Antiamoebic drugs

Antiamoebic drugs

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  Anusha Shaji, B.Pharm,M.Pharm Assistant Professor Department of Pharmacology Nirmala College of Pharmacy, Muvattupuzha, Ernakulam
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  AMEBIASIS Amoebiasis also calledamoebic dysentry It is an infection of intestinal tract caused by Entamoeba histolytica. The disease can be acute or chronic, with the patients showing varying degrees of illness, from no symptoms to mild diarrhea to fulminating dysentery ↓ Dysentery in which the symptoms are intensely acute, leading to prostration, collapse, and often death Transmitted through GIT.
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  ANTIAMOEBIC DRUGS These aredrugs useful in infection caused by the anaerobic protozoa Entamoeba histolytica. Other Entamoeba species are generally non-pathogenic Poor environmental sanitation and low socio- economic status are important factors in the spread of the disease ↓ Which occurs by faecal contamination of food and water
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  FIGURE 1
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  Life cycle ofEntamoeba histolytica Entamoeba histolytica exists in two forms: 1. Cysts form (That can survive out side the body). 2. Trophozoites form (That are labile and don’t persist outside the body). Life cycle Life cycle consists of following steps: 1. Ingestion of cysts Cysts are ingested through feces, contaminated food or water. ↓ 2. Formation of trophozoites Cysts are passed into the lumen of intestine, where the trophozoites are liberated. ↓
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  3. Penetration andmultiplication of trophozoites Trophozoites are penetrated in intestinal wall and multiply within colon wall. They either invade and ulcerate the mucosa of large intestine or simply feed on intestinal bacteria. ↓ 4. Systemic invasion Large numbers of trophozoites within the colon wall can also lead to systemic invasion and caused liver abscess. ↓ 5. Cysts discarded The trophozoites within the intestine are slowly carried toward the rectum, where they return to cyst form and are excreted in feces
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  CLASSIFICATION Classification of amoebicidaldrugs  Therapeutic agents are classified as luminal, systemic, or mixed (luminal and systemic) amebicides according to the site where the drug is effective (Figure 1).
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  Mixed Amebicides Metronidazole Mixed amoebicidesare used for the treatment of amoebic infections; It kills the E. histolytica trophozoits. Extensively used in the treatment of infections caused by Giardia lamblia, Trichomonas vaginalis, Anaerobic cocci, and Anaerobic gram negative bacilli. Drug of choice for the treatment of pseudomembranous colitis caused by the anaerobic, gram positive bacillus Clostridium difficile. Activated by anaerobic organisms to a compound that damage parasite DNA.
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  Mechanism of actionof: Metronidazole Metronidazole is a prodrug. It requires reductive activation of nitro group by susceptible organism. Its selective toxicity towards anaerobic and microaerophilic pathogens such as E. histolytica, G. lamblia, etc. These organisms contain electron transport components such as ferridoxin, small Fe-S proteins that have sufficiently negative redox potential to donate electrons to metronidazole. The single electron transfer forms a highly reactive nitro radical anion that kills susceptible organisms by radical-mediated mechanisms that target DNA, resulting in cell death.
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  Pharmacokinetics Completely and rapidlyabsorbed after oral administration Little unabsorbed drug reaches the colon It is widely distributed in the body Therapeutic levels can be found in vaginal and seminal fluids, saliva, breast milk, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Metabolism occurs in liver Plasma half life- 8 hours Uses Amoebiasis, Giardiasis, Anaerobic bacterial infections, pseudomembranous enterocolitis, Helicobacter pylori gastritis/ peptic ulcer
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  Adverse effects An unpleasantmetallic taste is often experienced. The most common adverse effects are those associated with the gastrointestinal tract, including nausea, vomiting, epigastric distress, and abdominal cramps. Less frequent side effects are headache, glossitis, dryness of mouth and dizziness Urticaria, flushing, heat, itching and rashes Thrombophlebitis of the injected vein occurs if the solution is not well diluted
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  SYSTEMIC AMEBICIDES These drugsare useful in treating liver abscesses or intestinal wall infections caused by amebas. Chloroquine Used in combination with metronidazole and diloxanide furoate to treat and prevent amebic liver abscesses. It eliminates trophozoites in liver abscesses. Also effective in treatment of malaria. Emetine and Dehydroemetine Used as alternative agents for the treatment of amebiasis. These inhibit protein synthesis by blocking chain elongation.
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  Intramuscular injection isthe preferred route. Emetine is concentrated in liver, where it persists for a month after single dose. It is slowly metabolized and excreted, and it can accumulate. Its half life in plasma is 5 days. The use of these, are limited by their toxicities and close clinical observations is necessary when these drugs are administered. They should not be taken for more than 5 days. Dehydroemetine is only available under a compassionate investigational new drug protocol through the Centers of disease Control and Prevention. The untoward effects are pain at the site of infection, transient nausea, cardiotoxicity, neuromuscular weakness, dizziness, and rashes.
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  Luminal Amebicides Iodoquinol Iodoquinol, ahalogenated 8- hydroxy quinolone. It is effective against Entamoeba histolytica, luminal trophozite and cyst form. Side effects include rashes, diarrhea, dose- related neuropathy, including rare optic neuritis. Long term use of drug should be avoided. Paromomycin Aminoglycosides antiamebicides; alternative agent for cryptosporidiosis. Not significantly absorbed from GIT, so effective against the intestinal (luminal) form of E. histolytica and tapeworm.
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  Excreted in urine. Itsantiamoebic action is due to effect on cell membranes, causing leakage and by reducing the population of intestinal flora. Adverse effects  Gastrointestinal distress  Diarrhoea