Anatomy head and neck(norma frontalis)

Anatomy head and neck(norma frontalis)

• 1.
  AREEB FATIM A STU DENT DOCT OR OF PHYSICA L T HERA PY GOVERNM ENT COLLEGE U NIVERSIT Y HUMAN ANATOMY Head and Neck
• 2.
  Norma Frontalis  Thenorma frontalis is roughly oval in outline, being wider above than below.  Bones:  Frontal bone forms the forehead. Its upper part is smooth and convex, but lower part is irregular and is interrupted by the orbits and by anterior bony aperture of nose.  Right and left maxilla forms the upper jaw.  Right and left nasal bones form the bridge of nose.  Zygomatic bones form the bony prominence of superolateral part of the cheeks.  Mandible forms the lower jaw.
• 3.
  Bones of NormaFrontalis Frontal bone Nasal bone Zygomatic bone Mandible Maxilla
• 4.
  Norma Frontalis (Continued) The norma frontalis will be studied under following heads:  Frontal region.  Orbital opening.  Anterior piriform-shape bony aperture of nose.  Lower part of face.
• 5.
  Norma Frontalis (Continued) Frontal region:  Superciliary arch:  Rounded, curved elevation situated just above the medial part of each orbit.  Overlies the frontal sinus.  Better marked in males than females.  Glabella:  Median elevation connecting the two superciliary arch.
• 6.
  Norma Frontalis (Continued) Nasion:  Median point at the root of the nose where the internasal suture meets with the frontonasal suture. Nasion Internasal suture Frontonasal suture
• 7.
  Norma Frontalis (Continued) Frontal tuber or eminence:  Low rounded elevation above the superciliary arch, one on each side.  It is more prominent in females and in children.
• 8.
  Norma Frontalis (Continued) Orbital openings:  Supra orbital margin:  Formed by frontal bone.  At the junction of lateral two thirds and its medial one thirds, it presents the supraorbital notch or foramen.  Infraorbital margin:  Formed laterally by zygomatic bone and medially by maxilla.  Medial orbital margin:  Formed by frontal bone above, lacrimal crest of frontal process of maxilla below.  Lateral orbital margin:  Formed mostly by the frontal process of zygomatic bone and completed by the zygomatic process of frontal bone.  Frontozygomatic suture lies at their union.
• 9.
  Norma Frontalis (Continued) Supraorbitalmargin Lateral orbital margin Medial lateral margin Infraorbital margin Supraorbital notch Frontozygomatic suture Figure: Orbital openings
• 10.
  Norma Frontalis (Continued) Anterior bony aperture of nose:  The anterior bony aperture is pear shaped, being wide below and narrow above.  Boundaries:  Above: By the lower border of nasal bone.  Below: By the nasal notch of the body of maxilla on each side.  Articulations:  Anteriorly: With the opposite bone at internasal suture.  Posteriorly: With the frontal process of maxilla.  Superiorly: With the frontal bone at the frontonasal suture.  Inferiorly: Upper nasal cartilage.  Other features:  Anterior nasal spine is a sharp bony projection in the median plane in the lower boundary of the piriform aperture.  Rhinion is the lowermost point of the internasal suture.
• 11.
  Norma Frontalis (Continued) Frontonasalsuture Internasal suture Rhinion Nasal notch Anterior nasal spine Figure: Anterior bony aperture of nose.
• 12.
  Norma Frontalis (Continued) Maxilla:  The anterior surface of body of maxilla presents:  Nasal notch medially,  Anterior nasal spine,  Infraorbital foramen,  Incissive fossa.  Canine fossa.  Processes of maxilla:  Frontal process of maxilla is directed upward. It articulates anteriorly with the nasal bone, posteriorly with the lacrimal bone, and superiorly with frontal bone.
• 13.
  Norma Frontalis (Continued) Zygomatic process of maxilla is short but stout and articulates with the zygomatic bone.  The alveolar process of maxilla bears socket for upper teeth.
• 14.
  Norma Frontalis (Continued) Zygomatic bone:  It forms the prominence of cheek.  The zygomaticofacial foramen is seen on its surface.
• 15.
  Norma Frontalis (Continued) Mandible:  The upper border or alveolar arch lodges the lower teeth.  The lower border or base is rounded.  The middle point of the base is called mental point or gnathion.  The point on the angle of mandible is called gonion.  The anterior surface of the body of mandible presents:  The symphysis menti, the mental protuberance and the mental tubercles anteriorly.  The mental foramen below the interval between the two premolar teeth, transmitting the mental nerve and vessels.  The oblique line which runs upwards and backwards from the mental tubercle to the anterior border of the ramus of the mandible.
• 16.
  Norma Frontalis (Continued)
• 17.
  Norma Frontalis (Continued) Sutures:  Internasal  Frontonasal  Nasomaxillary  Lacrimomaxillary  Frontomaxillary  Intermaxillary  Zygomaticomaxillary  Zygomaticofrontal
• 18.
  Norma Frontalis (Continued) Structures passing through foramina: Foramina Structure Supraorbital foramen Supraorbital nerves and vessels Infraorbital foramen Infraorbital nerves and vessels Zygomaticofacial foramen Zygomaticofacial nerve, branch of maxillary nerve Mental foramen Mental nerves and vessels
• 19.
  Norma Frontalis (Continued)