Applications of recombinant_DNA_tech

Applications of recombinant_DNA_tech

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  ASSIGNMENT Topic Applications of RecombinantDNA Technology in health, Agriculture,Environment and Industry  Introduction Recombinant DNA Technology is the technique in which the DNA is combine from two different sources,to make new combinations.Recombinant DNA molecule formed through recombinant DNA technology.The process of recombinant DNA technology involves the identification of gene of interest,ligation into suitable vector and then transferring into the expression system for the proper expression.Mostly the E.coli is used for the expression system.There are some applications of the recombinant DNA technology.  Application ofrecombinant DNAtechnology in health Production of vaccines Vaccines are live attenuated or modified pathogens given to an individual to trigger immunity against antigen. By recombinant dna technology, antigen producing gene and plasmid combined , rDna formed and used as vaccine or insert into another host where immunogenic antibodies produced will be used as vaccine. Viral vaccines prepared through it probably includes HIV, hepatitis B , Herpex ,mouth and foot diseases. In figure: Have example of hepatitis B vaccine producing due to expression of rDna in yeast cell that multiplies and produce HB antigen. Extract then purify them. Available for human vaccination. Commercial and pharmaceutical products Insulin Insulin(hormone) controls glucose level in humans. Improper functioning of hormones lead to diabetics. By rDna , done cloning of human insulin gene and put in E.coli.
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  ASSIGNMENT Culturing of theseengineered or recombinant E.coli perform and now have availability of insulin. This microbial involving method is much better and is devoid of getting by-products by animal slaughtering. Human growth hormone HGH is homing polypeptide means have role in growth , regeneration or differentiation. Number of human growth hormone commercially present using recombinant dna technology. E.g dwarfism treating by injecting these. For this procedure, take human growth from human cell then insert in plasmid , form recombinant. Insertion of rDna into host by vector . Interferon Interferon are group of proteins that interfere with viral multiplication or replication. When any viral gets entry into cell, infected cell or tissue releases interferon that spread to nearby cells and stop viral protein synthesis. Due to interference ability can use cure cancer e.g hairy cell leukemia. By rDna, we become capable of making this protein. Alpha component of which have role in curing lymphoma and myelogenous leukemia. Antibiotics Artificially prepared antibiotics also available by recombinant dna technology. They denature harmful living pathogens. Example of which is pencillin in 1928 by alexander flemming. 1. Monoclonal antibodies Production of antibody occur in the presence of specific or foreign antigen particle. Our blood contains several antibody serum derived from different antigenic molecule. Further with isolating and culturing procedure, these specific lymphocytes are cultured in-vitro, known as monoclonal antibodies. They are monospecific and protein in nature. But disadvantage of these specific antibodies is their instability in culture environment. This problem is overcome by Hybridoma technology. B-cells (have ability to generate antibodies) are fused with myeloma cells (cancerous cells) of same isotype, resulting hybrid cells.
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  ASSIGNMENT Applications of moAb Used as diagnostic agent of diseased infection and pregnancy test.  In treatment of cancer and veterinary cases.  Develop effective vaccines for human, animal and plant also. 2. Molecular diagnosis of diseases Diagnostic kits are produced with the help of recombinant Dna technology for the diagnosis of genetic (huntington’s chorea,etc) as well as infectious diseases (measles, TB, cholera, hepatitis, cancer, small pox, certain pathogens, etc). As isolating and then identification of that particular diseased pathogen was very time consuming and slow process while diagnostic kits according to their specific sequence identify these pathogenic organisms which is very accurate, fast and specific method. These tools are based on the principle of ELISA, PCR based techniques and RIA Essays. For example in the diagnosis of HIV: “first antibody test will proceed by using recombinant HIV protein to measure antibodies in body that proliferate when there is HIV infection. Then, the DNA test uses reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) to detect presence of HIV genetic material. This is used for analyzing the genome sequence.” Constructing probes “that are short sequence nucleotides” with labelled marker are important strategy in diagnosis of diseases while other is MAB production. 3. Medically Important Compounds in Berries Modified strawberries increases the sugar level and antioxidant activity by rolC gene. Glycosyl-transferase and transferase are have major role in glycosylation of anthocyanins. Some nutrition related genes for different components in strawberry including “ proanthocyanidin, l-ascorbate, flavonoid, polyphenols, and flavonoid” are important for improving the component of interest through genetic transformation. In case of raspberry, “bHLH and FRUITE4 genes control the anthocyanin components” whereas “ERubLRSQ072H02 is related to flavonol”. By specific transformation, these genes can enhance the production and improve the quality. All these compounds have medical values 4. Gene therapy Many diseases are the result of mutation or other factors in the genome. These “mutated” or “faulty” genes are manipulated by foreign normal functioning gene, is the phenomenon of gene therapy. For example in cancerous patients, p53 gene is inserting into patients by following this procedure. 5. DNA fingerprinting Dr. Alec Jeffreys developed DNA fingerprinting technique. Every person have its unique finger patterns that differs from other individual. There is possibility to alter these patterns but specific principle is unknown. Finger prints are detected on the basis of number of highly polymorphic genes.
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  ASSIGNMENT Applications  Used incriminal identification.  For child parentage establishment.  Helpful for deduction of racial group.  Applications of recombinant DNA technology in agriculture Plants are modified from last two decades.By using conventional breeding.Plant breeders perform selection and cross those selected plants to get new varieties recombinant DNA technology allow the breeders to get crops with improve yield stress tolerant plant and disease resistant plants. This comes under the criteria of modern breeding.Desire gene is identified,isolated ans inserted into other plant to obtain desire characteristics.This gene can be taken from two different species.There are many transgenic crops which are being produced commercially .Recombinant DNA technology remove the barriers of taking gene only from same specie.rDNA technology has three main types of applications in agriculture 1- Production of stress tolerant crops. 2-Increasing the yield of crops. 3-Production of biopharmaceuticals from plants.  Production of stress tolerant crops:- Herbicide tolerant plants Recombinant DNA technology allows the plant breeders to produce the herbicide tolerant plants.Because some plants are are kill by herbicides which grow near these plants.The common example is Roundup herbicide which grow near some plants and block the enolpyruvateshikimate phosphate synthase enzyme pathway by producing glyphosate .The glyphosate block the pathway of EPSP synthase and kill the plants .There are many plants species which are killed by this herbicide.Plant breeders take gene from those plants which have resistant towards this herbicide and manipulate those plants by inserting herbicide tolerant genes.Soyabean and cotton are two important crops which are being improved by modifying EPSP gene. Insect tolerant plants Insect tolerant plants can be produced through recombinant DNA technology.Before this technology insecticide and pesticide sprays are used,but these sprays are not echo friendly because they have adverse effects on crops as well as on environment.Insect resistant plants are modified by introducing Bt gene in the these plants .Bt gene is isolated from bacillus
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  ASSIGNMENT thuringeinsis .Bacillus thuringeinsishave Bt gene which is responsible for releasing cry proteins.When any insect eats leaves of plant the cry gene releases a toxin and the crystalline form of toxin binds in the intestinal wall of insect .By this binding pores create in the intestine of insect and in this way the whole digestive system destroys.Cotton,maize rice,cabbage,cauliflower and other crops are being manipulated with Bt gene. Stress tolerant plants Abiotic stress such as high temperature,salinity,acidic environment are not suitable for plants.Some plants cope up with this environment but some die due to unfavourable conditions.Recombinant DNA technology plays a vital role for making stress tolerant plants.Genes are taken from those plants which can survive in these conditions and get back inserted into the plant to make it stress tolerant.Some plants are modified by r DNA technology which can survive in high amount of almunium. Disease resistance plants Disease resistant plants are made from recombinant DNA technology.Foreign genes are inserted into plant to save it from the bacterial,viral,fungal infections.First the desire gene is selected and inserted into suitable vector.Tobacco plant is modified by inserting foreign genes to protect it from tobacco mosaic virus.Different enzymes,proteins are secreted as a defense mechanism in plants.  Increasing quality and yield of crops Plant breeders improve the quality and yield of crops through recombinant dna technology.Tomatoes are soften very quickly with the polygalacturonase and pectinase enzyme. Due to overcome this problem the antisense RNA is prepared using recombinant DNA technology. The RNA is complementary to the mRNA.This will result in this slow ripening due to slow translation rate to make their quality better. Yield can be improved by introducing photosynthetic gene.By this starch is stored in the tubers not in leaves and plant yield is more.Ethylene is a hormone which is responsible for ripening of fruit.Recombinant DNA technology introduces ethylene producing gene this result in the delayed fruit ripening.Vitamin A deficiency can also be treated by increasing production of beta carotene.  Production of biopharmaceuticals Important biopharmaceuticals are prepared through recombinant technology.Drugs therapeutic proteins.Foreign genes are inserted into the plants and the seeds that the plant produce will contain the therapeutic proteins.Many infectious diseases,cancer can be cure by therapeutic proteins.Recombinant DNA technology is efficient mean to transfer the desire gene for production of desire product or protein.Edible vaccines are also prepared by recombinant DNA technology.Desire antigenic proteins are selected from the other plants or
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  ASSIGNMENT organism and insertedinto the fruits like tomato,banana.These fruits then immunized the patients with susceptible disease.Production of secondary metabolites is also performed by recombinant DNA technology.Sometimes expression of a gene is increased and due to overexpression the metabolite is released into the medium.Arabidopsis plant is improved by inserting foreign genes and polyhydroxy butyrate is released by Arabidopsis in the chloroplast.PHB is then extracted from this plant.PHB is a biodegradable plastic it is further can be used for different purposes.(Panda, 2004).  Applications of recombinant DNA technology in Environment Recombinant DNA technology is the technique In which DNA molecules from two different species are join together and inserted into a host organism to produce new genetic combination. Recombinant DNA technology have different applications in environment,By production of genetic combination from insertion of desire gene,pollutants can remove from environment. Remediation of Environmental pollutants Through plant metabolism it is possible to check the remediation of environmental pollutants.There are some harmful chemicals that are not digested and degrade.they are partially degradeable e.g TNT chemical.In this nitrogen is reacted with oxygen and super oxide is formed that is toxic.To solve this issue, knock out the monodehydroascorbate reductase gene that will create resistant against TNT. Arsenic particals are toxic and they are present in the soil that is harmful for plants.By recombinant DNA technology PvACR3 gene is incorporate in Arabidopsis.For incorporation of gene vectors are used. Expression of PvACR3 gene will give rise to generate tolerance plant to arsenic.Seeds of plant are genetically engineered with PvACR3 gene,germinate and grow plant in presence of either higher amount of arsenic in soil.In Arabidopsis thaliana, reductase enzyme is present that reduce the arsenic. Phytochelatins resist the movement of arsenic in root cells and phloem cells. Waste product of agriculture have cellulose that do not easily decompose.By using recombinant dna technology we can convert cellulose to sugar for break down of cellulose.For this E.coli bacteria is use. cellulase enzyme gene is incorporated in vector into the bacteria.Expression of this enzyme will enhance to degrade the waste that contain cellulose. Some bacteria have capability to degrade oil spills or organic waste.These wastes are harmful for environment.Genetically modified strain of Pseudomonas putida able to degrade chemicals in oil spills. Pseudomonas putida is genetically modified by Indian Scientist Anand Chakrabarty. The 'degradation genes',placed bacterial plasmids, were transferred to create a microorganism capable of degrading all chemicals. Energy Applications
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  ASSIGNMENT Some microorganisms areused for energy purposes. Cyanobacteria,is environmental friendly energy source that is hydrogen mediated.By properly utilizing the required enzymes,specific production is maintained or these enzymes play a key role in the product formation.By genetic engineering, production of hydrogen can enhance in Cyanobacteria and other biofuels. The commercialization of energy source by genetically engineered Cyanobacteria will keep the environment clean which is not possible by using conventional energy sources releasing CO2 and other harmful chemicals.Genetically engineered Cyanobacteria able to convert of CO2 into reduced fuel compounds. This will make the carbon energy sources harmless to the environment.  ROLE OF RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNNOLOGY IN INDUSTRY Biotechnology has revolutionized in all fields of life commercial benefits health food pharmaceuticals. industrial microbiology is emerged with molecular biology for the improvement industrial production primary and secondary metabolites, low-cholesterol level antibiotics ,enzymes ,genetic modified organisms and transgenic animals or plants that is only beneficial for mankind it’s all do play a vital role in commercial or domestic purposes. The ability to manipulate DNA in with microbes has generated many applications at industrial level examples food industry, pharmaceutical industry, agricultural industry. FOOD INDUSTRY Recombinant DNA technology in food industry dairy products, soya products, brewery products and bakery. many bacterial strains produced for enriching the industrial level and its useage.primary metabolites growth harmones amino acides ,enzymes or different protein for synthesizing.fungi strains is have been modified for to reduction of any toxicity in fruits.Lysozymes are effective agent to get rid of microbial colonies of microbes in food like fruites meat,chees , vegetables and also increase their shelf life. Recombinant chymosin Chymosin is an enzyme that is use for manufacturing of cheese, and its found from rennet. Microbiological engineered this enzymes is engineered from non pathogenic strain of E.coli for the large scale production of cheese. BEVERAGE INDUSTRY OR FERMENTATION Food products by fermentation process, or processing of food from microbes is one of the ancient way.geneitecally or through recombinant DNA technology engineered such strains from yeast to manipulation of Brewing stains utilization of new substrates like amilolyses ,proteolysis, hyderolysis of beta-glucans. It also increased the taste or aroma of food. AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRY
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  ASSIGNMENT A Broadand rangeof protiens expressed or genetically moefiesd these protiens for more more food,best quality or friendly for environment as well.at agricultural level recombinant DNA technology have produced GMO’s crop,fruits and vegetables with more nutrition values .size ,aroma and taste.transgenic plants based on regulatory enzymes or expression protiens. T7gene10 engineered for salt stress but it has low stress expression in non green plants Lycopene β-cyclase gene incorpulate into the plastid genome of tomatoes that will increase the lycopene imto the Provitamine A. GOLDEN RICE A recombinant vriety in rice scientists has been engineered and expressed a enzymes responsible for β-carotene synthesizing that do promise to the whole for reducing the deficiency of vitamine A. HERBICIDES-RESISTANCE CROPES Its necessary to have different varaieties in cropes for domestic and commercial purposes. Like maize,cotton, wheat,soy and corn.with its also necessary to have herbicides resistant.genetically recombinant a gene that for the result to produce resistant to herbicides Glyphosate.that is world wide trading commercially. Insect-resistant crops Environmental associated problems all sort out through transgenic or modified crops .Bacillus thuringieses is a bacteria that naturally produces a protein that kills the insects.this bacterium is used for insecticiding . FUNCTIONAL FOOD /CROPS Functional foods or crops are with dietry component,these crops have active antioxidants for lower risks of any chronical diseases may caused from aging.high level of calcium. Vitamine A filled ,high level of important fatty acids. ROLE IN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY Recombinant DNA technology has been revolutionzed into the pharmaceutical industry as well.its using in human protein replacement or as therapeutic agent for human diseases and for further vaccination. In human protein replacement sometimes celluler protein defected.and this defective gene causes disease in human body. Diabtese Mallitus has effect on our 2-3% generation and it is genetically linked disease when thr concentration of glucose increased into the blood and body form into the hyperglycemia.and the diabtese occur when concentration of insulin incompetent.in early days before scientist were used to produce insuline from pancrease
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  ASSIGNMENT of cow andpig.it ws isolated from these.but now through the recombinant DNA technology production of insulin synthesized from E.coli.  Refrences  https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijg/2016/2405954/  http://www.biologydiscussion.com/dna/recombinant-dna-technology/top-5-applications- of-recombinant-dna-technology-in-medicine/11935  http://www.biotecharticles.com/Genetics-Article/Applications-of-Recombinant-DNA- Technology-in-Medicine-350.html  http://www.globalresearchonline.net/volume1issue1/Article%20009.pdf  http://www.preservearticles.com/2011120818251/some-of-the-applications-of- recombinant-dna-technology-are-as-follows.html 