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Approaches to Lesson Plan by Syeda Maham Asrar Lahore Pakistan
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- 2. Introduction of LessonPlans “A lesson plan is the systematic preparation done in a scientific manner. Effective and successful teaching mainly depends on perfect lesson planning”. A lesson plan represents a single teaching unit meant for a class period. Generally a lesson plan is teacher’s mental and emotional visualization of classroom activities.
- 3. Binging and Binging: Stands– A lesson is “A plan of action”
- 4. Approaches to lessonplanning: 1) Herbartian Approach: This approach generally known as Herbartian five steps approach in the procedure of the Herbartian School of propagated by J.F.Herbart (1776-1841) and his followers.
- 5. STEPS OF HERBARTIAN APPROACH Theformal steps involved in the approach as below: i. Introduction / Motivation ii. Presentation iii. Comparison and association iv. Generalization v. Application vi. Recapitulation
- 6. Introduction / Motivation Thisstep is concerned with the task of preparing the students for receiving new knowledge. In preparation, nothing new is taught to students. Relevant to the topic in hand he teacher should make himself sure of what the pupils already know, by putting a few questions, based on the pupils previous knowledge.
- 7. PURPOSE: In general, withthe help of this step, the teacher can check the students entering behavior before he starts teaching the lesson. Thus, testing previous knowledge, developing interest in the minds of students and maintaining curiosity of the students can be achieved with the help of this step.
- 8. Presentation It is thekey step and only through which the actual process of teaching is going to take place. Here the aims of the lesson should be stated clearly and the heading should be written on the blackboard. We have to provide situation for both the teacher and the students to participate in the process of teaching and learning.
- 9. Cont… The teacher shouldcarefully and skill fully arrange his material so that his pupils may clearly and readily grasp it. The teacher should make proper use of questions, charts, graphs, pictures, models and other illustrative for demonstration and explanation. At the end of each section a few questions concerning that section only should be asked to whether the pupils are now ready for the acquisition of new knowledge.
- 10. Comparison of Association Moreimportance should be given in this stage to compare the facts observed by the students with another concept by way of giving examples. By making use of this comparison, the students can derive definitions or theories. The students are encouraged to give new suitable examples for the concept instead of the examples given in the book to make them think in an innovative manner.
- 11. Generalization This step isconcerned with arriving at some general ideas or drawing out the necessary conclusions by the students on the basis of the different comparisons, contracts and associated observed in the learning material present by the teacher. As far as possible the task of formulation should be left to students. The teacher at this stage should try to remain in the background for providing only necessary guidance and correction.
- 12. Application In thisstage, the teacher makes the students to use the understood knowledge in an unfamiliar situation. Unless the knowledge of science is applied in new situations or in our day-to-day life, the study of science will become meaningless. This application of scientific principles will strengthen learning and will make the learning permanent.
- 13. Recapitulation This stage ismeant for the teachers to know whether students have grasped by reviewing a lesson or by giving assignments to the students. Only through this step achieving closure (in teaching) is possible.
- 14. Morrison’s Approach: It isnot a very popular approach to lesson plan, used only in USA .this approach is known as ‘Unit Method’. According to Morrison, ‘’Unit is a comprehensive and significant aspect of environment of an organized section and art.’’
- 15. Cont… Morrison has formulated‘’Cycle plan of Teaching’’ major emphasis is on learning objectives and students need in planning teaching tasks. His cycle plan of teaching includes five steps. Exploration Presentation Assimilation Organization Recitation
- 16. Cont… Main stressis on assimilation. Mastery teaching can be hold done by dividing whole content into units and each unit should be planned and taught. Each unit is Psyochological in nature. It creates problemtic situation which helps in raising level of motivation. This approach is used at ‘’Understanding level of teaching’’ especially for higher classes or secondary classes. It is more useful for subjects of science or mathematics.
- 17. Bloom’s Evaluation Approach: Accordingto the Bloom (1956), education is a tri-polar process involving mainly three activities: Formulation of objectives Creating learning experiences Evaluating the change in behavior
- 18. Formulation of objectives: Predetermined,organized activity to bring desireable change is known as an objective. In formulating objectives, the following things are considered. Nature and need of the subject. Nature and need of the content. Students’ level of aspiration need their socio- economical conditions, cultural needs. Students’ growth and development. Students’ intelligence ability, interest etc.
- 19. Creating Learning Experiences: Onthe basis of learning objectives appropriate teaching strategies, tactics and audio-visual aids are selected for a generating environment for learning experiences. Learning experiences may be provided inside or outside the classroom.
- 20. Evaluating the changein behavior: Learning experiences bring desireable changes in the behaviour of learner. These changes are evaluated in terms of learning objectives. A criterion (objective types or essay type) used for measuring cognitive objectives. In lesson plan, oral questions are asked for evaluating learners’ cognitive, affective and psychomotor domain of behaviour.
- 21. Merits of Bloom’slesson plan: A relationship between input and output of teaching process is established. Teaching is made more scientific and systematic. Maximum behavioural changes can be brought by minimum effort. It helps to check wastage of human energy and time and leads teachers and students toward the desirable goal.
- 22. Demerits of Bloom’slesson plan: This approach is highly structured and mechanized. There is no scope for creativity or originality of the teacher. One teaching activity does not confine to one domain. It is used for other domain also. Therefore, it is difficult to decide at what level, that teaching activity should be used. Motivational techniques are not used for developing interest in students.
- 23. John Dewey andKilpatrick Approach: John Dewey was a great American pragmatic philosopher as well as a great psychologist. The knowledge of student should be related to their life situation. The learning experiences should be provided by solving the real problems.
- 24. Cont… H.W Kilpatrick hasdeveloped a project- method and introduced an integrated approach to the curriculum. A project is whole hearted purposeful activity proceeding in a social environment. It is also a pupil centred purposeful task accomplished in real life. It involves self- activity and experiences of life situation.
- 25. Question Answer Session Whatis a lesson plan? How many approaches to a lesson plan?
- 26. References: http://freenaleen.blogspot.com/2013/12/lesson-plan-steps-herbartian-approach.html Generalmethods of teaching by Pervaiz Iqbal