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Antigen & Antibody.pptx role in immune systems
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- 9. Name Types Description IgA2 Found in mucosal areas, such as the gut, respiratory tract and urogenital tract, and prevents colonization by pathogens. Also found in saliva, tears, and breast milk IgD 1 Functions mainly as an antigen receptor on B cells that have not been exposed to antigens. Its function is less defined than other isotopes. IgE 1 Binds to allergens and triggers histamine release from mast cells and basophile, and is involved in allergy. Also protects against parasitic worms IgG 4 In its four forms, provides the majority of antibody-based immunity against invading pathogens. The only antibody capable of crossing the placenta to give passive immunity to fetus. IgM 1 Expressed on the surface of B cells and in a secreted form with very high avidity. Eliminates pathogens in the early stages of B cell mediated (humoral) immunity before there is sufficient IgG Antibody Isotypes
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- 15. Antigen : • Itsa substancethat may be (Ab) molecule or specifically bound by T an antibody cell receptors (TCR). When this binding lead to the activation of B cells or T cells ,this substance is known as immunogen. There are some Ag do not induce immune response. So, all immunogens are antigens, but not all antigens are immunogen . • Antigens can be proteins, polysaccharides, conjugates of lipids with proteins (lipoproteins) and polysaccharides (glycolipids)
- 16. - The bodyrecognizes antigens by the three- dimensional shapes or regions called antigenic determinants or epitopes. - Antigenic determinants may be mutivalent,or monovalent - Mutivalent antigens elicit a stronger immune response than monovalent antigens. -Multivalent antigen, variously called a hetrophil antigen, hetrologus antigen, or forssman antigen, can react with antibodies produced in response to different antigen
- 17. • Properties ofimmunogens: The ability of a substance to induce immune response is referred to as immunogenicity ,and the substance which induces the immune response is said to be immunogenic. the immune responses induced by an immunogen depend on many factors: 1 Foreingnness 2 Chemical composition 3 Molecular size 4 Chemical complexity 5 Genetic constitutes of the host 6 Route of entry of immunogen into the host 7- Dose of immunogen
- 18. Origin of Antigens Antigenscan be classified in order of their class • Exogenous antigens are antigens that have entered the body from the outside , for example by inhalation, ingestion, or injection. • Endogenous antigens are antigens that have been generated within cells as a result of normal cell metabolism, or because of viral or intracellular bacterial infection.
- 19. Adjuvant: Injecting animmunogen along with certain substances can increase the intensity of the immune responses to the immunogen. The substances, which enhances the immune response to immunogen are called adjuvant. The mechanisms by which adjuvant can enhance the immune response include: 1 prolonging retention i.e, increase the time of exposure of host to immunogen. 2 increasing the effective size. 3 promoting immunological activities of immune cells. 4 stimulating the influx of immune cells to the site of administration. Examples of commonly used adjuvant: a. Complete Freund's adjuvant: A water –oil emulsion used in BCG
- 20. Antibody: Antibody Structure • Antibodiesare glycoprotein • Produced by B-cell • Are antigen-specific • Bind and inactivate foreign particles • The basic functional unit of each antibody is an immunoglobulin
- 21. Y-shaped molecule Each antibody consistsof four polypeptides - two heavy chains and two light chains connected by disulfide bonds, joined to form a "Y" shaped molecule.
- 22. • Each heavychain has two regions, the constant region and the variable region • The constant region is identical in all antibodies of the same isotype but differs in antibodies of different isotypes. • Light Chain • A light chain has two domains one constant domain and one variable domain • Each antibody contains two light chains that are always identical Heavy Chain
- 23. • Some partsof an antibody have unique functions. The tips of the Y contain the site that bind antigen and, therefore. This region of the antibody is called the Fab (fragment, antigen binding). • The base of the Y plays a role in modulating immune cell activity. This region is called the Fc (Fragment, crystallizable) region, and is composed of two heavy chains. • Fc regions contain amino acid sequences that anchor the immunoglobulin to the cytoplasmic membranes of cells by binds to various cell receptors. • By binding to specific proteins, the Fc region ensures that each antibody generates an appropriate immune response for a given antigen. Fab and Fc Regions
- 24. • Although thegeneral structure of all antibodies is very similar, a small region at the tip of the “Y” varies greatly among different antibodies • This variable region, composed of 110-130 amino acids, allowing millions of antibodies with slightly different tip structures, or antigen binding sites • The variable region includes the ends of the light and heavy chains. • Each antibody binds to a specific antigen; an interaction like a lock and key
- 25. • Antibodies contributeto immunity in three ways: – they prevent pathogens from entering or damaging cells by binding to them – they stimulate removal of pathogens by macrophages and other cells by coating the pathogen – they trigger destruction of pathogens by stimulating other immune responses such as the complement pathway Function
- 26. Mechanisms of Antibody Action •Precipitation of soluble antigens • Agglutination of foreign cells • Neutralization • Enhanced phagocytosis • Complement activation leading to cell lysis • Stimulates inflammation
- 27. • The bindingof antibodies to antigens to form antigen-antibody complexes is the basis of several antigen disposal mechanisms.
- 28. Monoclonal antibodies (antibdy reacts withsingle type of antigen)