This is a presentation on Arrays, one of the most important topics on Data Structures and algorithms. Anyone who is new to DSA or wants to have a theoretical understanding of the same can refer to it :D
In computer science, a data structure is a data organization, management, and storage format that enables efficient access and modification. More precisely, a data structure is a collection of data values, the relationships among them, and the functions or operations that can be applied to the data. https://apkleet.com
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The presentation introduces arrays, including their definition, types (one-dimensional, two-dimensional, multi-dimensional), syntax, declaration, accessing elements, and code examples. Arrays allow storing large amounts of data under a single variable name, facilitate faster searching, and are useful for representing matrices. They are a collection of similar data types indexed with integers.
Introduction to data structures and AlgorithmDhaval Kaneria
This document provides an introduction to algorithms and data structures. It defines algorithms as step-by-step processes to solve problems and discusses their properties, including being unambiguous, composed of a finite number of steps, and terminating. The document outlines the development process for algorithms and discusses their time and space complexity, noting worst-case, average-case, and best-case scenarios. Examples of iterative and recursive algorithms for calculating factorials are provided to illustrate time and space complexity analyses.
Linked lists are linear data structures where elements are linked using pointers. The three main types are singly, doubly, and circular linked lists. Linked lists allow dynamic memory allocation and fast insertion/deletion compared to arrays but slower access. A linked list contains nodes, each with a data field and pointer to the next node. Basic operations on linked lists include insertion, deletion, traversal, and search. Doubly linked lists include pointers to both the next and previous nodes.
Power BI is a cloud-based business analytics service that allows users to bring their data together and gain insights. It provides a single view of critical business data through live dashboards and rich interactive reports. Gartner has positioned Microsoft as a leader in business intelligence and analytics platforms for nine consecutive years based on its vision. The demo showcases how to create a Power BI account, import and transform different data sources to build a data model, create reports and columns/measures, and publish reports to the web.
The document provides an introduction to data structures. It defines data structures as representations of logical relationships between data elements that consider both the elements and their relationships. It classifies data structures as either primitive or non-primitive. Primitive structures are directly operated on by machine instructions while non-primitive structures are built from primitive ones. Common non-primitive structures include stacks, queues, linked lists, trees and graphs. The document then discusses arrays as a data structure and operations on arrays like traversal, insertion, deletion, searching and sorting.
The document discusses strings in C programming. It defines strings as sequences of characters stored as character arrays that are terminated with a null character. It covers string literals, declaring and initializing string variables, reading and writing strings, and common string manipulation functions like strlen(), strcpy(), strcmp(), and strcat(). These functions allow operations on strings like getting the length, copying strings, comparing strings, and concatenating strings.
Merge sort is a sorting technique based on divide and conquer technique. With worst-case time complexity being Ο(n log n), it is one of the most respected algorithms.
Merge sort first divides the array into equal halves and then combines them in a sorted manner.
An instruction format consists of bits that specify an operation to perform on data in computer memory. The processor fetches instructions from memory and decodes the bits to execute them. Instruction formats have operation codes to define operations like addition and an address field to specify where data is located. Computers may have different instruction sets.
Sparse matrix and its representation data structureVardhil Patel
The document discusses sparse matrices and their efficient representation. It defines a sparse matrix as one with very few non-zero elements, so representing it as a standard 2D array wastes space storing many zero values. More efficient representations of sparse matrices include storing only the non-zero elements and their indices in a triplet format, or using a linked list structure with one list per row containing (column, value) node pairs. Examples of each approach are provided.
The document discusses arrays in data structures using C programming language. It defines what an array is and describes different types of arrays like one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and multi-dimensional arrays. It also explains array operations such as insertion, deletion, traversal, reversing, sorting, and searching. Additionally, it covers merging of arrays, arrays of pointers, and using arrays to represent polynomials.
This document discusses stacks and queues as linear data structures. It defines stacks as last-in, first-out (LIFO) collections where the last item added is the first removed. Queues are first-in, first-out (FIFO) collections where the first item added is the first removed. Common stack and queue operations like push, pop, insert, and remove are presented along with algorithms and examples. Applications of stacks and queues in areas like expression evaluation, string reversal, and scheduling are also covered.
The document discusses R-trees, a data structure used to index multi-dimensional spatial data. R-trees allow for efficient searching of spatial data by grouping data into minimum bounding rectangles (MBRs) and storing them in a tree structure based on these envelopes. The tree structure resembles a B+-tree, with internal nodes containing pointers to child nodes or data records. R-trees provide efficient search, insertion, and deletion of spatial data objects through operations on the tree structure and splitting or merging of nodes as needed.
This document discusses data abstraction and abstract data types (ADTs). It defines an ADT as a collection of data along with a set of operations on that data. An ADT specifies what operations can be performed but not how they are implemented. This allows data structures to be developed independently from solutions and hides implementation details behind the ADT's operations. The document provides examples of list ADTs and an array-based implementation of a list ADT in C++.
This document discusses sparse matrices. It defines a sparse matrix as a matrix with more zero values than non-zero values. Sparse matrices can save space by only storing the non-zero elements and their indices rather than allocating space for all elements. Two common representations for sparse matrices are the triplet representation, which stores the non-zero values and their row and column indices, and the linked representation, which connects the non-zero elements. Applications of sparse matrices include solving large systems of equations.
Addressing mode is the way of addressing a memory location in instruction. Microcontroller needs data or operands on which the operation is to be performed. The method of specifying source of operand and output of result in an instruction is known as addressing mode.
There are various methods of giving source and destination address in instruction, thus there are various types of Addressing Modes. Here you will find the different types of Addressing Modes that are supported in Micro Controller 8051. Types of Addressing Modes are explained below:
1.Register Addressing Mode
2.Direct Addressing Mode
3.Register Indirect Addressing Mode
4.Immediate Addressing Mode
5.Index Addressing Mode
Explanation:
Register Addressing Mode: In this addressing mode, the source of data or destination of result is Register. In this type of addressing mode the name of the register is given in the instruction where the data to be read or result is to be stored.
Example: ADD A, R5 ( The instruction will do the addition of data in Accumulator with data in register R5)
Direct Addressing Mode: In this type of Addressing Mode, the address of data to be read is directly given in the instruction. In case, for storing result the address given in instruction is used to store the result.
Example: MOV A, 46H ( This instruction will move the contents of memory location 46H to Accumulator)
Register Indirect Addressing Mode: In Register Indirect Addressing Mode, as its name suggests the data is read or stored in register indirectly. That is, we provide the register in the instruction, in which the address of the other register is stored or which points to other register where data is stored or to be stored.
Example: MOV A, @R0 ( This instruction will move the data to accumulator from the register whose address is stored in register R0 ).
Also Read: Architecture Of 8051
Immediate Addressing Mode : In Immediate Addressing Mode , the data immediately follows the instruction. This means that data to be used is already given in the instruction itself.
Example: MOV A, #25H ( This instruction will move the data 25H to Accumulator. The # sign shows that preceding term is data, not the address.)
Index Addressing Mode: Offset is added to the base index register to form the effective address if the memory location.This Addressing Mode is used for reading lookup tables in Program Memory. The Address of the exact location of the table is formed by adding the Accumulator Data to the base pointer.
Example: MOVC, @A+DPTR ( This instruction will move the data from the memory to Accumulator; the address is made by adding the contents of Accumulator and Data Pointer.
The document discusses abstract data types (ADTs). It defines an ADT as a collection of data together with a set of operations on that data. An ADT specifies what data can be stored and what operations can be performed. Simple ADTs are predefined types like integers, while complex ADTs like lists are user-defined. Lists are presented as an example complex ADT, with elements ordered in a sequence and operations to insert, find, delete and traverse elements.
The document discusses multithreading and threading concepts in Java. It defines a thread as a single sequential flow of execution within a program. Multithreading allows executing multiple threads simultaneously by sharing the resources of a process. The key benefits of multithreading include proper utilization of resources, decreased maintenance costs, and improved performance of complex applications. Threads have various states like new, runnable, running, blocked, and dead during their lifecycle. The document also explains different threading methods like start(), run(), sleep(), yield(), join(), wait(), notify() etc and synchronization techniques in multithreading.
Linked Lists: Introduction Linked lists
Representation of linked list
operations on linked list
Comparison of Linked Lists with Arrays and Dynamic Arrays
Types of Linked Lists and operations-Circular Single Linked List, Double Linked List, Circular Double Linked List
The document discusses binary trees and their representations and operations. It defines binary trees as trees where each node has at most two child nodes. It also defines complete binary trees as trees where every node has two children except leaf nodes. The document discusses array and linked representations of binary trees and various traversal operations like preorder, inorder and postorder traversals. It also provides code snippets for inserting and deleting nodes from a binary tree.
This presentation discusses different types of microoperations that can be performed on data stored in registers. It describes arithmetic microoperations like addition, subtraction, and increment/decrement. Logic microoperations perform bit-wise operations on registers like selective set, clear, complement, and masking. Shift microoperations serially transfer data in a register left or right through logical, circular, and arithmetic shifts. Arithmetic shifts preserve a number's sign during multiplication and division by 2 during left and right shifts.
What is Instruction format
CPU organisation
Types of instructions
Types of address
Two address instruction
One address instruction
Three address instruction
Stack Organisation
What is a programme
Zero address instruction
This document discusses data structures and linked lists. It provides definitions and examples of different types of linked lists, including:
- Single linked lists, which contain nodes with a data field and a link to the next node.
- Circular linked lists, where the last node links back to the first node, forming a loop.
- Doubly linked lists, where each node contains links to both the previous and next nodes.
- Operations on linked lists such as insertion, deletion, traversal, and searching are also described.
This PPT is all about the Tree basic on fundamentals of B and B+ Tree with it's Various (Search,Insert and Delete) Operations performed on it and their Examples...
1) Stacks are linear data structures that follow the LIFO (last-in, first-out) principle. Elements can only be inserted or removed from one end called the top of the stack.
2) The basic stack operations are push, which adds an element to the top of the stack, and pop, which removes an element from the top.
3) Stacks have many applications including evaluating arithmetic expressions by converting them to postfix notation and implementing the backtracking technique in recursive backtracking problems like tower of Hanoi.
Queue is a first-in first-out (FIFO) data structure where elements can only be added to the rear of the queue and removed from the front of the queue. It has two pointers - a front pointer pointing to the front element and a rear pointer pointing to the rear element. Queues can be implemented using arrays or linked lists. Common queue operations include initialization, checking if empty/full, enqueue to add an element, and dequeue to remove an element. The document then describes how these operations work for queues implemented using arrays, linked lists, and circular arrays. It concludes by providing exercises to implement specific queue tasks.
This document discusses implementing stacks and queues using linked lists. For a stack, elements are inserted and removed from the head (start) of the linked list for constant time operations. For a queue, elements are inserted at the head and removed from the tail (end) of the linked list, requiring traversing to the second last node for removal. Implementing stacks and queues with linked lists avoids size limitations of arrays and uses dynamic memory allocation.
1. An array is a data structure that stores elements of the same data type in a contiguous block of memory. It allows random access to elements using indices.
2. Arrays are declared with a type, name, and size and elements are accessed using the name and index. Indexing starts at 0.
3. Multidimensional arrays store elements in rows and columns and are declared with multiple sizes, allowing 2D or 3D arrays.
An array is a collection of similar data types stored in contiguous memory locations that can be accessed using an index. Arrays allow storing multiple values in a single variable and accessing elements using simple syntax. The main types of arrays are single-dimensional and multi-dimensional arrays. Single-dimensional arrays store elements in a linear fashion while multi-dimensional arrays can represent tables or matrices by storing elements in rows and columns. Common operations on arrays include traversing elements, inserting, deleting, searching, and updating elements.
An instruction format consists of bits that specify an operation to perform on data in computer memory. The processor fetches instructions from memory and decodes the bits to execute them. Instruction formats have operation codes to define operations like addition and an address field to specify where data is located. Computers may have different instruction sets.
Sparse matrix and its representation data structureVardhil Patel
The document discusses sparse matrices and their efficient representation. It defines a sparse matrix as one with very few non-zero elements, so representing it as a standard 2D array wastes space storing many zero values. More efficient representations of sparse matrices include storing only the non-zero elements and their indices in a triplet format, or using a linked list structure with one list per row containing (column, value) node pairs. Examples of each approach are provided.
The document discusses arrays in data structures using C programming language. It defines what an array is and describes different types of arrays like one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and multi-dimensional arrays. It also explains array operations such as insertion, deletion, traversal, reversing, sorting, and searching. Additionally, it covers merging of arrays, arrays of pointers, and using arrays to represent polynomials.
This document discusses stacks and queues as linear data structures. It defines stacks as last-in, first-out (LIFO) collections where the last item added is the first removed. Queues are first-in, first-out (FIFO) collections where the first item added is the first removed. Common stack and queue operations like push, pop, insert, and remove are presented along with algorithms and examples. Applications of stacks and queues in areas like expression evaluation, string reversal, and scheduling are also covered.
The document discusses R-trees, a data structure used to index multi-dimensional spatial data. R-trees allow for efficient searching of spatial data by grouping data into minimum bounding rectangles (MBRs) and storing them in a tree structure based on these envelopes. The tree structure resembles a B+-tree, with internal nodes containing pointers to child nodes or data records. R-trees provide efficient search, insertion, and deletion of spatial data objects through operations on the tree structure and splitting or merging of nodes as needed.
This document discusses data abstraction and abstract data types (ADTs). It defines an ADT as a collection of data along with a set of operations on that data. An ADT specifies what operations can be performed but not how they are implemented. This allows data structures to be developed independently from solutions and hides implementation details behind the ADT's operations. The document provides examples of list ADTs and an array-based implementation of a list ADT in C++.
This document discusses sparse matrices. It defines a sparse matrix as a matrix with more zero values than non-zero values. Sparse matrices can save space by only storing the non-zero elements and their indices rather than allocating space for all elements. Two common representations for sparse matrices are the triplet representation, which stores the non-zero values and their row and column indices, and the linked representation, which connects the non-zero elements. Applications of sparse matrices include solving large systems of equations.
Addressing mode is the way of addressing a memory location in instruction. Microcontroller needs data or operands on which the operation is to be performed. The method of specifying source of operand and output of result in an instruction is known as addressing mode.
There are various methods of giving source and destination address in instruction, thus there are various types of Addressing Modes. Here you will find the different types of Addressing Modes that are supported in Micro Controller 8051. Types of Addressing Modes are explained below:
1.Register Addressing Mode
2.Direct Addressing Mode
3.Register Indirect Addressing Mode
4.Immediate Addressing Mode
5.Index Addressing Mode
Explanation:
Register Addressing Mode: In this addressing mode, the source of data or destination of result is Register. In this type of addressing mode the name of the register is given in the instruction where the data to be read or result is to be stored.
Example: ADD A, R5 ( The instruction will do the addition of data in Accumulator with data in register R5)
Direct Addressing Mode: In this type of Addressing Mode, the address of data to be read is directly given in the instruction. In case, for storing result the address given in instruction is used to store the result.
Example: MOV A, 46H ( This instruction will move the contents of memory location 46H to Accumulator)
Register Indirect Addressing Mode: In Register Indirect Addressing Mode, as its name suggests the data is read or stored in register indirectly. That is, we provide the register in the instruction, in which the address of the other register is stored or which points to other register where data is stored or to be stored.
Example: MOV A, @R0 ( This instruction will move the data to accumulator from the register whose address is stored in register R0 ).
Also Read: Architecture Of 8051
Immediate Addressing Mode : In Immediate Addressing Mode , the data immediately follows the instruction. This means that data to be used is already given in the instruction itself.
Example: MOV A, #25H ( This instruction will move the data 25H to Accumulator. The # sign shows that preceding term is data, not the address.)
Index Addressing Mode: Offset is added to the base index register to form the effective address if the memory location.This Addressing Mode is used for reading lookup tables in Program Memory. The Address of the exact location of the table is formed by adding the Accumulator Data to the base pointer.
Example: MOVC, @A+DPTR ( This instruction will move the data from the memory to Accumulator; the address is made by adding the contents of Accumulator and Data Pointer.
The document discusses abstract data types (ADTs). It defines an ADT as a collection of data together with a set of operations on that data. An ADT specifies what data can be stored and what operations can be performed. Simple ADTs are predefined types like integers, while complex ADTs like lists are user-defined. Lists are presented as an example complex ADT, with elements ordered in a sequence and operations to insert, find, delete and traverse elements.
The document discusses multithreading and threading concepts in Java. It defines a thread as a single sequential flow of execution within a program. Multithreading allows executing multiple threads simultaneously by sharing the resources of a process. The key benefits of multithreading include proper utilization of resources, decreased maintenance costs, and improved performance of complex applications. Threads have various states like new, runnable, running, blocked, and dead during their lifecycle. The document also explains different threading methods like start(), run(), sleep(), yield(), join(), wait(), notify() etc and synchronization techniques in multithreading.
Linked Lists: Introduction Linked lists
Representation of linked list
operations on linked list
Comparison of Linked Lists with Arrays and Dynamic Arrays
Types of Linked Lists and operations-Circular Single Linked List, Double Linked List, Circular Double Linked List
The document discusses binary trees and their representations and operations. It defines binary trees as trees where each node has at most two child nodes. It also defines complete binary trees as trees where every node has two children except leaf nodes. The document discusses array and linked representations of binary trees and various traversal operations like preorder, inorder and postorder traversals. It also provides code snippets for inserting and deleting nodes from a binary tree.
This presentation discusses different types of microoperations that can be performed on data stored in registers. It describes arithmetic microoperations like addition, subtraction, and increment/decrement. Logic microoperations perform bit-wise operations on registers like selective set, clear, complement, and masking. Shift microoperations serially transfer data in a register left or right through logical, circular, and arithmetic shifts. Arithmetic shifts preserve a number's sign during multiplication and division by 2 during left and right shifts.
What is Instruction format
CPU organisation
Types of instructions
Types of address
Two address instruction
One address instruction
Three address instruction
Stack Organisation
What is a programme
Zero address instruction
This document discusses data structures and linked lists. It provides definitions and examples of different types of linked lists, including:
- Single linked lists, which contain nodes with a data field and a link to the next node.
- Circular linked lists, where the last node links back to the first node, forming a loop.
- Doubly linked lists, where each node contains links to both the previous and next nodes.
- Operations on linked lists such as insertion, deletion, traversal, and searching are also described.
This PPT is all about the Tree basic on fundamentals of B and B+ Tree with it's Various (Search,Insert and Delete) Operations performed on it and their Examples...
1) Stacks are linear data structures that follow the LIFO (last-in, first-out) principle. Elements can only be inserted or removed from one end called the top of the stack.
2) The basic stack operations are push, which adds an element to the top of the stack, and pop, which removes an element from the top.
3) Stacks have many applications including evaluating arithmetic expressions by converting them to postfix notation and implementing the backtracking technique in recursive backtracking problems like tower of Hanoi.
Queue is a first-in first-out (FIFO) data structure where elements can only be added to the rear of the queue and removed from the front of the queue. It has two pointers - a front pointer pointing to the front element and a rear pointer pointing to the rear element. Queues can be implemented using arrays or linked lists. Common queue operations include initialization, checking if empty/full, enqueue to add an element, and dequeue to remove an element. The document then describes how these operations work for queues implemented using arrays, linked lists, and circular arrays. It concludes by providing exercises to implement specific queue tasks.
This document discusses implementing stacks and queues using linked lists. For a stack, elements are inserted and removed from the head (start) of the linked list for constant time operations. For a queue, elements are inserted at the head and removed from the tail (end) of the linked list, requiring traversing to the second last node for removal. Implementing stacks and queues with linked lists avoids size limitations of arrays and uses dynamic memory allocation.
1. An array is a data structure that stores elements of the same data type in a contiguous block of memory. It allows random access to elements using indices.
2. Arrays are declared with a type, name, and size and elements are accessed using the name and index. Indexing starts at 0.
3. Multidimensional arrays store elements in rows and columns and are declared with multiple sizes, allowing 2D or 3D arrays.
An array is a collection of similar data types stored in contiguous memory locations that can be accessed using an index. Arrays allow storing multiple values in a single variable and accessing elements using simple syntax. The main types of arrays are single-dimensional and multi-dimensional arrays. Single-dimensional arrays store elements in a linear fashion while multi-dimensional arrays can represent tables or matrices by storing elements in rows and columns. Common operations on arrays include traversing elements, inserting, deleting, searching, and updating elements.
This document provides an overview of arrays and strings in C programming. It discusses single and multidimensional arrays, including array declaration and initialization. It also covers string handling functions. Additionally, the document defines structures and unions, and discusses nested structures and arrays of structures. The majority of the document focuses on concepts related to single dimensional arrays, including array representation, accessing array elements, and common array operations like insertion, deletion, searching, and sorting. Example C programs are provided to demonstrate various array concepts.
Arrays allow storing and accessing multiple values of the same data type. A two-dimensional array represents data in a tabular form and can be used to store values in a matrix. It is declared with two sets of brackets and initialized with nested curly braces. Elements are accessed using two indices, such as array[row][column]. Memory for a two-dimensional array is allocated in a contiguous block, with the first dimension iterating fastest.
Homework Assignment – Array Technical DocumentWrite a technical .pdfaroraopticals15
Homework Assignment – Array Technical Document
Write a technical document that describes the structure and use of arrays. The document should
be 3 to 5 pages and include an Introduction section, giving a brief synopsis of the document and
arrays, a Body section, describing arrays and giving an annotated example of their use as a
programming construct, and a conclusion to revisit important information about arrays described
in the Body of the document. Some suggested material to include:
Declaring arrays of various types
Array pointers
Printing and processing arrays
Sorting and searching arrays
Multidimensional arrays
Indexing arrays of various dimension
Array representation in memory by data type
Passing arrays as arguments
If you find any useful images on the Internet, you can use them as long as you cite the source in
end notes.
Solution
Array is a collection of variables of the same type that are referenced by a common name.
Specific elements or variables in the array are accessed by means of index into the array.
If taking about C, In C all arrays consist of contiguous memory locations. The lowest address
corresponds to the first element in the array while the largest address corresponds to the last
element in the array.
C supports both single and multi-dimensional arrays.
1) Single Dimension Arrays:-
Syntax:- type var_name[size];
where type is the type of each element in the array, var_name is any valid identifier, and size is
the number of elements in the array which has to be a constant value.
*Array always use zero as index to first element.
The valid indices for array above are 0 .. 4, i.e. 0 .. number of elements - 1
For Example :- To load an array with values 0 .. 99
int x[100] ;
int i ;
for ( i = 0; i < 100; i++ )
x[i] = i ;
To determine to size of an array at run time the sizeof operator is used. This returns the size in
bytes of its argument. The name of the array is given as the operand
size_of_array = sizeof ( array_name ) ;
2) Initialisg array:-
Arrays can be initialised at time of declaration in the following manner.
type array[ size ] = { value list };
For Example :-
int i[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5 } ;
i[0] = 1, i[1] = 2, etc.
The size specification in the declaration may be omitted which causes the compiler to count the
number of elements in the value list and allocate appropriate storage.
For Example :- int i[ ] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 } ;
3) Multidimensional array:-
Multidimensional arrays of any dimension are possible in C but in practice only two or three
dimensional arrays are workable. The most common multidimensional array is a two
dimensional array for example the computer display, board games, a mathematical matrix etc.
Syntax :type name [ rows ] [ columns ] ;
For Example :- 2D array of dimension 2 X 3.
int d[ 2 ] [ 3 ] ;
A two dimensional array is actually an array of arrays, in the above case an array of two integer
arrays (the rows) each with three elements, and is stored row-wise in memory.
For Example :- Program to fill .
The document defines and describes different types of arrays in C programming. It states that arrays can hold multiple values of the same data type and are used to store data in linear or tabular form. The key types discussed are one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and multi-dimensional arrays. It provides examples and explains how to declare, initialize, search and sort each array type.
An array is a group of consecutive memory locations that share the same name and data type. It allows storing multiple values of the same type together. Arrays can store large numbers of values with a single name and process many values easily and quickly. There are one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and multi-dimensional arrays. One-dimensional arrays store elements in a linear list, two-dimensional arrays arrange elements in a table with rows and columns, and multi-dimensional arrays extend this concept to three or more dimensions.
Arrays in Java refer to data structures that store homogeneous elements of the same type. There are three main features of arrays: dynamic allocation which reduces storage requirements, elements stored under a single name for easy access, and elements stored in contiguous locations. Arrays allow random access to elements via indexes but have a fixed size. Java supports one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and multi-dimensional arrays.
This document discusses arrays in programming. It defines an array as a collection of similar data items stored in contiguous memory locations that can be randomly accessed by index number. Elements in an array are of the same data type and size. The document covers array declaration syntax, initialization, multidimensional arrays, and advantages and disadvantages of arrays.
Arrays are collections of homogeneous elements that are stored in linear order and accessed using an index. Key properties of arrays include:
- They have a fixed size that is defined at creation time.
- Elements are of the same data type.
- Accessing elements is fast using an index but insertion and deletion is difficult.
- Arrays use contiguous memory locations for elements so memory is utilized efficiently but size cannot be dynamically increased.
Arrays are a commonly used data structure that store multiple elements of the same type. Elements in an array are accessed using subscripts or indexes, with the first element having an index of 0. Multidimensional arrays can store elements in rows and columns, accessed using two indexes. Arrays are stored linearly in memory in either row-major or column-major order, which affects how elements are accessed.
Arrays allow for the storage of multiple values of the same type under a common name. There are two types of arrays: single dimensional arrays which store values in a list, and multi-dimensional arrays which can store values in a grid. Strings are arrays of characters that are terminated by a null character. Arrays allocate a block of contiguous memory to store the elements.
The document discusses one-dimensional and two-dimensional arrays in C++. It defines an array as a series of elements of the same type that allows storing multiple values of that type. For one-dimensional arrays, it covers declaring, initializing, and accessing arrays using indexes. Two-dimensional arrays are defined as arrays of arrays, representing a table with rows and columns where each element is accessed using row and column indexes. The document provides examples of declaring, initializing, and accessing elements in one-dimensional and two-dimensional arrays in C++.
The document discusses arrays in C programming. It covers one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and multi-dimensional arrays. It explains how to declare, initialize, and access array elements. It also discusses memory representation of two-dimensional arrays in row-major and column-major order. Additionally, it provides examples of calculating addresses of array elements and passing arrays to functions. Common applications of arrays and their advantages and disadvantages are summarized.
Data Structures: A Foundation for Efficient ProgrammingMSridhar18
Welcome to our journey into the world of data structures. Today, we'll explore the fundamental concepts, classification, and practical applications of these essential programming tools.
Digital Crime – Substantive Criminal Law – General Conditions – Offenses – In...ManiMaran230751
Digital Crime – Substantive Criminal Law – General Conditions – Offenses – Investigation Methods for
Collecting Digital Evidence – International Cooperation to Collect Digital Evidence.
UNIT-4-PPT UNIT COMMITMENT AND ECONOMIC DISPATCHSridhar191373
Statement of unit commitment problem-constraints: spinning reserve, thermal unit constraints, hydro constraints, fuel constraints and other constraints. Solution methods: priority list methods, forward dynamic programming approach. Numerical problems only in priority list method using full load average production cost. Statement of economic dispatch problem-cost of generation-incremental cost curve –co-ordination equations without loss and with loss- solution by direct method and lamda iteration method (No derivation of loss coefficients)
ISO 4020-6.1 – Filter Cleanliness Test Rig: Precision Testing for Fuel Filter Integrity
Explore the design, functionality, and standards compliance of our advanced Filter Cleanliness Test Rig developed according to ISO 4020-6.1. This rig is engineered to evaluate fuel filter cleanliness levels with high accuracy and repeatability—critical for ensuring the performance and durability of fuel systems.
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Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ)elelijjournal653
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This presentation showcases a detailed catalogue of testing solutions aligned with ISO 4548-9, the international standard for evaluating the anti-drain valve performance in full-flow lubricating oil filters used in internal combustion engines.
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Video Games and Artificial-Realities.pptxHadiBadri1
🕹️ #GameDevs, #AIteams, #DesignStudios — I’d love for you to check it out.
This is where play meets precision. Let’s break the fourth wall of slides, together.
This research presents a machine learning (ML) based model to estimate the axial strength of corroded RC columns reinforced with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. Estimating the axial strength of corroded columns is complex due to the intricate interplay between corrosion and FRP reinforcement. To address this, a dataset of 102 samples from various literature sources was compiled. Subsequently, this dataset was employed to create and train the ML models. The parameters influencing axial strength included the geometry of the column, properties of the FRP material, degree of corrosion, and properties of the concrete. Considering the scarcity of reliable design guidelines for estimating the axial strength of RC columns considering corrosion effects, artificial neural network (ANN), Gaussian process regression (GPR), and support vector machine (SVM) techniques were employed. These techniques were used to predict the axial strength of corroded RC columns reinforced with FRP. When comparing the results of the proposed ML models with existing design guidelines, the ANN model demonstrated higher predictive accuracy. The ANN model achieved an R-value of 98.08% and an RMSE value of 132.69 kN which is the lowest among all other models. This model fills the existing gap in knowledge and provides a precise means of assessment. This model can be used in the scientific community by researchers and practitioners to predict the axial strength of FRP-strengthened corroded columns. In addition, the GPR and SVM models obtained an accuracy of 98.26% and 97.99%, respectively.
Tesia Dobrydnia brings her many talents to her career as a chemical engineer in the oil and gas industry. With the same enthusiasm she puts into her work, she engages in hobbies and activities including watching movies and television shows, reading, backpacking, and snowboarding. She is a Relief Senior Engineer for Chevron and has been employed by the company since 2007. Tesia is considered a leader in her industry and is known to for her grasp of relief design standards.
May 2025: Top 10 Cited Articles in Software Engineering & Applications Intern...sebastianku31
The International Journal of Software Engineering & Applications (IJSEA) is a bi-monthly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Software Engineering & Applications. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on understanding Modern software engineering concepts & establishing new collaborations in these areas.
May 2025: Top 10 Cited Articles in Software Engineering & Applications Intern...sebastianku31
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Arrays in Data Structure and Algorithm
1. Introduction to
Arrays in Data
Structures and
Algorithm
By Kristina Barooah
Computer Science Engineering, Lovely Professional University
Technical Member of GeeksforGeeks-LPU.
2. What
are Arrays?
Arrays a data structure that can store a fixed-size
sequential collection of elements of the same type.
An array is a collection of variables of the same type
i.e. it stores a collection of data of the same type.
Syntax: Data_type array_name [size];
Example: Int a[5];
Main idea behind having array:
Instead of declaring individual variables, such as
number0, number1, ..., and number99, declaring
one array variable such as numbers and use
numbers[0], numbers[1], and ..., numbers[99] to
represent individual variables is way much easier.
3. Important
Points about
Arrays
All arrays consist of contiguous memory locations. The lowest
address corresponds to the first element and the highest address to
the last element.
All arrays have 0 as the index of their first element which is also
called the base index and the last index of an array will be total
size of the array minus 1.
A specific element in an array is accessed by an index.
Usage: Arrays are commonly used in computer programs to organize
data so that a related set of values can be easily sorted or searched.
Also, used to Implement other data structures like Stacks, Queues,
Heaps, Hash tables, etc.
4. Declaration of Arrays
In C/C++, an array can be declared by specifying its type and size or by initializing it or by both.
1. Array declaration by specifying size:
int a[10];
2. Array declaration by initializing elements:
int a[] = {10, 20, 30, 40} ;
Here, in case the size of the array is omitted, an array just big enough to hold the initialization is created.
Thus, the compiler creates an array of size 4. And above is same as "int a[4] = {10, 20, 30, 40}"
3. Array declaration by specifying size and initializing elements:
int a[6] = {10, 20, 30, 40};
Here, in case the compiler creates an array of size 6, initializes first 4 elements as specified by user
and rest two elements as 0. above is same as "int a[] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 0, 0}"
An "array declaration" basically means to name the array and specify the type of its
elements. It can also define the number of elements in the array. A variable with array
type is considered a pointer to the type of the array elements.
5. However it is not the same in other languages!
For instance, in Java the Syntax to Declare an Array is:
dataType[] a; (or)
dataType []a; (or)
dataType a[];
In JavaScript the Syntax to Declare an Array is :
const array_name = [item1, item2, ...]; or
array_name = new Array( 4 ) ;
Note: JavaScript Arrays are Heterogeneous. Unlike many other popular languages, a JavaScript Array can
hold elements of multiple data types, simultaneously
Syntax to Declare an Array, In Python :
Note: Python does not have built-in support for Arrays, but Python lists can be used
instead.
E.g.: carbrands = ["Ford", " Hyundai", "BMW"]
List can contain heterogeneous values such as integers, floats, strings, tuples, lists, and
dictionaries but they are commonly used to store collections of homogeneous objects. Python lists
are mutable sequences.
Note: all these declarations were for Single dimensional arrays only!
6. Assignment of Arrays: Assigning an array basically means to set the
values of an array after its declaration. The assignment operator (=)
is used to assign the values to each index of an array and often a loop
is used to do the assignment of an array. The assignment of an array is
moreorless the same in all the programming languages.
For example(code in JAVA):
for (int i = 0; i < javaArray.length; i++)
{ javaArray[i] = i;
System.out.print(javaArray[i] + " ");
}
Initialization of Arrays: As the name suggests initialization means
setting the initial values to the array. It is the process of assigning
values to the array elements at the time of declaration itself. Similar
to assignment, initialization is simple and is moreorless the same in all the
programming languages.
7. Syntax: Datatype array_name [dimensions] = { element1, element2,
….,element N}
For example(code in JAVA):
{int a[]={33,3,4,5};
for(int i=0;i<a.length;i++)
System.out.println(a[i]);}
Accessing array Elements: Array elements can be accessed randomly by using
an integer index. Since we know, array index starts with 0 and goes till size of array
minus 1, specifying the required index value can help us access its value.
For example(code in JAVA):
int[] arr = new int[3];
arr[0] = 10;
arr[1] = 20;
arr[2] = 30;
System.out.println(arr[1]);
9. Single
Dimensional
Array
Single or One Dimensional array is used
to represent and store data in a linear
form. Array having only one subscript
variable is called One-Dimensional array
or 1-D array or Linear array.
Syntax: <data-type> <arrayname> [size];
For example:
int iarr[3] = {2, 3, 4};
char carr[20] = "c4learn";
float farr[3] = {12.5,13.5,14.5};
10. Multi-Dimensional
Array
Array having more than one subscript variable
is called Multi-Dimensional array. multi-
dimensional
Array is also called as Matrix. The most
common type of multi-dimensional arrays
are the 2D arrays.
The 2-D arrays are used to store data in the
form of table. They are also used to create
mathematical matrices and perform simple
arithmetical calculations.
Syntax: <data-type> <array_name>
[row_subscript][column-subscript];
11. 1. Declaration of Two Dimensional Array:
Syntax: datatype arrayName [ rowSize ] [ columnSize ] ;
For example: int matrix_A [2][3] ;
2. Initialization of Two Dimensional Array:
Syntax: Data type array Name [rows][colmns] =
{{r1c1value, r1c2value, ...},{r2c1, r2c2,...}...} ;
For example: int matrix_A [2][3] = { {1, 2, 3},{4, 5, 6} } ;
3. Accessing Individual Elements of Two Dimensional
Array:
Syntax: Array Name [ row Index ] [ column Index ]
For example: matrix [0][1] = 10 ;
12. Basic
Operations
• Traverse − print all the array
elements one by one.
• Insertion − Adds an element at the
given index.
• Deletion − Deletes an element at the
given index.
• Search − Searches an element using
the given index or by the value.
• Update − Updates an element at the
given index.