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Attitude
1. An attitude is a predisposition to respond in a certain way to people and things. It has three components: cognitive, affective, and behavioral. 2. Cognitive dissonance occurs when a person's attitude and behavior are inconsistent, causing discomfort. People aim to reduce dissonance. 3. Attitudes can predict behaviors when moderating variables like attitude importance and social pressures are considered. Past behavior also informs present attitudes.
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Attitude
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- 2. 1. Cognitive 2. Affective 3. Behavioral Components of Attitudes
- 3. Informational/ Cognitive (i.e. beliefs) Affective (i.e. emotions) Attitude Behavior genetics socialization observable learning
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- 5. An attitude isa predisposition to respond in a certain way to people and things. Cognitive dissonance occurs when a person’s attitude and behavior are inconsistent.
- 6. Job Satisfaction JobInvolvement Organizational Commitment Job satisfaction Job satisfaction refers to an individual’s general attitude toward his or her job. A person with a high level of job satisfaction holds positive attitudes toward the job, while a person who is dissatisfied with his or her job holds negative attitudes about the job.
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- 8. Desire to reducedissonance Importance of elements creating dissonance Degree of individual influence over elements Rewards involved in dissonance
- 9. • Anyform of inconsistency is uncomfortable and that individuals will attempt to reduce the dissonance and, hence, the discomfort. • Therefore, individuals will seek a stable state in which there is a minimum of dissonance. E.g., Mrs Smith is a corporate managers. She strongly believes that no company should pollute the air or water. Unfortunately, Mrs. Smith, because of the requirements of her job, is placed in the position of having to make decisions that would trade off her company’s profitability against her attitudes on pollution. She knows that dumping the company’s sewage into the local river (which she assume is legal) is in the best economic interest of her firm. What she will do? Clearly, she is experiencing a high degree of cognitive dissonance.
- 10. Recent research indicatesthat the attitudes (A) significantly predict behaviors (B) when moderating variables are taken into account. Moderating Variables Importance of the attitude Specificity of the attitude Accessibility of the attitude Social pressures on the individual Direct experience with the attitude
- 11. When asked aboutan attitude toward some object, individuals recall their behavior relevant to that object and then infer their attitude from their past behavior.
- 12. The preceding reviewindicates that a knowledge of employee attitudes can be helpful to managers in attempting to predict employee behavior.
- 13. Based in historyof Job Satisfaction Formal research began in mid-1930’s 1932 I/O textbooks had no mention of job satisfaction or organizational commitment By 1972 over 3000 articles published specifically exploring worker attitudes Why interest developed Methodological breakthroughs Survey methods Statistical techniques
- 14. Most Indians liketheir jobs overall People are relatively satisfied with the nature of the work itself: How interesting it is Having lots of contact with people People still feel happy with rewards like: Pay Benefits Chances for promotion
- 15. Determinants of JobSatisfaction
- 16. Influences on JobSatisfaction Mental challenge in the work itself Pay Promotions Supervision Work Group Working Conditions
- 17. Outcomes of JobSatisfaction Satisfaction and Performance Satisfaction and Turnover Satisfaction and Absenteeism Other Effects and Ways to Enhance Satisfaction
- 18. Satisfaction and ProductivitySatisfied workers aren’t necessarily more productive. Worker productivity is higher in organizations with more satisfied workers. Satisfaction and Absenteeism Satisfied employees have fewer avoidable absences. Satisfaction and Turnover Satisfied employees are less likely to quit. Organizations take actions to cultivate high performers and to weed out lower performers.
- 19. Is a happyworker a productive worker? Correlations positive and low to moderate .16 with overall satisfaction in individual studies .30 with overall satisfaction in meta-analytic studies .10 with specific facets Why is the association not larger?
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- 22. The Meaning ofOrganizational Commitment Affective Continuance Normative
- 23. Guidelines to EnhanceOrganizational Commitment People-first Communication Mission Org. Justice Create a community Support employee development Organizational Citizenship Behaviors (OCBs)
- 24. Satisfaction and OrganizationalCitizenship Behavior (OCB) Satisfied employees who feel fairly treated by and are trusting of the organization are more willing to engage in behaviors that go beyond the normal expectations of their job.
Editor's Notes
- #6 Attitudes are highly influenced by environment. If you are in the wrong environment, it might be wise to consider changing it.