Artifact 2
- 1. Artifact 2 Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids– Two types of Nucleic Power Puff Girls acids (DNA & RNA) DNA: Made up of deoxyribonucleotides. (Structural unit that consists of pentose sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate group and cytosine, thymine, guanine or adenine. DNA molecules are formed into a double helix shape. Base pairs hold the two chains together. All DNA molecules are identical and different from other individuals. Company Name RNA: Made up of pentose sugar (ribose), phosphate group, and adenine, uracil, Street Address guanine, or cytosine. Uracil replaces Address 2 City, ST ZIP Code thymine in RNA. Phone: 325.555.0125 Fax: 325.555.0145 Combined forms: Large molecules can be E-mail address joined together to form bigger ones. This Erycha Victoria gives the molecules a completely different Sharetha Alexis function. The base word will tell which component is dominant while the prefix is the lesser amount. Anatomy Period 2 (text book page 66)(1)
- 2. All Organelles Centrosome o Area of the cytoplasm near Lysosome The word “organic” describes the nucleus that that o Membranous organelle any compound that contains c- coordinates the building and containing various c bond or c-h bond. breaking of microtubules in enzymes that can dissolve (Carbon to carbon or carbon to the cell most cellular compounds; hydrogen) Cytoplasm called digestive bags or suicide bags of cell The four organic molecules are o Gel -like substance of a cell Mitochondria -Carbohydrates exclusive of the nucleus and plasma membrane; includes o Organelle in which ATP -Proteins organelles (except nucleus) generation occurs; often -lipids and cytosol (intracellular termed powerhouse of -nucleic acids fluid) cell (Text book Pg.66)(1) Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Nucleus o Network of tubules and o Membranous organelle vesicles in cytoplasm that that contain most of the contributes to cellular genetic material of the protein manufacture (via cell; also, group of neuron attached ribosomes) and cell bodies in the brain or distribution spinal cord Golgi apparatus Plasma membrane o Organelle consisting of small o Membrane that separates sacs stacked on one another the contents of a cell near the nucleus that makes from tissue fluid, encloses carbohydrate compounds, the cytoplasm, and forms combines them with protein the outer boundary of the molecules, and packages the cell product for distribution Ribosome o Organelle in the cytoplasm of cells that synthesizes proteins; sometimes called “protein factory”
- 3. Cell Membrane The role of the plasma membrane and the What holds it together? internal membranes is to prevent the free exchange of molecules between the Contains a double layer of inside and the outside phospholipid molecules A cell is bound with the outer membrane Phospholipids have “heads” and that is composed of phospholipids bilayer “tails” with proteins a) The heads are referred to as The Cell membrane is composed of many Hydrophilic (water loving) different things such as a Plasma b) The tails are referred to as Membrane Hydrophobic (fearing water) Inside of the membrane is many Other Fun Facts “membranous organelles” Membranous Organelles are sacs and The structure separating an animal canals made up of the same materials as cell from its environment or a plant the plasma membrane such as lipids, cell from its cell wall. protein, and other molecules The membrane allows nutrients to enter the cell and waste products to Membranous Organelles in the Cell leave, called osmosis. Membrane: The cytoskeleton includes Nucleus- houses the genetic code microfilaments, microtubules, Mitochondria- the cells power plant of intermediate filaments, and the two- ATP dimensional membrane skeleton that Lysosomes- the digestive system of a cell lines the cytoplasmic surface of cell Golgi Apparatus- produces glycoproteins membranes. Peroxisomes- contain enzymes to protect Cell membranes contain a fibrous the body from harmful substances protein called spectrin. Endoplasmic reticulum- attached to ribosomes to synthesize protein Plasma Membrane- contains protein molecules
- 4. Inorganic Molecules Water has been called the “cradle of life” Carbon Dioxide is considered one of a group of very Bases because all living organisms require water to simple carbon-containing inorganic compounds. It is · Bases, or “alkaline” compounds, are electrolytes survive. In addition to water surrounding the an important exception to the “rule of thumb” that that when dissociateCarbon Dioxide is considered cell, the basic substance of each cell, inorganic substances do not contain carbon. Like one of a group of very simple carbon-containing cytoplasm, is itself largely water. Water is oxygen, carbon dioxide is involved in cellular inorganic compounds. It is an important exception certainly the body’s most abundant and respiration. It is complex nutrients and also serves to the “rule of thumb” that inorganic substances do important compound. It makes up almost 70% an important role in maintaining the appropriate not contain carbon. Like oxygen, carbon dioxide is of body weight and serves a host of vital acid-base balance in the body. (pg.45) involved in cellular respiration. It is complex functions. In a very real sense “water nutrients and also serves an important role in chemistry” forms the basis for the chemistry of maintaining the appropriate acid-base balance in the Electrolytes life. (Pg. 44) body. (pg.45) · Other inorganic substances include acid, bases, · Water Molecules are polar and interact with Electrolytes and salts. The substances belong to a large group of one another. They have a positively charged · Other inorganic substances include acid, bases, and end and a negatively charged end. This simple compounds called “electrolytes”. Electrolytes are salts. The substances belong to a large group of substances that break-up or dissociate, in solution chemical property, called polarity allows water compounds called “electrolytes”. Electrolytes are to form charged particles or ions. Ions with a to act as a very effective solvent. substances that break-up or dissociate, in solutionto positive charge are called “Cations” those with · Water tends to ionizesubstances in solution form charged particles or ions. Ions with a positive anegative charge are called “anions”. and surround any molecule that has an charge are called “Cations” those with a negative electrical charge. The fact that so many Acids charge are called “anions”. substances dissolve in water is of utmost · By definition, an “acid” is any substance that will d in solution, shift the H+/OH- balance in favor of importance in the life process. release a hydrogen ion (H+) when in solution. A OH-. This can be accomplished by increasing the hydrogen ion is simply a bare proton the nucleus of number of hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution or Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide hydrogen atom. Therefore acids are frequently decreasing the number of H+ ions protons is the · Oxygen and carbon dioxide are important called “protons donors”. It is the concentration of reason the term proton acceptor is used to describe inorganic substances that are closely related to these substances. hydrogen ions ions that accounts for the chemical cellular respiration. Molecular oxygen in the properties of acids. The level of “acidity” of a body ispresent as two oxygen atoms joined by solution depends on the number of hydrogen ions a a double covalent bond. Oxygen is required to particular acid will release. complete the decomposition reactionsrequired for the release of energy from nutrients burned by cell. (pg.45)
- 5. Four major organic molecules CARBOHYDRATES- Proteins- Lipids-Water-soluble & critically important biological compounds Most abundant organic molecule, CONTAIN CARBON, HYDROGEN AND made of chainlike polymers, consists Major roles of lipids are being an OXYGEN. COMMONLY CALLED SUGARS of two broad categories. energy source, structural role, & OR STARCHES. The shape of the protein determines integral parts of cell membranes. its function. Functional proteins cause MONOSACHARIDES-SIMPLE SUGARS chemical changes in the molecule. Triglycerides/fats Amino Acids– protein building blocks. -must abundant lipids & most WITH SHORT CARBON CHAINS. concentrated source of energy There are 8 essential amino acids that cannot be created by the human Glycerol is the building blocks CARBOHYDRATES WITH 6 CARBONS Saturated and unsaturated fatty acid body, while 12 nonessential ones can ARE CALLED HEXOSES, AND ONES WITH be produced in the body. Amino acids unsaturated has one or more double consist of a carbon atom, an amino bonds FIVE CARBONS ARE CALLED PENTOSES. group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen Triglycerides are formed by atom and a side chain. Protein dehydration synthesis molecules are highly organized and Phospholipids DISACCHARIDES (TWO) & have a definite relationship between -fat compounds similar to structure and function. POLYSACCHARIDES (MORE THAN TWO) triglycerides 4 levels or protein organization One end is water soluble and the SIMPLE SUGARS THAT ARE FORMED other end is fat soluble 1-primcary structure: Is the number, TOGETHER THROUGH A SYNTHESIS Have the ability to join two different type and sequence or amino acids chemical compounds REACTION. 2-secondary structure: Polypeptide is coiled or bent Steroids- (TEXT BOOK PAGE 66) 3-tertiary structure: A further twisted main component is steroid nucleus secondary structure resulting in a involved in many structural and globular shape. functional roles. 4-Quaternary structure: Highest level, occurs when protein has more than Prostaglandins one polypeptide chain. Commonly called “tissue hormones”; produced by cell membranes throughout the body. Effects are many and varied; however, they are released in response to a specific stimulus and they are inactivated.