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Arab Spring. protect against corrupt leaders of arab
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- 2. What is theArab Spring, and how did it started? • Arab Spring, wave of pro-democracy protests and uprisings that took place in the Middle East and North Africa beginning in 2010 and 2011, challenging some of the region’s entrenched authoritarian regimes. The wave began when protests in Tunisia and Egypt toppled their regimes in quick succession, inspiring similar attempts in other Arab countries.
- 3. Cont.… • Not everycountry saw success in the protest movement. • Arab Spring in individual countries, see Jasmine Revolution(Tunisia), • Egypt Uprising of 2011, Yemen Uprising of 2011–12, Libya Revolt of 2011, and Syrian Civil War.
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- 6. The Tunisian (JasmineRevolution ) • 13 years ago, revolts spread like wildfire across the Arab world, spurring events that changed the region. • On December 17, 2010, a young Tunisian who sold vegetables from a barrow set himself afire to protest against police harassment. • Mohamed Bouazizi died on January 4, 2011, but not before his gesture went viral, sparking protests against the cost of living and the country’s authoritarian President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali. • Ben Ali’s 23-year-rule ended 10 days later when he fled to Saudi Arabia, becoming the first leader of an Arab nation to be pushed out by popular protests.
- 7. Egypt’s Uprising • OnJanuary 25, 2011, thousands of Egyptians marched in Cairo, Alexandria and other cities, demanding the departure of President Hosni Mubarak, who had been in power for 30 years. • Government failed to control protests by offering concessions while cracking down violently against protesters. • On February 11, as more than a million took to the streets, Mubarak resigned and handed control to the military. • The Muslim Brotherhood-linked government of Mohammed Morsi was elected in 2012, but was overthrown the following year by the military led by the general, now president, Abdel Fattah el-Sisi.
- 8. Yemen Uprising of2011 • In Yemen, where the first protests appeared in late January 2011, Pres. Ali Abdullah Saleh’s base of support was damaged when a number of the country’s most powerful tribal and military leaders aligned themselves with the pro-democracy protesters calling for him to step down. • Saleh was injured in clash between loyalist’s & opposition in Sanaa. • He came 4 month later to Yemen but was unable to control the situation. • Transfer of power to the vice president, Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi. • Hadi’s government faced armed confrontation and rebellion that in 2014 devolved into a civil war
- 9. Bahrain • Mass protestsdemanding political and economic reforms erupted in Bahrain in mid-February 2011, led by Bahraini human rights activists and members of Bahrain’s marginalized Shiʿi majority. • Protests were violently suppressed by Bahraini security forces, aided by a Gulf Cooperation Council security force that entered the country in March. • Mass protest movement had been stifled. In the aftermath of the protests, dozens of accused protest leaders were convicted of antigovernment activity and imprisoned. • Independent investigation into the uprising, commissioned by the Bahraini government, concluded that the government had used excessive force and torture against protesters.
- 10. LIBYA Revolt • Thesame day the Bahrain protests started, the Libyan police used force to break up a sit-in against the government in the second city, Benghazi. • The country’s leader Muammar Gaddafi pledged to hunt down the “rats” opposing him. • The uprising turned into a civil war with French, British and American air forces intervening against Gaddafi. • On October 20, 2011, Gaddafi was captured and killed in his home region of Sirte by rebels who found him hiding in a storm drain.
- 11. Syrian Civil War •In Syria protests calling for the resignation of Pres. Bashar al- Assad broke out in southern Syria in mid-March 2011 and spread through the country. The Assad regime responded with a brutal crackdown against protesters, drawing condemnation from international leaders and human rights groups • Syria’s war also contributed to the rise of the (ISIS) group and renewed conflict in neighboring Iraq, culminating in a genocidal attack on minorities in the north of the country.
- 12. Cont.…. • Russia, whowith Iran is al-Assad’s biggest ally, started air attacks against Syrian rebels on September 30, 2015, changing the course of the war. • Divisions in the international community made it unlikely that international military intervention, which had proved decisive in Libya, would be possible in Syria. • Russia and China vetoed UN Security Council resolutions meant to pressure the Assad regime in October 2011 and February 2012 and vowed to oppose any measure that would lead to foreign intervention in Syria or Assad’s removal from power. • After 14 years of fighting, which left 500,000 dead, al-Assad was able to claim significant victories.
- 13. Current Condition ofMiddle East 2025 • KSA-Iran rapprochement. (proxy war ended between them has positive impact on peace in Middle East). • Yemen war with KSA has ended. • Asad regime overthrown. • Isreal Gaza conflict.