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Applications of biotechnology
Biotechnology has three main applications - medical, agricultural, and environmental. In medicine, it is used for diagnostics, therapeutics like vaccines, gene therapy, and cancer treatments. Agriculture uses biotechnology for higher yielding crops, pest resistance, and nutritionally enhanced foods. Environmental applications include bioremediation, pollution prevention, and environmental monitoring.
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Applications of biotechnology
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- 2. What is Biotechnology? Biotechnologyapplies the knowledge of biology to enhance and improve the environment, health, and food supply. Using biotechnology, scientists work to develop environment- friendly alternatives to fossil fuels and plastics; new medicines, vaccines and disease diagnostic tools; and higher yielding and more nutrient-rich crop plants.
- 3. APPLICATIONS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY In the coming years, most of the commercial application of biotechnology will be in three markets:
- 4. The Applications of Biotechnology Medical Biotechnology Diagnostics Therapeutics Vaccines Agricultural Biotechnology Plant agriculture Animal agriculture Food processing Environmental Biotechnology Cleaning through bioremediation Preventing environmental problems Monitoring the environment
- 5. Diagnostics Physicians cannow detect many diseases and medical conditions more quickly and with greater accuracy. The time required to diagnose infectious diseases has dropped from days to minutes. Certain cancers are now diagnosed by simple taking a blood sample, thus eliminating the need for invasive and costly surgery.
- 6. Biomarkers Molecular footprints thatare secreted by cells as the disease progresses from one stage to the next are known as “Biomarkers”. Biotechnology has also decreased the cost of disease diagnosis. A new blood test, developed through biotechnology, measures the amount of low- density lipoprotein in blood.
- 7. MEDICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY FORENSICS DNA fingerprintingallows for the identification of individuals by analyzing section of DNA that vary widely from one individual to another
- 8. Therapeutics Biotechnology willprovide improved versions of today’s therapeutic regimens. The novel therapeutic advances biotechnology now makes following things feasible: Gene therapy to correct genetic disease Immunosuppressive therapies Cell therapy to produce replacement tissues and organs Replacement therapies
- 9. Therapeutics Cancer Therapy tosuppress tumor genes and prevent or cure cancer Design and production of vaccines Vaccine delivery systems (goats that produce milk with a malaria antigen in it)
- 10. Natural products as pharmaceuticals Manyplants produce compounds with human therapeutic value. For example: Digitalis Bark of the slow-growing yew tree
- 11. Gene therapy It isa technique for correcting defective genes that are responsible for disease development There are four approaches: 1. A normal gene inserted to compensate for a nonfunctional gene. 2. An abnormal gene traded for a normal gene 3. An abnormal gene repaired through selective reverse mutation 4. Change the regulation of gene pairs 16-02-09 11
- 12. How It Works Avector delivers the therapeutic gene into a patient’s target cell The target cells become infected with the viral vector The vector’s genetic material is inserted into the target cell Functional proteins are created from the therapeutic gene causing the cell to return to a normal state
- 13. Picture http://encarta.msn.com/media_461561269/Gene_Therapy.html
- 14. Cancer Therapies Biotechnology researchtools have permitted progress in treating cancer on a variety of fronts.
- 15. How it works MAbsare being used to bind to and inactivates the protein produced by the genes that are involved in certain critical events of cell growth. When both copies of Tumor suppressor genes become inactive then by introducing normal copies of the genes into tumor cells through gene therapy made the tumor to be regress.
- 17. INTRODUCTION A vaccine isa biological preparation that establishes or improves immunity to a particular disease. The term vaccine derives from Edward Jenner's 1796 use of the term cow pox , which, when administered to humans, provided them protection against smallpox.
- 18. VACCINE DESIGN AND PRODUCTION Thevaccines that prevent small pox and other diseases are based on the use of either killed or live micro-organisms. When vaccinated with such a non-virulent microbe, your body produces antibodies to that organism, but you don’t get the disease.
- 19. VACCINE DESIGN AND PRODUCTION Ifyou are exposed to that microbe again, your body has a ready supply of antibodies to defend itself.
- 20. PROBLEMS WITH VACCINES 1)Generally vaccines cause no serious problems, but they do have side effects, like : Allergic reactions Aches or pains Fever
- 21. PROBLEMS WITH VACCINES 2)A second problem with this method of vaccination is consistent production of virus based vaccines. 3) Developing vaccinations for some deadly infectious diseases, such as HIV/AIDS and malaria is risky
- 22. VACCINE PRODUCTION Usually, onlyone or a few proteins on the surface of pathogen trigger the production of antibodies. By isolating the gene and inserting into E.coli, large quantity of proteins can be produced to serve as vaccine.
- 23. VACCINE PRODUCTION When proteinis injected the body produces antibodies that can recognize the pathogen . Using these new techniques of biotechnology, scientists have developed vaccines against diseases such as Hepatitis B and Meningitis.
- 24. DNA VACCINES Injecting nakedDNA into muscles or skin cells also elicits immune response. Researchers had assumed that DNA alone would not trigger an immune response of sufficient strength to impart protection against infectious diseases.
- 25. VACCINE DELIVERY SYSTEMS Vaccinebeing developed is a Live Virus, a coat protein or a piece of its DNA, the production of vaccines require costly facilities and procedures.
- 26. USING BIOTECHNOLOGY Industrial researchersare using biotechnology to develop edible vaccines. A company has genetically engineered goats to produce a malaria antigen in milk. Positive results shown for human volunteers who consumed hepatitis vaccines in bananas and cholera vaccines in potatoes.
- 27. •Agriculture Biotechnology •Plant Agriculture •CropProduction and Protection •Using Biological Methods to Protect Crops •Value of crops
- 28. AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY Modern agriculturalbiotechnology includes a range of tools that scientists employ to understand and manipulate the genetic make-up of organisms for use in the production of agricultural products.
- 29. APPLICATIONS Micro-organisms have beenused for decades as living factories for the production of life-saving antibiotics including penicillin, from the fungus Penicillium, and streptomycin from the bacterium Streptomyces. Modern detergents rely on enzymes produced via biotechnology, hard cheese production largely relies on rennet produced by biotech yeast and human insulin for diabetics is now produced using biotechnology.
- 30. PLANT AGRICULTURE As plantsare genetically complex, plant agriculture biotechnology lagged behind medical advances in biotechnology. An Important fact is that animal research has received much more federal funding than plant research.
- 31. USING BIOLOGICAL METHODSTO PROTECT CROPS Biotechnology is also providing farmers with more opportunities to work with nature in plant agriculture. Scientists have discovered that plants and animals have endogenous defense systems, the hypersensitive response and systemic acquired resistance. Scientists are developing environmentally benign chemicals that can be used to trigger these two means of defense so that plants can better protect themselves against attack by insects and pathogens.
- 32. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL ORBIOCONTROL It is suppression of pests and diseases through the use of biological agents. For example, a virus may be used to control an insect pest, or a fungus may deter the growth of a weed.
- 33. EXPLOITING COOPERATIVE RELATIONSHIPSIN NATURE In addition to capitalizing on nature’s negative interactions---predation and parasitism--- tocontrol pests, farmers might also use existing positive relationships that are important for plant growth. For Example-symbiosis between plants in the bean family and certain nitrogen-fixing bacteria. By providing crop plant with a usable form of nitrogen, the bacteria encourage plant growth. Scientists are working tounderstand the genetic basis of this symbiotic relationship so that we can give nitrogen-fixing capabilities to crops other than legumes.
- 34. NUTRITIONAL VALUE OFCROPS The first generation of genetically engineered crops primarily benefited farmers as well as consumers. Foe example:- Bt Corn sustains relatively little insect damage, it is also infected significantly less often by fungi and molds that produce toxins that are fatal to livestock and harmful to humans. Biotechnology also provide consumers with plant products that are designed specifically to be healthier and nutritious. Healthier cooking oils are being developed. Using genetic enginnering plant scientists have decreased the concentrations of saturated fatty acids in certain vegetable oils.