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Anatomy of General Connective Tissue.pptx
Connective tissue supports, protects, and structures other tissues and organs by binding them together. It's made of cells, fibers (like collagen and elastic), and a gel-like ground substance, and its functions include storing fat, transporting nutrients, and repairing damage. Common types of connective tissue include bone, cartilage, blood, fat, and ligaments
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Anatomy of General Connective Tissue.pptx
- 1. General Connective Tissue DRMATHEW JOSEPH MBBS, MD(AIIMS), BCC(Palliative Medicine) Assistant Professor Department of Anatomy Amala Institute of Medical Sciences, Thrissur Visiting Faculty - Buon Ma Thout Medical University, Vietnam SSGP Nodal Officer - Kerala University of Health Sciences
- 2. As per: Competency basedUndergraduate curriculum •AN66.1 Describe & identify various types of connective tissue with functional correlation •AN66.2 Describe the ultrastructure of connective tissue Medical Council of India, Competency based Undergraduate curriculum for the Indian Medical Graduate, 2018. Vol. 1; pg 1-80.
- 5. INTRODUCTION • Tissue isa group of cells that are organized to perform a specific function. • Consists of cells & extra cellular components • Types of tissues 1. Epithelial tissue 2. Connective tissue 3. Muscle tissue 4. Nerve tissue
- 6. Connective tissue • Itis characterized by presence of three components 1. Cells 2. Fibers 3. ECM • Gives definite shape to organ and body, supports other tissues and performs various functions ( S - F - D - H)
- 9.
- 10. Fibers of connectivetissue • Types of fibers 1. Collagen fibers – all connective tissues 2. Reticular fibers – basement membrane, lymph node, liver 3. Elastic fibers – blood vessels, lung, ligamentum nuchae
- 11. Collagen Fibers • Properties– Strong, flexible, inelastic and have high tensile strength • Staining – Eosin, fast green, methylene blue, aniline blue, Masson’s trichrome, van Giesons stain • Light microscopy – fibers lies in bundles showing wavy appearance • The 29 different types of collagen fibers have 42 different chains α- chains
- 12. Types of CollagenFibers • Type I ⮚ commonest (90%) ⮚ provide protection, resistance to stretch and tension ⮚ Deficiency – Osteogenesis imperfecta • Type II ⮚ provide resistance to intermittent pressure ⮚ located in hyaline, elastic cartilage,vitreous of eye, nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disc, notochord ⮚ Deficiency – Kniest dysplasia
- 13. • Type III(Reticular Fibers) ⮚ Located in loose coonective tissue in liver, spleen, lung, kidney and uterus, endoneurium, blood vessels and skin ⮚ Defieciency – Ehlers Danlos syndrome • Type IV ⮚ Present in the form of sheets of short filaments found in lens capsule, glomeruli of kidney, Basal lamina of all epithelia ⮚ Provide support to overlying epithelia and filtration barrier of kidney ⮚ Deficiency – Alports syndrome
- 15. Reticular fibers • Finefibers mainly composed of type III collagen • Located in liver, intestine, lymphatic tissue(except in thymus), glands, nerves, bone marrow and muscles • Produced by reticulocytes or fibroblasts • Staining – Silver staining (appears black), PAS positive
- 18. Elastic fibers • Finefibers • Located in Skin, Blood vessels, ligamentum nuchae, elastic ligaments of vocal folds of larynx and lung • Transmission electron microscopy – it has a central core of amorphous material surrounded by an outer layer of fibrils and the fibers do not show striations • Elastin ⮚ Central core surrounded by Fibrillin I ⮚ It has glycine allowing coiling and stretching of fibers ⮚ Desmosine and isodesmosine present in elastin • Special stain such as orcein and Verhoeff’s methods are used • Deficiency – Marfan syndrome ( abnormal fibrillin gene FBN1 located in chromose 15)
- 21. Ground substance/ECM • Interfibrillarand Intercellular space in the connective tissue is occupied by matrix which allows diffusion of metabolites and provide barrier for micro organism • Stains ❑ Freeze drying method – metachromatically with toluidine blue ❑ PAS positive • Composed of 1. GAG : dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate, hyaluronanic acid 2. Proteoglycan : aggrecan, syndecan 3. Glycoprotein : fibronectin, laminin
- 22. • GAG ⮚ Longchain unbranched polysaccharides ⮚ Highly negatively charged because of surface and carboxyl groups ⮚ Hyaluronic acid forms long rigid molecule that provide attachment to proteoglycan molecules and binds with water and converts ECM into gel like substance • Proteoglycans ⮚ Core protein provides attachment to numerous GAG forming bottle- brush structure • Glycoproteins ⮚ Stabilize ECM ⮚ Examples – fibronectin, laminin, entactin, tenascin, osteonectin, chondronectin
- 24. Cells of Connectivetissue • Cells are classified into Resident/fixed cells and Wandering cells • Fixed cells: fibroblasts, adipose cells, macrophages, mast cells, pericytes • Wandering cells: lymphocytes, plasma cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes
- 26. • Fibroblasts ⮚ Mostnumerous cells forming collagen, elastic or reticular fibers and matrix ⮚ contains abundant cytoplasm, oval nucleus, branched cytoplasmic processes ⮚ Fibrocyte is a mature and smaller cell ⮚ H&E- nuclei visible and thin pale flattened processes visible ⮚ Most active during wound healing • Myofibroblasts ⮚ Features of both smooth cells and fibroblasts present ⮚ Elongated spindle shaped cells ⮚ Contains actin and myosin filaments conferring contractile property ⮚ Major role in wound healing and tooth eruption • Pericytes ⮚ Present surrounding the endothelium of capillaries and venules ⮚ Lie in the basal lamina of endothelium ⮚ Long euchromatic nucleus and several cytoplasmic processes that clasp capillaries
- 27. • Adipocytes synthesize andstores lipids ❑Unilocular adipocytes • found in white/yellow adipose tissue • functions as insulation and shock absorption • special stain – oil red O, sudan black B, Nile blue sulfate method • located in cushions around vital organs, mammary pad of fat, orbit, retroperitoneal space, greater omentum ❑ Multilocular adipocytes • found in brown adipose tissue and mostly found in newborn babies • adult – back and neck, scapular region and posterior abdominal wall • prevents excessive heat loss and promote thermoregulation in newborns
- 29. • Macrophages/ Histiocytes/Clasmatocytes ⮚ Major function is phagocytosis of bacteria, damaged tissue and inorganic particles and as antigen presenting cell ⮚ 2 types – Fixed and Wandering macrophages ⮚ Langhans cell – macrophages fuse to form a giant multinucleated cell • Mast cells/ Histaminocytes/ Mastocytes ⮚ Located close to blood vessels ⮚ Cells are large ovoid with centrally placed nucleus and cytoplasm has basophilic granules which contains heparin & histamine ⮚ Stain – PAS, toluidine blue, alcian blue ⮚ Metachromasia – granules look purple to red with toluidine blue ⮚ IgE present on the cell surface ⮚ Release histamine, serine proteases, leukotriene C and Histamine
- 31. • Lymphocytes ⮚ Involvedin Immune responses ⮚ It has deeply staining heterochromatic nucleus and thin im of cytoplasm ⮚ Grouped as T & B lymphocytes, NK cells • Plasma cells/Plasmatocytes ⮚ Derived from B cell and are ovoid in shape with abundant cytoplasm containing rough endoplasmic reticulum ⮚ Russel bodies – large immunoglobulin containing inclusions. These are called as Mott’s cells. Russel bodies are PAS positive ⮚ Produce antibodies • Pigment cells ⮚ Synthesize melanin pigment ⮚ Located in skin, iris, choroid ⮚ Derived from neural crest cells ⮚ Protect from UV lights
- 33. White blood cell Neutrophil(10–12 μm) • Nucleus: 3–5 lobes Phagocytosis of microorganism • Cytoplasm: shows pink or reddish-purple granules Basophils (10–12 μm) • Nucleus: segmented • Cytoplasm: dark, basophilic granules Release histamine, promote inflammation • (contain histamine) Eosinophil (10–14 μm) • Nucleus: bilobed Phagocytose antigen-antibody complexes, • Cytoplasm: dark eosinophilic granules induce allergic reactions, and asthma, attack • Parasites Lymphocytes (6–14 μm) • Round nucleus, thin rim of cytoplasm • T lymphocytes: cell-mediated immunity • B lymphocytes: antibody-mediated immunity • NK cells: destroy cancer cells Monocytes (12–20 μm) • Kidney-shaped nucleus • Phagocytosis Differentiate into mononuclear • phagocytic cells (e.g. macrophages)
- 34. EMBRYONIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE Mesodermgives rise to embryonic connective tissue 2 subtypes are Mesenchyme and Mucous connective tissue • Mesenchyme ⮚ Found in embryo consists of mesenchymal cells ⮚ Space between cells is occupied by ground substance, reticular fibers and collagen fibers ⮚ Adjacent cells are connected with each other by gap junctions • Mucous Connective tissue ⮚ Present in umbilical cord ⮚ 2 components – Cells & Wharton’s jelly ⮚ Cells are spindle shaped with long cytoplasmic processes ⮚ Wharton’s jelly consists of hyaluronic acid
- 36. LOOSE CONNECTIVE/AREOLAR TISSUE •Widespread connective tissue of the body • It has Fibers, Cells, Ground substance Textbook of Human Histology/Yogesh Sontakke/1st edn/CBS Publishers
- 38. DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE •Contains large amount of fibers and less cells and matrix • Provides strength and protection • 2 types Dense regular and irregular connective tissue • Dense Irregular connective tissue ⮚ Mostly of fibers and small amount of ground substance ⮚ Cells are mostly fibroblasts ⮚ Located in Dermis of skin, dura, epineurium, periosteum, etc., • Dense regular connective tissue ⮚ Contains predominantly of Type I collagen ⮚ Bundles of collagen fibers show wavy appearance
- 42. ADIPOSE TISSUE • Specializedconnective tissue that stores fat • Consists od Adipocytes/Fat cells • 2 types Yellow/white & Brown adipose tissue
- 43. Yellow adipose tissue •Highly vascular • H&E stain – fat gets washed out and cells show empty appearance with thin rim of cytoplasm and peripheral flat nucleus • Located in superficial fascia, yellow bone marrow, omentum, mesentry and around viscera • Energy storage, insulation and protection of viscera
- 45. Brown Adipose Tissue •Brown in color • Smaller than Yellow adipocytes • Found in newborn babies and in adult located in back and neck, scapular region and posterior abdominal wall • Prevents excessive heat loss • Regulate thermogenesis
- 46.