that can arise from a contracted pelvis. In summary, it provides a comprehensive review of the structures and functions of the female reproductive system.
More Related Content
Similar to ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.pptx
More from Sharda School of Nursing Science and Research, Sharda University
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.pptx
- 1. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGYOF FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM BY: LAMNUNNEM HAOKIP SENIOR TUTOR/ LECTURER OBG NURSING SSNSR
- 2. INTRODUCTION • The reproductiveorgans in females are those which are concerned with copulation, fertilization growth and development of fetus and its subsequent exit to the outer world. • The organs are broadly divided into: FRO External Genitalia Accessory reproductive organ Internal Genitalia
- 3. • The femalereproductive system consists of the primary as well as accessory sex organs. The primary sex organs in females are a pair of ovaries, which produce ova or egg and they also secrete female sex hormones like progesterone and estrogen. The other accessory sex organs include the uterus, fallopian tubes, cervix and vagina. The external genitalia comprises the labia minora, labia majora and clitoris. The mammary glands are not considered genital organs but are important glands in the female reproductive system.
- 4.
- 5.
- 6. • The externalfemale genitalia are a part of the female reproductive system, and include the: mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vestibule, hymen, vestibular bulb and vestibular glands. • The components of the external female genitalia occupy a large part of the female perineum and collectively form what's known as the vulva. • The functions of the external female genitalia are many, such as reproduction and sexual pleasure, parturition and the protection of the internal genital organs.
- 8. ORGANS ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY MONSPUBIS The mons pubis consists of a mass of subcutaneous adipose tissue anterior to the pubic symphysis, and bears most of the pubic hair. Protects the genital area from infections. LABIA MAJORA The two large folds which forms the boundary of the vulva and composed of skin fibrous tissue and fat and contain large nos. of sebaceous glands. Protect the urethra and vaginal opening. Stimulates and expand during coitus. LABIA MINORA Thin delicate folds of fat free, hairless skin located between labia majora. They have many nerve endings. Helps to keep the germs out and becomes engorged with blood during sexual stimulation.
- 9. ORGANS ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY CLITORISIt is 1.5 - 2 cm long, homologous with the penis which act as an erectile organ and located posterior to the anterior labial commissure. Centre of sexual sensation in women. Facilitates sperm entry to the body. VAGINAL ORIFICE A small opening that is in a position both rear and posterior to the urethral opening. Important for intercourse, menstrual discharge and reproduction. VESTIBULE A part of the vulva between the labia minora which leads to the urinary meatus and vaginal opening and contains vestibule glands. Skene’s glands. Keeping the vulva moist and facilitates coitus and parturition.
- 10. ORGANS ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY HYMENA thin layer of mucus membrane which partially occludes the opening of the vagina. Normally incomplete to allow the passage of menstrual flow. Embryologically, it tends to keep germs and dirt out of vagina. VESTIBULE GLANDS Aka Bartholin’s Gland situated on each side near the vaginal opening. Approximately the size of pea and have ducts, opening into the vestibule immediately lateral to the attachment of the hymen. Secret mucus that keeps the vulva moist. Act as a lubricant. PERINEUM Is the most posterior part of the external female reproductive organs. It extends from fourchette anteriorly to the And is composed of fibrous and muscular tissues that support pelvic structures.
- 11.
- 14. VAGINA • The vaginais an elastic, muscular canal with a soft, flexible lining that provides lubrication and sensation. The vagina connects the uterus to the outside world. The vulva and labia form the entrance, and the cervix of the uterus protrudes into the vagina, forming the interior end. • The vagina receives the penis during sexual intercourse and also serves as a conduit for menstrual flow from the uterus. During childbirth, the baby passes through the vagina (birth canal)
- 15. UTERUS • TheUterus, also called womb, an inverted pear-shaped muscular organ of the female reproductive system, located between the bladder and the rectum. • The uterus has four major regions: the fundus, the body, the isthmus and the cervix. • The uterus is 6 to 8 cm (2.4 to 3.1 inches) long; its wall thickness is approximately 2 to 3 cm (0.8 to 1.2 inches). The width of the organ varies; it is generally about 6 cm wide at the fundus and only half this distance at the isthmus.
- 16. Layers of theUterus • PERIMETRIUM: The perimetrium is the outer serous layer of the uterus. The serous layer secretes a lubricating fluid that helps to reduce friction. The perimetrium is also part of the peritoneum that covers some of the organs of the pelvis. • MYOMETRIUM: The myometrium is the middle layer that stretches (the smooth muscle cells expand in both size and number ) during pregnancy to allow for the uterus to become several times its non-gravid size, and contracts in a coordinated fashion, via a positive feedback effect on the "Ferguson reflex", during the process of labor. After delivery, the myometrium contracts to expel the placenta, and crisscrossing fibres of middle layer compress the blood vessels to minimize blood loss.
- 17. • ENDOMETRIUM: Theendometrium (also known as the mucosal layer or membrane) is the innermost layer of the uterus. It is composed of the epithelial layer and cell-rich connective tissue layer (lamina propria). Functionally, the epithelial layer of the endometrium can be divided into two layers: • The basal layer - is composed mainly of stem cells that serve to regenerate the functional layer. • The functional layer - is adjacent to the uterine cavity and is lined by a single layer of columnar epithelium. The thickness of this layer changes during the menstrual cycle (under the influence of estrogen and progesterone) in order to prepare the endometrium to host an embryo. If this doesn't happen, the functional layer sheds during menstruation. However, if pregnancy occurs, the endometrium becomes a thick blood vessel-rich, glandular tissue layer.
- 18. FALLOPIAN TUBE •The bilateral muscular fallopian (uterine) tubes connect the uterine stalks to the superior regions of the ovaries. Ovum fertilization often takes place in the fallopian tubes. They also carry the resulting zygote for implantation into the uterus. Length 8 to 14 cm average 10 cm. Its divided into 4 parts. • The fallopian tube serves as the specific location for sperm and egg fertilization. Small hair-like projections, known as the cilia, line the fallopian tubes. The muscles and cilia in the tube wall push an egg down along all the uterus’ tubes. The fertilized egg travels to the uterus after fertilization and implants there
- 19. OVARIES • Ovariesare the female gonads — the primary female reproductive organs. These glands have three important functions: they secrete hormones, they protect the eggs a female is born with and they release eggs for possible fertilization. • Before puberty, ovaries are just long bundles of tissue. As the female matures, so do her ovaries. • Oval solid structure, 1.5 cm in thickness, 2.5 cm in width and 3.5 cm in length respectively. Each weights about 4–8 gm.
- 20. Support Structures • Thebony pelvis support and protects the lower abdominal and internal reproductive organs. • Muscle, Joints and ligaments – levator ani, broad ligaments provide and added support for internal organs of the pelvis against the downward force of gravity and the increases in intra-abdominal pressure.
- 21.
- 22. • The pelvisis a basin like structure which connects the spine to lower limbs. It is located between the abdomen and the legs. This area provides support for the intestines and also contains the bladder and reproductive organs. • It is a skeletal ring formed by: Two Innominate Bones Sacrum Coccyx
- 23. Two Innominate Bone Eachhip bone is composed of three bones: Ilium: It is the flared out part. The greater part of its inner aspect is smooth and concave, forming the iliac fossa. The upper border of the ilium is called iliac crest. Ischium: It is the thick lower part. It has a large prominence known as the ischial tuberosity on which the body rests while sitting. Behind and little above the tuberosity is an inward projection the ischial spine. Pubis: The pubic bone (pubis) is located at the base of the pelvic girdle and join the 2 hip bones together.
- 24. Sacrum • Is awedge shaped bone consisting of five fused bones. The anterior surface of the sacrum is concave. The upper border of the first sacral vertebra known as the sacral promontory. Coccyx • It is a vestigial tail consists of four fused vertebrae forming a small triangular bone.
- 25. Pelvic Joints There arefour pelvic joints: Two sacroiliac joint One pubic joint One sacrococcygeal joint
- 27. The four differentpelvis shapes are: • Gynecoid: This is the most common type of pelvis in females and is generally considered to be the typical female pelvis. Its overall shape is round, shallow, and open. • Android: This type of pelvis bears more resemblance to the male pelvis. It’s narrower than the gynecoid pelvis and is shaped more like a heart or a wedge. • Anthropoid: An anthropoid pelvis is narrow and deep. Its shape is similar to an upright egg or oval. • Platypelloid: The platypelloid pelvis is also called a flat pelvis. This is the least common type. It’s wide but shallow, and it resembles an egg or oval lying on its side.
- 28. Giving Birth Basedon Types of Pelvis • Gynecoid: The gynecoid pelvis is thought to be the most favorable pelvis type for a vaginal birth. This is because the wide, open shape give the baby plenty of room during delivery. • Android: The narrower shape of the android pelvis can make labor difficult because the baby might move more slowly through the birth canal. Some pregnant women with an android pelvis may require a C-section.
- 29. • Anthropoid. Theelongated shape of the anthropoid pelvis makes it roomier from front to back than the android pelvis. But it’s still narrower than the gynecoid pelvis. Some pregnant women with this pelvis type may be able to have a vaginal birth, but their labor might last longer. • Platypelloid. The shape of the platypelloid pelvis can make a vaginal birth difficult because the baby may have trouble passing through the pelvic inlet. Many pregnant women with a platypelloid pelvis need to have a C-section.
- 31. PARTS OF TRUEPELVIS • BRIM: Formed by the sacrum posteriorly, the iliac bones laterally and the pubic bone anterior. It is almost rounded with the APD the shortest. The diameters of the Brim are: APD – 11cms TVD – 13.5cms OD – 12cms • CAVITY: Extends from the brim above and outlet below. 12 cms • OUTLET: Anatomical and Obstetrical Outlet.
- 32.
- 33. CONTRACTED PELVIS • AnatomicalDefinition: It is a pelvis in which one or more of its diameters is reduced below the normal by one or two centimetres. • Obstetric Definition: It is a pelvis in which one or more of its diameters is reduced so that it interferes with the normal mechanism of labour. Factors influencing the size and shape of the pelvis.
- 34. Aetiology of CP Nutritionaldefects Rachitic Osteomalacic Diseases or Injuries affecting the bones o the pelvis Fracture Tumour Poliomyelitis Hip joint disease. Developmental defects Naegele’s pelvis Robert’s pelvis Kyphotic pelvis
- 36. DIAGNOSIS/ INVESTIGATIONS • Familyhistory • Personal history • Medical / surgical history • Obstetric history • Contracted pelvis should be suspected in the following cases: Small stature Pendulous abdomen Exaggerated spinal curvature Deformities of the limb.
- 37. Abdominal examination Posterior position– common Pendulous abdomen Badly flexed head Vaginal examination Clinical pelvimetry
- 38. Management It depends mainlyon the degree of proportion. Minor disproportion – VD Moderate disproportion – TOL Severe disproportion – CS Trial of labour Caesarean section Severely contracted pelvis Elderly primi gravida Breech Prev. LSCS Failed TOL
- 39. If disproportion dueto fetal causes Craniotomy Symphysiotomy Manipulative correction
- 40. Complications of CP MATERNAL Duringpregnancy: a) Incarcerated retroverted gravid uterus b) Malpresentations c) Pendulous abdomen d) Nonengagement e) Pyelonephritis especially in high assimilation pelvis During labour a) Uterine Inertia, slow cervical dilatation and prolonged labour b) PROM c) Obstructed labour and rupture uterus d) PPH
- 41. FETAL a) ICH b) Asphyxia c)Fracture skull d) Nerve injuries e) Intra amniotic infections.