More Related Content
Similar to Awareness Talk on Novel Coronavirus, COVID-19 by Shambaditya Goswami, NIMS University
Awareness Talk on Novel Coronavirus, COVID-19 by Shambaditya Goswami, NIMS University
- 1. Awareness Talk onNovel Coronavirus, COVID-19 Shambaditya Goswami Associate Professor NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University, Jaipur, Rajasthan Dated: 04/12/2020
- 2. Awareness Talk onNovel Coronavirus, COVID-19 Current status Treatment prospect General Awareness Introduction
- 3.
- 4. COVID-19 is adisease caused by a new strain of coronavirus. 'CO' stands for corona 'VI' for virus, 'D' for disease. Formerly, this disease was referred to as '2019 novel coronavirus' or '2019-nCoV.
- 5. • The currentglobal pandemic is caused by a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, a member of the Coronaviridae family, and similar to SARS-CoV (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus) and MERS-CoV (the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus), whose outbreaks were in 2003 and 2012, respectively. • Last year in December, there was an outbreak of pneumonia of unknown origin in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. The World Health Organization (WHO) announced this outbreak as a global pandemic on March, 11, 2020
- 6.
- 9. CoVs are positive-strandedRNA viruses with a crown-like appearance under an electron microscope (coronam is the Latin term for crown) due to the presence of spike glycoproteins on the envelope. The subfamily Orthocoronavirinae of the Coronaviridae family (order Nidovirales) classifies into four genera of CoVs: Alphacoronavirus (alphaCoV), Betacoronavirus (betaCoV), Deltacoronavirus (deltaCoV), and Gammacoronavirus (gammaCoV). The betacoronaviruses of the greatest clinical importance concerning humans are OC43 and HKU1 (which can cause the common cold) of lineage A, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 (which causes the disease COVID-19)
- 10. How COVID invades? It is transmitted through respiratory droplets from coughing and sneezing and enters the nasal system by inhaling and starts replicating. ACE2 is the main receptor for the COVID-19 virus. The spike protein (S protein) present on the surface of COVID-19 is pinched inside the host cell binding to the ACE2 receptor. Here, the enzyme furin is present in the host cell and plays a vital role for the virus to enter, which was absent in SARS-CoV. Next, the virus starts to propagate with limited innate immune response and can be detected by nasal swabs. The virus then propagates and reaches the respiratory tract, where it faces a more robust innate immune response. At this stage, the disease is clinically manifest and an innate response cytokine may be predictive of the subsequent clinical course. COVID-19 virus binds to the ACE2 receptor after activation of the spike protein by trans-membrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2).
- 11. Effect of COVID-19on the Organs Pulmonary effects Autopsy studies indicate that in the acute phase the patients have classic diffuse alveolar damage. It is caused by disruption of endothelial and alveolar cells. This leads to fluid and cellular exudation and hyaline membrane formation.
- 12. Inflammation and endotheliitis COVID-19can lead to a much greater production of cytokines by white blood cells . A surge of catecholamines may precede and contribute to cytokine storm, also called as hypercytokinemia or cytokine release syndrome. This maladaptive response can lead to systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multi-organ injury, shock, and death. Inflammatory response may continue to increase even when the viral load is diminishing. Effect on coagulation Bleeding is not common in COVID-19. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT), venous thromboembolism, pulmonary embolism (PE) and cor pulmonale, systemic and pulmonary arterial thrombosis and embolism, ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction (MI) are reported. DVT and PE are common among the dead. Cardiac effects Ischemic cardiac injury can occur in patients with established coronary artery disease (CAD). The primary causes are plaque rupture, thrombosis and inadequate oxygen supply. However, the reported incidence of acute MI has declined in the COVID-19 period
- 14.
- 15.
- 16. Status: World Coronavirus cases:64,502,620 Deaths: 1,493062 Recovered: 44,715,332 Closed Cases: 46,207,373; Recovered/Discharged: 97%; Death: 3% *Data on: 2nd Dec, 2020 https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/
- 17. Status: India Coronavirus cases:9,523,678 Deaths: 138,467 Recovered: 8,958,524 Closed Cases: 9,096,991; Recovered/Discharged: 98%; Death: 2% *Data on: 2nd Dec, 2020 https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/
- 18. Status: India Daily NewCases Sept 11, 2020: 97,654 Dec 2, 2020: 33,761 65.42% less cases since last 3 months *Data on: 2nd Dec, 2020 https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/
- 19.
- 20.
- 21.
- 24. World Health Organization(WHO) clearly indicated the way of hand wash with soap water and alcohol. Hand washing and hand rubbing as the part of hand hygiene is very simple, but very important . Effective hand hygiene provides protection against not only, from novel corona virus, but also, from harmful pathogens. If the hand hygiene, or cleaning is not done at the right time, the risk of contamination will be very high. HAND HYGIENE
- 25. Effective hand hygienecan be done by the soap water and alcohol based sanitizers. Formula of sanitizer as per WHO Formula for hand rub or sanitizer Ethanol (96%) Or Iso propyl alcohol (99.8%) Hydrogen peroxide 3% Glycerol 98%
- 26. Hand Hygiene andMissed areas Goswami S et al,2020, IJPR HAND HYGIENE
- 27. The missed areasand use of moisturizer after every hand wash should be kept in our mind during the sanitization process. According to WHO guidelines; there are said steps for proper hand washing techniques that are helpful in maintaining proper hand hygiene. The prolonged use of hand sanitizer and their allergic effects may be minimized by using alternative herbal ingredients. HAND HYGIENE
- 28. 0 – Wethands with water. 1 – Apply enough soap to cover all hand surfaces. 2 – Rub hands palm to palm. 3 – Right palm over left dorsum with interlaced fingers and vice versa. 4 – Palm to palm with fingers interlaced. 5 – Backs of fingers to opposing palms with fingers interlocked. 6 – Rotational rubbing of left thumb clasped in right palm and vice versa. 7 – Rotational rubbing, backwards and forwards with clasped fingers of right hand on left palm and vice versa. 8 – Rinse hands with water. 9 – Dry hands thoroughly with a single-use towel. 10 – Use towel to turn off faucet. 11 – Your hands are now safe. Hand Hygiene – Cleaning hands with soap and water (Source WHO)
- 29.
- 30. Vaccines UK First inWorld to Approve Pfizer-BioNTech Vaccine as on Dec,2, 2020 Britain's Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) granted emergency use approval to the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine, which they say is 95% effective in preventing illness, in record time - just 23 days since Pfizer published the first data from its final stage clinical trial.
- 33. 1. Vaccine: ZyCoV-D(Applying for Phase 3 human trials) Formula & Company: Zydus Cadilla Plot: Ahmedabad, Gujrat. 2. Vaccine: Covaxin ( Phase 3 human trials) Formula: Bharat Biotech & ICMR Company: Bharat Biotech Plot: Hyderabad. 3. Vaccine: Covishield (Phase 3 trials) Formula: Oxford University & AstraZeneca Company: Serum Institute of India Plot: Pune, Maharastra
- 34. There is nodefinitive treatment except vaccination for this pandemic disease to date. Only supportive pharmacological and non- pharmacological therapeutic measures and alternative herbal/traditional medicines can protect the patients from this homicidal virus. Pharmacological Therapy: Some anti-viral and anti-malarial drugs are given to the patients in certain conditions by following proper therapeutic guidelines as supportive therapy.
- 35. DRUGS USES EFFECTIN COVID-19 Hydroxychloroquine Malaria, HIV, SARS, Rheumatoid arthritis It blocks the ability of virus for replication by boosting up its pH and turns the acidic environment of endosomes and lysosomes in basic. Lopinavir/Ritonavir HIV/AIDS Inhibits the effect of 3-Chymotrypsin like protease (3CLpro) and disrupting the ability of viral replication. Remdesivir Ebola, SARS, MERS Disrupts the viral RNA production. Favipiravir Japan flu Active metabolite T-705-RTP prevents the replication and proliferation of viral genome. Tocilizumab Rheumatoid Arthritis Blocks the viral signal transduction. Oseltamivir Influenza viruses type A It inhibits viral neuraminidase to stop spreading the infectious virus in the host cell. Acyclovir HSV, VZV It terminates the viral chain and ineffective the action of virus. Goswami S et al,2020, PBR
- 36. Data show thatRemdesivir was superior to placebo in shortening the time to recovery in adults who were hospitalized with Covid-19 and had evidence of lower respiratory tract infection. (Funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and others; ACTT-1 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04280705.) Remdesivir
- 37. Remdesivir Goswami S etal,2020, PBR
- 38. WHO has issueda conditional recommendation against the use of remdesivir in hospitalized patients, regardless of disease severity, as there is currently no evidence that remdesivir improves survival and other outcomes in these patients. This recommendation, released on 20 November, is part of a living guideline on clinical care for COVID-19. It was developed by an international guideline development group, which includes 28 clinical care experts, 4 patient-partners and one ethicist. https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/who-recommends-against-the-use-of-remdesivir-in-covid-19- patients
- 39. Evidence on thesafety and key indicators of efficacy of favipiravir in COVID-19 from trials/registries in Russia, Japan, China, and Thailand, it appears to be useful in the management of COVID-19, particularly mild to moderate disease; however, large randomized controlled trials are required to demonstrate whether this effect translates to clinical benefits like shortening the disease course, early hospital discharge, and reducing the need for oxygen requirement. It is now commercialized in many countries like Russia, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Jordan, Egypt, and Saudi Arabia for COVID-19 treatment.
- 40. Alternative approach Natural TherapeuticApproach TCM (Traditional Chinese Medicines) Self care
- 41. Triterpine Glycosides Scrophularia scorodonia Kanthamala Artemisiaannua ज्वररोध Lycoris radiate Pyrrsia lingua Nigella sativa Kalonji Seeds Zingiber officinalae
- 42. Green Tea: Active Constituents:Epigallocatechin gallate, epicatechingallate, and gallocatechin-3-gallate. Mechanism: Interact with catalytic residues of COVID-19 main protease (M pro ), which is a potential drug target. Giloy:Tinospora cordifolia Active Constituents: Alkaloids, terpenoids, lignans, steroids. Mechanism: Control viral replication by regulating the function of Coronavirus Main Proteinase (3CLpro) Aswagandha:Withania somnifera Active Constituents: Alkaloids, steroidal lactones, saponins. Mechanism: Withanone from Withania somnifera may inhibit the entry of SARS-CoV-2 by disrupting the interactions between
- 43. Brown algae (Eckloniacava) Root tubers of Rheum officinale Broussonetia papyrifera TCM (Traditional Chinese Medicines) • Glycyrrhiza • Poria cocos • Tangerine peel • Ophiopogon japonicas • Astragalus membranaceus • Scutellaria baicalensis • Saposhniovia divaricata root • Atractylodes macrocephala • Honeysuckle, • Atractylodes lancea
- 44. TCM (Traditional ChineseMedicines) Name of the Medicine Active Constituents/Herbs Use Qingfeipaidu decoction (QFPD) Maxingshigan decoction, Wuling powder, Xiao chaihu decoctions, and Sheganmahuang decoction. Useful in early, lightly, and heavily infected patients and also recommended for the treatment of critical patients. Sheganmahuang decoction (SMD) Rhizoma Belamcandae, Ephedra sinensis, Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens, Asarum sieboldii, Radix Asteris, Flos Farfarae, Ziziphus jujube, Pinelliae Rhizoma Praeparatum Cum Zingibere, Schisandra chinensis seeds” Usful in asthma. Maxingshigan decoction (MXSG) Herba ephedrae, Herba glycyrrhizae, Semen armeniacae amarum, Gypsum fibrosum. Reduces lung inflammation and improves the general condition in influenza and pneumonia. Shuanghuanglian Weeping Forsythia (Forsythia suspense), Honeysuckle (Lonicera sp.), Chinese skull cap (Scutellaria baicalensis). Common cold, fever, sore throat. It enhances the immune power.
- 45.
- 46. THANK YOU Awareness Talkon Novel Coronavirus, COVID-19