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![Diagnostic Findings
• Noninvasive tests
– Chest x-ray
– [ECG]
– Exercise ECG (stress test)
– Echocardiography at rest
– Ambulatory ECG (Holter monitor)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/athersclerosisandangina-121018125822-phpapp02/75/Athersclerosis-and-angina-30-2048.jpg)
Uploaded byfaculty of nursing Tanta University
Athersclerosis and angina صفاء
The document discusses coronary artery disease and angina pectoris, outlining their causes as atherosclerosis and insufficient blood flow to the heart, risk factors, diagnostic tests including ECG and angiography, treatments such as lifestyle changes, medications, stenting, angioplasty and bypass surgery, and nursing care including rest, nitroglycerin administration, and patient education.
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Athersclerosis and angina صفاء
- 1. D. Safaa eid Medicalsurgical and critical care nursing department
- 2. function of the heart •circulate blood throughout the body •Pumping blood through the lungs removes carbon dioxide and refreshes the blood with oxygen •The coronary arteries are the blood vessels that supply blood and oxygen to the heart muscle.
- 3.
- 4. Definition: is an abnormalaccumulation of lipid, or fatty substances in the vessel wall. These substances create blockages or narrow the vessel in a way that reduces blood flow to the myocardium.
- 5.
- 7. Risk Factors Uncontrollable Controllable •Sex •High blood pressure •Hereditary •High blood cholesterol •Age •Smoking •Physical activity •Obesity •Diabetes •Stress and anger
- 8. Pathophysiology : •Atherosclerosis beginsas fatty streaks, lipids that are deposited in the intima of the arterial wall.
- 9. • T lymphocytesand monocytes infiltrate the area to ingest the lipids and then die • a fibrous cap is formed over the dead fatty core. • These deposits, called atheromas or plaques, protrude into the lumen of the vessel, narrowing it and obstructing blood flow. • plaques are made up of cholesterol particles, fat, calcium, cellular waste and other substances.
- 10. Clinical manifestations Chest None Pain Signs & Symptoms Shortness Heart Of Breath Attack
- 11. • symptoms similar to those of a heart attack, such as chest pain (angina). • If you have atherosclerosis in the arteries leading to your brain, symptoms such as sudden numbness or weakness in your arms or legs, difficulty speaking . • If you have atherosclerosis in the arteries in your arms and legs, symptoms such as leg pain when walking (intermittent claudication).
- 12. Diagnostic studies • ECG •cardiac enzymes
- 13. •Get regular medicalcheckups. •Control your blood pressure. •Check your cholesterol. •Don’t smoke. •Exercise regularly. •Maintain a healthy weight. •Eat a heart-healthy diet. •Manage stress.
- 14. Treatment • Lifestyle changes: Reducing the lifestyle risk factors • Medication: Taking drugs for high cholesterol and high blood pressure • Anti-platelet medications. such as aspirin, to reduce the likelihood that platelets will clump in narrowed arteries, form a blood clot and cause further blockage. • Beta blocker medications. They lower heart rate and blood pressure.
- 15. • Angiotensin-converting enzyme(ACE) inhibitors • slow the progression of atherosclerosis by lowering blood pressure and reduce the risk of recurrent heart attacks. • Calcium channel blockers. • These medications lower blood pressure • Diuretics, lower blood pressure.
- 16. • Angiography andstenting: - Cardiac catheterization with angiography of the coronary arteries . - Using a thin tube inserted into an artery in the leg or arm, doctors can access diseased arteries. Blockages are visible on a live X-ray screen.
- 17. • Angioplasty • (catheterswith balloon tips) and stenting can often open up a blocked artery. • Bypass surgery: Surgeons "harvest" a healthy blood vessel (often from the leg or chest). They use the healthy vessel to bypass a segment blocked by atherosclerosis.
- 19. Treatment (continued) 1) Stenting • a stent is introduced into a blood vessel on a balloon catheter and advanced into the blocked area of the artery • the balloon is then inflated and causes the stent to expand until it fits the inner wall of the vessel, conforming to contours as needed • the balloon is then deflated and drawn back •The stent stays in place permanently, holding the vessel open and improving the flow of blood.
- 20. Treatment (continued) 2) Angioplasty • a balloon catheter is passed through the guiding catheter to the area near the narrowing. A guide wire inside the balloon catheter is then advanced through the artery until the tip is beyond the narrowing. • the angioplasty catheter is moved over the guide wire until the balloon is within the narrowed segment. • balloon is inflated, compressing the plaque against the artery wall • once plaque has been compressed and the artery has been sufficiently opened, the balloon catheter will be deflated and removed.
- 21. Treatment (continued) 3) Bypasssurgery • healthy blood vessel is removed from leg, arm or chest • blood vessel is used to create new blood flow path in your heart • the “bypass graft” enables blood to reach your heart by flowing around (bypassing) the blocked portion of the diseased artery. The increased blood flow reduces angina and the risk of heart attack.
- 22. Angina Pectoris • Anginapectoris is a clinical syndrome usually characterized by episodes of pain or pressure in the anterior chest.
- 23. Causes • insufficient coronary blood flow. • Aortic stenosis • Pulmonary hypertension • Congenital disease
- 24. Types of Angina • Stable angina: pain that occurs on exertion and is relieved by rest • Unstable angina (also called preinfarction angina : symptoms occur more frequently and last longer than stable angina. pain may occur at rest.
- 25. • Intractable orrefractory angina: severe chest pain • Variant angina pain at rest with reversible ST-segment elevation; thought to be caused by coronary artery vasospasm • Silent ischemia: objective evidence of ischemia, but patient reports no symptoms
- 26.
- 27. • The patient often feels tightness or a heavy, choking, or strangling sensation. • The patient with diabetes mellitus may not have severe pain with angina because the neuropathy • A feeling of weakness or numbness in the arms, wrists, and hands may accompany the pain
- 28. • Shortness ofbreath, pallor, diaphoresis, dizziness , nausea and vomiting. • Anxiety may accompany angina. An important characteristic of angina is that it subsides with rest or nitroglycerin
- 29. Factors are associatedwith typical angina pain: • Physical exertion • Exposure to cold, • Eating a heavy meal, • Stress .
- 30. Diagnostic Findings • Noninvasive tests – Chest x-ray – [ECG] – Exercise ECG (stress test) – Echocardiography at rest – Ambulatory ECG (Holter monitor)
- 32. Invasive tests – Coronaryarteriography – Intravascular ultrasound – Fasting lipid profile including total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), and triglycerides
- 33. – C-reactive protein(CRP) is a marker for inflammation of vascular endothelium. – High CRP is associated with increased coronary artery calcification and risk of an acute cardiovascular event (eg, MI)
- 34. Medical Management A- PharmacologicTherapy 1-Nitroglycerin reduce myocardial oxygen consumption, which decreases ischemia and relieves pain 2- Beta-Adrenergic Blocking Agents. • as (Inderal) reduce myocardial oxygen consumption
- 35. • Calcium channelblockers relax the blood vessels, causing a decrease in blood pressure and an increase in coronary artery perfusion. • Antiplatelet medications are administered to prevent platelet aggregation • Heparin prevents the formation of new blood clots. reduces the occurrence of MI.
- 36. B- Oxygen Administration. •increase the amount of oxygen delivered to the myocardium and to decrease pain.
- 37. Nursing Interventions • Help the patient to sit or rest in bed in a semi- Fowler position . • Measuring vital signs and observing for signs of respiratory distress. • The patient is placed on cardiac monitoring . • a 12-lead ECG is usually obtained, the ST segment is assessed for changes. • Nitroglycerin is administered sublingually,
- 38. • nitroglycerin administrationis repeated up to three doses. • Each time, blood pressure, heart rate, and the ST segment are assessed. • Assess and document pain characteristics • The nurse administers oxygen therapy if the patient’s respiratory rate is increased or decreased.
- 39. • oxygen isusually administered at 2 L/min by nasal cannula. • Maintain activity restrictions based on the patient’s activity tolerance to reduce myocardial oxygen demands. • Begin the patient on a low-cholesterol, low-sodium diet to alleviate the modifiable risk factors
- 40. Patient Teaching forPatients with Angina Pectoris • Activity and Exercise • Diet • Smoking • Cold Weather • Medications