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AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM organization and functions
Dr. Faiza, an expert in Physiology at CIMS Multan, delivers an in-depth lecture on the autonomic nervous system (ANS), covering its physiological anatomy, neurotransmission, functions, clinical correlations, and pharmacology. Learning Objectives: Identify the anatomy of preganglionic and postganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons. Understand neurotransmitters and receptor types involved in ANS neurotransmission. Describe drug effects on neurotransmitter synthesis, release, and receptor activation. Compare sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system functions. Recognize autonomic dysfunction and its pathophysiological implications. Physiological Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System: Divisions: Sympathetic, Parasympathetic, Enteric. Sympathetic Origin: Thoracolumbar; Ganglia: Paravertebral, Prevertebral, Adrenal Gland. Parasympathetic Origin: Craniosacral; Ganglia: Near Effector Organs. Neurotransmission and Receptors: Cholinergic vs. Adrenergic fibers. Neurotransmitters: Acetylcholine, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine. Receptor Types: Nicotinic, Muscarinic, Alpha, Beta. Functions of the Autonomic Nervous System: Maintains visceral functions and homeostasis subconsciously. Dual and contradictory innervation; complementary supply. Sympathetic tone (e.g., blood vessels) vs. Parasympathetic tone (e.g., GI tract). Autonomic Reflexes and Control Areas: Cardiovascular, Gastrointestinal, Micturition, Blood glucose regulation. Control areas: Brainstem, Hypothalamus. Clinical Correlations: Multiple system atrophy & Shy–Drager Syndrome: Autonomic dysfunction. Organophosphates Poisoning, Mushroom Poisoning, Horner Syndrome, Raynaud’s Phenomenon: Clinical manifestations and management. Pharmacology of the Autonomic Nervous System: Drugs altering sympathetic and parasympathetic outflow. Examples: Phenoxybenzamine, Phentolamine, Neostigmine, Scopolamine. Conclusion: Dr. Faiza's lecture provides a comprehensive understanding of the ANS, from its anatomy and neurotransmission to its clinical implications and pharmacological interventions, offering valuable insights for medical education and clinical practice
