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Antibiotics
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- 2. Antibiotics, Chemotherapeutic agents, anti-infectivedrugs, antimicrobial drugs • Obtained from other microorganisms e.g. bacteria, fungi etc. OR • Produced/derived from microorganisms used to suppress the growth or to kill the other microorganisms NOTE: All antibiotics are chemotherapeutic agents but not all chemotherapeutic agents are antibiotics.
- 3. Principle/Base of chemotherapy •Known as “concept of selective toxicity”. • Proposed by a scientist “Paul Ehrlich” in 1909. He is now a days considered as “founder of chemotherapy”. • For the first time, he treated STD i.e. “syphilis” caused by “Treponema pallidum” by using “arsphenamine” or (salvarsan ℞). • Biochemical difference between microbial cells and human cells provided base for chemotherapy.
- 4. Classes of antibiotics 1.Type (1) Nature of microbes/microorganisms 2. Type (2) Mechanism of action 3. Type (3) Nature of spectrum 4. Type (4) Chemistry/chemical structure 5. Type (5) Nature of action 6. Type (6) Source
- 5. Type (1) Natureof microbe/microorganisms a. Antibacterial therapy b. Antifungal therapy c. Antiviral therapy d. Antiparasitic therapy i. Antimalarial drugs ii. Antiamoebic drugs e. Antihelminths/ anthelmintic therapy
- 6. Type (2) Mechanismof action a. Cell wall synthesis inhibitors b. Cell membrane disruptor c. Protein synthesis inhibitors d. Folic acid synthesis inhibitors/ folate antagonists e. DNA, Nucleic acid synthesis/function inbitors
- 7. a. Cell wallsynthesis inhibitors BC • Beta lactam drugs. • Caspofungins
- 8. b. Cell membranedisruptor APP • Azole drugs • Polyene drugs • Polymyxin B
- 9. c. Protein synthesisinhibitors • 30s ribosomal subunit inhibitor: AT • Aminoglycosides • Tetracyclins • 50s ribosomal subunit inhibitor: LCM LS • Lincosamides • Chloramphenicol • Macrolides • Linezolid • Streptogramin
- 10. d. Folic acidsynthesis inhibitor/folate antagonist PTS • Pyrimethamine • Trimethoprim • Sulphonamides
- 11. e. DNA, Nucleicacid synthesis/function Inhibitors • Flouroquinolones • Quinolones • Anti malarial • Anti TB • Anti parasitic
- 12. Type (3) Natureof spectrum a. Very narrow spectrum b. Narrow spectrum c. Extended Spectrum
- 13. a. Very NarrowSpectrum • Penicillinases • Anti staphyloccal drugs
- 14. b. Narrow Spectrum •Penicillin G (Benzyl Penicillin)
- 15. c. Extended Spectrum •Wide Spectrum: ACA • Ampicillin • Clarithromycin • Azithromycin • Broad Spectrum: TC • Tetracycline • Chloramphenicol
- 16. Type (4) Chemistry/ ChemicalStructure 1. ß-lactam antibiotics e.g. penicillin, cephalosporin, carbopenems, monobactam
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- 19. 4. Nitrobenzene derivativese.g. Chloramphenicol etc.
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- 22. 7. Azole antibiotics e.g. Diazole(Clotrimazole, Metronidazole), Triazole etc.
- 23. 8. Polypeptides e.g.Polymyxin B 9. Glycopeptides e.g. vancomycin
- 24. Type (5) Natureof action a. Microbiostatic b. Microbicidal
- 25. a. Microbistatic • Bacteriostatic: TCS •Tetracyclines • Chloramphenicol • Sulphonamides • Fungistatic: AG • Azole drugs • Griseofulvin
- 26. b. Microbicidal • Bactericidal: FB •Fluoroquinolones • Beta lactam drugs • Fungicidal: • Amphotericin B
- 27. Type (6) Source a.Microbiological origin b. Semisynthetic c. Synthetic
- 28. a. Microbiological origin •Fungi: • E.g. Penicillium species • Bacteria: • E.g. Bacillus species (Bacitracin) • Soil: • Streptomycetes, actinomycetes e.g. TMC • Tetracyclines • Macrolides • Chloramphenicol
- 29. b. Semi Synthetic AC •Aminopenicillin (amoxicillin) • Cephalosporins (Ceftriaxone)
- 30. c. Synthetic SF • Sulphonamides(co trimoxazole) • Fluoroquinolones (Ciprofloxacin) • Certain anti TB • Certain Antimalarial