ARVI Systeemisellä ymmärryksellä kestävyyttä ja liiketoimintaa yhdyskuntajätteiden käsittelyyn Kiinassa ja Brasiliassa, Horttanainen

ARVI Systeemisellä ymmärryksellä kestävyyttä ja liiketoimintaa yhdyskuntajätteiden käsittelyyn Kiinassa ja Brasiliassa, Horttanainen

• 1.
  Systeemisellä ymmärryksellä kestävyyttä jaliiketoimintaa yhdyskuntajätteiden käsittelyyn Kiinassa ja Brasiliassa 16.1.2017 Mika Horttanainen Lappeenranta University of technology
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  Objectives and Implementation •The overall objective of the MSW theme was • to increase understanding of the municipal solid waste management systems (and nitrogen recovery from sludge), • thus increasing the value of the recovery and • facilitating sustainability • in different business environments. • Implementation • Systems analysis in different operation environments • South Karelia, Hangzhou, Sao Paulo • Environmental LCA as the main method • Organization of MSW management and money flows • Co-operation with business analysis
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  Systems analysis forMSW management of Hangzhou city in China Jouni Havukainen Miia Liikanen Mika Horttanainen Lappeenranta University of Technology, Sustainability Science
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  Systems analysis forMSW management of Hangzhou city in China  Objectives • Analyzing the current MSW management system of Hangzhou city • Analyzing the possibilities to improve environmental sustainability with WtE solutions including Finnish technology – SRF production – Avoiding coal use  Environmental impact analysis with LCA method Producing SRF from mixed MSW GHG emissions and emissions causing acidification and eutrophication Comparing to current mixed MSW co-combustion with coal
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  Study region: Hangzhoucity • Inhabitants: 7 million • Capital city of Zhejiang province • Stark increase in MSW generation 0,00 0,50 1,00 1,50 2,00 2,50 3,00 3,50 4,00 4,50 2000 2005 2010 2015 MSW Population GDP MSW per person − 2003: 142 kg/inhab./a − 2013: 432 kg/inhab./a 79 % 72 % 60 % 58 % 58 % 56 % 54 % 51 % 51 % 51 % 58 %21 % 28 % 40 % 42 % 43 % 44 % 47 % 49 % 49 % 49 % 42 % 913 952 1380 1584 1836 2139 2347 2457 2610 2844 3087 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 kt/a Landfill Incineration Total
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  MSW management system:Mass flows MIXED WASTE SOURCE SEPARATED FOOD WASTE SOURCE SEPARATED HAZARDOUS WASTE 3 086 kt/a 73 kt/a INCINERATION PLANT Lvneng INCINERATION PLANT Qiaosi INCINERATION PLANT Yuhang INCINERATION PLANT Xiaosha PROCESSING FOR PAPER PROCESSING FOR GLASS PROCESSING FOR METAL PROCESSING FOR PLASTIC 204 kt/a 411 kt/a 256 kt/a 416 kt/a LANDFILL LANDFILL Liugongduan HAZARDOUS WASTE LANDFILL 1 432 kt/a 366 kt/a COAL? Kt/a HOUSEHOLDS ETC. WASTE GENERATION HANGZHOU ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP INCINERATION PLANT 6 t/a WASTEPICKERS ? RECYCLING CENTER ANAEROBIC DIGESTION GAS ENGINE GAS ENGINE TIANZILING WASTEDISPOSAL CENTER COAL8.1 kt/a COAL29 kt/a
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  MSW management: Moneyflows MIXED WASTE SOURCE SEPARATED FOOD WASTE SOURCE SEPARATED HAZARDOUS WASTE INCINERATION PLANT LANDFILL HAZARDOUS WASTE LANDFILL LANDFILL COAL COMPANY HOUSEHOLDS ETC. WASTE GENERATION COLLECTION BY: HANGZHOU ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP INCINERATION PLANT 50 CNY/household RECYCLING CENTER MANUAL SEPARATION? GOVERNMENT TAX SUPPORT GATE FEE 73-140 CNY/t PRIZE 570 CNY/t GATE FEEMIXED WASTE 82 CNY/t MONEY MATERIAL USER MONEY ELECTRICITY GRID PRIZE 0.65 CNY/kWh MANAGEMENT: HANGZHOU MSW DISPOSAL SUPERVISION CENTER SUPPORT GAS ENGINE ANAEROBIC DIGESTION GAS ENGINE GAS ENGINE TIANZILING WASTEDISPOSAL CENTER GATE FEEFOOD WASTE? ELECTRICITY GRID PRIZE ? WASTEPICKERS
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  MSW management: Organizing HANGZHOUJINJIANG GREEN ENERGYCo., Ltd MIXED WASTE SOURCE SEPARATED FOOD WASTE SOURCE SEPARATED HAZARDOUS WASTE INCINERATION PLANT Lvneng INCINERATION PLANT Qiaosi INCINERATION PLANT Yuhang INCINERATION PLANT Xiaosha PROCESSING FOR PAPER PROCESSING FOR GLASS PROCESSING FOR METAL PROCESSING FOR PLASTIC LANDFILL Tianziling LANDFILL Liugongduan HAZARDOUS WASTE LANDFILL LANDFILL HOUSEHOLDS ETC. WASTE GENERATION COLLECTION BY: HANGZHOU ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP Co., Ltd INCINERATION PLANT WASTEPICKERS RECYCLING CENTER ANAEROBIC DIGESTION MANAGEMENT: HANGZHOU MSW DISPOSAL SUPERVISION CENTER HANGZHOU ENVIRONMENTALGROUP Co., Ltd - TIANZILING WASTEDISPOSAL CENTER HANGZHOU GREEN ENERGY ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION POWER Co., Ltd. HANGZHOU MUNICIPAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION BUREAU EMISSION CONTROL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Hangzhou Hazardous Solid Waste Management Center Hangzhou Urban Management Commission
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  Life cycle assessment Hangzhoucity MSW management system  Functional unit is the MSW mass produced in 2013, i.e. 3 100 kt.  Compared scenarios  Scenario 0 • Present incineration and landfilling  Scenario 1 • SRF production and incineration in existing incineration plants  Scenario 2 • SRF production and incineration in new CFB plants  Scenarios 1 and 2 include sub-scenarios with different biodegradable reject treatment 1. Landfilling 2. Biodrying and incineration 3. Anaerobic digestion, composting of digestate 4. Ethanol production, anaerobic digestion of stillage, composting of digestate
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  Hangzhou city MSWmanagement LCA MIXED MSW INCINERATION PLANT Lvneng INCINERATION LANDFILL MECHANICAL TREATMENT HANGZHOU ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP ANAEROBIC DIGESTION TIANZILING LANDFILL SOURCE SEPARATED FOOD WASTE HOUSEHOLDS ETC. WASTE GENERATION BIODRYING METAL RECYCLING SRF Reject ETHANOL PRODUCTION ANAEORBIC DIGESTION PILE COMPOSTING ANAEORBIC DIGESTION PILE COMPOSTING Options for biodegradablewaste treatment Option 1 Option 2 Option 3 Option 4 Organic reject
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  Results: Global warmingpotential (GWP) 1 810 1 798 1 694 1 412 1 415 1 620 1 473 1 218 1 220 -1 000 -500 0 500 1 000 1 500 2 000 2 500 ktCO2-eq./a Landfill emissions Organic treatment emissions RDF plant Waste incineration Metal recycling Landfill gas motor el disp. Organic treatment landfill gas el disp. Organic treatment gasoline disp. Organic treatment stillage AD el disp. Organic treatment AD el disp. Waste incineration el disp. Total Old plants SRF New plants SRF
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  Results: Eutrophication potential(EP) -1 500 -1 200 -1 000 -1 800 -1 500 -2 200 -2 100 -2 900 -2 600 -5 000 -4 000 -3 000 -2 000 -1 000 0 1 000 2 000 tSO2-eq./a Landfill emissions Organic treatment emissions RDF plant Waste incineration Metal recycling Landfill gas motor el disp. Organic treatment landfill gas el disp. Organic treatment gasoline disp. Organic treatment stillage AD el disp. Old plants SRF New plants SRF
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  Results: Acidification potential(AP) -15 31 31 -69 -40 -95 -99 -200 -170 -600 -500 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 tPO4--eq./a Landfill emissions Organic treatment emissions RDF plant Incineration Metal recycling Landfill gas motor el disp. Organic treatment landfill gas el disp. Organic treatment gasoline disp. Organic treatment stillage AD el disp. Organic treatment AD el disp. Waste incineration el disp. Old plants SRF New plants SRF
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  Conclusions  Main problem:lack of source separation • High food waste share  High moisture content  low LHV – Mechanical separation of recyclables difficult • Educating citizens is necessary  The environmental performance would be improved a lot if the incineration plants could recover also heat • Placing near the industry which uses steam  SRF production could improve significantly the environmental performance of Chinese energy recovery of MSW  Recovery of the reject from SRF production is important
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  Steps towards sustainable municipalsolid waste management in São Paulo, Brazil Miia Liikanen Jouni Havukainen Mika Horttanainen Lappeenranta University of Technology Sustainability Science 15
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  MSW management inSão Paulo • Brazil is the fourth largest MSW producer in the world • São Paulo is the largest city in Brazil • No proper source separation of MSW • Landfilling is predominant treatment method for MSW • 2 sanitary landfills, 3 waste transfer stations and 2 mechanical sorting plants in the city • MSW management is contracted out to two companies, Ecourbis and Loga • 20-year contracts • São Paulo plans to develop MSW management system ─ Need to diminish the volume of MSW landfilled ─ Separate collection for organic waste in future ─ Incineration opposed 16
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  17 • CTL landfilloperated by Ecourbis • 7.5 kt of MSW is landfilled per day • Essencis landfill operated by Loga • 8-9 kt of MSW is landfilled per day
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  LCA of MSWmanagement in São Paulo • Functional unit: the treatment of domestic MSW generated in the city in 2015, i.e. 3.8 million tonnes • Impact categories: global warming potential (GWP), acidification potential (AP) and eutrophication potential (EP) 18 MSW generation Organic waste Composting plant AD plant Landfill MBT plant Mixed MSW Organic waste Organic reject Inert reject LFG Home-composting Nutrient substitution (N, P, K) Metal substitution RDF CH4 LFG combustion plant Biogas combustion plant Waste incineration plant Electricity substitution Al & steel Al & steel Biowaste N, P, K N, P, K Assessed treatment methods for MSW
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  Results • Scenario 2.2(i.e. home-composting + separate collection of organic waste (AD)) had the lowest environmental impact in all impact categories • MBT and incineration of mixed MSW did not decrease the environmental impacts of MSW management • In AP and EP impact categories, they even increased the emissions notably • However, it should be noticed that MBT and incineration decreases significantly the volume of MSW landfilled, i.e. they have other environmental benefits 19
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  LCA of MSWmanagement in São Paulo Conclusions • Home-composting and Separate collection of organic waste beneficial from these impact categories point of view • Electricity substitution is very important factor • Most of the electricity in Brazil produced with Hydropower • LFG collected and utilized for electricity production  Electricity generation from incineration not effective for environmental impact reduction (if average grid mix substituted) • Waste to energy could be used for other purpose • Cement kiln fuel • Replacing coal Electricity production in Brazil
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  Conclusions from differentoperation environments • General MSW management situation important • Incineration increase + coal co-incineration in China • No proper source separation in most of the developing countries • Political decisions important • Almost categorical incineration ban in Brazil • SRF/RDF proposed for emission reduction in Chinese standardization  Scenario selection for the local needs • Energy infrastructure important • Substituted energy • Possibility to recover heat (integration with process industry)  Scenarios can be re-formulated after first results and conclusions  Selling arguments for a MSW technology or service can be very different  Correct system knowledge and sustainability knowledge is valuable
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  Thank you forattention! Contacts: Mika Horttanainen ([email protected]) Jouni Havukainen ([email protected]) Miia Liikanen ([email protected] ) Ivan Deviatkin ([email protected]) Lappeenranta University of Technology Sustainability Science