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Art history sketchbookreview[1]
The document provides an overview of prehistoric, non-European, Egyptian, Greek, and Roman art from 30,000 BC to 476 AD. It summarizes key pieces like the Venus of Willendorf, cave paintings at Lascaux, Stonehenge, Terracotta Army, Great Sphinx of Giza, and Parthenon. The document also briefly outlines the periods and styles of Greek pottery and introduces some famous sculptures like the Venus de Milo.
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Art history sketchbookreview[1]
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- 2. Pre-Historic Art Europe in30,000 BC – 2,500 BC Gravettian Culture – Austria Venus of Willendorf 24,000 – 22,000 BC Oolitic limestone – yellowish, traces of ochre One of three figurines recovered from Paleolithic archeological sites at Willendorf in Austria One of many similarly shaped, female carvings - known as "Venus Figurines” - found across Europe and made during this time period Discovered in 1908 by Austrian archeologist Josef Szombathy 11 cm high and a max. of 4 cm wide Thought to represent fertility, OR a higher social status – obesity leading to abundance of food, etc.
- 3. Pre-Historic Art Europe in 30,000 BC – 2,500 BC Nearly 2,000 figures, grouped into three categories - animals, human figures and abstract signs Mostly horses (364 total, 90 are stags); also cattle, bison, felines, a bird, a bear, a rhinoceros, and a human One of the bulls is 17 feet long Crossed hind legs show the ability to Southwestern France use perspective No vegetation or environment is Caves of Lascaux portrayed around the animals 15,000 BC Discovered in 1940 painted onto walls using 2000 – fungus appeared; 2006 – mineral pigments as well as black mold; 2008 – cave closed incised into the stone except for 20 minutes once a week to monitor conditions
- 4. Pre-Historic Art Europe in 30,000 BC – 2,500 BC 1st phase – a bank & ditch arrangement called a henge, built 5,000 years ago Temple for worship of ancient deities? Astronomical observatory? Prehistoric calendar? Sacred site for burial of high-ranking citizens? England, County Wiltshire 100 feet diameter, 24 feet tall Stonehenge 89 stones weighing up to 4 tons each 3,000 – 2.000 BC Years later stones weighing 40-45 Large standing bluestones tons were moved in and sarsen stones set within Blue stones are made of spotted dolerite (volcanic rock) so rare it’s earthworks only found in one known location
- 5. Non-European Art 30,000 BC– 1,600 CE Benin, Nigeria The Ivory Mask (African) 16th Century Ivory, Iron, Copper Among most celebrated pieces of African art Keep evil away from the Edo peoples Portrait of Idia, mother and close advisor to one of the tribes most powerful leaders Hollowed back suggests that it was both a pendant and a receptacle possibly containing medicines to protect the king during ceremonial occasions 9 3/8 in. tall Top decorated with heads, symbolizing Portuguese – alliance with and control over
- 6. Non-European Art 30,000 BC – 1,600 CE Large Pre-Columbian city built by the Maya Civilization Famous for it’s “traveling serpent” Step pyramid demonstrates the accuracy and importance of Maya astronomy 365 steps – one for each day of the year… each of the temple’s four sides has Yucatan state in Mexico 91 steps, and the top The Temple at Chichen Itza platform makes the 365th 750 – 900 CE named one of the New Stone Seven Wonders of the World
- 7. On Spring& Fall equinox the serpent descends from the heavens along the temple walls As sun sets, shadowy snake descends steps to join a stone serpent head at the base of the staircase
- 8. Non-European Art 30,000 BC – 1,600 CE China Tomb of Emperor Qin aka The Terracotta Army 246-209 BC Terracotta Sculptures Discovered in 1974 by farmers digging a water well Form of funerary art buried with Qin To protect Qin in afterlife, and to make sure that he had people to rule over Figures vary in height according to roles, with the tallest being the generals Three pits containing the Terracotta Army Over 8,000 soldiers, 130 chariots with 520 horses and 150 cavalry
- 9. Non-European Art 30,000 BC– 1,600 CE Manufactured in workshops by 700,000 local craftsmen Head, arms, legs and torsos were created separately and then assembled Eight face molds most likely used, and then clay was added to provide individual facial features Vary in height, uniform and hairstyle in accordance with rank – all life-size Most originally held real weapons such as spears, swords, or crossbows Were painted vibrant colors
- 10. Egyptian 3100 BC –30 BC Sculptor: Thutmose Nefertiti Bust 1345 BC Limestone, Gypsum, Crystal, Wax, Stucco Nefertiti: literally "the beautiful one has come” The bust is 19 in tall, weighs about 44 lbs Face is completely symmetrical and almost intact, but the left eye lacks the inlay present in the right Pupil of the right eye is of inserted quartz with black paint and is fixed with beeswax Exact function of the bust is unknown, though it is theorized that the bust may be a sculptor's model
- 11. Egyptian 3100 BC –30 BC German archaeological team led by Ludwig Borchardt discovered the bust in 1912 in Thutmose's workshop in Amarna, Egypt. Kept in several locations in Germany Was CT scanned in 1992 and 2006 Wrinkles found on neck and bags under her eyes, suggesting the sculptor had tried to depict signs of aging Inner face has creases around her mouth and cheeks and a swelling on the nose Become "one of the most admired, and most copied, images from ancient Egypt”
- 12. Egyptian 3100 BC – 30 BC Oldest known monumental sculpture Statue of a reclining sphinx (a mythical creature with a lion's body and a human head) 66 feet high and 240 feet long from front paws to tail-end Built by ancient Egyptians during the reign of the Pharaoh Khafra Possibly covered with plaster like bust of Nefertiti Pharaoh Khafre is believed to be West Bank of the Nile in Giza the man responsible for building Great Sphinx of Giza, with the the Sphinx Pyramid of Khufu Theory is that the erosion was 2558 - 2532 BC caused by wind sandblasting the Carved Limestone Bedrock figure, however it was concluded
- 13. Egyptian 3100 BC –30 BC THEORIES: Sphinx was originally a statue of the Jackal-Dog Anubis, the God of the Dead Face was recarved in the likeness of a Middle Kingdom pharaoh, Amenemhet II Traces of paint seen around one of the Sphinx's ears - believe that it was once colorfully painted
- 14. Egyptian 3100 BC – 30 BC It is not a book – modern name of an ancient Egyptian funerary text Consists of magic spells intended to assist a dead person's journey through the underworld into the afterlife most commonly written in hieroglyphic or hieratic script on a papyrus scroll 190 – 200 spells are known The Book of the Dead Once prepared, the collection of spells was packed carefully away Used from 1550 – 50 BC with their other grave goods, to be written on papyrus and tomb placed in their tomb walls
- 15. Egyptian 3100 BC – 30 BC They imagined the afterlife as a kind of journey you had to make to get to paradise – but it was quite a hazardous journey so you’d need magical help along the way Papyrus of Ani is one of the finest and most complete examples of this type of Egyptian funerary text to survive. The Papyrus of Ani now resides in The British Museum, London.
- 16. Greek 850 BC – 31 BC Most of what we know about Greek art comes from the pictures they painted on pottery – about daily life, and they were used in daily life Pots came in all sorts of shapes and sizes depending on their purpose Painted scene reflected what the pot was used for Greek painted pottery changed over time Tells us about how life was in Athens and other ancient Greek cities Greeks believed that goddess Athena invented earthenware pots, and was the patroness of Greek potters Pots are the most valuable tools archeologists Greek Pottery use for the study of ancient Greek history 1050 – 600 BC Thought of the pots as if they were people - Clay, Slip used human terms to describe parts of the
- 17. Greek 850 BC –31 BC Periods of Greek Pottery: Protogeometric Geometric Orientalizing Black figure Red figure White ground technique Hellenistic Period Forms of Greek Pottery Amphora – olive oil as prize for winning athlete Krater – for mixing wine with water Kantharos – drinking cup Alabastron – perfumes & oils Hydria – collecting water
- 18. Greek 850 BC –31 BC Alexandros of Antioch Venus de Milo 130 – 100 BC Marble Currently at the Louvre Museum in Paris One of most famous works of ancient Greek Sculpture Believed to depict Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love and beauty She is 6 feet 8 inches high Discovered on April 8, 1820 by a peasant named Yorgos Kentrotas, inside a buried niche within the ancient city ruins of Milos Comprised of several parts which were sculpted separately (bust, legs, left arm and foot) then fixed with vertical pegs, a technique which was fairly common in the Greek world
- 19. Greek 850 BC – 31 BC She may have held an apple, a crown, a shield, or a mirror in which she admired her reflection. Right side is worked more carefully and finished in greater detail than the left side or back, indicating that the statue was intended to be viewed in profile from its right. Would have been painted, as was the Greek custom for statuary Originally wore metal jewelry – bracelet, earrings, and headband – only the fixation holes remain
- 20. Greek 850 BC – 31 BC Dedicated to the goddess Athena Pallas or Parthenos Main function was to shelter the monumental statue of Athena that was made by Pheidias out of gold and ivory Temple of the Doric order: 8 columns at the façade and 17 columns at the flanks, conforming to the established ratio of 9:4. *Ratio governed the Iktinos, Kallikrates, Karpion vertical and horizontal The Parthenon proportions of the temple as well 447 – 432 BC as many other relationships of Limestone, Pentelic Marble the building like the spacing between the columns and their height
- 21. Greek 850 BC –31 BC All Greek temples designed to be seen only from outside - viewers never entered a temple and could only glimpse the interior statues through the open doors Epitomizes all the ideals of Greek thought during the Classical era through artistic means. Concepts in Athens that set them apart from barbarians: idealism of Greek way of living, attention to detail, understanding of a mathematically explained harmony in the natural world Represented in perfect proportions of building, intricate architectural elements, and anthropomorphic
- 22. Roman 500 BC –476 AC
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- 26. Impressionism 1865– 1885
- 27. Post-Impressionism 1885 – 1910
- 28. Expressionism 1900– 1935
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- 31. Abstract Expressionism 1940s – 1950s
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Editor's Notes
- #17 The mouth is the opening at the top. The lip is the edge of the pot right around the mouth. Below the lip is the neck. The shoulder is where the neck expands to the size of the body and the body is the main part of the pot.