Ancient Rome

First People
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Eastern Africa ~200,00 years ago
Nearly Wiped out
~75,000 years ago
Great Leap Forward
~55,000 years ago
Height of last Ice Age
~22,000 years ago
Ice Age ended
~12,000 years ago
Agriculture as a lifestyle-Agrarian (civilization)
~8,000 years ago

Ice Age
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Disappearance of Neanderthals
Population of the Americas

Agricultural Lifestyle
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Permanent Settlements
Larger Settlements
Greater Hierarchy
Less Equality
More Specialization, leading to
Bigger ships, more inventions, larger
armies, more science, . . .

Mesopotamia
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Mesopotamia-Located in the Fertile
crescent largely between the two
rivers, the Euphrates and Tigris.
Where agrarian lifestyle began,
which is living solely, exclusively,
from farmed food. This enabled
specialization, which lead to the first
wheel, written language, and many
other firsts. Being agrarians also
created a greater hierarchy, more
specialization, and enabled large
permanent settlements.

Ancient Egypt
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5http://www.toxipedia.org/
A large empire that existed for
nearly 3,000 years. Was very close
behind Mesopotamia in becoming
an agrarian society. Known for its
large structures, such as the
pyramids and the sphinx.
Dependent on the river Nile for
most everything.

Ancient Greece
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http://shr-consulting.com/
Followed the above 2 civilizations.
Largely a collection of city states
and many islands in the
Mediterranean. Known for its
scientists and philosophers. Many
of our math principals come from
this time and many scientific
principles. The stories of the Greek
Gods are used today in much of
psychology. Much of Western
thought and ethics can be sourced
back to Ancient Greece. The birth
place of democracy.

Ancient Rome
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From about ~500 B.C.-~500 A.D
But still very much with us with our
customs, how we run our
governments, and our language

Our Logo?
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https://www.etsy.com/market/tim_horton

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Is it
Or is it
GREEK
ROMAN ?

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GREEK ROMAN
Preferred Structure: Temples to Glorify Gods Civic Buildings to honor
Empire
Trademark Forms: Rectangles, Straight Lines Circles, Curved Lines
Support System: Post and Lintel Rounded Arch
Sculpture: Idealized Gods &
Goddesses
Realistic (Verism) humans,
idealized officials
Painting: Stylized figures floating in
Space
Realistic images with
perspective
Subject of Art: Mythology Civic Leaders, military
triumphs

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http://mistupid.com/mythology/

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Ancient Roman Civilization:
Architecture and Engineering
City of Rome

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Roman Cities
 The typical Roman city of the later Republic and
empire resembled a Roman military camp
 two main streets, north-south and east-west—a
grid of smaller streets dividing the town into
blocks.
 http://www.winnipeg.ca/clerks/archives/pathways/images/AnActOfImagination/AnActOfImagination_2.jpg

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All Roads Lead to Rome
Why do you think a system of roads was important to the
survival of the Empire?

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a symbol of Roman power and
wealth.
Plan of the City of Rome

 PANTHEON (temple of all
the gods).

 STONE ARCHES
 AQUEDUCTS,
 DAMS
 RESERVOIRS
 HARBORS.
ENGINEERING
PRACTICES

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Pompeii, eruption of Mount
Vesuvius in A.D. 79,

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Aqueduct
 Among the other great public building
projects of the Romans, the most
noteworthy are the network of bridges and
roads that facilitated travel throughout the
empire, and the aqueducts that brought
water to the towns from mountain sources

THE ROMAN MONARCHY to 509 B.C.
early Rome was ruled by KINGS elected by the people.
– The king's executive power was conferred by a POPULAR
ASSEMBLY made up of all arms-bearing citizens.
– The king turned for advice to a council of nobles, called the
SENATE, chosen from the PATRICIAN class.
– The other class of Romans, the PLEBEIANS (commoners)
included small farmers, artisans, and many clients (dependents
of patrician landowners). In return for a livelihood, the clients
gave their patrician patrons political support in the ASSEMBLY

EARLY REPUBLIC
509-133 B.C.
 In 509 B.C., according to
tradition, the PATRICIANS
expelled the last Etruscan king
and established a REPUBLIC.

 Although the PATRICIANS
controlled the government, they
found themselves unable to exist
without the plebeians.
 The PLEBEIANS produced the
FOOD and supplied the LABOR
that kept the Roman economy
going.
 They also supplied the soldiers
for the Roman MILITARY –
especially important since Rome
was in continual military conflict
during the age of the Republic.

FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
 Because the consuls often interpreted
Rome's unwritten customary law to suit
PATRICIAN INTERESTS, the
plebeians demanded that it be written
down.
– As a result, about 450 B.C., the law
was inscribed on twelve tablets of
bronze and set up publicly in the
Forum.
– The LAW OF THE TWELVE
TABLETS

 Ancient Rome had an
AGRICULTURAL, SLAVE-
BASED ECONOMY whose main
purpose was to feed the vast number
of citizens and legionaries who
populated the Mediterranean region.
 Agriculture and TRADE, were
supplemented by small scale
INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION

 When the Romans conquered the
Mediterranean, they took millions of
SLAVES to Italy, where they worked on
the large plantations or in the houses and
workplaces of wealthy citizens.
 The Italian economy depended on
abundant slave labor, with slaves
constituting 40 PERCENT OF THE
POPULATION. Slaves served as singers,
scribes, jewelers, bartenders, and even
doctors. One slave trained in medicine was
worth the price of 50 agricultural slaves.

 The staple crops of Roman farmers in
Italy were various GRAINS, OLIVES,
and GRAPES. OLIVE OIL and WINE
were among the most important products
in the ancient civilized world and led
Italy's exports.

 Farmers could give surplus crops
to the government in lieu of a
monetary tax.

 GODS CONTROLLED THEIR
LIVES

 TEMPLES to worship the gods
were built throughout the Roman
Empire.
 Each family home would also
have a small altar and shrine. The
Romans had PERSONAL
HOUSEHOLD GODS or spirits
which were worshipped every
day at home. The shrine
contained statues of the spirits
and the head of the household led
family prayers around the shrine
each day.

 In terms of the arts, Roman
citizens were practical people
who spent less time on art,
literature, and philosophy and
more time on ENGINEERING,
CONSTRUCTION, and
MILITARY OPERATIONS.

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Lincoln Memorial
Jefferson
Memorial

 The Romans were attracted to two Hellenistic ethical philosophies:
– EPICURIANSIM taught that the wise man could achieve happiness
simply by freeing his body from pain and his mind from fear --
particularly the fear of death. To reach this goal, men must AVOID
BODILY EXCESSES, including those of pleasure, and accept the
scientific teaching of Democritus that both body and soul are
composed of atoms which fall apart at death. Thus, BEYOND
DEATH THERE IS NO EXISTENCE and nothing to fear.
 STOICISM argued that THE UNIVERSE IS
CONTROLLED by some power -- variously called
Reason, World Soul, Fortune, and God -- which
determines everything that happens. The wise man
conforms his will to the World Will and “STOICALLY"
ACCEPTS whatever part fortune allots him in the drama
of life.
 Stoicism had a humanizing effect on Roman law by
introducing such concepts as the LAW OF
NATURE, the LAW OF BROTHERHOOD OF
MEN INNOCENT UNTIL PROVED GUILTY.

POLITICAL THEORY
AND LEGAL
PRINCIPLES
 Roman political thinkers
contributed many governmental
theories:
– The SOCIAL CONTRACT
theory (that government
originated as a voluntary
agreement among citizens).
– The idea of POPULAR
SOVEREIGNTY (that all
power ultimately resides with
the people).
– The concept that LAW must
be the basis for government.

 Originally, the wars which the
Republic fought were largely
DEFENSIVE WARS. Soon,
however, the Romans were
moving to gain control over
neighboring territory in order to
NEUTRALIZE THE
THREAT OF ATTACK

 Weakened by civil war, the Roman
Republic gave way to the ROMAN
EMPIRE, with its AUTOCRATIC form
of government and LARGE
TERRITORIAL HOLDINGS in
Europe and around the Mediterranean.
 Several events marked the transition from
Republic to Empire, including JULIUS
CAESAR’s appointment as perpetual
DICTATOR (44 BC), the victory of
OCTAVIAN at the Battle of Actium (31
BC), and the Roman Senate's granting to
Octavian of the title AUGUSTUS. (27
BC).

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Review
 What type of innovations came from the
Ancient Roman Civilization?
 What influences can we see in our society
today?
 Can you give examples?

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Vocabulary1
 Amphitheater: circular building, a round or oval
building without a roof that has a central open
space surrounded by tiers of seats, especially one
used by the ancient Romans for public
entertainment
 Aqueduct: A complex system of channels built to
carry water from one place to another.
 Basilica: a type of ancient Roman building that
had a central nave with an aisle on each side
formed by two rows of columns, and typically a
terminal semicircular apse. It was used as a court
of justice, an assembly hall, or an exchange.

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Vocabulary 2
 Forum: a public square or marketplace in
ancient Roman cities where business was
conducted and the law courts were situated
 Oculus: an architectural feature that is
round or eye-shaped, for example, a round
window, a round opening at the top of a
dome, or the central boss of a volute.

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Vocabulary 3
 Keystone: The centre stone in an arch, and
a name commonly used to describe
Manitoba
 Patrician: The ruling class of Rome

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Vocabulary 3
 Plebians: The average citizen of Rome
 Slaves: Up to 40% of the workers of
Rome
 Aqueducts: A system to pipe water to
towns/cities
 Concrete: Mixing cement with water to
form a very strong material

Ancient Rome

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