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Astronomical event before the advent of telescope
- 1. Astronomical Event before the Advent of Telescope by: Floreann A. Basco
- 2. MOTION IN THE SKY •Dating back to 1800 B.C., the Babylonians were among the first civilization to document the movements of the sun and the moon. They maintained a very detailed record of these motions including a daily, monthly, and yearly position of the celestial bodies. • This information was initially of mystical value used to warn the king about possible catastrophic events. It is said that the first appearances of the famous Hailey’s comet were documented by the Babylonians and it is also them who first divided the sky into zones.
- 3. PATTERNS OF STARS AND CONSTELLATION •What is a constellation? A constellation is a group of visible stars that form a pattern when viewed from Earth. The pattern they form may take the shape of an animal, a mythological creature, a man, a woman, or an inanimate object such as a microscope, a compass, or a crown. •How many constellations are there? The sky was divided up into 88 different constellations in 1922. This included 48 ancient constellations listed by the Greek astronomer Ptolemy as well as 40 new constellations.
- 4. USES OF CONSTELLATION •Constellations are useful because they can help people to recognize stars in the sky. By looking for patterns, the stars and locations can be much easier to spot. •The constellations had uses in ancient times. They were used to help keep track of the calendar. This was very important so that people knew when to plant and harvest crops.
- 5. •Another important use for constellations was navigation. By finding Ursa Minor it is fairly easy to spot the North Star (Polaris). Using the height of the North Star in the sky, navigators could figure out their latitude helping ships to travel across the oceans.
- 6. GEOCENTRIC VIEWS •Humans have come up with several models in an effort to understand the universe. Before the invention of the telescope, they had to rely on their senses for a picture of the universe with much philosophical and religious symbolism. •Around 600 BCE, Thales of Miletus proposed that Earth is a disk floating on water. •In 520 BCE, Anaximander, also from Miletus, suggested that Earth is a cylinder and that its surface is curved.
- 7. •The Pythagorean Model •Acknowledged to be the first to assert that Earth is round, and that the heavenly bodies move in circles. •The Earth is at rest at the center of the universe and everything rotates around it. •He considered that the motions of the planets were mathematically related to musical sounds and numbers. These ideas are called “The Music of the Spheres.”
- 8. PRESENT OF COMETS •Comets have inspired dread, fear, and awe in many different cultures and societies around the world and throughout time. They have been branded with such titles as "the Harbinger of Doom" and "the Menace of the Universe." They have been regarded both as omens of disaster and messengers of the gods.
- 9. •When people living in ancient cultures looked up, comets were the most remarkable objects in the night sky. Comets were unlike any other object in the night sky. Whereas most celestial bodies travel across the skies at regular, predictable intervals, so regular that constellations could be mapped and predicted, comets' movements have always seemed very erratic and unpredictable. This led people in many cultures to believe that the gods dictated their motions and were sending them as a message
- 10. •Which planets are easily seen in the sky without the aid of telescopes?
- 11. •Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn are easily seen in the sky without the aid of telescopes. These planets can be easily confused with stars and are only seen at specific times of the day. The best time to look for these planets would be before sunrise and after sunset. •Even before the invention of the telescope, ancient people have already observed different astronomical phenomena. The most observable objects in the sky are the sun and moon.
- 12. • Babylonian and Egyptian civilizations used a primitive version of a sundial, called gnomon, in systematically observing the motion of the sun. By looking at the shadows that the gnomon casts, they were able to observe that the sun rises in the eastern part of the sky, reaches its highest point in midday, and sets in the western part of the sky. • Also, they recorded that the points where the sun rises and sets on the horizon varies over a year and these variations happen periodically. They observed that these variations are related to weather and so concluded that seasonal changes in climate happen during a course of one year.
- 13. Phases of the Moon •Ancient people have observed that the moon changes its path and its appearance within a period of 29.5 days. They observed that the moon changes its appearance from thin semi- circular disk to full circular disk. These phases of the moon is the basis of ancient calendars.
- 14. Lunar Eclipse • Besides their observation in the different phases of the moon, they also noticed that there are times when the moon or part of it seemed to be covered by a shadow for a brief moment. A lunar eclipse occurs when the Earth casts its shadow on the moon when the Earth is between the Sun and the Moon. • A phenomenon such as this is known as a lunar eclipse wherein the moon changes into a dark or blood red color.