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Ant312 final report
Land degradation in Bangladesh poses a serious challenge to food security. The main drivers of land degradation are population increase, which is putting pressure on limited available land, as well as climate change impacts like droughts and floods. Unsustainable agricultural practices are also contributing, such as cultivation on marginal lands without conservation measures. As a result, Bangladesh is experiencing high rates of soil erosion, salinization, and declining soil fertility. This is reducing agricultural productivity and threatening food production. Sustainable land management is needed to address land degradation and ensure future food security in Bangladesh.
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Ant312 final report
- 1. Submitted To Rasha Chaklader Lecturer,Independent University Bangladesh Submitted By Anika Ibnath 1530940 Taslima Akter Rubina 1310492 Rakibul Hridoy 1521250 December 5, 2016
- 2. Report Land Degradation inBangladesh: A Challenge to Face Food Security. 5 December, 2016 To, Mr. Rasha Chaklader Lecturer, Schoolof Anthropology Independent University Bangladesh Bashundhara, Dhaka-1212 Subject: Submission of Report. Sir, We are pleased to submit our group report on land degradation in Bangladesh which is proposed by you. We want to thank you for your guidance and support throughout the entire course. You are amazing instructor and faculty with excellent teaching skills. Your excellent and courteous personality has helped us tremendously working on its project has made us learn and gain a lot of experience. As a group we have found compiling this report interesting and challenging. We hope this report give a fair
- 3. idea how environmentis hampering day by day. Land is our part of environment, and our main crops depend on land. And land degradation hampers our food production and increase migration. We wish you to accept our report and oblige us. Thank you very much. Faithfully, Anika Ibnath Prema Taslima Akter Rubina Rakibul Hridoy Acknowledgement I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Mr. Rasha Chaklader, lecturer of Independent University Bangladesh for providing us this opportunity to do this report work in “land degradation in Bangladesh: a challenge to face food security.” I sincerely thank to all my group members for all the guidance and encouragement in carrying out the report to its success. Table of content Section 01 Abstract______________________________1 Section 02
- 4. What is landdegradation? ________________2-3 Types of land degradation_________________3-5 Causes of land degradation________________6-12 Effects of land degradation________________13-18 Minimizing land degradation_______________18-20 Conclusion_____________________________20-21 Section 01 Abstract Agriculture is the most important sector of the economy in Bangladesh. In our country no agriculture activities can be imagined without land. Land is the most important natural resource which provides habitat and sustenance for all living organisms, our economic activities also depend on land and agriculture. Developing countries like Bangladesh population is also a big problem, increasing population increase the demand of food, fodder and fuel wood. The causes of land degradation are agriculture related including dwindling vegetation river bank erosion, flooding, over cultivation of marginal lands deforestation, soil erosion, Salinization, decline in the soil organic matter and biodiversity. Nature and human made issues are also responsible. Bangladesh is a low-lying, reverie country located in South Asia with a largely marshy jungle coastline of 580 km (360 mi) on
- 5. the northern littoralof the Bay of Bengal. The estimates of the extent of land degradation in Bangladesh are more than 8.0million ha. The population of Bangladesh is more than 150.6 which may be increased to 167.4 million in 2019. The present cultivate land in the country is about 19.36 million ha which is decreasing at the rate of 1 percent every year due to non-agricultural purpose of land use like establishment of industry, roads, housing and other infrastructure development, Which decrease the crop production that leads to food scarcity. This situation may be threatened for food security. Sustainable land management is necessary to overcome this situation. Section 2 What is land degradation? Drought, flooding and human activities, such as deforestation, agriculture and urbanization, can all put multiple pressures on fertile land, causing the soil to become degraded or polluted, according to the World Health Organization. This process of reducing the quality of soil is called land degradation, and it can put stress on the environment, affecting the production of food, as well as the quality of air and water. An extreme form of land degradation is desertification, in which land becomes too dry to support vegetation or wildlife as water sources diminish. Without adequate water supplies, there is poor hygiene and more pollutants in the air, such as dust from soil erosion, which can result in infectious diseases.
- 6. People and animalsliving on arid, degraded land need to move to surroundings more conducive to supporting life, which puts resource pressures on water and food supplies for other places as their populations increase. Mass migration from degraded land can also be a major factor in the spread of diseases. Environmental degradation refers to anything that compromises or causes an end to a natural process including climate, land, water, natural habitats and wildlife. In some instances, environmental degradation may also be used to mean a damaging of nature by human beings or other natural disasters. There are many examples of activities that may cause environmental degradation and their effect on life. Some of the things that can be polluted include water, air and land. When polluted, these natural resources may not be able to give optimum yield and may even become dangerous to life. If, for example, oil spills into the ocean, many marine animals are likely to die. The ozone layer protects living things on Earth from coming into direct contact with ultraviolet rays from the sun. The lessening of the ozone layer may have adverse effects. Manmade industries and some natural disasters can cause damage to the ozone layer and thus pose a threat to life on Earth. As human beings clear forests to build industries and settlements, they end up causing an upset in nature. This means the carbon cycle is compromised and the weather patterns of certain regions are likely to change. Types of land degradation The many and varied processes of land degradation have been grouped into six classes: water erosion, wind erosion, soil fertility decline, salinization, water logging, and lowering of the water table.
- 7. • Water erosioncovers all forms of soil erosion by water, including sheet and rill erosion and gulling. Human-induced intensification of land sliding, caused by vegetation clearance, road construction, etc., is also included. • Soil fertility decline is used as a short term to refer to what is more precisely described as deterioration in soil physical, chemical and biological properties. Whilst decline in fertility is indeed a major effect of erosion, the term is used here of cover effects of processes other than erosion. The main processes involved are: • lowering of soil organic master, with associated decline in soil biological activity; • degradation of soil physical properties (structure, aeration, water holding capacity), as brought about by reduced organic master; • Adverse changes in soil nutrient resources, including reduction in availability of the major nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium), onset of micronutrient deficiencies, and development of nutrient imbalances. • Buildup of toxicities, primarily acidification through incorrect fertilizer use. • Salinization is used in its broad sense, to refer to all types of soil degradation brought about by the increase of salts in the soil. It thus covers salinization in its strict sense, the buildup of free salts; and codification (also called alkalization), and the development of dominance of the exchange complex by sodium. As human-induced processes, these occur mainly through incorrect planning and management of irrigation schemes. Also covered is saline intrusion, the incursion of sea water into coastal soils arising from over-abstraction of groundwater.
- 8. • Lowering ofthe water table is a self-explanatory form of land degradation, brought about through tube-well pumping of groundwater for irrigation exceeding the natural recharge capacity. This occurs in areas of non-saline ('sweet') groundwater. Pumping for urban and industrial use is a further cause. Other types of land degradation are treated briefly, treated as causes, or excluded from this review. This is because they are localized or of small extent on a regional scale, or because they are more fully treated elsewhere. Four further classes are recognized as types of land degradation, and as having considerable importance in the region. One case, deforestation, has been treated by reference to an external review. The two other types are considered in more generalized terms. • Deforestation The occurrence of deforestation is widespread and extremely serious in the region. It is not independently assessed here, in view of more detailed treatment in the current FAO Forest resources assessment 1990 project. Deforestation is also discussed as a cause of erosion. • Forest degradation This is the reduction of biotic resources and lowering of productive capacity of forests through human activities. These changes could be beneficial or adverse to land productivity or human welfare: specifically, in semi-arid regions, rainfall might become higher or longer, more reliable or less, or with longer or higher incidence of droughts. There is, however, no firm evidence of what such changes may tee. If adverse changes occur in some areas, then these will certainly constitute a most serious form of human-induced degradation of natural resources. It is accepted that, for a range of reasons, action should be taken to reduce
- 9. emissions of 'greenhousegases'. However, until there is clearer evidence, its potential effects upon climate must remain a master of research, and these will not be further considered. Causes ofland degradation The causes of land degradation can be divided into natural hazards, direct causes, and underlying causes. Natural hazards are the conditions of the physical environment which lead to the existence of a high degradation hazard, for example steep slopes as a hazard for water erosion. Direct causes are unsuitable land use and inappropriate land management practices, for example the cultivation of steep slopes without measures for soil conservation. Underlying causes are the reasons why these inappropriate types of land use and management are practiced; for example, the slopes may be cultivated because the landless poor need food, and conservation measures not adopted because these farmers lack security of tenure. There is a distinction, although with overlap, between unsuitable land use and inappropriate land management practices. Unsuitable land use is the use of land for purposes for which it is environmentally unsuited for sustainable use. An example is forest clearance and arable use of steeply sloping upper watershed areas which would have more value to the community as water sources, managed under a protective forest cover. Inappropriate land management practices refer to the use of land in ways which could be sustainable if properly managed, but where the necessary practices are not adopted. An example is the failure to adopt soil conservation measures where these are needed. It can also refer to land use which is ecologically sustainable under low intensity of use but in which the management becomes inappropriate at higher intensifies. Examples are shifting cultivation and the grazing of semi-arid rangelands.
- 10. • Natural degradationhazards Themajor natural hazards in the region, environmental conditions which act as predisposing factors for land degradation, are: For water erosion: • Monsoonal rains of high intensity; • Steep slopes of the mountain and hill lands; • Soils with low resistance to water erosion (e.g. silty soils, vertisols). For wind erosion: • Semi-arid to aria climates; • High rainfall variability, with liability to drought spells; • Soils with low resistance to wind erosion (e.g. sandy soils). • An open cover of natural vegetation. For soil fertility decline: • Strong leaching in humid climates; • Soils which are strongly acid, and/or with low natural fertility. For water logging: • Alluvial plains or interior basins which restrict outward drainage of groundwater. For salinization: • semi-arid to aria climates with low leaching intensity; • Plains and interior basins which restrict outward drainage of groundwater;
- 11. • Soils whichare naturally slightly saline. For lowering of the water table: • Semi-arid to aria climates with low rates of groundwater recharge. In some cases, these natural hazards are of sufficient intensity to give rise to unproductive land without human interference. Examples are the naturally saline soils which occur in some interior basins of dry regions, or areas of natural gullying ('badlands'). Such conditions have been referred to as problem soils. Percentages of land covered by problem soils are given in Dent (1990). With respect to land degradation, the key feature is that land shortage in the region has led to the widespread agricultural use of areas with natural hazards. These are the passive, or predisposing, conditions for land degradation. Problem soils require special care in management, and failure to give such care leads to land degradation. • Direct causes of degradation • Deforestation of unsuitable land Deforestation is both a type of degradation as such, and also a cause of other types, principally water erosion. Deforestation in itself is not necessarily degrading without it; most productive agricultural lands (in the temperate zone as well as the tropics) would not be available. Deforestation becomes a cause of degradation first, when the land that is cleared is steeply sloping, or has shallow or easily erodible soils; and secondly, where the clearance is not followed by good management. • Extension of cultivation onto lands of longer potential and/or high natural hazards These are also called 'fragile' or marginal lands. Historically the more fertile, or high-potential, agricultural lands were the first to be occupied. Population increase has led to the widespread use of
- 12. lands of longerpotential, those which are less fertile or have greater degradation hazards. Such marginal lands include: • steeply sloping land; • areas of shallow or sandy soils, or with late rite crusts; • Cultivation of semi-arid lands, and grazing of the crier semi-arid areas, marginal to deserts. Such land is of great extent in the region, and makes a large contribution to its agricultural production. Except in areas of highest environmental hazards, e.g. upper watersheds, it is neither desirable nor practicable that they should be taken out of production. What must be recognized is that such lands require higher standards of management if their resources are to be conserved. Unfortunately, they are often utilized by poorer farmers. • Unbalanced fertilizer use Where soil fertility has declined, as a result of prolonged cultivation or erosion, farmers attempt to maintain crop yields. The primary method available for doing so is application of fertilizer. In the short term, a yield response is most readily and cheaply obtained from nitrogenous fertilizer. There has been a steady increase in the ratios of nitrogen to phosphorus, and nitrogen to all other nutrients, in the region. Where phosphate deficiencies have been recognized and counteracted by phosphate fertilizer, deficiencies of other nutrients, including sulphur and zinc, have been reported. The short-term measure of combating fertility decline by application only of macronutrients, and particularly nitrogenous fertilizer, is leading to a greater problem of nutrient imbalance in the medium term. Among the consequences is likely to be longer yield responses to fertilizers.
- 13. • Over pumpingof ground-water: In areas of non-saline ('sweet') groundwater, the technology of tube-wells has led to abstraction of water in excess of natural recharge by rainfall and river seepage. This has progressively lowered the water table. • Land shortage: It has always been recognized that land is a finite resource, but only recently has the full impact of this fact occurred. In earlier times, food shortage or poverty could be combated by taking new, unused, land into cultivation. The percentage change in agricultural land over the ten years 1980-1990 is under 2.5% for India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Afghanistan, whilst for Bangladesh there has been a small absolute decrease. • Land tenure: tenancy and open access resources: There is a distinction between common property and open access resources. In common property resources, use is restricted to members of a community, village or clan, and is subject to constraints, socially applied. For example, pastoralists often have customs for when certain areas must be rested from grazing; villages restrict the cutting of communal woodland. On open access land there are no such constraints. With no legal basis to their use, incentive to farm the land other than for immediate needs is completely lacking. This is a serious cause of deforestation followed by water erosion. • Economic pressures and attitudes: Small land holdings lead to severe economic pressures on farmers, to obtain sufficient food and income to meet immediate needs. Because of such pressure in the short term, labor, land and capital resources cannot be spared to care for the land, for example green manuring or soil conservation structures. This is also the underlying reason for two other direct causes noted above, improper crop rotations and unbalanced fertilizer use. A contributory factor, not always appreciated by
- 14. outside observers, isa change in economic attitudes. In former times, most farmers accepted the situation into which they were bore, even if it was one of relative poverty. Modem communications and influence have led to greater aspirations and consequent requirements for income, thus increasing economic pressures. • Poverty: Countries of the region have made great progress in economic development, achieving increases in gross domestic product per capita. It is questionable whether there have been corresponding improvements in the real welfare of the rural poor. The majority of farmers remain close to, or below, the margin of poverty, defined as access to basic necessities of life. Poverty leads to land degradation. It could almost certainly be shown that richer farmers maintain their soils in better state than poorer. Research based on sample studies to confirm this is desirable. • Population increase: Together with land shortage, the second basic cause of degradation is the continuing increase in rural, agricultural, population. Growth rates for total population 19801990 for six countries range from 2.1- 3.6% per year (for Afghanistan the figure is affected by migration and war). Only in Sri Lanka have attempts to reduce the rate of population increase made substantial progress, with a growth rate of 1.4%. Urban populations are increasing faster than rural. The trend towards urbanization, however, is not sufficient to reverse the key that absolute levers of rural population have increased and are increasing. In Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal and Pakistan, rural populations were 17-32% higher in 1990 than in 1980. In absolute terms, the scale is greatest in India, where already densely populated rural areas contained 79 million more people in 1990 than 10 years earlier.
- 15. All that issuesthat leads to land degradation, some of them are natural and some of them are manmade. Ecologist consider human as a part of nature. And so humans are also responsible to some extent. Human for their own benefits, increasing population, industrialization causes land degradation. In this course we learnt about deep ecology. And deep ecology talks about anthropocentrismwhich means human are responsible but not as whole. (Deep Ecology-Deep ecology is a holistic approach to facing world problems that brings together thinking, spiritually and action. It involves moving beyond the individualism of western culture towards also seeing human as part of the earth. This leads to a deeper connection with life. It says humans as part of the living earth and finding human role in protecting the planet. In this approach, the relationship is more of an involved participant. The idea of deep ecology is that human are part of the earth, rather than apart and separate from it. This idea is in contrast to the dominate individualism of our culture, where seeing ourselves as separated from our world makes it easier. In an anthropocentric society deep ecology directly problematize the relationship between environment and society. It says human exploitation of the environment creating a crisis in environment-society relations. Humans are damaging environment to such a disastrous extant, radical measures need to be taken and we need to change the way we conceptualize nature. Many deep ecologists said that the exploitation and domination of the planet is linked to social forms of domination and exploitation among human being. Which means anthropocentrism is the most deep seated form of domination. Some says that it happens as those based on class, race and gender. ) Effects of land degradation- Land-degradation effects on agricultural industry. Thus the economic and social effects of land degradation are felt most by the people involved in agriculture. For example, in relation to soil, in the short term the economic and social effects may come from the reduced capacity of the soil to sustain plant growth for crops or pasture, resulting in reduced yields. The result of land degradation is small farms,
- 16. low production perperson and increasing landlessness (land shortage). As a consequence of land shortage is poverty. Land shortage and poverty lead to non- sustainable land management practices, the direct causes of degradation. Poor farmers are led to clear forest, cultivate steep slopes without conservation, overgraze rangelands and make unbalanced fertilizer applications. Another important impact of land degradation is threat of food security. As the world population and land degradation increase, world food security decrease. This will eventually result in conflict over resources as well as poverty. The effects of land degradation may be grouped as effects upon production and consequences for the people. The effects upon production are: • abandonment of land, where degradation has reached a severe degree; reduced crop yields; • increased inputs and greater costs where farmers, out of necessity, attempt to combat reduction in yields with increased inputs, primarily of fertilizers; • reduced responses to inputs; • reduced productivity of irrigated land, thereby leading to less efficient use of the high inputs which have gone into development of irrigation; • lower flexibility of land management; • greater risk; • loss of water for irrigation; • Diversion of labor, technical and financial resources to reclamation.
- 17. The consequences forthepeople are: • increased landlessness; • reduced and less reliable food supplies; • increased labor requirements; • Lower incomes. Land degradation has its most serious effects upon the poor. Poor farmers, primarily those with small landholdings, have neither the resources to combat land degradation nor the options to meet short-term disasters, such as flood, drought, attack by pests, or war. It is the poor who, by force of circumstances, suffer most from the nexus of land, population, poverty and degradation. In order to prevent land degradation and maintain sustainability for future we need to take some steps. There are many management practices that can be utilized to counter land degradation. These are given below: • Protection embankment: Land may be protected from overflow of saline water through establishment of embankment of suitable size. The recommended size should be 1 meter high above the high tide level. • Provision of sluice gate on the embankment: There should be provision of sluice gate on the embankment system to remove excess water and also to prevent entree of saline water during high tide. • Leveling of land: Land should be properly leveled to prevent accumulation of water in the low-lying patches with shallow ground water tables and to
- 18. facilitate uniform drainageof excess water. It will help to apply irrigation water uniformly in the field in rabbi season, facilitate uniform germination of seeds and better growth of crops. • Storing of excess rainwater for irrigation: A part of the excess water stored in pond after meeting the requirements of the khaki season can be utilized during the dry period for rabi crop. • Keeping land covered in winter and summer months: Ground water is saline and present at a shallow depth (about 1.0 meter). Keeping lands lead to high salinity in soil due to evaporation of excessive soil moisture. Therefore, it is recommended to avoid fallowing of lands during rabi season. Salt tolerant crops should be chosen and grown. This will lower the profile salinity. • Fertilization of crops: Since, soils in general are poor in fertility with low organic matter content, it is necessary to apply appropriate fertilizers to boost up crop production. Potash fertilizer has an added advantage under soil salinity. It lowers down Na uptake by plants and of course increases K uptake. Thus K fertilization protects crops from harmful effects of Na. • Provision of sub-surface drainage: In many parts of the coastal area, salinity is very high. To grow crops successfully in those areas, it is necessary to bring down the salinity by leaching the salts. It is also necessary to lower down the water table and maintain it blow the critical depth to
- 19. prevent salt effecton crops grown. To achieve the objective, a proper sub- surface drainage has to be installed to keep the ground water at least 1 meter below the soil surface. This technology is effective but somewhat expensive. • Gardening: Planting vegetation and grass can stop heavy rains from damaging our land and it protects the topsoilfrom being washed away. • Reforestation: Planting trees can prevent flooding which causes soil movement and erosion. • Conservation Tillage: Avoid stripping a whole field uncovered because it can cause harmful effect on the soil. Leaving a few vegetation or grass can keep the soil at bay. • Constructing Wind Breakers: Fences, bushes, hedges and trees can prevent gusty winds from damaging our soil. • Using Fertilizers: Applying fertilizers and compost can make the soil healthy and more resistant to soil erosion. • Strip farming: It is & practice in which cultivated crops are sown in alternative strips to prevent water movement. • Crop Rotation: It is one of the agricultural practice in which different crops are grown in same area following a rotation system which helps in replenishment of the soil.
- 20. • Ridge andFurrow Formation: Soil erosion is one of the factors responsible for lad degradation. It can be prevented by formation of ridge and furrow during irrigation which lessens run off. • Construction of Dams: This usually checks or reduces the velocity of run off so that soil supportvegetation. • Contour Farming: This type of farming is usually practiced across the hill side and is useful in collecting and diverting the run off to avoid erosion. Integrating land and water management to protect soils from erosion and other forms of degradation .Protecting the vegetative cover, which can be a major instrument for soil conservation against wind and water erosion. Integrating the use of land for grazing and farming where conditions are favorable, allowing for a more efficient cycling of nutrients within the agricultural systems. A combination of traditional practices which is locally acceptable and adapted land use technologies. Giving local communities the capacity to prevent desertification and to manage dry land resources effectively .Turning to alternative livelihoods that do not depend on traditional land uses, such as dry land aquaculture, greenhouse agriculture and tourism-related activities, is less demanding on local land and natural resources, and yet provides sustainable income. Preventing or minimizing land degradation: In order to prevent land degradation and maintain sustainability in agriculture and to ensure food security at present as well as future time we need to do certain
- 21. things. There aremany management practices that can be utilized to counter land degradation. These are given below: • Protection embankment: Land may be protected from overflow of saline water through establishment of embankment of suitable size. The recommended size should be 1 meter high above the high tide level. • Provision of sluice gate on the embankment: There should be provision of sluice gate on the embankment system to remove excess water and also to prevent entree of saline water during high tide. • Leveling of land: Land should be properly leveled to prevent accumulation of water in the low-lying patches with shallow ground water tables and to facilitate uniform drainage of excess water. It will help to apply irrigation water uniformly in the field in rabbi season, facilitate uniform germination of seeds and better growth of crops. • Storing of excess rainwater for irrigation: A part of the excess water stored in pond after meeting the requirements of the khaki seasoncan be utilized during the dry period for rabi crop. • Fertilization of crops: Since, soils in general are poor in fertility with low organic matter content, it is necessary to apply appropriate fertilizers to boost up crop production. Potash fertilizer has anadded advantage under soil salinity. It lowers down Na uptake by plants and
- 22. of course increasesK uptake. Thus K fertilization protects crops from harmful effects of Na. • Gardening: Planting vegetation and grass can stop heavy rains from damaging our land and it protects the topsoil from being washed away. • Reforestation: Planting trees can prevent flooding which causes soil movementand erosion. • Conservation Tillage: Avoid stripping a whole field uncovered because it can cause harmful effect on the soil. Leaving a few vegetation or grass can keep the soil at bay. • Constructing Wind Breakers: Fences, bushes, hedges and trees can preventgusty windsfrom damagingour soil. • Using Fertilizers: Applying fertilizers and compost can make the soil healthy and moreresistant to soil erosion. • Strip farming: It is & practice in which cultivated crops are sown in alternative strips to preventwater movement. • Crop Rotation: It is one of the agricultural practice in which different crops are grown in same area following a rotation system which helps in replenishmentof the soil. • Ridge and Furrow Formation: Soil erosion is one of the factors responsible for lad degradation. It can be prevented by formation of ridgeand furrow duringirrigation which lessens run off. • Construction of Dams: This usually checks or reduces the velocity of run off so that soil supportvegetation.
- 23. • Contour Farming:This type of farming is usually practiced across the hill side and is useful in collecting and diverting the run off to avoid erosion. Integrating land and water management to protect soils from erosion and other forms of degradation .Protecting the vegetative cover, which can be a major instrument for soil conservation against wind and water erosion. Integrating the use of land for grazing and farming where conditions are favorable, allowing for a more efficient cycling of nutrients within the agricultural systems. A combination of traditional practices with locally acceptable and locally adapted land use technologies. Giving local communities the capacity to prevent desertification and to manage dry land resources effectively .Turning to alternative livelihoods that do not depend on traditional land uses, such as dry land aquaculture, greenhouse agriculture and tourism-related activities, is less demanding on local land and natural resources, and yet provides sustainable income. Conclusion Land degradation is a threat to natural resources with consequences on food security, poverty and environment stability. The climate change will create an impact on land degradation process, including floods, mass movements, soil erosion, salinization, water logging etc. it creates a serious problem for crop production. Land degradation caused by natural factors like climate, vegetation etc and anthropogenic factors like population density, land use, development roads. The main types of land degradation in Bangladesh are soil erosion, water erosion, river bank erosion, salinization etc. to prevent this problem we need to take some steps. As land degradation causes problems in countries like Bangladesh. Our government also needs to create awareness for protecting land. Improvement of degraded land and at the same time protection of land from degradation can accelerate food production that may ensure food demand in future.
- 24. Reference Beddington, John, etal. "Achieving food security in the face of climate change: Final report from the Commission on Sustainable Agriculture and Climate Change." (2012). Solaiman, A. S. M. "Land Degradation in Bangladesh: A Challenge to Face Food Security." A seminar paper presented at the graduate seminar course on. Vol. 21. 2014. Wisner, Ben, et al. "Climate Change and Human Security1." (2007).