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![Bartolomé de las Casas
A Short Account of the
Destruction of the Indies(1552)
“Thus husbands and wives were together only once every eight or
ten months and when they met they were so exhausted and
depressed on both sides ... they ceased to procreate. As for the
newly born, they died early because their mothers, overworked and
famished, had no milk to nurse them, and for this reason, while I
was in Cuba, 7000 children died in three months. Some mothers
even drowned their babies from sheer desperation.... in this way,
husbands died in the mines, wives died at work, and children died
from lack of milk . .. and in a short time this land which was so
great, so powerful and fertile ... was depopulated. ... My eyes have
seen these acts so foreign to human nature, and now I tremble as I
write. ...
[When [I] arrived on Hispaniola in 1508] there were 60,000 people
living on this island, including the Indians; so that from 1494 to
1508, over three million people had perished from war, slavery, and
the mines. Who in future generations will believe this? I myself
writing it as a knowledgeable eyewitness can hardly believe it...."](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/arch416class02earlyamericancities-150206123735-conversion-gate01/75/ARCH416Class02EarlyAmericanCities-19-2048.jpg)
Uploaded byJennifer Burns
ARCH416Class02EarlyAmericanCities
The document discusses the historical perspectives on early American cities, particularly focusing on the urban center of Cahokia and the misconceptions of European settlers regarding Native American societies. It highlights the colonial mindset reflected in Columbus's journal, which emphasizes the perceived superiority of European cultures and the exploitation of Native peoples. The text also explores the archaeological evidence of advanced civilizations like Cahokia, contrasting it with European narratives that downplayed Native American achievements.
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ARCH416Class02EarlyAmericanCities
- 1. ARCH 416 Spring ‘15 Class02 Early American Cities
- 2. agenda the “colonial mindset”with regard to existing peoples in the Americas how that mindset has helped us to ignore Cahokia Cahokia: large urban center supported by outlying farms Cliff Palace, Mesa Verde, CO: another urban settlement native Americans were not only hunter-gatherers but were also agricultural people who settled in one place and built large and increasingly stratified societies
- 3. if you traveledto a new place, what would you expect to see if it: was uninhabited? was inhabited? by hunter-gatherers? by an agricultural society?
- 4. strong evidence ofan earlier civilization
- 5. mounds at Cahokia,IL evidence of prior civilization, too
- 6. who were thepeople who built this massive earthen structure? what was their civilization like?
- 7. Why were whitesettlers so uninterested in the prior inhabitants of the midwest? Why did this evidence of an earlier city near St. Louis not spark greater curiosity? To answer these questions requires a detour through the colonial mindset. One place to discover that mindset is Columbus’s journal.
- 8.
- 9. Columbus’s description of Hispaniolain 1493 “Hispaniola is a miracle. Mountains and hills, plains and pastures, are both fertile and beautiful ... the harbors are unbelievably good and there are many wide rivers of which the majority contain gold. . . . There are many spices, and great mines of gold and other metals.... “
- 10. Columbus’s journal Oct. 11,1492 Report from Admiral of the Pinta: “As I saw that they were very friendly to us, and perceived that they could be much more easily converted to our holy faith by gentle means than by force, I presented them with some red caps, and strings of beads to wear upon the neck, and many other trifles of small value, wherewith they were much delighted, and became wonderfully attached to us. Afterwards they came swimming to the boats, bringing parrots, balls of cotton thread, javelins, and many other things which they exchanged for articles we gave them, such as glass beads, and hawk's bells; which trade was carried on with the utmost good will.” (continued on next page)
- 11. Columbus’s journal Oct. 11,1492 It appears to me, that the people are ingenious, and would be good servants and I am of opinion that they would very readily become Christians, as they appear to have no religion. They very quickly learn such words as are spoken to them. If it please our Lord, I intend at my return to carry home six of them to your Highnesses, that they may learn our language. I saw no beasts in the island, nor any sort of animals except parrots." These are the words of the Admiral.
- 12. Columbus’s journal Oct. 13,1492 "At daybreak great multitudes of men came to the shore, all young and of fine shapes, very handsome; their hair not curled but straight and coarse like horse-hair, and all with foreheads and heads much broader than any people I had hitherto seen; their eyes were large and very beautiful; they were not black, but the color of the inhabitants of the Canaries, which is a very natural circumstance, they being in the same latitude with the island of Ferro in the Canaries. They were straight-limbed without exception, and not with prominent bellies but handsomely shaped. They came to the ship in canoes, made of a single trunk of a tree, wrought in a wonderful manner considering the country; some of them large enough to contain forty or forty-five men, others of different sizes down to those fitted to hold but a single person. They rowed with an oar like a baker's peel, and wonderfully swift. If they happen to upset, they all jump into the sea, and swim till they have righted their canoe and emptied it with the calabashes they carry with them.”
- 13. Columbus’s journal Oct. 13,1492 "At daybreak great multitudes of men came to the shore, all young and of fine shapes, very handsome; their hair not curled but straight and coarse like horse-hair, and all with foreheads and heads much broader than any people I had hitherto seen; their eyes were large and very beautiful; they were not black, but the color of the inhabitants of the Canaries, which is a very natural circumstance, they being in the same latitude with the island of Ferro in the Canaries. They were straight-limbed without exception, and not with prominent bellies but handsomely shaped. They came to the ship in canoes, made of a single trunk of a tree, wrought in a wonderful manner considering the country; some of them large enough to contain forty or forty-five men, others of different sizes down to those fitted to hold but a single person. They rowed with an oar like a baker's peel, and wonderfully swift. If they happen to upset, they all jump into the sea, and swim till they have righted their canoe and emptied it with the calabashes they carry with them.”
- 14. Columbus’s journal Oct. 13,1492 They came loaded with balls of cotton, parrots, javelins, and other things too numerous to mention; these they exchanged for whatever we chose to give them. I was very attentive to them, and strove to learn if they had any gold. Seeing some of them with little bits of this metal hanging at their noses, I gathered from them by signs that by going southward or steering round the island in that direction, there would be found a king who possessed large vessels of gold, and in great quantities. I endeavored to procure them to lead the way thither, but found they were unacquainted with the route.
- 15. Columbus’s journal Oct. 13,1492 This is a large and level island, with trees extremely flourishing, and streams of water; there is a large lake in the middle of the island, but no mountains: the whole is completely covered with verdure and delightful to behold. The natives are an inoffensive people, and so desirous to possess any thing they saw with us, that they kept swimming off to the ships with whatever they could find, and readily bartered for any article we saw fit to give them in return, even such as broken platters and fragments of glass. I saw in this manner sixteen balls of cotton thread which weighed above twenty-five pounds, given for three Portuguese ceutis. This traffic I forbade, and suffered no one to take their cotton from them, unless I should order it to be procured for your Highnesses, if proper quantities could be met with. It grows in this island, but from my short stay here I could not satisfy myself fully concerning it; the gold, also, which they wear in their noses, is found here, but not to lose time, I am determined to proceed onward and ascertain whether I can reach Cipango. At night they all went on shore with their canoes.
- 16. Columbus’s journal Oct. 14,1492 It was to view these parts that I set out in the morning, for I wished to give a complete relation to your Highnesses, as also to find where a fort might be built. I discovered a tongue of land which appeared like an island though it was not, but might be cut through and made so in two days; it contained six houses. I do not, however, see the necessity of fortifying the place, as the people here are simple in war-like matters, as your Highnesses will see by those seven which I have ordered to be taken and carried to Spain in order to learn our language and return, unless your Highnesses should choose to have them all transported to Castile, or held captive in the island. I could conquer the whole of them with fifty men, and govern them as I pleased.
- 17. initial texts inEurope had the purpose of encouraging further investment; emphasis on the richness of the land, both in terms of precious metals and agricultural possibilities (appeal to royal power, bankers and financiers) emphasized the religious mission of converting “heathens” and “savages” (appeal to religious leaders who would send missionaries who would assist in creating a more docile and controllable workforce)
- 18. 1595 German edition ofParts IV and V of De Bry's Grand Voyages, hand colored. In these two parts, De Bry reprints the first two sections of Girolamo Benzoni's work on the Spanish conquest of the West Indies, which was first published in Italian in Venice in 1565 under the title Historia del Mondo Nuovo. The De Bry edition is notable for its spectacular illustrations and its fine maps of the Indies.
- 19. Bartolomé de lasCasas A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies(1552) “Thus husbands and wives were together only once every eight or ten months and when they met they were so exhausted and depressed on both sides ... they ceased to procreate. As for the newly born, they died early because their mothers, overworked and famished, had no milk to nurse them, and for this reason, while I was in Cuba, 7000 children died in three months. Some mothers even drowned their babies from sheer desperation.... in this way, husbands died in the mines, wives died at work, and children died from lack of milk . .. and in a short time this land which was so great, so powerful and fertile ... was depopulated. ... My eyes have seen these acts so foreign to human nature, and now I tremble as I write. ... [When [I] arrived on Hispaniola in 1508] there were 60,000 people living on this island, including the Indians; so that from 1494 to 1508, over three million people had perished from war, slavery, and the mines. Who in future generations will believe this? I myself writing it as a knowledgeable eyewitness can hardly believe it...."
- 20. De Las Casasproposed that African slaves would be better able to endure the harsh work conditions than the native Americans. Later on, he observed firsthand that the work conditions of African slaves were no more endurable than they had been for the natives. He apologized for thinking otherwise and proposed that the importation of African labor also cease.
- 21. Spanish strategy the landis rich, the natives are plentiful, let’s enslave them to work the land and mine the gold
- 22. English strategy the landis rich and unexploited there are some people here, but not many and they are not doing much with the resources here. Let’s colonize and make the land productive. (settler colonialism)
- 23. can archaeology providea different picture of the cultures in North America before contact? Yes.
- 24. terminology preColumbian is theolder term the Americas “before Columbus” precontact is the preferred term the Americas before contact with Europeans somewhat more neutral term Columbus’s term “Los Indios” is the source of our term “Indians” “Native Americans” is the preferred term in the USA “First Nations” is used in Canada
- 25. Neal Salisbury, “TheIndians' Old World: Native Americans and the Coming of Europeans,” The William and Mary Quarterly 53: 3 (July 1996): 435-458. great essay that attempts to write the native Americans into history as active agents rather than passive victims of colonization.
- 26. Early American Cities Cahokia,IL Chaco Canyon, northern Arizona
- 27. physical evidence ofprevious society St. Louis was called “Mound City” in the 19th century, but almost all mounds were gone by turn of 20th century. There is only one mound left, and a road called “Mound St.” Cahokia also was partially destroyed, but at 4,000 acres is largest archaeological site in the US.
- 28. Cahokia facts located infertile bottomland around Mississippi River largest structure is 16 acres at the base—larger footprint than the Pyramid of Khufu—and 10 stories high constructed from 22 million cubic feet of earth (deposited by the basketful by a huge conscripted workforce) plaza oriented to cardinal directions
- 29. large outlying agriculturalareas and suburbs just a massive temple complex, or also a city? 1050-1150 population and building boom in “downtown” Cahokia, approx. 20,000 inhabitants (larger than London at the time) stockade fence 2 miles in circumference surrounding the complex; from tree ring dating we know when this was built and it corresponds to a time of food scarcity.
- 30. “The idea thatAmerican Indians could have built something resembling a city was so foreign to European settlers, that when they encountered the mounds of Cahokia—the largest of which is a ten-story earthen colossus composed of more than 22 million cubic feet of soil—they commonly thought they must have been the work of a foreign civilization: Phoenicians or Vikings or perhaps a lost tribe of Israel.” —Glenn Hodges, “America’s Forgotten City” (National Geographic, January 2011)
- 31. Monk’s Mound, Cahokia,IL, general view
- 32.
- 34. Burial Excavation showingposition of bodies, Cahokia, IL
- 35. what is beneaththe ground? hundreds of thousands of objects, suggesting the presence of a large agricultural society many are functional like farming implements but there are also musical instruments, games, and sculptures, suggesting a high level of social organization/stratificatio n
- 36.
- 37. “Birger Figurine” c. 1100 carvedfrom bauxite
- 38. partial figure excavated atCahokia here seen from the back
- 39. partial figure excavated atCahokia front view
- 40. Mississippian Culture phases Emergent925 AD Mississippian Lohmann 1050 Stirling 1100 Moorehead 1200 Sand Prairie 1275 1350 AD
- 41. aerial view, Monk’sMound, Cahokia, IL
- 42. reconstruction of whatCahokia might have looked like
- 43. artist’s rendering ofthe Grand Plaza at Cahokia with surrounding housing
- 44. artist’s rendering ofsun ceremony at Cahokia (featuring excavated objects thought to have ritual significance)
- 45. artist’s rendering offamily housing in Cahokia
- 46. Cliff Palace, MesaVerde
- 50. Cliff Palace (aname given later) built by the Anasazi
- 64. Basket, found atMesa Verde
- 65.
- 70. Seed Jar Date1200-1300 Material ceramic Measurements d.14 1/2"
- 71.
- 72. Anasazi Storage Jar c.1250, ceramic, diameter 14 3/8"
Editor's Notes
- #6 Creator: Mississippian (American) Culture: Pre-Columbian American Title: Cahokia Mounds, Woodhenge Reconstruction Title: general view Work Type: Designed Landscapes Date: 11th century Site: Collinsville, Illinois, United States Style Period: Pre-Colombian (American) Description: Photographer: Rogers, Elizabeth Barlow, 1936- Collection: Foundation for Landscape Studies ID Number: 3900025 Source: Image and original data provided by the Foundation for Landscape Studies Rights: © Elizabeth Barlow Rogers Rights: Contact Information: Elizabeth Barlow Rogers, President, Foundation for Landscape Studies, 7 West 81st Street, New York, NY 10024; Tel.: (212) 595-8049; Fax: (212) 579-4487; Email: [email protected] Rights: Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. While ARTstor tries to update contact information, it cannot guarantee that such information is always accurate. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility.
- #7 Culture: American Title: Cahokia Title: Monks Mound Title: general view Work Type: Designed Landscapes Date: 650-1400 CE Site: Collinsville, Illinois, United States Style Period: Mississippian Description: Photographer: Grossman, Art Subject: mounds Collection: Foundation for Landscape Studies ID Number: 3900008 Source: Image and original data provided by the Foundation for Landscape Studies Rights: © Elizabeth Barlow Rogers, Foundation for Landscape Studies Rights: Contact Information: Elizabeth Barlow Rogers, President, Foundation for Landscape Studies, 7 West 81st Street, New York, NY 10024; Tel.: (212) 595-8049; Fax: (212) 579-4487; Email: [email protected] Rights: Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. While ARTstor tries to update contact information, it cannot guarantee that such information is always accurate. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility.
- #32 Title: Monk's Mound Title: View Description: general view, View up stairs- First Terrace Title: Cahokia Mounds, Illinois Work Type: Mound Date: 900-1350 Location: Cahokia, Illinois, United States Style Period: Mississippian Style Period: Cahokia Related Item: Source of information: Collection Subject: Burial mounds Subject: Cities and towns Subject: archaeological sites Subject: Native Americans Subject: mounds Subject: stairs Subject: paths Subject: terraces Subject: Pyramids (Tombs) Subject: gravel Collection: SAHARA ID Number: Record: AVRN080911_0008 Source: Photographer: Wilson, Richard Guy Source: University of Virginia Rights: R.G. Wilson Rights: Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. While ARTstor tries to update contact information, it cannot guarantee that such information is always accurate. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility. Rights: Copyrighted image; restricted to educational and scholarly use Rights: Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. While ARTstor tries to update contact information, it cannot guarantee that such information is always accurate. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility.
- #33 Title: Monk's Mound Title: View Description: general view, Oblique view of southside Title: Cahokia Mounds, Illinois Work Type: Mound Date: 900-1350 Location: Cahokia, Illinois, United States Style Period: Cahokia Style Period: Mississippian Related Item: Source of information: Collection Subject: Burial mounds Subject: Pyramids (Tombs) Subject: Cities and towns Subject: archaeological sites Subject: Native Americans Subject: stairs Subject: terraces Subject: Platforms Collection: SAHARA ID Number: Record: AVRN080911_0010 Source: Photographer: Wilson, Richard Guy Source: University of Virginia Rights: R.G. Wilson Rights: Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. While ARTstor tries to update contact information, it cannot guarantee that such information is always accurate. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility. Rights: Copyrighted image; restricted to educational and scholarly use Rights: Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. While ARTstor tries to update contact information, it cannot guarantee that such information is always accurate. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility.
- #36 Title: Various articles; bone, pipe frags, glass, porcelain; historic. Work Type: Ceramic Work Type: Pipe Discovery Site: 1-3 feet in depth; from ruins of a recent house on the mound Discovery Site: Cahokia Mound, Small mound near Discovery Site: Madison County Discovery Site: Illinois Discovery Site: United States Material: Ceramic Measurements: 4.3 cm x 2.2 cm x 2.5 cm Description: Ceramic, kaolin pipe stem fragment, possible cast of pipe bowl, molded decoratio Repository: Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology Accession Number: 78-38-10/14753 Collection: Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology (Harvard University) Collection: http://www.peabody.harvard.edu/ Rights: Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. While ARTstor tries to update contact information, it cannot guarantee that such information is always accurate. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility.
- #37 Title: Nursing-Mother-Effigy Bottle Mississippian period: det.: front Date: 1200-1400 Material: ceramic Subject: Bottles--Cahokia Subject: Breast feeding Subject: Ceramics Subject: Effigies--Cahokia Subject: Special Societal Groups--North America (Southeast): Cahokia Collection: ARTstor Slide Gallery Source: Data from: University of California, San Diego
- #38 Title: Birger figurine: Stirling phase, Mississippian period Date: 1000-1250 Material: bauxite Measurements: h.13cm, diam.9.7cm Subject: Figurines--Cahokia Subject: Mississippian period Subject: Special Societal Groups--North America (Southeast): Cahokia Collection: ARTstor Slide Gallery Source: Data from: University of California, San Diego
- #39 Title: Cast, kneeling figure, hands on knees, head and shoulders missing, brown Work Type: Cast Discovery Site: Cahokia Mound, From a small mound 1 1/2 miles from Discovery Site: Illinois Discovery Site: United States Material: Plaster Measurements: 19 cm x 20 cm Repository: Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology Accession Number: 01-17-10/56792.1 Collection: Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology (Harvard University) Collection: http://www.peabody.harvard.edu/ Rights: Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. While ARTstor tries to update contact information, it cannot guarantee that such information is always accurate. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility.
- #40 Title: Cast, kneeling figure, hands on knees, head and shoulders missing, brown Work Type: Cast Discovery Site: Cahokia Mound, From a small mound 1 1/2 miles from Discovery Site: Illinois Discovery Site: United States Material: Plaster Measurements: 19 cm x 20 cm Repository: Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology Accession Number: 01-17-10/56792.1 Collection: Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology (Harvard University) Collection: http://www.peabody.harvard.edu/ Rights: Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. While ARTstor tries to update contact information, it cannot guarantee that such information is always accurate. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility.
- #42 Work Type: Designed Landscapes Date: 11th century Site: Collinsville, Illinois, United States Style Period: Pre-Colombian (American) Description: Photographer: Rogers, Elizabeth Barlow, 1936- Collection: Foundation for Landscape Studies ID Number: 3900014 Source: Image and original data provided by the Foundation for Landscape Studies Rights: © Elizabeth Barlow Rogers Rights: Contact Information: Elizabeth Barlow Rogers, President, Foundation for Landscape Studies, 7 West 81st Street, New York, NY 10024; Tel.: (212) 595-8049; Fax: (212) 579-4487; Email: [email protected] Rights: Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. While ARTstor tries to update contact information, it cannot guarantee that such information is always accurate. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility.
- #43 Title: Earth mounds and wooden structures: Central Cahokia, East St. Louis, Illinois: Ref.: reconstruction Subject: Architecture: Culture--Cahokia Subject: Earthworks (Art)--Cahokia Subject: Reference Subject: Special Societal Groups--North America (Southeast): Cahokia Collection: ARTstor Slide Gallery Source: Data from: University of California, San Diego
- #44 Culture: American Title: Cahokia Title: drawing Work Type: Designed Landscapes Date: 650-1400 CE Site: Collinsville, Illinois, United States Style Period: Mississippian Description: Photographer: Townsend, Lloyd K. Subject: mounds Collection: Foundation for Landscape Studies ID Number: 3900010 Source: Image and original data provided by the Foundation for Landscape Studies Rights: © Elizabeth Barlow Rogers, Foundation for Landscape Studies Rights: Contact Information: Elizabeth Barlow Rogers, President, Foundation for Landscape Studies, 7 West 81st Street, New York, NY 10024; Tel.: (212) 595-8049; Fax: (212) 579-4487; Email: [email protected] Rights: Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. While ARTstor tries to update contact information, it cannot guarantee that such information is always accurate. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility.
- #45 Creator: Mississippian (American) Culture: Pre-Columbian American Title: Cahokia Mounds, Greeting the Rising Sun Title: general view Work Type: Designed Landscapes Date: 11th century Site: Collinsville, Illinois, United States Style Period: Pre-Colombian (American) Description: Photographer: Rogers, Elizabeth Barlow, 1936- Collection: Foundation for Landscape Studies ID Number: 3900016 Source: Image and original data provided by the Foundation for Landscape Studies Rights: © Elizabeth Barlow Rogers Rights: Contact Information: Elizabeth Barlow Rogers, President, Foundation for Landscape Studies, 7 West 81st Street, New York, NY 10024; Tel.: (212) 595-8049; Fax: (212) 579-4487; Email: [email protected] Rights: Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. While ARTstor tries to update contact information, it cannot guarantee that such information is always accurate. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility.
- #46 Creator: Mississippian (American) Culture: Pre-Columbian American Title: Cahokia Mounds, Community Activities Title: general view Work Type: Designed Landscapes Date: 11th century Site: Collinsville, Illinois, United States Style Period: Pre-Colombian (American) Description: Photographer: Rogers, Elizabeth Barlow, 1936- Collection: Foundation for Landscape Studies ID Number: 3900018 Source: Image and original data provided by the Foundation for Landscape Studies Rights: © Elizabeth Barlow Rogers Rights: Contact Information: Elizabeth Barlow Rogers, President, Foundation for Landscape Studies, 7 West 81st Street, New York, NY 10024; Tel.: (212) 595-8049; Fax: (212) 579-4487; Email: [email protected] Rights: Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. While ARTstor tries to update contact information, it cannot guarantee that such information is always accurate. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility.
- #48 Culture: Native American Title: Mesa Verde Title: Cliff Palace, with apartments, kivas, and plazas set within the rock face, Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, c. 5th century C.E. Title: general view Work Type: Designed Landscapes Work Type: photograph Date: 5th century C.E. Site: Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, United States Style Period: Native American Description: Photographer: Rogers, Elizabeth Barlow, 1936- Subject: national parks Subject: ruins Subject: kivas Collection: Foundation for Landscape Studies ID Number: 3700062 Source: Image and original data provided by the Foundation for Landscape Studies Rights: © Elizabeth Barlow Rogers Rights: Contact Information: Elizabeth Barlow Rogers, President, Foundation for Landscape Studies, 7 West 81st Street, New York, NY 10024; Tel.: (212) 595-8049; Fax: (212) 579-4487; Email: [email protected] Rights: Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. While ARTstor tries to update contact information, it cannot guarantee that such information is always accurate. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility.
- #50 Culture: Ancestral Puebloan (Anasazi) Title: Cliff Palace Title: View: overview from the southern end Date: 1200 - 1300 Location: Mesa Verde National Park, Mesa Verde, Colorado, United States Material: sandstone Style Period: Pueblo III Description: Photographer: Susan Silberberg-Peirce Collection: Art, Archaeology, and Architecture (Canyonlights World Art Image Bank) ID Number: canyon_108_023 Source: Image and original data provided by Canyonlights World Art Slides and Image Bank. Rights: For more information about rights and reproduction, please contact Susan Silberberg-Peirce, Canyonlights, 1127 Eagle Way, Lyons, CO 80540, Phone/Fax: 330-823-5913, Email: [email protected], Web: www.canyonlights.com Rights: Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. While ARTstor tries to update contact information, it cannot guarantee that such information is always accurate. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility.
- #51 Culture: Ancestral Puebloan (Anasazi) Title: Cliff Palace Title: View: detail showing rooms and kivas on the southern end Date: 1200 - 1300 Location: Mesa Verde National Park, Mesa Verde, Colorado, United States Material: sandstone Style Period: Pueblo III Description: Photographer: Susan S. Pierce Collection: Art, Archaeology, and Architecture (Canyonlights World Art Image Bank) ID Number: canyon_103_008 Source: Image and original data provided by Canyonlights World Art Slides and Image Bank. Rights: For more information about rights and reproduction, please contact Susan Silberberg-Peirce, Canyonlights, 1127 Eagle Way, Lyons, CO 80540, Phone/Fax: 330-823-5913, Email: [email protected], Web: www.canyonlights.com Rights: Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. While ARTstor tries to update contact information, it cannot guarantee that such information is always accurate. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility.
- #53 Culture: American Title: Mesa Verde National Park: Spruce Tree House Title: general view Work Type: Cultural Landscape Date: 7th century Site: Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, United States Style Period: Ancestral Puebloan Description: Photographer: Rogers, Elizabeth Barlow, 1936- Subject: pueblo Collection: Foundation for Landscape Studies ID Number: 3700041 Source: Image and original data provided by the Foundation for Landscape Studies Rights: © Elizabeth Barlow Rogers Rights: Contact Information: Elizabeth Barlow Rogers, President, Foundation for Landscape Studies, 7 West 81st Street, New York, NY 10024; Tel.: (212) 595-8049; Fax: (212) 579-4487; Email: [email protected] Rights: Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. While ARTstor tries to update contact information, it cannot guarantee that such information is always accurate. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility.
- #54 Culture: American Title: Mesa Verde National Park Title: general view Work Type: Cultural Landscape Date: 7th century Site: Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, United States Style Period: Ancestral Puebloan Description: Photographer: Rogers, Elizabeth Barlow, 1936- Subject: pueblo Collection: Foundation for Landscape Studies ID Number: 3700058 Source: Image and original data provided by the Foundation for Landscape Studies Rights: © Elizabeth Barlow Rogers Rights: Contact Information: Elizabeth Barlow Rogers, President, Foundation for Landscape Studies, 7 West 81st Street, New York, NY 10024; Tel.: (212) 595-8049; Fax: (212) 579-4487; Email: [email protected] Rights: Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. While ARTstor tries to update contact information, it cannot guarantee that such information is always accurate. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility.
- #55 Culture: American Title: Mesa Verde National Park Title: general view Work Type: Cultural Landscape Date: 7th century Site: Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, United States Style Period: Ancestral Puebloan Description: Photographer: Rogers, Elizabeth Barlow, 1936- Subject: pueblo Collection: Foundation for Landscape Studies ID Number: 3700053 Source: Image and original data provided by the Foundation for Landscape Studies Rights: © Elizabeth Barlow Rogers Rights: Contact Information: Elizabeth Barlow Rogers, President, Foundation for Landscape Studies, 7 West 81st Street, New York, NY 10024; Tel.: (212) 595-8049; Fax: (212) 579-4487; Email: [email protected] Rights: Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. While ARTstor tries to update contact information, it cannot guarantee that such information is always accurate. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility.
- #56 Culture: American Title: Mesa Verde National Park Title: general view Work Type: Cultural Landscape Date: 7th century Site: Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, United States Style Period: Ancestral Puebloan Description: Photographer: Rogers, Elizabeth Barlow, 1936- Subject: pueblo Collection: Foundation for Landscape Studies ID Number: 3700056 Source: Image and original data provided by the Foundation for Landscape Studies Rights: © Elizabeth Barlow Rogers Rights: Contact Information: Elizabeth Barlow Rogers, President, Foundation for Landscape Studies, 7 West 81st Street, New York, NY 10024; Tel.: (212) 595-8049; Fax: (212) 579-4487; Email: [email protected] Rights: Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. While ARTstor tries to update contact information, it cannot guarantee that such information is always accurate. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility.
- #57 Title: Mesa Verde National Park Title: Interior detail Date: ca. 550-1300 Date: Image: September 2001 Location: Montezuma County, United States Description: Spring House, unique architecture: masonry columns Description: Photographer: R. Jensen/World Monuments Fund Collection: World Monuments Fund Collection: http://www.wmf.org/ Rights: Contact information: Margot Note, Archivist and Information Manager, 95 Madison Avenue, 9th Floor, New York, NY 10016, Tel No: 646-424-9594, Fax No: 646-424-9593, [email protected] Rights: Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. While ARTstor tries to update contact information, it cannot guarantee that such information is always accurate. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility.
- #58 Title: Mesa Verde National Park Title: Exterior Date: ca. 550-1300 Date: Image: September 2001 Location: Montezuma County, United States Description: Spring House, unusual preservation: 4-storey tower Description: Photographer: R. Jensen/World Monuments Fund Collection: World Monuments Fund Collection: http://www.wmf.org/ Rights: Contact information: Margot Note, Archivist and Information Manager, 95 Madison Avenue, 9th Floor, New York, NY 10016, Tel No: 646-424-9594, Fax No: 646-424-9593, [email protected] Rights: Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. While ARTstor tries to update contact information, it cannot guarantee that such information is always accurate. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility.
- #59 Creator: Laura Gilpin (American, 1891 - 1979) Title: [City of the Dead, Cliff Palace, Mesa Verde] Work Type: black-and-white photographs Date: 1925 Material: Gelatin silver print Measurements: 24.5 x 19.8 cm Repository: Amon Carter Museum of American Art, Fort Worth, Texas, Bequest of the artist Accession Number: P1979.125.139 Related Item: http://www.cartermuseum.org/custom/acm_display.php?irn=98474&QueryPage=%2Fcustom%2F Subject: Mesa Verde, Colorado , cliff dwellings , ruins , Navajo , Indians of North America , Native American , Adobe buildings , national parks Collection: Amon Carter Museum of American Art Collection: http://www.cartermuseum.org/collection Rights: © 1979 Amon Carter Museum of American Art Rights: Rights: Contact information: Jana Hill, Collection Info & Imaging Manager, 3501 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, Texas 76107; Tel: 817-738-1933; Fax: 817-665-4336; [email protected] Rights: Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. While ARTstor tries to update contact information, it cannot guarantee that such information is always accurate. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility.
- #60 Title: Buildings in the far end of Spruce Tree House, Pueblo III Date: Image: 1965 Site: Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado Description: Photographer: Irving Rouse Repository: Peabody Museum of Natural History Collection: Yale University: Peabody Museum of Natural History Collection: http://www.peabody.yale.edu/ ID Number: Catalog No.: ANTRS.004514 Rights: For uses outside of the ARTstor terms and conditions of use, contact: Permissions Office; Peabody Museum of Natural History; P. O. Box 208118, Yale University; New Haven, CT 06520; Tel: 203-432-3786; Fax: 203-432-5872; Email: [email protected] Rights: Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. While ARTstor tries to update contact information, it cannot guarantee that such information is always accurate. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility.
- #61 Culture: North American : Southwest Title: Lower Kiva at Cliff Palace Site: Mesa Verde, district. San Juan region. Southwest Description: As seen from one of the upper rooms of the pueblo III (Rouse photograph, no. 56:7) Repository: Peabody Museum of Natural History Collection: Yale University: Peabody Museum of Natural History Collection: http://www.peabody.yale.edu/ ID Number: Catalog No.: ANTSS.004592 Rights: For uses outside of the ARTstor terms and conditions of use, contact: Permissions Office; Peabody Museum of Natural History; P. O. Box 208118, Yale University; New Haven, CT 06520; Tel: 203-432-3786; Fax: 203-432-5872; Email: [email protected] Rights: Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. While ARTstor tries to update contact information, it cannot guarantee that such information is always accurate. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility.
- #62 Culture: Ancestral Puebloan (Anasazi) Title: Spruce Tree House Title: View: view of the north courtyard with kiva ladder and a keyhole shaped doorway Date: 1200 - 1300 Location: Mesa Verde National Park, Mesa Verde, Colorado, United States Style Period: Late Pueblo III Description: Photographer: Susan Silberberg-Peirce Collection: Art, Archaeology, and Architecture (Canyonlights World Art Image Bank) ID Number: canyon_108_048 Source: Image and original data provided by Canyonlights World Art Slides and Image Bank. Rights: For more information about rights and reproduction, please contact Susan Silberberg-Peirce, Canyonlights, 1127 Eagle Way, Lyons, CO 80540, Phone/Fax: 330-823-5913, Email: [email protected], Web: www.canyonlights.com Rights: Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. While ARTstor tries to update contact information, it cannot guarantee that such information is always accurate. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility.
- #63 Culture: North American : Southwest Title: View of Cliff House Site: Mesa Verde National Park, Pueblo III, Southwest Description: Slide no. 37; Mesa Verde National Park, Rouse photograph 58:13. Repository: Peabody Museum of Natural History Collection: Yale University: Peabody Museum of Natural History Collection: http://www.peabody.yale.edu/ ID Number: Catalog No.: ANTSS.004638 Rights: For uses outside of the ARTstor terms and conditions of use, contact: Permissions Office; Peabody Museum of Natural History; P. O. Box 208118, Yale University; New Haven, CT 06520; Tel: 203-432-3786; Fax: 203-432-5872; Email: [email protected] Rights: Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. While ARTstor tries to update contact information, it cannot guarantee that such information is always accurate. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility.
- #64 Culture: North American : Southwest Title: Pueblo III Site: Mesa Verde National Park Description: View of Balcony House. Southwest. (Slide no. 23, Mesa Verde National Park; Rouse photograph no. 58:8) Repository: Peabody Museum of Natural History Collection: Yale University: Peabody Museum of Natural History Collection: http://www.peabody.yale.edu/ ID Number: Catalog No.: ANTSS.004633 Rights: For uses outside of the ARTstor terms and conditions of use, contact: Permissions Office; Peabody Museum of Natural History; P. O. Box 208118, Yale University; New Haven, CT 06520; Tel: 203-432-3786; Fax: 203-432-5872; Email: [email protected] Rights: Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. While ARTstor tries to update contact information, it cannot guarantee that such information is always accurate. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility.
- #65 Title: Basket Site: Cliff House, Mesa Verde, Colorado Description: Heavy and close woven. Repository: Peabody Museum of Natural History Accession Number: Y.P.M. 2880 15091 Collection: Yale University: Peabody Museum of Natural History Collection: http://www.peabody.yale.edu/ ID Number: Catalog No.: ANTSS.005960 Rights: For uses outside of the ARTstor terms and conditions of use, contact: Permissions Office; Peabody Museum of Natural History; P. O. Box 208118, Yale University; New Haven, CT 06520; Tel: 203-432-3786; Fax: 203-432-5872; Email: [email protected] Rights: Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. While ARTstor tries to update contact information, it cannot guarantee that such information is always accurate. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility.
- #67 Title: Sherds - Mesa Verde black and white Work Type: Ceramic Work Type: Sherd Discovery Site: Mound 2 Discovery Site: San Juan County Discovery Site: New Mexico Discovery Site: United States Material: Ceramic Measurements: 9.4 cm x 7.8 cm x 0.5 cm Style Period: Pueblo III Description: Ceramic body sherds, black on white, geometric design Repository: Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology Accession Number: 01-32-10/57057.7 Collection: Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology (Harvard University) Collection: http://www.peabody.harvard.edu/ Rights: Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. While ARTstor tries to update contact information, it cannot guarantee that such information is always accurate. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility.
- #68 Culture: Anasazi Title: Portion of bowl originally 10" in diameter. yellow brown paint on white ware Work Type: Ceramic Work Type: Partial Vessel Discovery Site: Class 2; ruin D Discovery Site: Montezuma Valley; Mesa Verde; Mesa Verde Talus, Slope of Discovery Site: Montezuma County Discovery Site: Colorado Discovery Site: United States Material: Ceramic Measurements: 12.5 cm x 26 cm Description: Ceramic partial vessel, corrugated exterior, white and brown painted slip design Repository: Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology Accession Number: 47-12-10/27961 Collection: Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology (Harvard University) Collection: http://www.peabody.harvard.edu/ Rights: Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. While ARTstor tries to update contact information, it cannot guarantee that such information is always accurate. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility.
- #69 nasazi Title Bowl about 10.5" in diameter, dark brown paint on white Work Type Ceramic Complete Vessel Discovery Site Class 2; ruin C Montezuma Valley; McElmo Arroyo, north rim of Montezuma County Colorado United States Material Ceramic Measurements 13 cm x 22 cm Description Ceramic bowl, black on white interior, plain exterior, steep walls, perforations Repository Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology
- #70 Culture: Anasazi Title: Mug, black on white ware Work Type: Ceramic Work Type: Complete Vessel Discovery Site: Class 1; ruin A; Johnson Caynon Ruins Discovery Site: Mesa Verde, east Discovery Site: Montezuma County Discovery Site: Colorado Discovery Site: United States Material: Ceramic Measurements: 11 cm x 13.5 cm Description: Ceramic vessel, mug, black exterior design, bird applied at handle Repository: Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology Accession Number: 47-12-10/27969 Collection: Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology (Harvard University) Collection: http://www.peabody.harvard.edu/ Rights: Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. While ARTstor tries to update contact information, it cannot guarantee that such information is always accurate. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility.
- #72 Anasazi Storage jar c. 1125-1200 White Mountain Red Ware, Wingate Black-on-red type Measurements: 12 1/4 in. (31.11 cm); diameter 13 in. (33.02 cm.) Description: <p>The Anasazi culture, ancestral to modern Pueblo peoples, developed some two thousand years ago in northern New Mexico and the Four Corners area where Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico meet. Early Anasazi people made decorated baskets whose precise and highly structured designs represent the beginning of a long tradition of geometric patterning. More recently, between A.D. 950 and 1300, the Anasazi constructed the most elaborate indigenous architecture of the Southwest - the Great House communities at Chaco Canyon (New Mexico) and the cliff dwellings of Mesa Verde (Colorado) and Canyon de Chelly (Arizona). Anasazi builders developed the pithouse, or excavated dwelling, into a semi-subterranean chamber, an architectural feature that has survived into the twentieth century as the kiva, which Pueblo peoples use for sacred or social purposes.</p><p>Anasazi pottery is predominantly a black-on-white tradition, in which white slip provides a surface fore the rendering of essentially geometric designs in black paint. The Wingate style, of which this vessel is an example, featured a red background, which increased in popularity after about A.D. 1000, as well as interlocking hatched and solid figures. The ubiquitous stepped spiral and the dotted circle were favorite motifs. Although Anasazi painting is in general nonfigurative, occasionally, as here, the judicious placement of the dotted circle turns the stepped spiral into the head of a bird with a long, curving beak. The widespread distribution of ceramics in the Wingate style suggests considerable popularity or prestige for the type.</p><p><i>Dallas Museum of Art: A Guide to the Collection,</i> page 195</p> Description: Full View Repository: Dallas Museum of Art Repository: Dallas, Texas, USA Repository: Dallas Museum of Art, Foundation for the Arts Collection, anonymous gift Repository: 1991.336.FA Repository: http://www.dallasmuseumofart.org/ Collection: Dallas Museum of Art Collection Collection: Formerly in The AMICO Library ID Number: DMA_.1991.336.FA Source: Data From: Dallas Museum of Art Rights: This image was provided by Dallas Museum of Art. Contact information: Jacqueline Allen, Director of Libraries and Imaging Services, Dallas Museum of Art, 1717 N. Harwood, Dallas, TX 75201, (214) 922-1276 (ph), (214) 954-0174 (fax), [email protected]. Rights: Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. While ARTstor tries to update contact information, it cannot guarantee that such information is always accurate. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility.