![11. difficulty / ’dIfIkәltI / 3. recommend / rIkә’mend/
12. difficultly / ’dIfIkәltlI/ 4. comprehend / kɔmprI’hend/
Notes: chú ý:
Trên thực tế không có một qui tắc bất biến cho việc xác định vị trí trọng âm của từ.
Việc xác định trọng âm cần thực hiện cùng cách phát âm, dựa nhiều vào kinh nghiệm.
Những bài tập được cung cấp là những bài tập có tần suất sử dụng lớn để soạn đề thi.
Some other rules to mark stresses: Những qui tắc xác địnhvị trí trọng âm khác:
3.1. Compound words: Từ ghép:
Đối với từ ghép gồm hai loại danh từ thì nhấn vào âm tiết đầu: typewriter;
suitcase; teacup; sunrise.
Đối với từ ghép có tính từ ở đầu, còn cuối là từ kết thúc bằng -ed, nhấn vào âm tiết
đầu của từ cuối: bad-tempered.
Đối với từ ghép có tiếng đầu là con số thì nhấn vào tiếng sau: three-wheeler.
Từ ghép đóng vai trò là trạng ngữ thì nhấn vần sau: down-stream (hạ lưu).
Từ ghép đóng vai trò là động từ nhưng tiếng đầu là trạng ngữ thì ta nhấn âm
sau: down-grade (hạ bệ); ill-treat (ngược đãi, hành hạ).
Danh từ kép: nhấn ở yếu tố thứ nhất của danh từ:
Noun-Noun: classroom, teapot
Noun + Noun: apple tree, fountain pen
Gerund (V-ing) + Noun: writing paper, swimming pool
Others:
Từ cuối là dụng cụ cho từ đầu: a soup spoon, a shool bus
Từ đầu xác định từ cuối: a mango tree; an apple tree
Từ cuối là danh từ tận cùng bằng: er, or, ar: a bookseller
Trọng âm ở từ sau nếu từ trước chỉ vật liệu chế tạo ra từ sau: a paper bag, a
brick house
3.2. First syllable stressed: Nhấn vào âm tiết liền trước của các âm liệt kê.
ity: ability, possibility, simplicity, complexity.
ety: society, anxiety
ic, ics: electric, phonetic, athletics [ngoại lệ: politic, catholic, Arabic]
ical: historical, electrical, economical, identical
ive: impressive, possessive [ngoại lệ: adjective, transitive, intransitive, positive]
ative: predicative, causative, superlative
able: countable, recognizable [ngoại lệ: honorable, comfortable, miserable,
admirable, valuable, inexorable]
ible: comprehensible, indefensible
Trang 18](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/bchuynnthihsgcccp35thihcsinhgiilp12mntinganhcligii820trang-230919130532-edc36a5c/85/B-CHUYEN-D-ON-THI-HSG-CAC-C-P-35-D-THI-H-C-SINH-GI-I-L-P-12-MON-TI-NG-ANH-CO-L-I-GI-I-820-TRANG-pdf-17-320.jpg)
![tion, tional: demonstration, dictation, conditional, educational
sion, sional: profession, impression, occasional
y (2 phụ âm): happy, busy
3.3. Third syllable from the end stressed: Nhấn vào âm tiết thứ ba kể từ âm tiết cuối
của các từ có tận cùng như.
ate: concentrate, execrate, generate
tude: grattitude, solitude, attitude
ogy: physiology, geology (địa chất học), phonology, phyciology
sophy: philosophy
aphy: biography, photography, autobiography
metry: geometry, photometry
nomy: economy, physiognomy
3.4. Final syllable etressed: Nhấn vào âm tiết cuối khi nó chứa các tổ hợp.
ade: lemonade, promenade
ee: trainee, payee, disagree, employee, guarantee
eer: volunteer, pioneer
ese: Vietnamese, Chinese, Japanese
ette: usherette, cigarette, silhouette (“h” câm), statuette.
esque: statuesque, picaresque, picturesque [“que” câm, nhấn “es”]
oo: bamboo, shampoo
oon: typhoon, saloon
BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH
Exercise 5: Find the word whose stress pattern is different from the others of the same group.
1. A. afloat B. superior C. passenger D. contribute
2. A. chemistry B. original C. tribute D. emphasis
3. A. sentimental B. commonplace C. mathematics D. information
4. A. pronounce B. American C. soldier D. prefer
5. A. muscular B. instrument C. dramatic D. argument
6. A. magnetic B. radiation C. unpleasant D. equipment
7. A. distraction B. considerable C. recommend D. description
8. A. probability B. attitude C. technological D. entertainment
9. A. emergency B. encourage C. shortage D. distraction
10. A. natural B. surplus C. dynamite D. decision
11. A. legacy B. illuminate C. humanity D. commemorate
12. A. numerous B. recent C. telescope D. forever
13. A. behaviour B. predict C. occurrence D. environmental
Trang 19](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/bchuynnthihsgcccp35thihcsinhgiilp12mntinganhcligii820trang-230919130532-edc36a5c/85/B-CHUYEN-D-ON-THI-HSG-CAC-C-P-35-D-THI-H-C-SINH-GI-I-L-P-12-MON-TI-NG-ANH-CO-L-I-GI-I-820-TRANG-pdf-18-320.jpg)
![11. difficulty / ’dIfIkәltI / 3. recommend / rIkә’mend/
12. difficultly / ’dIfIkәltlI/ 4. comprehend / kɔmprI’hend/
Notes: chú ý:
Trên thực tế không có một qui tắc bất biến cho việc xác định vị trí trọng âm của từ.
Việc xác định trọng âm cần thực hiện cùng cách phát âm, dựa nhiều vào kinh nghiệm.
Những bài tập được cung cấp là những bài tập có tần suất sử dụng lớn để soạn đề thi.
Some other rules to mark stresses: Những qui tắc xác địnhvị trí trọng âm khác:
3.1. Compound words: Từ ghép:
Đối với từ ghép gồm hai loại danh từ thì nhấn vào âm tiết đầu: typewriter;
suitcase; teacup; sunrise.
Đối với từ ghép có tính từ ở đầu, còn cuối là từ kết thúc bằng -ed, nhấn vào âm tiết
đầu của từ cuối: bad-tempered.
Đối với từ ghép có tiếng đầu là con số thì nhấn vào tiếng sau: three-wheeler.
Từ ghép đóng vai trò là trạng ngữ thì nhấn vần sau: down-stream (hạ lưu).
Từ ghép đóng vai trò là động từ nhưng tiếng đầu là trạng ngữ thì ta nhấn âm
sau: down-grade (hạ bệ); ill-treat (ngược đãi, hành hạ).
Danh từ kép: nhấn ở yếu tố thứ nhất của danh từ:
Noun-Noun: classroom, teapot
Noun + Noun: apple tree, fountain pen
Gerund (V-ing) + Noun: writing paper, swimming pool
Others:
Từ cuối là dụng cụ cho từ đầu: a soup spoon, a shool bus
Từ đầu xác định từ cuối: a mango tree; an apple tree
Từ cuối là danh từ tận cùng bằng: er, or, ar: a bookseller
Trọng âm ở từ sau nếu từ trước chỉ vật liệu chế tạo ra từ sau: a paper bag, a
brick house
3.2. First syllable stressed: Nhấn vào âm tiết liền trước của các âm liệt kê.
ity: ability, possibility, simplicity, complexity.
ety: society, anxiety
ic, ics: electric, phonetic, athletics [ngoại lệ: politic, catholic, Arabic]
ical: historical, electrical, economical, identical
ive: impressive, possessive [ngoại lệ: adjective, transitive, intransitive, positive]
ative: predicative, causative, superlative
able: countable, recognizable [ngoại lệ: honorable, comfortable, miserable,
admirable, valuable, inexorable]
ible: comprehensible, indefensible
Trang 18](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/bchuynnthihsgcccp35thihcsinhgiilp12mntinganhcligii820trang-230919130532-edc36a5c/75/B-CHUYEN-D-ON-THI-HSG-CAC-C-P-35-D-THI-H-C-SINH-GI-I-L-P-12-MON-TI-NG-ANH-CO-L-I-GI-I-820-TRANG-pdf-17-2048.jpg)
![tion, tional: demonstration, dictation, conditional, educational
sion, sional: profession, impression, occasional
y (2 phụ âm): happy, busy
3.3. Third syllable from the end stressed: Nhấn vào âm tiết thứ ba kể từ âm tiết cuối
của các từ có tận cùng như.
ate: concentrate, execrate, generate
tude: grattitude, solitude, attitude
ogy: physiology, geology (địa chất học), phonology, phyciology
sophy: philosophy
aphy: biography, photography, autobiography
metry: geometry, photometry
nomy: economy, physiognomy
3.4. Final syllable etressed: Nhấn vào âm tiết cuối khi nó chứa các tổ hợp.
ade: lemonade, promenade
ee: trainee, payee, disagree, employee, guarantee
eer: volunteer, pioneer
ese: Vietnamese, Chinese, Japanese
ette: usherette, cigarette, silhouette (“h” câm), statuette.
esque: statuesque, picaresque, picturesque [“que” câm, nhấn “es”]
oo: bamboo, shampoo
oon: typhoon, saloon
BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH
Exercise 5: Find the word whose stress pattern is different from the others of the same group.
1. A. afloat B. superior C. passenger D. contribute
2. A. chemistry B. original C. tribute D. emphasis
3. A. sentimental B. commonplace C. mathematics D. information
4. A. pronounce B. American C. soldier D. prefer
5. A. muscular B. instrument C. dramatic D. argument
6. A. magnetic B. radiation C. unpleasant D. equipment
7. A. distraction B. considerable C. recommend D. description
8. A. probability B. attitude C. technological D. entertainment
9. A. emergency B. encourage C. shortage D. distraction
10. A. natural B. surplus C. dynamite D. decision
11. A. legacy B. illuminate C. humanity D. commemorate
12. A. numerous B. recent C. telescope D. forever
13. A. behaviour B. predict C. occurrence D. environmental
Trang 19](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/bchuynnthihsgcccp35thihcsinhgiilp12mntinganhcligii820trang-230919130532-edc36a5c/75/B-CHUYEN-D-ON-THI-HSG-CAC-C-P-35-D-THI-H-C-SINH-GI-I-L-P-12-MON-TI-NG-ANH-CO-L-I-GI-I-820-TRANG-pdf-18-2048.jpg)
Uploaded byNguyen Thanh Tu Collection
BỘ CHUYÊN ĐỀ ÔN THI HSG CÁC CẤP & 35 ĐỀ THI HỌC SINH GIỎI LỚP 12 MÔN TIẾNG ANH CÓ LỜI GIẢI (820 TRANG).pdf
This document provides an overview of a study guide for high school students preparing for exams in English as a foreign language. It contains 5 chapters covering phonetic symbols, word classes, grammar, phrases and clauses, and writing skills. Each chapter includes explanations of the topic and practice exercises with answers. It aims to help students review content and improve their English exam performance.
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BỘ CHUYÊN ĐỀ ÔN THI HSG CÁC CẤP & 35 ĐỀ THI HỌC SINH GIỎI LỚP 12 MÔN TIẾNG ANH CÓ LỜI GIẢI (820 TRANG).pdf
- 1. BỘ CHUYÊN ĐỀÔN THI HSG CÁC CẤP & 35 ĐỀ THI HỌC SINH GIỎI LỚP 12 MÔN TIẾNG ANH CÓ LỜI GIẢI (820 TRANG) WORD VERSION | 2023 EDITION ORDER NOW / CHUYỂN GIAO QUA EMAIL [email protected] C H U Y Ê N Đ Ề Ô N T H I H S G M Ô N T I Ế N G A N H Ths Nguyễn Thanh Tú eBook Collection Hỗ trợ trực tuyến Fb www.facebook.com/DayKemQuyNhon Mobi/Zalo 0905779594 Tài liệu chuẩn tham khảo Phát triển kênh bởi Ths Nguyễn Thanh Tú Đơn vị tài trợ / phát hành / chia sẻ học thuật : Nguyen Thanh Tu Group
- 2. TABLE OF CONTENTS– NỘI DUNG MỤC TÊN CHUYÊN ĐỀ TÊN BÀI TRANG 1. CHUYÊN ĐỀ I. Bài 1. Phonetic Symbols 4 2. PHONETICS Bài 2. Stress &Rules to mark stress 13 3. Bài 1. Nouns 24 4. Bài 2. Verbs 40 5. Bài 3. Adjectives 57 6. CHUYÊN ĐỀ II. Bài 4. Adverbs 75 7. WORD-CLASSES Bài 5. Articles 93 8. Bài 6. Prepositions 102 9. Bài 7. Synonym & Antonym 112 10. Bài 8. Sentence Elements 121 11. Bài 1. Tenses of Verbs 138 12. Bài 2. Emphasis 159 13. CHUYÊN ĐỀ III. Bài 3. Gerunds 172 14. GRAMMAR Bài 4. Infinitives 187 15. Bài 5. The Passive Voice 201 16. Bài 6. Indirect Speech 216 17. Bài 7. Subjunctives 231 18. Bài 1. Phrases vs. Clauses 242 19. Bài 2. Conditional Sentences 252 20. CHUYÊN ĐỀ IV. Bài 3. Relative Clauses 268 21. PHRASES VS. Bài 4. Phrases & Clauses of Purpose 281 22. CLAUSES Bài 5. Phrases & Clauses of Concession 290 23. Bài 6. Phrases & Clauses of Reason 300 24. Bài 7. Clauses of Causes and Effects 310 25. Bài 8. Adverbial Clauses of Time 319 26. Bài 9. Communicative Exchanges 331 27. CHUYÊN ĐỀ V. Bài 1. Sentences Transformation 340 28. WRITING SKILLS Bài 2. Paragraph & Essay Organizing 359 29. KEYS TO EXERCISES Đáp án các bài tập thực hành 369
- 3. PHẦN I –CÁC CHUYÊN ĐỀ VÀ BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH CHUYÊN ĐỀ I – PHONETICS CHUYÊN ĐỀ VỀ NGỮ ÂM Chuyên đề này sẽ cung cấp các kí hiệu phiên âm quốc tế của các nguyên âm (đơn, đôi, ba), các phụ âm (vô thanh, hữu thanh), một số chùm phụ âm, và đặc biệt là tuyển tập các bài tập thực hành rất hữu ích. Trong chuyên đề này, các kí hiệu phiên âm quốc tế được sử dụng theo mẫu của các kí hiệu phiên âm quốc tế theo bộ sách giáo khoa Tiếng Anh của Nhà Xuất Bản Giáo Dục năm 2006. Phần phiên âm các từ và vị trí của các trọng âm chính được thực hiện thông qua việc tham khảo các từ điển on-line như MultiDictionary 9.0, Oxford Collocations Dictionary, hay Cambridge Dictionary, … Với mục đích phục vụ cho công tác giảng dạy và ôn tập thi các cấp, hình thức phiên âm và việc xác định vị trí các trọng âm chỉ mang tính tham khảo, và là cơ sở để giải các bài tập thực hành kèm theo, tuy nhiên, các bài tập thực hành kèm theo của chuyên đề này bao gồm những từ vựng có liên quan đến chương trình tiếng Anh phổ thông và thường xuyên được sử dụng trong các đề thi. BÀI 1. PHONETIC SYMBOLS BẢNG PHIÊN ÂM QUỐC TẾ 1. The symbols vowel sounds (Các kí hiệu phiên âm của các nguyên âm): 1.1. The symbols of pure vowel sounds (Các kí hiệu phiên âm của các nguyên âm đơn): Symbols In of the letters Examples in words sounds (Chữ cái (Ví dụ cụ thể trên các từ) (Kí hiệu thể các âm) hiện) / І / a village /’vIlIdʒ/ package assemblage /’pækIdʒ/ /ә’semblIdʒ/ e pretty /’prItI/ represent deliver /di’livә(r)/ i sit /sIt/ little /’lItl/ simple /’sImpl/ y happy /’hæpI/ easy /’i:zI/ usually /’ju:ʊlI/ / i: / ea lead /li:d/ seaside /’si:saId/ meaningful /’mi:nIŋfʊl/ ee meet /mi:t/ sheep /ʃi:p/ steel /sti:l/ a many /’menI/ any/’enI/ manifold /’menIfәʊld/ / e / e send /send/ recommend comprehend /rIkɔ’mend /kәmprI’hend/ Trang 4
- 4. ea head /hed/spread /spred/ headache /‘hedeIk/ / æ / a land /lænd/ brandy /’brændI/ sandy /’sændI/ / ɔ / o pot /pɔt / spot /spɔt / slot /slɔt / a wash /wɔʃ / what /wɔt / watch /wɔtʃ/ a talk /tɔ:k/ walk /wɔ:k/ water /’wɔ:tә(r)/ aw saw /sɔ:/ lawn /lɔ:n/ pawn /pɔ:n/ / ɔ: / oa broad /brɔ:d/ broaden/’brɔ:dn/ abroad /ә’brɔ:d/ oo door /dɔ:(r)/ floor /flɔ:(r)/ floorage /’flɔ:rIdʒ/ or fork /fɔ:k/ sport /spɔ:t/ transport /’trænspɔ:t/ ou fought /fɔ:t/ thought /θɔ:t/ bought /bɔ:t/ o some /sm/ come /km/ done /dn/ / / u shut /ʃt/ muddy /’mdI/ budget /’bdʒIt/ oo blood /bld/ flood /fld/ bloodless /bldlIs/ ou tough /tf/ enough /I’nf/ rough /rf/ a task /ta:sk/ fast /fa:stk/ broadcast /br ɔ:d’ka:st/ / ɑ: / I ar card /ka:d/ retard /r ’ta:d/ farther /’fa:әr/ ear heart /ha:t/ hearten /’ha:tәn/ hearth /ha:θ/ / ʊ / u pu ll /pʊl/ push /pʊʃ/ pu llet /’pʊlet/ or oo g ood /gʊd/ cook /kʊk/ loo k /lʊk/ / u / ou could /kʊld/ would /wʊld/ should /ʃʊld/ u frugal /’fru:gәl/ conclude illusion /I’lu:ʃn/ / u: / /kɔn’klu:d/ oe shoe /ʃu: / shoebill /’ʃu:bIl/ shoemaker /’ʃu:meIkәr/ oo moon /mu:n/ spoon /spu:n/ smooth /smu:θ/ ui fruit /fru:t/ cruise /kru:s/ recruit /rI’kru:t/ a await /ә’weIt/ about /ә’baut/ machine /mә’ʃi:n/ / ә / o tonight /tә’naIt/ potato /pә’teItәu/ tomorrow /tә’mɔrәʊ/ er reader /’ri:dәr/ writer /’raItәr/ cruiser /’kru:sәr/ or actor /’æktәr/ doctor /’dɔktәr/ translator /’trænsleItәr/ er prefer merchant merciful /’mз:sIfʊl/ / з: / /prI’fз: r/ /’mз:tʃәnt/ ir shirt /ʃз:t/ skirt /skз:t/ first /fз:st/ ur hurt /hз:t/ further /’ʃз:ә/ furnish /’ʃз:nIʃ/ or word /wз:d/ work /wз:k/ worm /wз:m/ ear heard /hз:d/ earth /з:θ/ earthen /’з:θәn/ Trang 5
- 5. 1. 2. Thediphthongs and triphthongs (Các kí hiệu phiên âm của các nguyên đôi, ba): Symbols In of the letters Examples in words sounds (Chữ cái (Ví dụ cụ thể trên các từ) (Kí hiệu thể các âm) hiện) a case /keIs/ baby /’beIbI/ lazy /’leIzI/ / eI / ai maid /meId/ maiden /’meIdn/ maidenly /’meIdnlI/ ay say /seI/ clay /kleI/ play /pleI/ ei eight /eIt/ eighthly /’eIθlI/ eiranic /eI’rænIk/ / aI / i kite /kaIt/ night /naIt/ mine /maIn/ y sky /skaI/ fly /flaI/ satisfy /’sætIsfaI/ / ɔI / oi soil /sɔIl/ coin /kɔIn/ spoil /spɔIl/ oy employ /Im’plɔI/ enjoy /In’dʒɔI/ employment /Im’plɔImnt/ / aʊ / ou mouse /maʊs/ mouth /maʊθ/ surround /sз:’raʊnd/ ow now /naʊ/ power /’paʊ әr/ cowboy /’kaʊ bɔI/ o cold /kәʊld/ scold /skәʊld/ fold /fәʊld/ / әʊ / ow slow /slәʊ/ flow /flәʊ/ show /ʃәʊ/ ew sew /sәʊ/ sewing /’sәʊIŋ/ sewn /sәʊn/ / Iә / ear hear /hIә(r)/ fear /fIә(r)/ near /nIә(r)/ ere here /hIә(r)/ merely /’mIәlI/ atmosphere /’ætmɔsfIә(r)/ ere there /eә(r)/ therapy thereabout / eә / /’θeәrәpI/ /’eәrәbaʊt/ are fare /feә(r)/ share /ʃeә(r)/ stare /steә(r)/ air hair /heә(r)/ fair /feә(r)/ stairs /steә(r)s/ / ʊә / our tour /tʊә(r)/ tourer /tʊәrә/ tourism /’tʊәrIzm/ ire tire /taIә/ fire /faIә/ firemen /’faIәmen/ / aIә / yre tyre /taIә/ tyreles /’taIәlIs/ tyre-pump /’taIә pmp / yer buyer /baIә/ flyer /flaIә/ buyer /baIә/ / әʊә / ower slower /slәʊә/ slower /slәʊә/ slower /slәʊә/ / aʊә / ower shower /ʃaʊә/ power /paʊә/ flower /flaʊә/ our flour /flaʊә/ sour /saʊә/ flour /flaʊә/ / eIә / ayer prayer /preIә/ player /pleIә/ sprayer /spreIә/ Trang 6
- 6. eyer greyer /’greIә/greyer /’greIә/ greyer /’greIә/ / ɔIә / oyer enjoyer /In’dʒɔIә/ enjoyer /In’dʒɔIә/ employer /Im’plɔIә/ oyal loyal /’lɔIәl/ loyalty /’lɔIәltI/ loyal /’lɔIәl/ 2. The symbols of the consonant sounds (Các kí hiệu phiên âm của các phụ âm): 2.1. The symbols of voiceless consonants (Kí hiệu phiên âm của các phụ âm vô thanh): Symbols In of the letters Examples in words sounds (Chữ cái (Ví dụ cụ thể trên các từ) (Kí hiệu thể các âm) hiện) / p / p pen /pen/ paint /peInt/ people /’pi:pәl/ f five /faIv/ formal /’fɔ:mәl/ family /’fæmIlI/ / f / ph physics /’fIz Iks/ physician /fI’zIkʃn/ physical /fI’zIkәl/ gh laugh /la:f/ enough /I’nf/ rough /rf/ / / th throw /θrәʊ/ thunder /’θndә(r)/ sixth /sIksθ/ / t / t teach /ti:tʃ/ temple /’tempәl/ tittle /’taItәl/ ed looked /lʊkt/ laughed /la:ft/ stopped /stɔpt/ / s / s site /saIt/ sandy /’sændI/ sample /’sæmpәl/ c centre /’sentә/ century /’sentʃʊrI/ cell /sel/ sh sheep /ʃi:p/ sheet /ʃi:t/ English /’IŋlIʃ/ / ʃ / ch machine chaise /ʃeIz/ champagne /ʃæm’peIn/ /mә’ʃi:n/ s sugar /’ʃʊgә/ sugary /’ʃʊgәr I/ sure /’ʃʊә(r)/ / t∫ / ch choice /tʃɔIs/ church /tʃз:tʃ/ chimney /’tʃImnI/ t fixture /'fIkst∫ә/ future / 'fju:t∫ә/ question / 'kwest∫n/ / k / k kitchen/’kItʃn/ kiss /kIs/ king /kIŋ/ c concert cancel /’kænsәl/ comedy /’kmedI/ /kɔn’sз:t/ ch chemist chemistry chemical /’kemIkәl/ /’kemIst/ /’kemIstrI/ q quite /kwaIt/ question / 'kwest∫n/ conquest /’kɔŋkwest/ / h / h hike /haIk/ hunger /’hŋgә(r)/ homeless /’hәʊmlIs/ wh whoop /hu:p/ whose /hu:z/ wholesale /’hɔʊlseIl/ Trang 7
- 7. 2.2. The symbolsof voiced consonants (Kí hiệu phiên âm của các phụ âm hữu thanh): Symbols In of the letters Examples in words sounds (Chữ cái (Ví dụ cụ thể trên các từ) (Kí hiệu thể các âm) hiện) / b / b boy /bɔI/ bamboo /bæm’bu:/ band /bænd/ / v / v visit /’vIzIt/ van /væn/ victory /’vIktәrI/ f of /әv/ of /әv/ of /әv/ / / th them /әm/ with /wI/ though /әʊ/ / d / d done /dn/ doctor /’dɔktә(r)/ dancer /’dænsә(r)/ ed lived /’lIvd/ earned /з:nd/ cancelled /’kænsәld/ / z / z zebra /’zi:brә/ zip /zIp/ zealot /’zelәt/ s visit /’vIzIt/ visual /’vIzjʊәl/ teachers /ti:tʃәz/ / ʒ / s vision /’vIʒn/ usual /’jʊʒʊәl/ usually /’jʊʒʊәlI/ / dʒ / g germ /dʒз:m/ gene /dʒi:n/ age /eIdʒ/ j jam /dʒæm/ jam /dʒæz/ joyful /dʒɔIfʊl/ / g / g gift /gIft/ gain /geIn/ girl /gз:l/ / l / l little /’lItәl/ lamp /læmp/ light /laIt/ / m / m monk /mɔŋk/ mammal /’mæmәl/ Monday /’mndeI/ / n / n name /neIm/ number /nmbә/ noise /nɔIs/ / ŋ / n think /θIŋk/ thank /θæŋk/ sink /sIŋk/ ng sing /sIŋ/ thing /θIŋ/ ceiling /’si:lIŋ/ / r / r rural /’rʊәrәl/ ring /rIŋ/ reader /’ri:dә/ / w / w with /wI/ wine /waIn/ wing /wIŋ/ wh when /wen/ whistle /’wIsәl/ whisper /’wIspә/ / j / y young /jŋ/ yearly /’jIәlI/ youth /ju:θ/ u music /’mju:sIk/ unit /’ju:nIt/ university /ju:nI’v з:sItI/ / ф / h honest /’ɔ:nIst/ hour /aʊә/ heir /aIә/ mute k knight /naIt/ knit /nIt/ known /nɔʊn/ cases b comb /kɔʊm/ climb /klaIm/ debt /det/ p pneumonia psychology psychiatrist /njʊ’mɔ:nIә/ /saI’kɔ:lɔdʒI/ /saI’kIәtrIst/ Trang 8
- 8. 2.3. The clustersof consonants (Kí hiệu phiên âm của các chùm phụ âm): Symbols In of the letters Examples in words sounds (Chữ cái (Ví dụ cụ thể trên các từ) (Kí hiệu thể các âm) hiện) / sp / speak /spi:k/ spoil /spɔIl/ speaker /’spi:kә/ / st / start /sta:t/ stand /stænd/ stay /steI/ / sk / school /skʊl/ skill /skIl/ scan /skæn/ / s+ / / sf / sphere /sfIә/ spheral /sfIәrәl/ biosphere /baIә’sfIә/ / sm / small /smɔl/ smash /smæʃ/ smell /smel/ / sn / snow /snәʊ/ sneeze /sni:z/ sneaky /’sni:kI/ / sw / sweet /swi:t/ swim /swIm/ swan /swɔn/ / sj / super /sjʊpә/ superadd superably /’sjʊpәræd/ /’sjʊpәreIblI/ / pl / plump /plmp/ apply /ә’plaI/ please /pli:s/ / p+ / / pr / proud /praʊd/ propose /’prɔpәʊs/ produce /prә’djʊs/ / pj / pure /pjʊә/ purely /’pjʊәlI/ purify /’pjʊrәfaI/ / tr / train /treIn/ treat /tri:t/ treatment /tri:tmәnt/ / t+ / / tw / twice /twaIs/ twerp /twз:p/ twicer /’twaIsә/ / tj / tube /tjʊb/ tubal /’tjʊ:bәl/ tuber /’tjʊ:bә/ / kl / class /kla:s/ clean /kli:ns/ clame /kleIm/ / k+ / / kr / cream /kri:m/ cry /kraI/ creative /kri:’e ItIv/ / kw / quite /kwaIt/ quit /kwIt/ quest /kwest/ / kj / cure /kjʊә/ cute /kjʊt/ cutely /kjʊtlI/ / bl / blow /blәʊ/ blame /bleIm/ bleach /bli:tʃ/ / b+ / / br / bring /brIŋ/ bride /braId/ bridge /brIdʒ/ / bj / beauty /’bjʊtI/ beautify /’bjʊtIfaI/ beautiful /’bjʊtIfʊl/ / g+ / / gl / glass /gla:s/ glim /glIm/ glance /gla:ns/ / gr / grow /grәʊ/ great /greIt/ groom /gru:m/ / dr / dream /dri:m/ dread /dred / dreadful /’dredfʊl/ / d+ / / dw / dwell /dwel/ dweller /’dwelә/ dwelt /dwel/ / dj / duty /’djʊtI/ dutiful /’djʊtIfʊl/ dutifully /’djʊtIfʊlI/ / fl / flow /flәʊ/ fly /flaI/ flame /fleIm/ / f+ / / fr / fry /fraI/ fright /fraIt/ fridge /frIdʒ/ / fj / furious /’fjʊrIәs/ few /fjʊ/ furiously /’fjʊrIәslI/ Trang 9
- 9. / + // r / throw /θrәʊ/ through /θru:/ threat /θret/ / w / thwart /wæt/ thwack /wæk/ thwack /wæk/ / vj / view /vjʊ/ interview /’Intәvjʊ/ preview /prI’vjʊ/ / mj / mute /mjʊt/ mutual /mjʊtʊәl/ music /mjʊzIk/ / ∫r / shrimp /∫rImp/ shriek /∫ri:k/ shrill /∫rIl/ / nj / nude /njʊd/ nudist /’njʊdIst/ nudism /’njʊdIzm/ Các kết / spr / spread /spred/ sprawl /sprɔ:l/ spray /spreI/ hợp khác / spl / splash /splæʃ/ splat /splæt/ splashy /splæʃI/ / skr / scream /scri:m/ scree /scri: / screen /scri:n/ / str / stream /stri:m/ strawy /strɔ: I/ streak /stri:k/ / skj / scuba /’skjʊbә/ scuba /’skjʊbә/ scuba /’skjʊbә/ / stj / student stupid /’stjʊpId/ studio /’stjʊdIәʊ/ /’stjʊdnt/ / spj / spume /spjʊ:m/ spue /spjʊ:/ spumous /spjʊ:mәs/ / skw / square /skweә/ squarer /’skweәrә/ squander /’skwɔdә/ BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH Exercise 1: Find the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from the others of the same group. 1. A. candy B. sandy C. many D. handy 2. A. earning B. learning C. searching D. clearing 3. A. pays B. stays C. says D. plays 4. A. given B. risen C. ridden D. whiten 5. A. cough B. tough C. rough D. enough 6. A. accident B. jazz C. stamp D. watch 7. A. this B. thick C. bath D. thin 8. A. gas B. gain C. germ D. good 9. A. bought B. naught C. plough D. thought 10. A. forks B. tables C. beds D. windows 11. A. handed B. booked C. translated D. visited 12. A. car B. coach C. century D. cooperate 13. A. within B. without C. clothing D. strengthen 14. A. has B. bag C. dad D. made 15. A. kites B. catches C. oranges D. buzzes 16. A. student B. stupid C. study D. studio 17. A. wealth B. cloth C. with D. marathon Trang 10
- 10. 18. A. brilliantB. trip C. tripe D. tip 19. A. surgeon B. agent C. engine D. regard 20. A. feather B. leather C. feature D. measure Exercise 2: Find the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from the others of the same group. 1. A. geology B. psychology C. classify D. photography 2. A. idiom B. ideal C. item D. identical 3. A. children B. child C. mild D. wild 4. A. both B. myth C. with D. sixth 5. A. helped B. booked C. hoped D. waited 6. A. name B. natural C. native D. nation 7. A. blood B. food C. moon D. pool 8. A. comb B. plumb C. climb D. disturb 9. A. thick B. though C. thank D. think 10. A. flour B. hour C. pour D. sour 11. A. dictation B. repetition C. station D. question 12. A. dew B. knew C. sew D. few 13. A. asked B. helped C. kissed D. played 14. A. smells B. cuts C. opens D. plays 15. A. decided B. hatred C. sacred D. warned 16. A. head B. break C. bread D. breath 17. A. blood B. tool C. moon D. spool 18. A. height B. fine C. tidy D. cliff 19. A. through B. them C. threaten D. thunder 20. A. fought B. country C. bought D. ought Exercise 3: Find the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from the others of the same group. 1. A. moon B. pool 2. A. any B. apple 3. A. book B. blood 4. A. pan B. woman 5. A. table B. lady 6. A. host B. most 7. A. dear B. beard 8. A. work B. coat 9. A. name B. flame 10. A. how B. town C. door C. hat C. look C. sad C. labor C. cost C. beer C. go C. man C. power D. cool D. cat D. foot D. man D. captain D. post D. heard D. know D. fame D. slow Trang 11
- 11. 11. A. harmB. wash C. call D. talk 12. A. brought B. ought C. thought D. though 13. A. call B. curtain C. cell D. contain 14. A. measure B. decision C. pleasure D. permission 15. A. drought B. fought C. brought D. bought 16. A. builds B. destroys C. occurs D. prevents 17. A. deal B. teach C. break D. clean 18. A. supported B. approached C. noticed D. finished 19. A. unity B. suite C. studious D. volume 20. A. climber B. subtle C. debtor D. probable Exercise 4: Find the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from the others of the same group. 1. A. loved B. appeared C. agreed D. coughed 2. A. thereupon B. thrill C. threesome D. throne 3. A. chin B. chaos C. child D. charge 4. A. wasted B. practiced C. laughed D. jumped 5. A. coast B. most C. lost D. whole 6. A. energy B. gain C. gesture D. village 7. A. population B. nation C. question D. station 8. A. meat B. sweat C. leaf D. seat 9. A. antibiotic B. pant C. hand D. want 10. A. height B. myth C. type D. climb 11. A. bush B. rush C. pull D. lunar 12. A. bought B. sought C. drought D. fought 13. A. killed B. cured C. crashed D. waived 14. A. thunder B. prefer C. grocer D. louder 15. A. tells B. talks C. stays D. steals 16. A. stomach B. watch C. change D. church 17. A. attacks B. repeats C. roofs D. trays 18. A. drought B. fought C. brought D. bought 19. A. builds B. destroys C. occurs D. prevents 20. A. name B. nation C. native D. natural Trang 12
- 12. BÀI 2. STRESS& RULES TO MARK STRESS QUI TẮC ĐÁNH TRỌNG ÂM As we all know, marking primary stresses on multi-syllable words is so much challenging for not only English learners, but the teachers as well. There have many different ideas on this matter. For many teachers, it is essential and better to teach stress while teaching each word itself to the students. This is undoubtedly an excellent approach, but how the students remember all individual words together with their primary stress pattern is a big question. And, the students may forget the word, or its stress pattern, or they may find it impossible to guess a new word’s stress pattern. Other teachers believe that it is important for the students to be provided with rules for marking stress, after that they are able to do the practice better. In fact, English, as we know, is not a phonetically alphabet language, and there are always irregular words facing the students. Như chúng ta đều biết, việc xác định vị trí trọng âm chính đối với các từ đa âm tiết trong tiếng Anh là thử thách không chỉ đối với người học mà đối với cả giáo viên. Có nhiều quan điểm khác nhau về việc dạy cách xác định trọng âm chính đối với từ đa âm tiết. Nhiều người cho rằng cách tốt nhất để dạy phần trọng âm là dạy cách phát âm và trọng âm cho từng từ đơn lẻ khi đề cập hay giảng dạy. Như vậy người học sẽ phải học thuộc vị trí trọng âm với từng từ đơn lẻ được dạy. Đây là một ý kiến tốt, tuy vậy, sẽ tốn rất nhiều thời gian để người học ghi nhớ từng từ kèm theo vị trí trọng âm, việc quên trọng âm của một từ hay không có khả năng suy đoán vị trí trọng âm của các từ mới gặp sẽ là khó khăn cho người học. Những ý kiến khác lại cho rằng bộ quy tắc đánh trọng âm mà người học được trang bị sẽ giúp họ giải quyết tốt các bài tập về trọng âm. Nhưng trên thực tế, tiếng Anh là ngôn ngữ không có quy luật cấu âm theo dạng ghép chữ cái, và những cách phát âm ngoại lệ cũng là khó khăn mà người học phải đối mặt. Trong khuôn khổ bài này, một số qui tắc phổ biến và hữu ích để xác định vị trí trọng âm chính đối với các từ tiếng Anh đa âm tiết được chia sẻ, và sẽ là công cụ hữu ích cho người dạy và học hoàn thành tốt nhiệm vụ của bài học này. MỘT SỐ QUI TẮC ĐÁNH TRỌNG ÂM CHÍNH CHO CÁC TỪ ĐA ÂM TIẾT BASIC RULES FOR MARKING PRIMARY STRESSES ON MULTI-SYLLABLE WORDS What is the main (primary) stress of a word? Main (primary) stress of a word (bearing more than one syllable) is the degree of the loudness or prominence with which a sound ort a word is pronounced. Trọng âm chính của một từ đa âm tiết là độ lớn hay thống trị về âm của một âm tiết khi một chùm âm của một từ (có từ hai âm tiết trở lên) được đọc, nói hay phát âm. Some basic rules to mark stresses – Những qui tắc xác định vị trí trọng âm cơ bản: 2.1. For di-syllable words: Đối với các từ có 2 âm tiết. a. Trọng âm chính của các từ có hai âm tiết thường rơi vào âm tiết thứ 2 đối với các động từ (trừ trường hợp các âm tiết thứ 2 đó có chứa nguyên âm /ә/, /I/, hoặc /әʊ/), và rơi vào âm tiết thứ nhất đối với các từ loại còn lại (trừ trường hợp âm tiết thứ nhất đó có chứa Trang 13
- 13. 0 nguyên âm đơn/ә/). (Primary stresses on di-syllable words are usually on the second syllables for verbs whose second syllables don’t contain the vowel sounds of /ә/, /I/, and /әʊ/, and on the first syllables of the other words except for the syllables bearing the vowel sound of /ә/). Examples: Verbs Transcriptions Nouns Transcriptions 1. appeal / ә’pi:l / 2 1. brother / ’brә / 1 2. appear / ә’pIr / 2 2. color / ’k lә / 1 3. approach / ә’prɔ:tʃ / 2 3. dhoti / ’hәʊtI / 1 4. arrange / ә’reIdʒ / 2 4. father / ’f a:ә / 1 5. decide / dI’saId/ 2 5. mother / ’mә / 1 6. invite / In’vaIt/ 2 6. palace / ’pælIs / 1 7. prepare / prI’peә / 2 7. people / ’pi:pl / 1 8. provide / prɔ’vaId/ 2 8. pupil / ’pjʊpәl / 1 9. support / sә’pɔ:t / 2 9. student / ’stjʊdnt / 1 10. surprise / sә’praIs / 2 10. summer / ’smә / 1 hoặc: Adjectives Transcriptions Adverbs Transcriptions 1. ancient / ’eInsәnt / 1 1. ever / ’evә / 1 2. annual / ’ænjʊәl / 1 2. hardly / ’ha:dlI / 1 3. concave / ’kɔnkeIv / 1 3. never / ’nevә / 1 4. cozy / ’kәʊzI / 1 4. often / ’ɔ:fn / 1 5. easy / ’i:zI / 1 5. rarely / ’reәlI / 1 6. happy / ’hæpI / 1 6. rather / ’ra:ә / 1 7. muddy / ’mdI / 1 7. really / ’rIәlI / 1 8. noisy / ’nɔIzI / 1 8. scarcely / ’skeәslI / 1 9. quiet / ’kwaIәt / 1 9. seldom / ’seldәm / 1 10. ready / ’redI / 1 10. sometimes / ’smtaImz / 1 Except for: Ngoại trừ các trường hợp Verbs Transcriptions Others Transcriptions 1. borrow / ’bɔrәʊ / 1 1. afraid / ә’freId / 2 2. bother / ’bɔә / 1 2. across / ә’krɔs / 2 3. broaden / ’brɔdәn / 1 3. around / ә’raʊnd / 2 4. enter / ’entә / 1 4. canal / kә’næl / 2 5. follow / ’fɔlәʊ / 1 5. career / kә’rIә / 2 6. harbor / ’ha:bәr / 1 6. surround / sә’raʊnd / 2 7. suffer / ’sfә / 1 7. polite / pә’laIt / 2 Trang 14
- 14. 8. widen /’waIdәn / 1 8. police / pә’lIs / 2 9. loosen / ’lu:zәn / 1 9. today / tә’deI / 2 10. tighten / ’taItәn / 1 10. tonight / tә’naIt / 2 b. Đối với những từ có mang tiền tố, hậu tố, trọng âm chính của từ đó thường rơi vào âm tiết gốc. (Primary stresses on di-syllable words are usually on the root syllables with words having suffixes or prefixes). Như bảng sau: Prefixes Transcriptions Suffixes Transcriptions 1. become / bI’km / 2 1. threaten / ’θretәn / 1 2. react / rI’ækt / 2 2. failure / ’feIljʊә / 1 3. foretell / fɔ’tel / 2 3. daily / ’deIlI / 1 4. begin / bI’gIn / 2 4. treatment / ’tri:tmәnt / 1 5. unknown / n’knәʊn / 2 5. ruler / ’ru:lә / 1 6. prepaid / prI’peә / 2 6. quickly / ’kwIklI / 1 7. redo / rI’dʊ / 2 7. builder / ’bIldә / 1 8. overact / әʊ’ækt / 2 8. lately / ’leItlI / 1 9. upload / p’lәʊd / 2 9. actual / ’æktʊәl / 1 10. dislike / dIs’laIk / 2 10. sandy / ’sændI / 1 Ngoại trừ: unkeep / ’nki:p/ Chú ý: Đối với những từ có nhiều chức năng từ vựng khác nhau, trọng âm chính thường rơi vào âm tiết thứ 2 đối với động từ, rơi vào âm tiết thứ nhất đối với các từ loại còn lại. (For words having different word-classes, the main stresses are usually on the second syllables for verbs, the first for other word-classes). Như bảng sau: Verbs Transcriptions Others Transcriptions 1. rebel / rI’bel / 2 1. rebel / ’rebәl / 1 2. progress / prә’gres / 2 2. progress / ’prɔgres / 1 3. suspect / sәs’pekt / 2 3. suspect / ’sspekt / 1 4. record / rI’kɔ:d / 2 4. record / ’rekәd / 1 5. export / Iks’pɔ:t / 2 5. export / ’ekspәt / 1 6. conflict / kәn’flIkt / 2 6. conflict / ’kɔnflIkt / 1 7. permit / pә’mIt / 2 7. permit / ’pɜ:mIt / 1 8. conduct / kәn’dkt / 2 8. conduct / ’kɔn dkt / 1 9. perfect / pә’fekt / 2 9. perfect / ’pɜfekt / 1 10. import / Im’pɔ:t / 2 10. import / ’Impәt / 1 Trang 15
- 15. 2.2. For wordswith more than two syllables: Đối với các từ có hơn 2 âm tiết. Đối với các từ có hơn hai âm tiết thông thường trọng âm chính thường rơi vào âm tiết thứ ba kể từ âm tiết cuối. (Primary stresses are usually on the 3rd syllables from the end for words with more than two syllables.) Như bảng sau: Words Transcriptions Words Transcriptions 1. family / ’fæmIlI/ 11. biology / baI’ɔ:lɔdʒI / 2. cinema / ’sInәmә / 12. democracy / dI’mɔ:krәsI / 3. regular / ’regjʊlә / 13. satisfy / ’sætIsfaI / 4. singular / ’sIŋgjʊlә / 14. dedicate / ’delIkeIt / 5. international / Intә’næʃәnәl / 15. philosophy / fI’lɔ:sɔfI / 6. demonstrate / ’demәnstreIt / 16. philosopher / fI’lɔ:sɔfә / 7. recognize / ’rekɔgnaIz / 17. character / ’kærIktә / 8. psychology / saI’kɔ:lɔdʒI / 18. interest / ’IntәrIst / 9. qualify / ’kwɔ:lItI/ 19. internet / ’Intәnet / 10. biologist / bai’ɔ:lɔdʒIst / 20. different / ’dIfәrәnt / Đối với các từ có tận cùng như “ian”, “ic”, “ience”, “ient”, “al”, “ial”, “ual”, “eous”, “ious”, “iar”, “ion”, trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết liền trước của các tận cùng này – thứ 2 kể từ âm tiết cuối. (For words ending in suffixes as “ian”, “ic”, “ience”, “ient”, “al”, “ial”, “ual”, “eous”, “ious”, “iar”, “ion”, primary stresses are usually on the preceding syllables of these suffixes). Như bảng sau: Endings Words Transcriptions Words Transcriptions 1. ian physician / fI’zIksәn / musician / mjʊ’zIksәn / 2. ic athletic / eθ’letIk / energetic / enә’dʒetIk / 3. ience experience / Iks’prIәns / convenience / kәn’venIәn / 4. ient expedient / Iks’pedIәnt / ingredient / In’gri:dIәn / 5. al parental / pә’rentәl / refusal / re’fjʊzәl / 6. ial essential / I’senʃәl/ confidential / kәnfI’denʃәl / 7. ual habitual / hæ’bi:tʃʊәl / individual / IndI’vi:dʊәl / 8. eous courageous / kɔ’rægәʊs / spontaneous / spɔn’tænәʊs / 9. ious delicious / de’li:ʃIәʊs / industrious / In’dstrIәʊs / 10. ion decision / dI’si:zn / communication / kәmjʊnI’keIʃn / 11. iar familiar / fә’mi:lIә / unfamiliar / nfә’mI:lIә / Trừ: television / ’televIzn / Trang 16
- 16. Đối với cáctừ có tận cùng “ese”, “ee’, “eer”, “ier”, “ette”, “oo”, “esque”, trọng âm thường rơi vào chính các âm tiết chứa các tận cùng này. (For words ending in suffixes as “ee”, “eer”, “ese”, “ier”, “ette”, “esque”, “oo”, primary stresses are usually on these suffixes). Như bảng sau: Endings Words Transcriptions Words Transcriptions 1. ee refugee / refjʊ’dʒi: / employee / implɔI’i: / 2. eer volunteer / vɔln’tIә / engineer / endʒI’nIә / 3. ese Portuguese / pɔtjʊ’gi:s / Vietnamese / vietn’mi:s / 4. ette ushrette / ʃ’ret / cigarette / sIgә’ret / 5. esque bamboo / bæm’bu: / picturesque / pIktʃә’res / 6. oo kangaroo / kæŋ’gru: / cukoo / kʊ’ku: / 7. oon saloon / sæ’lu:n / typhoon / taI’fu:n / Đối với các từ có tận cùng là “ate”, “fy”, “ity”, “ize”, trọng âm chính thường rơi vào âm tiết thứ ba kể từ âm tiết cuối. (For words ending in “ate”, “fy”, “ity”, “ize”, primary stresses are usually on the 3rd syllables from the end.) Như bảng sau: Endings Words Transcriptions Words Transcriptions 1. ate dedicate / ’dedIkeIt/ communicate / kә’mjʊnIkeIt/ 2. fy classify / ’kla:sIfaI / satisfy / ’sætIsfaI / 3. ity ability / ә’bi:lItI / responsibility / respɔsi’bi:lItI / 4. ize recognize / ’rekɔgnaIz / urbanize / ’ɜ:bәnaIz / 5. ety society / sәʊ’saIәtI/ anxiety / æŋ’zaIәtI / Một số trường hợp đặc biệt cần lưu ý: on the first syllable on the second syllable Words Transcriptions Words Transcriptions 1. internet / ’Intәnet / 1. important / Im’pɔ:tәnt / 2. interest / ’IntәrIst / 2. remember / rI’membә / 3. interested / ’IntәrIstId / 3. deliver / dI’lIvә / 4. interesting / ’IntәrIstIŋ / 4. september / sep’tembә / 5. character / ’kærIktә / 5. october / ɔk’tәʊbә / 6. characterize / ’kærIktәraIz / 6. november / nәʊ’vembә / 7. different / ’dIfәrәnt / 7. december / dI’sembә / 8. difference / ’dIfәrәns / 3rd syllable words Transcriptions 9. differently / ’dIfәrәntlI / 1. magazine / mægә’zi:n/ 10. difficult / ’dIfIkәlt / 2. understand / ndә’stænd/ Trang 17
- 17. 11. difficulty /’dIfIkәltI / 3. recommend / rIkә’mend/ 12. difficultly / ’dIfIkәltlI/ 4. comprehend / kɔmprI’hend/ Notes: chú ý: Trên thực tế không có một qui tắc bất biến cho việc xác định vị trí trọng âm của từ. Việc xác định trọng âm cần thực hiện cùng cách phát âm, dựa nhiều vào kinh nghiệm. Những bài tập được cung cấp là những bài tập có tần suất sử dụng lớn để soạn đề thi. Some other rules to mark stresses: Những qui tắc xác địnhvị trí trọng âm khác: 3.1. Compound words: Từ ghép: Đối với từ ghép gồm hai loại danh từ thì nhấn vào âm tiết đầu: typewriter; suitcase; teacup; sunrise. Đối với từ ghép có tính từ ở đầu, còn cuối là từ kết thúc bằng -ed, nhấn vào âm tiết đầu của từ cuối: bad-tempered. Đối với từ ghép có tiếng đầu là con số thì nhấn vào tiếng sau: three-wheeler. Từ ghép đóng vai trò là trạng ngữ thì nhấn vần sau: down-stream (hạ lưu). Từ ghép đóng vai trò là động từ nhưng tiếng đầu là trạng ngữ thì ta nhấn âm sau: down-grade (hạ bệ); ill-treat (ngược đãi, hành hạ). Danh từ kép: nhấn ở yếu tố thứ nhất của danh từ: Noun-Noun: classroom, teapot Noun + Noun: apple tree, fountain pen Gerund (V-ing) + Noun: writing paper, swimming pool Others: Từ cuối là dụng cụ cho từ đầu: a soup spoon, a shool bus Từ đầu xác định từ cuối: a mango tree; an apple tree Từ cuối là danh từ tận cùng bằng: er, or, ar: a bookseller Trọng âm ở từ sau nếu từ trước chỉ vật liệu chế tạo ra từ sau: a paper bag, a brick house 3.2. First syllable stressed: Nhấn vào âm tiết liền trước của các âm liệt kê. ity: ability, possibility, simplicity, complexity. ety: society, anxiety ic, ics: electric, phonetic, athletics [ngoại lệ: politic, catholic, Arabic] ical: historical, electrical, economical, identical ive: impressive, possessive [ngoại lệ: adjective, transitive, intransitive, positive] ative: predicative, causative, superlative able: countable, recognizable [ngoại lệ: honorable, comfortable, miserable, admirable, valuable, inexorable] ible: comprehensible, indefensible Trang 18
- 18. tion, tional: demonstration,dictation, conditional, educational sion, sional: profession, impression, occasional y (2 phụ âm): happy, busy 3.3. Third syllable from the end stressed: Nhấn vào âm tiết thứ ba kể từ âm tiết cuối của các từ có tận cùng như. ate: concentrate, execrate, generate tude: grattitude, solitude, attitude ogy: physiology, geology (địa chất học), phonology, phyciology sophy: philosophy aphy: biography, photography, autobiography metry: geometry, photometry nomy: economy, physiognomy 3.4. Final syllable etressed: Nhấn vào âm tiết cuối khi nó chứa các tổ hợp. ade: lemonade, promenade ee: trainee, payee, disagree, employee, guarantee eer: volunteer, pioneer ese: Vietnamese, Chinese, Japanese ette: usherette, cigarette, silhouette (“h” câm), statuette. esque: statuesque, picaresque, picturesque [“que” câm, nhấn “es”] oo: bamboo, shampoo oon: typhoon, saloon BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH Exercise 5: Find the word whose stress pattern is different from the others of the same group. 1. A. afloat B. superior C. passenger D. contribute 2. A. chemistry B. original C. tribute D. emphasis 3. A. sentimental B. commonplace C. mathematics D. information 4. A. pronounce B. American C. soldier D. prefer 5. A. muscular B. instrument C. dramatic D. argument 6. A. magnetic B. radiation C. unpleasant D. equipment 7. A. distraction B. considerable C. recommend D. description 8. A. probability B. attitude C. technological D. entertainment 9. A. emergency B. encourage C. shortage D. distraction 10. A. natural B. surplus C. dynamite D. decision 11. A. legacy B. illuminate C. humanity D. commemorate 12. A. numerous B. recent C. telescope D. forever 13. A. behaviour B. predict C. occurrence D. environmental Trang 19
- 19. 14. A. mishapB. evacuate C. vigorous D. moderate 15. A. unspeakable B. accomplish C. emotional D. tendency 16. A. expression B. response C. psychologist D. vehicle 17. A. development B. prevent C. common D. avoid 18. A. supply B. reliever C. effective D. remedy 19. A. familiar B. repellent C. antiseptic D. survive 20. A. ingenious B. device C. enormous D. dangerous Exercise 6: Find the word whose stress pattern is different from the others of the same group. 1. A. paper B. tonight C. lecture D. story 2. A. money B. army C. afraid D. people 3. A. enjoy B. daughter C. provide D. decide 4. A. begin B. pastime C. finish D. summer 5. A. abroad B. noisy C. hundred D. quiet 6. A. passion B. aspect C. medium D. success 7. A. exist B. evolve C. enjoy D. enter 8. A. doctor B. modern C. corner D. Chinese 9. A. complain B. machine C. music D. instead 10. A. writer B. baker C. builder D. career 11. A. provide B. adopt C. happen D. inspire 12. A. result B. region C. river D. robot 13. A. constant B. basic C. irate D. obvious 14. A. become B. carry C. appoint D. invent 15. A. engine B. battle C. career D. rabies 16. A. interesting B. surprising C. amusing D. successful 17. A. understand B. engineer C. benefit D. Vietnamese 18. A. applicant B. uniform C. yesterday D. employment 19. A. dangerous B. parachute C. popular D. magazine 20. A. beautifully B. intelligent C. redundancy D. discovery Exercise 7: Find the word whose stress pattern is different from the others of the same group. 1. A. comfortable B. employment C. important D. surprising 2. A. variety B. irrational C. industrial D. characterize 3. A. colorful B. equality C. dictionary D. vegetable 4. A. elegant B. regional C. musical D. important Trang 20
- 20. 5. A. differenceB. suburban C. internet D. character 6. A. beautiful B. effective C. favorite D. popular 7. A. attraction B. government C. borrowing D. visit 8. A. difficulty B. individual C. population D. unemployment 9. A. biology B. redundancy C. interviewer D. comparative 10. A. conversation B. isolation C. traditional D. situation 11. A. continue B. disappear C. imagine D. inhabit 12. A. altogether B. capacity C. eventually D. particular 13. A. professor B. digestion C. mechanic D. engine 14. A. mathematics B. biology C. experiment D. philosophy 15. A. evolution B. development C. discovery D. philosopher 16. A. another B. energy C. centigrade D. gravity 17. A. evaporate B. temperature C. impossible D. experiment 18. A. gravity B. professor C. pyramid D. remedy 19. A. abandon B. discover C. imagine D. satisfy 20. A. activity B. epidemic C. philosopher D. significance Exercise 8: Find the word whose stress pattern is different from the others of the same group. 1. A. disease B. humor C. cancer D. treatment 2. A. remedy B. exercise C. pollution D. surgery 3. A. pneumonia B. activity C. psychiatrist D. ordinary 4. A. persuade B. reduce C. offer D. apply 5. A. expression B. successful C. physical D. prevention 6. A. farmer B. farewell C. factory D. fairy 7. A. cattle B. country C. canal D. cover 8. A. money B. machine C. many D. mother 9. A. borrow B. agree C. await D. prepare 10. A. government B. condition C. parliament D. fortunate 11. A. paper B. police C. people D. purpose 12. A. interesting B. important C. increasing D. implying 13. A. element B. enormous C. animal D. elephant 14. A. damage B. destroy C. demand D. deny 15. A. biology B. intelligent C. environment D. infrastructure 16. A. ancient B. attack C. alive D. across 17. A. person B. purpose C. possess D. pirate Trang 21
- 21. 18. A. eternalB. enormous C. enemy D. Egyptian 19. A. ruler B. river C. retire D. rapid 20. A. revolution B. responsible C. renovation D. regulation Exercise 9: Find the word whose stress pattern is different from the others of the same group. 1. A. sentence B. suggest C. species D. system 2. A. bacteria B. dangerous C. government D. interesting 3. A. attack B. defeat C. believe D. happen 4. A. pyramid B. pharaoh C. animal D. possession 5. A. accompany B. responsibility C. environment D. prepare 6. A. provide B. improve C. contain D. borrow 7. A. cinema B. telephone C. department D. restaurant 8. A. design B. garage C. market D. village 9. A. exercise B. example C. holiday D. stadium 10. A. excellent B. exactly C. dangerous D. wonderful 11. A. beautiful B. elephant C. already D. usually 12. A. theatre B. unknown C. absence D. dinner 13. A. amuse B. imagine C. interest D. surprise 14. A. especially B. beautifully C. quickly D. lately 15. A. policeman B. performer C. engineer D. assistant 16. A. advice B. beauty C. picture D. postcard 17. A. prepare B. practice C. prevent D. provide 18. A. famous B. curious C. anxious D. delicious 19. A. vacation B. colleague C. pupil D. teacher 20. A. theatre B. career C. cinema D. gallery Exercise 10: Find the word whose stress pattern is different from the others of the same group. 1. A. picture B. business C. stranger D. return 2. A. museum B. cinema C. hospital D. concert 3. A. performance B. unknown C. visit D. confirm 4. A. yesterday B. tonight C. today D. tomorrow 5. A. memory B. article C. newspaper D. edition 6. A. sorry B. tractor C. police D. fireman 7. A. interest B. remember C. assemble D. resemble Trang 22
- 22. 8. A. policemanB. semester C. exercise D. attendance 9. A. vegetable B. interesting C. volleyball D. detective 10. A. homework B. lesson C. detect D. tennis 11. A. uncle B. machine C. rubber D. butter 12. A. every B. evening C. potato D. factory 13. A. produce B. money C. improve D. because 14. A. vegetable B. university C. Wednesday D. television 15. A. coffee B. farmer C. paper D. deliver 16. A. eleven B. elephant C. energy D. envelope 17. A. preparation B. decoration C. television D. exhibition 18. A. leather B. paper C. iron D. ceramics 19. A. mirror B. invent C. wallet D. engine 20. A. discovery B. calculator C. aero-plane D. difficulty Trang 23
- 23. CHUYÊN ĐỀ II:WORD CLASSES CHUYÊN ĐỀ VỀ TỪ VỰNG Chuyên đề này cung cấp những khái niệm cơ bản về từ vựng như; định nghĩa, các chức năng ngôn ngữ, một số cách tạo ra từ phái sinh, các cụm từ, cụm thành ngữ, một số hình thức sử dụng đặc biệt của một số từ loại như Danh từ, Động từ, Tính từ, Trạng từ,…. Trên cơ sở các kiến thức cơ bản về từ vựng (Danh từ, Động từ, Tính từ, Mạo từ, Giới từ,…) để giúp người học có những kiến thức cơ sở về từ vựng trong tiếng Anh từ đó thực hiện các yêu cầu của các dạng bài tập có liên quan trong các đề thi THPT Quốc Gia. Những bài tập thực hành đi kèm sẽ giúp cho việc giảng dạy và ôn tập theo chuyên đề được thuận lợi và hiệu quả. Việc hoàn thành các bài tập thực hành ngoài việc giúp cho người học nắm chắc kiến thức về từ vựng còn giúp tang vốn từ vựng, sự tự tin trong sử dụng ngôn từ và nắm chắc trật tự từ trong tiếng Anh. BÀI 1. NOUNS - DANH TỪ Definition: To call out the names of things, objects, actions, or movements, etc. (Danh từ là từ dùng để gọi tên sự vật, hiện tượng) Functions: (chức năng) 2.1. Subject (S) (chủ ngữ): Danh từ làm chủ ngữ cho câu, hay chủ thể tác động, nhận tác động từ động từ. e.g. A teacher usually works at school. S A V A Some kinds of birds migrate in winter. S V A Accidents may happen anytime, anywhere, and to anyone. S V A 2.2. Object (O) (tân ngữ): Danh từ làm tân ngữ cho câu, hay chủ thể nhận tác động từ động từ, theo sau một số giới từ. e.g. He buys some cakes for his birthday party. S V O O They sent me some documents. S V O O We had made an appointment to meet at the station. S V O 2.3. Complement (C) (bổ ngữ): Danh từ làm bổ ngữ trong câu, là thành phần phụ hoàn tất câu. e.g. She was a famous singer. S V C Trang 24
- 24. Peter will becomeour new manager in the next two year. S V C A She has been our principal since last May. S V C A 2.4. Compounds (danh từ ghép): Danh từ có thể ghép với nhau để tạo thành danh từ mới với những qui tắc ghép khác nhau. e.g. summer holiday, birthday cakes, schoolboy, schoolgirl, salesman, chairperson, etc. 2.5. Possessive cases (dạng sở hữu cách): Chú ý cách tạo dấu sở hữu cách trong các ví dụ dưới đây. e.g. the boss’s car, his teacher’s remarks,… children’s seats, people’s lives,… pupils’ books, the farmers’ tools,… 2.6. Noun phrases (cụm danh từ kết hợp tự do): Free words combination or compounds. Danh từ ghép với các thành tố khác tạo thành cụm danh từ. Plural forms: các hình thức biến đổi danh từ từ dạng số ít thành số nhiều (chỉ dành cho danh từ đếm được – countable nouns). 3.1. Adding “s” to almost count-nouns: thêm ‘s’ vào sau hầu hết các danh từ số ít để tạo thành các danh từ số nhiều. (Chú ý: tận cùng ‘s’ được phát âm /s/ khi liền trước là các phụ âm vô thanh như /f/, /t/, /k/, /p/, phát âm là /Iz/ khi theo sau các tận cùng ce, ge, se, ze, còn lại phát âm là /z/). Như bảng sau: singular plural singular plural 1. an action actions 11. a bomb bombs 2. an actor actors 12. a cat cats 3. an apple apples 13. a dog dogs 4. an orange oranges 14. a finger fingers 5. an eel eels 15. a kid kids 6. an eye eyes 16. a lamp lamps 7. an heir heirs 17. a table tables 8. an hour hours 18. a unit units 9. an onion onions 19. a whisper whispers 10. an umbrella umbrellas 20. a winner winners 3.2. Adding “es” to the count-nouns that end in “s, ss, sh, ch, o, x” with /Iz/ or /z/ sounds: Thêm ‘es’ vào sau các danh từ đếm được số ít tận cùng bằng “s, ss, sh, ch, o, x” để tạo thành các danh từ số nhiều tương ứng. Như bảng sau: Trang 25
- 25. endings singular pluralsingular plural 1. s a bus buses a plus pluses 2. ss a class classes a kiss kisses 3. sh a brush brushes a dish dishes 4. ch a church churches a watch watches 5. o a potato potatoes a tomato tomatoes 6. x an ax axes a box boxes Note: Words of foreign origin or abbreviation ending in ‘o’, add ‘s’ only. Với các từ vay mượn, từ viết tắt tận cùng bằng ‘o’, ta thêm ‘s’ để tạo hình thức số nhiều. Như: singular plural singular plural 1. a dynamo dynamos 6. a soprano sopranos 2. a kilo kilos 7. a kimono kimonos 3. a piano pianos 8. a UFO UFOs 4. a radio radios 9. a UFO UFOs 5. a photo photos 10. an O Os 3.3. Adding “ies” to the count-nouns that end in “y” with its preceding consonants: Với các danh từ đếm được số ít tận cùng là ‘y’ và liền trước là phụ âm ta bỏ ‘y’ thay bằng ‘ies’ để tạo ra các danh từ số nhiều tương ứng. Như bảng sau: singular plural singular plural 1. a lorry lorries 5. an ability abilities 2. a story stories 6. a sky skies 3. a lady ladies 7. a fly flies 4. a baby babies 8. a lady ladies Nhưng: singular plural singular plural 1. a boy boys 4. a storey storeys 2. a toy toys 5. a prey preys 3. a play plays 6. a way ways 3.4. Adding “ves” to the count-nouns that end in “f”, “fe”: Chuyển các danh từ đếm được tận cùng bằng “f”, “fe” từ số ít sang số nhiều ta đổi “f”, “fe” thành ‘ves’ như bảng sau: singular plural singular plural 1. a wife wives 4. a leaf leaves 2. a knife knives 5. a loaf loaves 3. a life lives 6. a thief thieves Chú ý: Trang 26
- 26. Các danh từhoof, scarf, và wharf đổi sang số nhiều thành hoofs, scarfs, và wharfs hoặc hooves, scarves, và wharves. Tức là có thể thêm ‘s’ hoặc ‘ves’. Các danh từ cliff, handkerchief, và safe đổi sang số nhiều sẽ chuyển thành cliffs, handkerchiefs, và safes. Tức là chỉ thêm ‘s’. 3.5. Irregular changes: dạng biến đổi bất qui tắc mô tả ở bảng dưới đây: singular plural singular plural 1. a man men 11. a child children 2. a woman women 12. a medium media 3. a chairman chairmen 13. a mouse mice 4. a chairwoman chairwomen 14. an ox oxen 5. a salesman salesmen 15. a goose geese 6. a saleswoman saleswomen 16. a tooth teeth 7. a salesperson salespeople 17. a foot feet 8. a chairperson chairpeople 18. a phenomenon phenomena 9. a person people 19. a policeman policemen 10. a louse lice 20. a policewoman policewomen 3.6. Collective nouns: crew, family, group, team,…(singular or plural form, either singular or plural verb) Các danh từ trên gọi là danh từ tổ hợp, có thể coi là số ít hoặc số nhiều, dùng động từ dạng số ít hoặc nhiều. e.g. The crew save many victims. Hoặc The crew saves many victims. Our group have won several times. Hoặc Our group has won several times. 3.7. Always-plural-form-nouns: Những danh từ dưới đây luôn tồn tại dưới hình thức số nhiều. 1. arms 11. greens (vegetable) 21. pyjamas 2. athletics 12. jeans 22. savings 3. binoculars 13. mathematics 23. scales 4. breeches 14. outskirts 24. scissors 5. clothes 15. pants 25. shears 6. damages 16. pains (trouble, effort) 26. spirits 7. earnings 17. physics 27. stairs 8. ethics 18. pliers 28. surroundings 9. glasses 19. police 29. trousers 10. goods 20. politics 30. valuables e.g. The police have asked several witnesses to prove their ideas. The stairs are too dim for us to go up easily. Trang 27
- 27. 3.8. The unchangednames of creatures: deer, sheep, calf, cod, pike, plaice, salmon, squid, trout, turbot (these nouns can take either singular or plural verbs) hình thức số ít, nhiều không đổi. singular plural singular plural 1. a deer deer 6. a cod cod 2. a sheep sheep 7. a pike pike 3. a calf calf 8. a plaice plaice 4. a salmon salmon 9. a squid squid 5. a trout trout 10. a turbot turbot e.g. A deer is trapped and two other deer are killed by the poachers. A squid and two salmon were sent to the laboratory for rescue. 3.9. Plural form but singular verb: news, mumps (bệnh sưng quai hàm), billiards, bowls – Các danh từ trên có hình thức số nhiều nhưng sử dụng như danh từ số ít. e.g. There is a news at 7.00 every day. Mumps is widely seen among children of the age of under fifteen. Uncountable nouns: Danh từ không đếm được 4.1. Substances: các dạng vật chất sau được qui ước là danh từ không đếm được: 1. beer 6. dust 11. jam 16. stone 2. bread 7. gin 12. oil 17. tea 3. cloth 8. glass 13. paper 18. water 4. coffee 9. gold 14. sand 19. wine 5. cream 10. ice 15. soap 20. wood e.g. Vietnamese coffee is exported to many countries in the world. Beer is a favourite drink in the South. 4.2. Abstract nouns: Các danh từ trừu tượng được qui ước là danh từ không đếm được: 1. advice 6. fear 11. knowledge 2. beauty 7. help 12. mercy 3. courage 8. hope 13. pity 4. death 9. horror 14. relief 5. experience 10. information 15. suspicion e.g. Fear is a kind of feelings. Knowledge is one’s valuable possession. 4.3. Others: một số danh từ khác được qui ước là danh từ không đếm được: 1. baggage 3. damage 5. luggage 7. parking 9. work camping 4. furniture 6. money 8. shopping 10. weather e.g. Camping is my favourite outdoor activity. Weather is getting warmer when the Spring comes. Trang 28
- 28. 4.4. Notes: Particularsenses of uncountable nouns: Một số danh từ không đếm được lại có thể sử dụng với mạo từ như danh từ đếm được trong các ngữ cố định sau: a. a help: A great help to + O e.g. He gave a great help to our family. Computer is a great help to my work. b. a relief: A relief to + V. e.g. That gave me a relief to continue my study. A relief to work makes your doing better. c. a knowledge: A good/ bad knowledge of + N. e.g. Pete has got a good knowledge of history. A good knowledge of physics helps him pass the test. d. a dislike / dread / hatred / horror / love of + … e.g. He had a great love for funny stories. A great love for wildlife encouraged him to apply for that job. e. a mercy / pity / shame / wonder + that… e.g. It’s a pity that I couldn’t come. What’s a pity! f. a fear/ fears; a hope/ hopes; a suspicion/ suspicions. e.g. We have a suspicion / suspicions that no one will agree to help. A suspicion of no reason made him angry. 5. Compound nouns: danh từ ghép 5.1. Noun-noun: Hanoi-capital; hall-door; hitch-hiker; kitchen-table; traffic light; winter clothes; 5.2. Noun-gerund: fruit-picking; weight-lifting; lorry-driving; bird-watching; coal-mining; surf-boating;… 5.3. Gerund-noun: waiting-list; landing card; driving board; dining room; driving license;… 5.4. Free combination: sự kết hợp tự do shop window; church bell; picture frame; garden gate; college library; gear level;… city street; corner shop; country lane; … summer holiday; spring flowers; Sunday paper; dawn chorus; November fog; … steel door; stone wall; silk shirt;… coffee cup; golf club; chess board; football ground;… fish-farm; gold-mine; oil-rig; … football match; beauty contest; pop music;… Trang 29
- 29. Suffixes: các hậutố dùng để tạo danh từ. suffixes words 1. er teacher reader listener 2. or visitor actor spectator 3. ist terrorist capitalist naturalist 4. ant applicant assistant pollutant 5. age voyage carriage marriage 6. dom freedom boredom wisdom 7. ness sadness tiredness happiness 8. iety society anxiety variety 9. ing fishing shopping washing 10. our behavior 11. ee employee refugee interviewee 12. ent government payment investment 13. ce importance difference significance 14. ion action decision communication 15. hood childhood adulthood neighborhood 16. ism tourism Buddhism mechanism 17. ship friendship scholarship relationship 18. ility ability possibility responsibility 19. al arrival refusal approval 20. y difficulty honesty accuracy BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH Exercise 11: Give ONE of the derived nouns of the given words. roots nouns roots nouns 1. able …………………… 16. imitate …………………… 2. anxious …………………… 17. know …………………… 3. attract …………………… 18. like …………………… 4. announce …………………… 19. lonely …………………… 5. believe …………………… 20. maintain …………………… 6. careful …………………… 21. manage …………………… 7. certain …………………… 22. modernize …………………… 8. child …………………… 23. organize …………………… 9. discover …………………… 24. pollute …………………… 10. excite …………………… 25. popular …………………… 11. explain …………………… 26. prove …………………… Trang 30
- 30. 12. friendly ……………………27. short …………………… 13. free …………………… 28. solid …………………… 14. hospitable …………………… 29. stupid …………………… 15. imagine …………………… 30. warm …………………… Exercise 12: Give ONE of the derived nouns of the given words to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. 1. The children all have very different____________. PERSON 2. An______________ is a person who is concerned about the natural ENVIRONMENT environment and wants to improve and protect it. 3. She had never been greatly concerned about her _____________. APPEAR 4. The_____________ of people interviewed prefer TV to radio. MAJOR 5. I’ll never forget the____________ I felt in the situation. HUMILIATE 6. The main goals of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations are to promote peace and___________ in the region. STABLE 7. The security of the earth can be threatened by___________ groups. TERROR 8. It is reported that humans are the main reason for most species' declines and habitat_____________. DESTROY 9. He resigned for a____________ of reasons. VARY 10. The Americans are much more concerned than the Indians and the Chinese with physical_______________ when choosing a wife ATTRACT or a husband. 11. How much does___________ of this club cost? MEMBER 12. I was annoyed at his___________ to co-operate. REFUSE 13. Jackson had another violent___________ with the referee. AGREE 14. She studied__________ at university. ECONOMY 15. Jackie suffered as a child from a very strict___________. BRING 16. Rescue team held out little hope of finding other___________. SURVIVE 17. ___________ of the new system will take several days. INSTALL 18. Teachers must keep a record of students’_____________. ATTEND 19. There were 50___________ in the talent contest. COMPETE 20. Our___________ has lasted a lifetime. FRIEND Exercise 13: Give ONE of the derived nouns of the given words to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. 1. It was a complete _____________ due to their poor planning. FAIL Trang 31
- 31. 2. Everyone hasa number of__________ but none has many true friends. ACQUAINT 3. Freedom of__________ is one of the fundamental rights. SPEAK 4. Do you ever suffer from___________. BORE 5. We can look forward to a period of___________. PROSPER 6. Due to___________ the difference between urban life and rural life is more and more reduced. ELECTRIC 7. A doctor may prescribe__________ if the patient has an infection. BIOTIC 8. Beauty is in the eye of the____________. HOLD 9. It is said the____________ of a Swiss watch is perfect. PRECISE 10. We have to decide to interview only the best six__________ for the job. APPLY 11. He left the room without any_______________. EXPLAIN 12. Many people expressed_____________ with the whole idea. AGREE 13. A lot of plants and animals could be used as medicines against cancer, AIDS, heart diseases and other____________. SICK 12. _____________ to a new environment is a difficult thing for old people. ADAPT 15. Police asked_____________ if they had seen the accident happen PASS 16. He shook his head in____________. APPROVE 17. He fought the illness with courage and____________. DETERMINE 18. Because of a car__________, she didn’t get to the airport in time for BREAK her flights. 19. The ____ need assistance from the whole society. POVERTY 20. We are offering many special price___________ on printers this REDUCE month. Exercise 14: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. 1. _____________ surely leads to the loss of many factory jobs. A. automatic B. automation C. automate D. automatically 2. Stress and tiredness often lead to lack of____________. A. concentration B. concentrate C. concentrated D. concentrator Jack likes the books that he borrowed from the school library very much. He has read them with____________. A. entertainment B. romance C. tasting D. pleasure Trang 32
- 32. Many communities areburning garbage and other biological waste products to produce _______________. A. electric B. electricity C. electrician D. electrify Many of young people between the ages of 16 and 18 who are neither in education nor ____________ are in danger of wasting their lives. A. power B. ability C. nature D. employment 6. A book may be evaluated by a reader or professional writer to create a book____________. A. review B. reviewing C. reviewer D. reviewed 7. Farmers make their soil more productive by distributing___________. A. fertile B. fertility C. fertilizers D. fertilizable Chemical wastes from factories are___________ that cause serious damage to species habitats. A. pollutes B. pollutants C. pollutions D. polluters A book may be studied by students as the____________ of a writing and analysis exercise in the form of a book report. A. limit B. time C. subject D. interest 10. In some communities a husband's____________ over his wife is absolute. A. power B. powerful C. powerfully D. powered 11. I think that up to now there has not been a real____________ between men and women. A. equal B. equally C. equality D. equalize 12. Most people consider it women's____________ to take care of children and do housework. A. limit B. relationship C. responsibility D. respect 13. She is a biologist. She is interested in__________. A. conserves B. conservation C. conservancy D. conservative The__________ development leads to our country’s prosperity. A. industry B. industries C. industrial D. industrialize 15. Almost half of turtles and tortoises are known to be threatened with____________. A. extinct B. extinction C. extinctive D. extinctly The organization has emphasized cooperation in the "three pillars" of security, socio cultural and economic___________ in the region. A. organization B. production C. integration D. establishment 17. To preserve that____________, it was necessary to preserve the people that had created it. A. civil B. civilize C. civility D. civilization It is reported that humans are the main reason for most species' declines and habitat ___________ and degradation are the leading threats. A. destroy B. destructive C. destructor D. destruction 19. I have nearly finished reading the book. There are only a few__________ left. Trang 33
- 33. A. pieces B.pages C. slices D. sheets 20. A child receives his early____________ from their parents. A. educate B. education C. educator D. educative Exercise 15: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. 1. He has been very interested in doing research on___________ since he was at high school. A. biology B. biological C. biologist D. biologically 2. Most doctors and nurses have to work on a___________ once or twice a week at the hospital. A. solution B. night shift C. household chores D. special dishes 3. You are old enough to take___________ for what you have done. A. responsible B. responsibility C. responsibly D. irresponsible 4. These quick and easy___________ can be effective in the short term, but they have a cost. A. solve B. solvable C. solutions D. solvability 5. What are the___________ of that country? - I think it is some kinds of cheese and sauces. A. drinks B. beverages C. grains D. special dishes 6. Hung tried his best and passed the driving test at the first___________. A. try B. attempt C. doing D. aim 7. My husband and I both go out to work so we share the___________. A. happiness B. household chores C. responsibility D. employment 8. You should not burn___________. You had better dig a hole and bury it. A. dishes B. lab C. garbage D. shift He cannot make a___________ to get married to Mary or stay single until he can afford a house and a car. A. decide B. decision C. decisive D. decisively 10. It is thought that traditional marriage_______ are important basis of limiting divorce rates. A. appearances B. records C. responses D. values 11. Thanks to my friends’_____________ remarks, my essay have been improved. A. construct B. construction C. constructive D. constructor 12. She was the first in her family to enjoy the privilege of a university___________. A. schedule B. education C. science D. technology 13. English is an important___________ that is required in several national examinations. A. language B. test C. evaluation D. subject ___________ is the study of the Earth's physical features and the people, plants, and animals that live in different regions of the world. Trang 34
- 34. A. Science B.Geography C. History D. Technology 15. ___________ is the study of the events of the past. A. Geography B. History C. Arts D. Literature 16. Thanks to the_____________ of paper, many books have been kept for a very long time. A. information B. knowledge C. durability D. portability A ___________ is an area of knowledge or study, especially one that you study at school, college, or university. A. degree B. subject C. level D. vacancy 18. Most ___________ are at senior level, requiring appropriate qualifications. A. degrees B. grades C. colleges D. vacancies 19. She reads newspapers every day to look for the vacant_________ for which she can apply. A. institutions B. indications C. positions D. locations A ___________ is an official document that you receive when you have completed a course of study or training. A. vocation B. subject C. certificate D. grade Exercise 16: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. All the countries of the area have___________ to protect their wildlife but they are rarely enforced. A. efforts B. laws C. results D. reserves 2. The president traveled under the____________ of many soldiers. A. protect B. protective C. protector D. protection 3. Forest dwellers had always hunted the local___________ but their needs had been small. A. wildlife B. commerce C. reserve D. generation A____________ is a report in a newspaper or magazine in which a writer gives his opinion of a book, a film, or a play. A. page B. subject C. review D. journey She has been out of work for 3 months. She stays at home and does the housework __________. A. disappoint B. disappointedly C. disappointed D. disappointing 6. In former days, women were considered not to be suitable for becoming a____________. A. politics B. political C. politically D. politician 7. The referee had no hesitation in awarding the visiting team a___________. A. penalty B. penalize C. penal D. penalization 8. The crowd cheered as the goalkeeper deflected the___________. A. shoot B. shooting C. shooter D. shot Trang 35
- 35. They eventually realizethat reckless___________ of the earth's resources can lead only to eventual global disaster. A. exploit B. exploitable C. exploitation D. exploitative 10. Mary enjoys reading_______, adventure, and whatever else she can either buy or borrow. A. romance B. romantic C. romanticize D. romanticism 11. The novel has had a tremendous impact on____________ and publishing markets. A. entertain B. entertainer C. entertainment D. entertainingly A____________ is a story long enough to fill a complete book, in which the characters and events are usually imaginary. A. pleasure B. novel C. page D. review 13. Women show a _______ to live longer than men. A. tend B. tendency C. tendentious D. tende A ___________ is a very large wave, often caused by an earthquake, which flows onto the land and destroys things. A. famine B. catastrophe C. tsunami D. flood 15. It is necessary for the host to make his guest feel comfortable and _____________. A. relax B. relaxation C. relaxing D. relaxed Toxic chemicals from factories are one of the serious factors that leads wildlife to the ___________ of extinction. A. wall B. fence C. verge D. bridge 17. A____________ is the story of a person's life written by somebody else. A. romance B. fiction C. biography D. science 18. After leaving school, many of us only read for____________. A. please B. pleasant C. pleasure D. pleasing There are plenty of industrial___________ established in the area, which also makes the government worried about pollution. A. series B. goods C. enterprises D. relationships 20. The referee's___________ is the most important in any sport competition. A. decide B. decisive C. decision D. decider Exercise 17: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. 1. There is a wide___________ of computers in that shop for you to choose. A. vary B. various C. variety D. variously 2. There are several places where residents face the threat of___________ every day. A. terrorist B. terrorism C. terrorize D. terror Trang 36
- 36. Many people thinkthat in some more years we will see the complete___________ of newspapers and magazines due to the Internet. A. disappear B. disappearance C. appear D. appearing 4. The__________ of the future will no longer be remedial. It will be preventive. A. communication B. education C. medicine D. technology 5. Doctors and pharmacists have to assume___________ for human life. A. responsibility B. achievement C. optimism D. aspect 6. Strict___________ measures are in force in the capital to protect it from terrorism. A. scientific B. normal C. transportation D. security 7. Constant___________ of attack makes everyday life dangerous here. A. threat B. threaten C. threatening D. threateningly 8. The government gave top ___________ to reforming the legal system. A. priority B. primary C. preference D. major There will be powerful network of computers which may come from a single computing ___________ that is worn on or in the body. A. device B. machinery C. equipment D. vehicle These new economic reforms have allowed for international___________ and development in the country. A. pay B. renovation C. investment D. opportunity After a decade of economic liberalization, Vietnam has seen a dramatic rise in living___________ in urban areas. A. surface B. standards C. levels D. backgrounds 12. Their___________ has lasted for more than 20 years. A. friends B. friendly C. friendness D. friendship For more than 20 years, the Vietnamese government has pursued the open-door ___________ and continued to woo foreign investment. A. policy B. way C. export D. guideline Development plans were to focus equally on agriculture and industry and investment was to favor projects that developed both____________ of the economy. A. parties B. parts C. sections D. sectors Despite the plan's emphasis on agricultural___________, the industrial sector received a larger share of state investment. A. shortage B. commitment C. development D. achievement A___________ is a spacecraft that is designed to travel into space and back to earth several times. A. plane B. corporation C. telecommunication D. shuttle Trang 37
- 37. An economic___________ isa time when there is very little economic activity, which causes a lot of unemployment and poverty. A. improvement B. depression C. development D. mission ___________ is the technology of sending signals and messages over long distances using electronic equipment, for example by radio and telephone. A. Telecommunication B. Telegraph C. Multifunction D. Information technology 19. What will the relationship between computing and______ bring us over the next 15 years? A. science B. scientific C. scientifically D. scientist 20. We sometimes go away from the city to the countryside for a__________ of fresh air. A. feeling B. sip C. swallow D. breath Exercise 18: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. 1. Parents can express a___________ for the school their child attends. A. prefer B. preference C. preferential D. preferable 2. I would like to invite you to participate in the________________ ceremony. A. graduate B. graduated C. graduation D. graduating In many countries, prospective university students apply for___________ during their last year of high school. A. achievement B. information C. course D. admission 4. The University of Cambridge is a prestigious___________ of higher learning in the U.K. A. tower B. hall C. house D. institute 5. He has not been offered the job because he cannot meet the___________ of the company. A. requirements B. applicants C. information D. education ___________ is used to describe the work of a person whose job is to treat sick or injured animals, or to describe the medical treatment of animals. A. Chemistry B. Pharmacy C. Medicine D. Veterinary 7. He was the only___________ that was offered the job. A. apply B. application C. applicant D. applying Although he has not got necessary experience, he used to take a___________ in business administration. A. curriculum B. course C. school D. class The functional skills such as fundamentals of agriculture, health and hygiene and population education have also been incorporated in the primary school___________. A. curriculum B. project C. plan D. schedule 10. There is a wide range of ___________ in the education system of the USA. Trang 38
- 38. A. select B.selective C. selected D. selection Entry to university is competitive so some___________ with the minimum entrance qualifications will find themselves without a place. A. tutors B. professors C. teachers D. applicants Students also have the opportunity to choose from a wide range of___________ courses in the university. A. compulsory B. optional C. required D. limited Many children are under such a high___________ of learning that they do not feel happy at school. A. recommendation B. interview C. pressure D. concentration She likes meeting people and travelling so she wants to apply for a___________ of a receptionist or tourist guide. A. location B. position C. site D. word 15. To my___________, I was not offered the job. A. happiness B. dream C. joy D. disappointment 16. Being well-dressed and punctual can help you create a good________ on your interviewer. A. impression B. pressure C. employment D. effectiveness She often reads newspapers and look through the Situations___________ columns every day, but up to now she has not found any job yet. A. Article B. Space C. Vacant D. Spot 18. Many people will be out of___________ if the factory is closed. A. work B. career C. profession D. job You should ask the interviewer some questions about the job to show your___________ and keenness. A. anger B. thrill C. amazement D. interest 20. The control of ___________ has been carried out through measures rooted in monetarism. A. inflate B. inflationist C. inflation D. inflator Trang 39
- 39. BÀI 2. VERBS- ĐỘNG TỪ I. Definition: To denote action, state, and be the most important part of sentences. Động từ dung để diễn tả hành động, hoạt động, trạng thái và sự tồn tại. Classification: phân loại động từ 1. Auxiliary verbs: động từ trợ 1.1. Primary auxiliary verbs: Động từ trợ chính – là những động từ vừa có thể đảm nhận chức năng của một động từ chính, vừa có chức năng của động từ trợ. Gồm một số động từ như: be/ have/ do/need, etc. (These verbs can either be auxiliaries or lexical verbs) a. Be: + Main verb: e.g. She is the head of our company. S V Lan has been to all big cities in Vietnam. S V Be careful! Don’t be afraid to go! V Auxiliary verb: e.g. She is doing her homework. S aux V Lan was punished due to her carelessness. S Aux V b. Have: + Main verb: e.g. She has a lot of acquaintances but just a few close friends. S V They were having the time of their life. V Auxiliary verb: e.g. They had had a car before we afforded one. Aux V She has studied here for five years now. S Aux V c. Do: + Main verb: e.g. She does morning exercises regularly. S V They did all they could in order to better their lives. S V + Auxiliary verb: e.g. She doesn’t go jogging because the weather is so wet. S Aux V Lan did do that I think. S Aux V Trang 40
- 40. d. Need + Mainverb: e.g. She needs to start in order to get the last train to London. S V Some more materials are urgently needed. S V + Auxiliary verb: e.g. You needn’t hurry as we have much time left. S Aux V He need not say anything as it is not important for him to. S Aux V 1.2. Modal verbs: Các động từ khuyết thiếu (động từ tình thái - Động từ được coi là động từ khuyết thiếu gồm: can/ could/ may/might/ must/ have to + base form/ will/ would/ shall/ should/ be going to + base form/ used to + base form/ ought to + base form/) tự thân không bảo đảm nghĩa cho câu nó cần kết hợp với một động từ mang nghĩa để hoàn thành nghĩa cho câu. Việc phát âm các động từ tình thái được thực hiện dưới hình thức strong form và weak form (xem chương trình sách giáo khoa Tiếng Anh 12 – NXB Giáo Dục Việt Nam 2006). Một số động từ tình thái và cách sử dụng cụ thể được trình bày dưới đây. (These are sometimes functional verbs). a. “Can” is used to denote: - ability: e.g. She can swim. - deduction: e.g. He gets up a bit later than usual so he can be late for school. (high certainty) speculation: e.g. He hasn’t come up yet. He can have had something to do at home. - others: e.g. Can you help me? Or Can I help you? (ask for help or offer to help) You can win if you want. (possibility) - etc. b. “Could” is used to denote: - ability: e.g. She could swim when she was only eight. - deduction: e.g. He could be absent from school as he felt ill last night. (high certainty) - speculation: e.g. He hasn’t come up yet. He could have had trouble with his bike. - others: e.g. Could you tell me how to get to the Square, please? (ask for direction) Could you speak louder, please! (polite request) - etc. Trang 41
- 41. c. “Be ableto - inf” is used to denote: - ability: e.g. She was able to swim when she was only eight. - future: e.g. He will be able to gain a seat at a university. Note: “Be able to - inf”, to some extent, functions as “can” (present tense); “could” (past tense) and replaces “can” in future tense, but in fact, “Be able to - inf” denotes the ability at the time of speaking. - etc. d. “May” is used to denote: - possibility: e.g. It may rain soon. - deduction: e.g. He may be selected as our new manager. (low certainty) - speculation: e.g. He hasn’t come up yet. He may have changed his mind. (low certainty) - others: e.g. May I say something? (ask for permission) - etc. e. “Might” is used to denote: - possibility: e.g. It might be a nice day there then. - deduction: e.g. He might be selected as our new manager. (lower certainty) - speculation: e.g. He hasn’t come up yet. He might have changed his mind. (lower certainty) - etc. f. “Must” is used to denote: - obligation: e.g. I must work hard to please my parents. (I myself want to do so.) - deduction: e.g. He must be selected as our new manager. (certainty) speculation: e.g. He hasn’t come up yet. He must have changed his mind. (certainty) etc. g. “Have to - inf” is used to denote: - compulsion: e.g. I have to work hard to please my parents. (My parents want me to do so.) - past: e.g. He had to work hard to please his parents. (replace must in the past) - future: e.g. He will have to work hard to please his parents. (replace must in the future) - etc. h. “Ought to - inf” is used to denote: I ought to write to him right now. You oughtn’t to go now. Trang 42
- 42. - A: Oughtshe to leave? - B: Yes, I suppose she should. - etc. i. “Will” is used to denote: - future: e.g. Our course will end in July. - promise: e.g. I will try my best to win her heart. (also used as a swear) - invitation: e.g. My party is on Monday night, will you come? - etc. j. “Would” is used to denote: - future in the past: e.g. He said he would help me. - invitation: e.g. Would you like a cold drink? - possibility: e.g. If he tried harder, he would be successful now. - etc. k. “Shall” is used to denote: - future: e.g. I shall be the 12th grade student next month. (for the subjects of I & We and formal way only) - suggestion: e.g. Shall we meet outside the theatre? - etc. l. “Should” is used to denote: - past form of shall: e.g. I told him that I should be there. - advice: e.g. We should do more to protect the wildlife. - etc. Lexical verbs: Động từ mang nghĩa là những động từ mang nghĩa chính cho câu, được chia làm hai loại chính là nội động từ và ngoại động từ phụ thuộc vào tính chất truyền tải ý nghĩa của động từ. Động từ mang nghĩa gồm hai phân nhóm chính là Nội động từ và Ngoại động từ như mô tả dưới đây: 2.1. Intransitive verbs: verbs that can function as verb phrases and make sentences meaningful without any complementation. Nội động từ là những động từ mà tự thân có thể bảo đảm nghĩa cho câu, mà không có sự trợ giúp của tân ngữ. e.g. She cried (noisily). S V A It rains (hard). S V A It is raining (heavily). S V A The wind was blowing (hard). S V A Trang 43
- 43. They laughed (happily). SV A Linking verbs: Động từ nối là những động từ có thể theo sau bởi các tính từ (bổ ngữ). Gồm: become; feel; seem; look; appear; turn; grow; taste; smell; sound; stay; keep; etc e.g. She became exhausted after a long walk. S V C He felt a bit bored. S V C He seemed indifferent. S V C Pete looked tired. Nhưng Pete looked tiredly at the man behind. S V C S V A Lan appeared nicer after having made up carefully. S V C As he grew older, he seemed more active. S V C S V C They tried to keep calm during the discussion. S V C The title of this book sounds interesting. S V C The food tasted delicious. But, he tasted the food deliciously. S V C S V O A 2.2. Transitive verbs: verbs that need objects as the complementation. Là những động từ tự thân không đảm bảo nghĩa cho câu mà cần có các tân ngữ đi kèm, được chia làm ba nhóm chính sau. Mono-transitive verbs: (Ngoại động từ đơn) verbs that followed by one object – là những động từ chỉ cần một tân ngữ theo kèm theo mẫu câu: S – V – O e.g. She bought some kinds of flowers. S V O Ann met her fiancé yesterday. S V O They like apples very much. S V O Trang 44
- 44. He did alot of sight-seeing during his vacation. S V O Lan took many photos when she went shopping in the city centre. S V O Di-transitive verbs: (Ngoại động từ đa) verbs that followed by both direct and indirect objects – Là những động từ mà theo sau là cả tân ngữ trực tiếp và gián tiếp. Những động từ thường gặp nhóm này gồm bring, build, buy, cut, draw, feed, tell, find, get, give, hand, leave, lend, write, make, offer, owe, paint, pass, pay, promiss, read, sell, send, show, teach, etc.theo mẫu câu: S – V – O – O Một số động từ cần lưu ý: one form “buy somebody something” e.g. She bought me some sweets. “explain to somebody (about) something” e.g. He explained to me the rules. “give somebody something” e.g. Pete gave me a wink. “lend somebody something” e.g. Paul lent me $100 yesterday. “make somebody something” e.g. They made me some sandwiches. “send somebody something” e.g. Laura sends me a letter. “bring somebody something” e.g. She brought me a pen. “fix somebody something” e.g. He fixed me a drink. “owe somebody something” e.g. He owed Janet a drink. “draw somebody something” e.g. He drew Janet a portrait. the other form “buy s.t for somebody” e.g. She bought some sweets for me “explain (about) something to somebody” e.g. He explained the rules to me. “give something to somebody” e.g. Pete gave a wink to me. “lend something to somebody” e.g. Paul lent $100 to me yesterday. “make something for somebody” e.g. They made some sandwiches for me. “send something to somebody” e.g. Laura sends a letter to me. “bring something for somebody” e.g. She brought a pen for me. “fix something for somebody” e.g. He fixed a drink for me. “owe something to somebody” e.g. He owed a drink to Janet. “draw something for somebody” e.g. He owed a portrait for Janet. Trang 45
- 45. Complex transitive verbs:follow by an object and its compliment. Ta gọi loại động từ này là ngoại động từ phức hợp, và động từ này tuân theo công thức: S – V – O – C Một số động từ thuộc loại này được ví dụ cụ thể như dưới đây: Make: e.g. The film made me bored. I was bored with the film. The film bored me. I found the film boring. Get: e.g. He gets everything ready for her trip. Everything for her chip is prepared well by her. Find: e.g. They found the long walk tiring. The long walk tired them. They were tired of the long walk. The long walk made them tired. Drive: e.g. His jokes drove me mad. Affixations: phụ tố để tạo động từ 1. en: added to nouns or adjectives (mean make, or lead to). Ta có thể thêm vào trước hoặc sau một số danh từ hay tính từ để tạo thành động từ. Mô tả như dưới đây: prefix suffix root words verbs root words verbs courage encourage length lengthen danger endanger strength strengthen roll enroll broad broaden act enact rich richen large enlarge wide widen rich enrich worse worsen ize/ ise: added to nouns or adjectives (mean make, or develop, or specify). Ta có thể thêm vào sau một số tính từ để tạo thành động từ. Mô tả như dưới đây: adjectives verbs adjectives verbs critic criticize capital capitalize maximum maximize equal equalize minimum minimize industrial industrialize modern modernize natural naturalize popular popularize real realize Trang 46
- 46. IV. Sentence models: 1S + V-intrans They laugh. S V The wind is blowing. S V 2 S + V-monotrans + O He did his homework. S V O Harley carried an umbrella. S V O 3 S + V-in/ extensive + Cs He became famous. S V C They are nearly exhausted. S V C 4 S + V-intrans + A He went abroad. S V A She arrives late. S V A 5 S + V-ditrans + O + O She buys me presents. S V O O That brings my father success. S V O O 6 S + V-complex trans + O + C The story made me bored. S V O C You drive me mad. S V O C Others. BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH Exercise 19: Give ONE of the derived verbs of the given words to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. 1. The noise__________ as the plane got farther away. LESS 2. Our school set up a project to___________ the library system. COMPUTER 3. The breakdown of the negotiations was not__________. EXPECT He is completely__________! Not only is he lazy but he is dishonest too. EMPLOY He won the discus event at the Olympic Games but was later____________ when a medical check proved that he had been QUALIFY Trang 47
- 47. taking drugs. Women whoare slimming can never enjoy a meal without being afraid of_____________ their diet. ORGANISE It is forbidden to hunt for that kind of bird. It has been listed as one of the____________ species. DANGER 8. ___________ children will not be allowed to cross busy roads. ACCOMPANY 9. In nursing, women tend to___________ men by four to one. NUMBER 10. Before enrolling on a course, you should first ensure that it has been___________ by an officially recognized body. VALID 11. He stood at the door to make sure that no one___________ the party. GATE 12. Her health has_____________ considerably since we last saw her. BAD 13. He was_______________ of the consequences in advance INFORMATION 14. This road is so bad that it needs_______________. SURFACE 15. He____________ his brother to take part in 2002 World cup. COURAGE 16. It’s a lovely old house, I agree, but can we afford to____________ it. MODERN They frequently__________ the traffic as they march through the MOBILE streets. 18. Can we______________ the meeting for next Monday at 7 o’clock? ARRANGE 19. I will resign if you continue_______________ what I say. REGARD 20. She was late as she______________ how much time she’d need. ESTIMATE Exercise 20: Give ONE of the derived verbs of the given words to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Politeness is one thing. Real kindness is another. You must learn to _______________ the two. DIFFERENT Our tomatoes are____________ nicely; they'll be ready to eat in RIPE about a week. 3. Actually, there is no short cut to___________ a foreign language. MASTER A right amount of calcium added to our food will help SOLID to___________ our weak bones. 5. He has_____________ in giving up smoking. SUCCESS 6. The water is____________. You can’t drink it. POLLUTION 7. Oscar had eaten so much that he had to___________ his belt. LOOSE The government decided that the country’s agricultural economy should be____________. INDUSTRY 9. Fertilizers can help___________ the soil. RICH 10. He___________ to hit me if I didn't hand over my money. THREAT Trang 48
- 48. 11. He objectedto being_____________ unfair. CRITIC 12. He wished to become a university student and to _____________ in SPECIAL Medicine. _____________ your seatbelts during the plane’s take-off and FAST landing. 14. Don’t forget to____________ the boat when you are away. TIGHT She would have____________ her dream if she had passed the REAL entrance examination. 16. Farmers have to____________ the soil before growing each crop. FERTILE 17. Japan is among the most___________ countries. INDUSTRY 18. The practice of being on a diet has now been so______________. POPULAR 19. We should____________ all the school’s regulations. STANDARD Terrorism____________ the civilized human beings by bombing DANGER and murders. Exercise 21: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Yesterday the naval authorities_____________ the reports in Friday' newspapers that they had explored three bombs near an unknown submarine. A. published B. confirmed C. re-started D. agreed 2. If you have the____________ in an election, you have the legal right to indicate your choice. A. status B. individual C. vote D. equality 3. Professor Richards insisted that every student___________ their report by Friday. A. finish B. finishes C. finished D. had finished 4. In the early 16th century, the geography of the globe still_____________ a mystery. A. maintained B. continued C. was D. remained If you have an old blanket, ___________ it along so that we have something to sit on at the beach. A. bring B. go C. put D. keep 6. We are not allowed___________ jeans at school. A. wear B. to wear C. wearing D. worn 7. Sometimes I do not feel like___________ to my sibling about my troubles. A. talk B. to talk C. talking D. talked Although the team was both mentally and physically exhausted, they___________ on walking. A. stopped B. kept C. took D. put 9. The house stands high in the top of the hill, so it can be___________ from very far. Trang 49
- 49. A. aimed atB. picked up C. visible D. deal with More people speak English than any other language, but non-native speakers now __________ native speakers by three to one. A. outnumber B. overtake C. pass D. dominate 11. Thanks for the sandwich, but you__________ it. I had lunch in town. A. needn’t have made B. mightn’t have made C. shouldn’t have made D. ought to have made Before the plane___________ off, the flight attendant told everyone to fasten their seat belts and put their chairs in an upright position. A. woke B. brought C. kept D. took This letter__________ be from Harry. He doesn’t know my new address. A. might B. can’t C. mustn’t D. shouldn’t 14. Don't forget to___________ your gloves on. It is cold outside. A. let B. make C. put D. fix 15. Politicians frequently__________ a lot of criticism. A. come out in B. catch up with C. come in for D. get up to This is a regional organization that aims to___________ economic growth, social progress, and cultural development. A. account B. include C. accelerate D. respect 17. My father sometimes__________ the washing up after dinner. A. washes B. takes C. makes D. does 18. Waste paper can be used again after being__________. A. produced B. recycled C. wasted D. preserved 19. John is not at home. He____________ go somewhere with Daisy. I am not sure. A. might B. will C. must D. should 20. The boy made his father__________ him a new bag. A. buy B. to buy C. buying D. buys Exercise 22: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. 1. Boy, stop reading. ____________ the book down and go to bed. A. Take B. Put C. Set D. Pick 2. Our relatives_____________ meet us at the station this evening. A. are being B. are going to C. go to D. will be to 3. He____________ for that company for five months when it went bankrupt. A. has been worked B. has worked C. had been working D. was working Trang 50
- 50. 4. At thistime next week, all of the students_____________ for their examinations. A. will be sat B. have been sitting C. have sat D. will be sitting 5. You____________ write to her for she'll be here tomorrow. A. don't B. mustn't C. needn't D. haven't 6. Can you____________ what it would be like to live without books? A. imagine B. advise C. describe D. understand 7. ___________ anything suspicious arise; please let me know at once. A. Should B. Would C. Can D. Did 8. The athlete had tried his best to___________ his SEA Games title and records. A. carry B. perform C. defend D. support 9. After closing the envelope, the secretary____________ the stamps on firmly. A. stuck B. struck C. sucked D. licked The country is now willing to___________ part in the Games hosted by a European country by the end of the year. A. play B. lose C. take D. enjoy 11. Suppose I___________ half the money I owe you. Would that satisfy you? A. will pay B. would pay C. pay D. paid I cannot believe Peter and Mary___________ up last week. They have been married for almost fifteen years. I hope they get back together. A. went B. gave C. looked D. broke 13. Not only_________________ the exam but she also got a scholarship. A. did she pass B. she passed C. she has passed D. has she passed 14. "___________ stupid, you will never get good marks by cheating." A. Be not B. Not be C. Don't be D. Won't be It took us over twelve hours to hike over the mountain. By the time we got back to our campsite, I was completely___________ out. A. worn B. went C. put D. knocked 16. The policeman___________ me off with a warning as it was Christmas. A. sent B. gave C. let D. set If you don't have the telephone number now, you can___________ me up later and give it to me then. A. call B. stop C. give D. hold I didn't get to see the end of that mystery movie on TV last night. How did it___________ out? A. go B. make C. bring D. turn Trang 51
- 51. When he realizedthe police had spotted him, the man__________ the exit as quickly as possible. A. made up B. made out C. made off D. made for 20. Traffic is being___________ from the High Street while the water main is under repair. A. subverted B. averted C. diverted D. perverted Exercise 23: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. 1. Either you or Daisy____________ the vase. There is no one else in the room. A. has been broken B. have been broken C. has broken D. have broken 2. Old Mr. Brown’s condition looks very serious and it is doubtful if he will____________. A. pull up B. pull back C. pull through D. pull out When__________ a European, we should stick to the last name unless he suggests that we use his first name. A. talking B. speaking C. discussing D. addressing Jack is having his lawyer____________ up the contract to make sure that all of the legalities are properly dealt with. A. go B. look C. get D. draw 5. When you are finished using the computer, can you please__________ it off. A. take B. turn C. do D. go The school principle___________ that all students hand in their mobile phones to teachers during school hours. A. strongly advised B. urgently asked C. firmly told D. firmly insisted 7. I supposed, as____________ we all, that the meeting would be cancelled. A. did B. equally C. would D. just 8. "You____________ put the car in the garage. I'm going out in it later". A. mustn't B. haven't C. needn't D. can't 9. ___________ I have a day off tomorrow? - Of course not. We have a lot of things to do. A. Must B. Will C. May D. Need 10. He tried to limit himself to___________ 10 cigarettes a day. A. be smoking B. have smoked C. smoke D. smoking 11. The tin opener seemed_______________ for left-hand people. A. to be designed B. being designed C. to design D. designing 12. The computer____________ reprogramming. There is something wrong with the software. A. must B. need C. should D. may 13. This is the third time James____________ the volunteer program to the village. Trang 52
- 52. A. joins B.joined C. has joined D. has been joining 14. Don’t____________ the kettle; it’s still hot. A. touch B. feel C. look D. taste It was very difficult for the inspector to_____________ what recommendations he should make. A. decide B. settle C. solve D. realize 16. James won five medals at the competition. His parents____________ very proud of him. A. can’t be B. can’t have C. must have been D. could have been Mark: “What does "w.w.w"____________ for?” Linda: “Is it short for “world wide web?”” A. sit B. stand C. lie D. point 18. Marsha is going to take extra lessons to___________ what she missed when she was away. A. catch up on B. put up with C. cut down on D. take up with 19. The baby does nothing but____________ all day. A. to sleep and to eat B. to sleep and eat C. sleep and eat D. sleeping and eating 20. Andy___________ across the lawn. A. danced wildly B. was wildly danced C. was dancing wild D. was being danced wildly Exercise 24: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. “Follow me”____________ a very popular English teaching program on television in the 80s. A. used to be B. was used to C. was used to being D. used as 2. I’m the only person here who went to state school, ____________? A. am I? B. aren’t I C. do I D. didn’t I? 3. Kelvin___________ every summer. A. plays softball and tennis B. plays with softball and tennis C. is played softball and tennis D. is played with softball and tennis 4. The eagle___________ higher and higher in the sky. A. soar B. soared C. is soared D. was soared 5. It____________ me only five minutes to get to school. A. cost B. took C. brought D. spent 6. This is a___________ flight so please be prepared. A. stopping B. stopped C. non-stop D. stopover 7. How much do you___________ Tam? A. measure B. weight C. heavy D. weigh Trang 53
- 53. 8. Is itpossible for us to____________ to the cinema without him? A. reach B. come C. arrive D. go 9. I want you to___________ your best clothes tonight for the party. A. wore B. dress C. put on D. hung up. As all field players are only allowed to touch the ball with one hand at a time, they must develop the ability to catch and ___________ the ball with either hand. A. throw B. point C. score D. cross 11. The explorers made a fire to___________ off wild animals. A. get B. keep C. take D. go 12. The doctor asked his patient to____________ down the coach. A. lay B. sit C. lie D. come 13. The children won’t go to bed until their parents have____________ so. A. gone B. been C. done D. prepared 14. If something urgent has___________ up, phone me immediately and I will help you. A. picked B. come C. kept D. brought 15. The passengers had to wait because the plane____________ off one hour late. A. took B. turned C. cut D. made 16. These trousers don't___________. They are much too big for the child. A. suit B. pass C. fit D. match 17. You really can't_____________ a thing that woman says! A. imagine B. believe C. rely D. count 18. I do not use those things any more. You can___________ them away. A. get B. fall C. throw D. make 19. If only I___________ play the guitar as well as you! A. would B. should C. could D. might 20. They were late for work because their car____________ down. A. got B. put C. cut D. broke Exercise 25: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. 1. We fell over some pieces of wood___________ lying around. A. leave B. leaves C. leaving D. left 2. My father had the telephone___________ out of his office. A. take B. taking C. taken D. to take 3. There is only one student in the classroom___________ his lesson. A. prepared B. to prepare C. preparation D. preparing 4. I wish our teacher___________ our problems a little better. Trang 54
- 54. A. understand B.understands C. understood D. will understand 5. They all laughed because the film was very___________. A. amuse B. amusing C. amused D. amusement 6. The girl weeps whenever she___________ such a story. A. hears B. had heard C. will hear D. heard 7. The entrance examination___________ in July. A. begin B. has begun C. begins D. shall begin 8. I wish I___________ him, but I don't. A. am liking B. like C. liked D. was liking 9. The authority____________ down that building to build a supermarket. A. knocked B. came C. went D. fell Birth control methods have____________ women from the endless cycle of childbearing and rearing. A. free B. freely C. freedom D. freed 11. Anna: “___________ I be here by 6 o'clock?” Maria: “No, you ___________.” A. Shall/ mightn't B. Must/ needn't C. Will/ mayn't D. Might/ won't 12. “We'd better___________ if we want to get there in time.” A. put down B. speed up C. turn down D. take up If I had gone white water rafting with my friends, I___________ down the Colorado River right now. A. should have floated B. must be floating C. would be floating D. would have been floating 14. It is a good book. I think it is interesting enough for you to ____________. A. put down B. swallow C. look up D. understand 15. We saw a man___________ in the street yesterday. A. staggered B. staggering C. to stagger D. staggers 16. I want this exercise____________ in ink. A. write B. to write C. writing D. to be written 17. It's no good___________ your father about your failure. A. to tell B. tell C. telling D. told 18. The room is too dirty. It____________ now. A. should clean B. should have cleaned C. should be cleaning D. should be cleaned 19. The situation____________ to continue. A. cannot allow B. cannot be allowed C. cannot have allowed D. cannot be allowing Trang 55
- 55. 20. The studentsrefused____________ to school in the afternoon. A. returning B. to return C. to be returned D. return Exercise 26: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. 1. When I was ten, I___________ watch most TV programmes if I asked my parents first. A. might B. may C. can D. could 2. That car___________ several times this year. A. was repaired B. repaired C. has repaired D. had been repaired 3. The machine____________ on by pressing this switch. A. can turn B. can be turned C. must turn D. should be turning 4. Stop. ____________ you see that notice? A. Did B. Don't C. Won't D. Will When the offense takes possession of the ball, the strategy is to___________ the ball down the field of play and to score a goal. A. create B. ride C. advance D. eject 6. I___________ this letter around for days without looking at it. A. am carrying B. will be carrying C. carry D. have been carrying 7. She heated the chocolate until it_____________ then poured it over the cake. A. changed B. formed C. melted D. flooded 8. The manager had his secretary___________ the report for him. A. to have typed B. typed C. type D. to type 9. I have been trying to ring him up all day and I could not___________ through. A. get B. take C. look D. hang 10. I would really___________ your help with this assignment. A. respect B. take C. appreciate D. thank 11. Can you keep calm for a moment? You___________ noise in class! A. are always made B. always make C. have always made D. are always making 12. The water supply of the building was____________ off because the pipes burst. A. handed B. held C. cut D. paid I’ve just been told some____________ news. A. astonish B. astonishment C. astonished D. astonishing If people___________ after their houses properly, the police wouldn’t have so much work to do. A. looked B. look C. have looked D. should look 15. - Jack: “How are you___________ on with your work?” Trang 56
- 56. - Jill: “Itis OK.” A. calling B. getting C. laying D. looking 16. Everybody agrees that no more staff____________. A. should employ B. should not be employed C. will not be employed D. will be employed 17. You need more exercise - you should___________ jogging. A. try on B. take up C. carry out D. hold up 18. That pipe___________ for ages - we must get it mended. A. has been leaking B. is leaking C. had been leaking D. leaks Things____________ clear to them so that they can do the work in the way that you have told them. A. are making B. ought to be made C. have made D. needn't be made “Can you __________ me a favor, Bill?” Peter said. A. make B. get C. put D. do BÀI 3. ADJECTIVES - TÍNH TỪ I. Definition: Words that denote colours, sizes, shapes, weights, characteristics, quality, quantity, and states of things, persons, actions, etc. Là từ dùng để chỉ màu sắc, kích cỡ, hình dạng, trọng lượng, đặc điểm, chất lượng, số lượng, và trạng thái của sự vật, hiện tượng. Kinds (Classification): phân loại Main kinds: phân loại chính Demonstrative: (tính từ chỉ định) this, that, those, these. e.g. This book is mine and that is yours. I’d like to have a look at those shoes, please. Distributive: (tính từ phân phối) each, every, either, neither. e.g. Each room has its own TV set. We care for every client there. Quantitative: (tính từ chỉ số lượng) some, any, no, little, few, many, much, numbers. e.g. Some books are new and few are old. She has met many strangers in the town. Interrogative: (tính từ nghi vấn) which, what, whose. e.g. Which hat is your, the red or the blue one? What kind of films do you like to watch? Possessive: (tính từ sở hữu) my, your, his, her, our, its, their Trang 57
- 57. e.g. Your carneeds cleaning. He apologized to her for having hurt her feelings. Quality: (tính từ chỉ phẩm chất) clever, dry, fat, golden, heavy,… e.g. He was very clever at making decision. The winners will be presented with golden medals. Derived adjectives: Tính từ phái sinh là những tính từ được phái sinh từ các từ gốc khác để đảm nhận chức năng của tính từ. cụ thể như sau: Present participles: Một số động từ như amaze, amuse, bore, embarrass, excite, exhaust, frighten, interest, surprise, tire, etc. có thể thêm hậu tố ING để tạo thành các tính từ chỉ đặc điểm, tính chất của sự vật, hiện tượng như: amazing, amusing, boring, embarrassing, exciting, exhausting, frightening, interesting, surprising, tiring, etc. e.g. We found the film amazing. They thought the long walk was tiring. A boring night didn’t appeal to him. An interesting book interested me. The exciting monkey snatched the boy’s ice-cream. Past participles: Một số động từ như amaze, amuse, bore, embarrass, excite, exhaust, frighten, interest, surprise, tire, etc. có thể thêm hậu tố ED để tạo thành các tính từ chỉ đặc điểm, tính chất của người như: amazed, amused, bored, embarrassed, excited, exhausted, frightened, interested, surprised, tired, etc. e.g. We are nearly exhausted after so long a walk. They felt extremely tired after a day of hard work. She was embarrassed when she found herself naked. Susan became so excited when she heard the good news. The boy was frightened by the thrilling action in the movie. Others: compound words used as adjectives: e.g. Ha Noi is a one-thousand-year-old city. An eighty-year-old lady showed me the way here. This is a hard-to-put-down book. Those are hard-to-pick-up-again ones. * noun-ed used as adjectives: e.g An one-eyed man told me to sit down. The manned craft landed safely. The unmanned one burst into flames after the crash. That is the four-bedroomed flat. Trang 58
- 58. Adverbs-past participles usedas adjectives: e.g. He was a well-educated man. They are properly-trained workers. The poorly-prepared trip turned to be disastrous. They entered an ill-lighted room. Functions (Position): chức năng hay vị trí Noun-subordinator: Tính từ thực hiện chức năng làm bổ nghĩa cho danh từ, tính từ thường được đặt liền trước các danh từ để chỉ tính chất, đặc điểm của danh từ đó. e.g. This is a new book. She is really a kind-hearted lady. We live in a very large room. Note: Khi có nhiều tính từ cùng bổ nghĩa cho một danh từ ta cần chú ý đến trật tự các tính từ như bảng dưới đây: Opinion → 2. Size → 3. Age → 4. Shape → 5. Color → 6. Origin → 7. Material e.g. My beautiful large new round brown Vietnamese conical leaf hat is over there. Verb-complementation: Tính từ thực hiện chức năng làm bổ ngữ cho động từ, tính từ thường theo sau các động từ (linking verbs) như: be, become, seem, appear, feel, get, grow (become), keep, look (appear), make, smell, sound, taste, turn,… e.g. She is really beautiful. They became more and more nervous. He seemed tired. Mr. An felt a bit disappointed. But some verbs can take either an adjective or an adverb: e.g. He looks calm. (=He himself is calm) He looks calmly at the angry crowd. (= He shows no attitude to the angry crowd) Comparison forms: cấp so sánh đối với các tính từ có thể được trình bày theo dạng dưới đây: 3.1. Positive degree: so sánh bằng của tính từ a. Formula: S – V – as – adjs – as – O b. Examples: She is as tall as my wife. Peter was as hard-working as I was. Note: negative formula Trang 59 not – as/so – adjs – as
- 59. e.g. Helen isnot as strict as Jane. He was not so intelligent as his fellows. The house is not as comfortable as the previous one. 3.2. Comparative degree: Hình thức so sánh hơn của tính từ a. Monosyllable-adjectives: Đối với tính từ đơn âm tiết hoặc tính từ đa âm tiết nhưng có tận cùng bằng “y”, “ow”, hoặc “er”: S – V – adjs -ER – than – O e.g. Lan is shorter than Na She was better at English than we were. She looked happier than her brother. Multi-syllable-adjectives: Đối với tính từ đa âm tiết S – V – more – adjs – than – O e.g. She was more hard-working than us. We are more intelligent than him. Helen is more beautiful than she used to be. 3.3. Superlative degree: so sánh hơn nhất a. Monosyllable-adjectives: Đối với tính từ đơn âm tiết hoặc tính từ đa âm tiết nhưng có tận cùng bằng “y”, “ow”, hoặc “er”: S – V – the – adjs - EST e.g. Nam is the best in our class. She was the kindest lady I’ve ever met. Lam is the happiest in our group. b. Multi-syllable- adjectives: Đối với tính từ đa âm tiết S – V – the – most – adjs e.g. Sarah was the most intelligent in my group. She is the most hard-working girl I’ve ever known. Water is one of the most important factors to life. Notes: For adjectives ending in “er”, “y”, “ly”, or the irregular cases – Bảng các hình thức so sánh của các tính từ bất qui tắc: Adjective Comparative Superlative 1. bad worse the worst 2. clever cleverer the cleverest Trang 60
- 60. 3. far farther/further the farthest/ furthest 4. good better the best 5. happy happier the happiest 6. little less the least 7. many/ much more the most 8. old older/ elder the oldest/ eldest 9. pretty prettier the prettiest 10. silly sillier the silliest 3.4. Double comparison: Hình thức so sánh kép gồm 4 mẫu câu sau: S – V – adj-ER – and – adj-ER e.g. She is becoming older and wiser. S – V – adj-ER – and – more – adj e.g. It was getting darker and more humid. c. S – V – more – adj – and – adj-ER e.g. He is more hard-working and smarter. S – V – more – adj – and – more – adj e.g. Linh is becoming more industrious and more intelligent. 3.5. Parallel comparison: hình thức so sánh thăng tiến gồm 4 mẫu câu sau: a. a. The adj-ER - S – V, the adj-ER – S – V e.g. The older she is. the wiser she becomes. The adj-ER - S – V, the more adj – S – V e.g. The darker it was, the more humid it seemed to be. The more adj - S – V, the adj-ER – S – V e.g. The more hard-working he is, the smarter he becomes. The more adj - S – V, the more adj – S – V e.g. The more industrious Linh is, the more intelligent he gets. Confused words: Một số từ dễ bị nhầm lẫn về cách sử dụng. Trang 61
- 61. a. like/ alike: *like (adj) giống e.g. Tom is very like Bill. * alike (adj) giống nhau e.g. Tom and Bill are alike. b. like/ as: * like (adv) giống e.g. He swims like a fish. You look like a ghost. * as (adv) như là e.g. Do as I told you. He ate as he had been hungry for months c. like + N/ as + N: * like (adv) giống e.g. He worked like a slave. (He worked very hard/ He wasn’t a slave). * as (adv) là e.g. He worked as a slave. (He was a slave in fact). d. The adjectives: the –được đặt trước các tính từ để chỉ nhóm các sự vật hiện tượng có chung một tính chất. e.g. The rich are not always happy. The poor need support from the whole community. The retarded find it hard to integrate. The suspected are not allowed to travel abroad. IV. Adjectival clauses: Một số các mệnh đề tính ngữ cơ bản thường gặp 1. That – clause: It be adj that - S – V e.g. It is disappointed that he failed the exam. It’s better that someone should tell him. 2. find/ think/ believe + that: S – V - that - it be adj to-inf e.g. I found that it is impossible to start now. She thought that it was silly to ask him to stay. We believe that it will be easier to get a seat in a university in the future. Comment: Với các tính từ theo cấu trúc: It be adj of O to - inf Character: Các tính từ chỉ tính cách như: brave, careless, cowardly (nhút nhát), cruel, generous, good, nice (=kind), mean, rude, selfish... e.g. It is brave of Maria to go out at night alone. It is cowardly of him not to talk in public spaces. It is generous of Mr. Pike to offer me a lift. Trang 62
- 62. It is selfishto care for ourselves only. Sense: Các tính từ chỉ phẩm chất như: clever, foolish, idiotic (ngu), intelligent, sensible (nhạy bén), silly, stupid,… e.g. It is idiotic of Maria to go out at night alone. It is clever of him not to talk in public spaces. It is sensible of Mr. Pike to offer me a lift. It is stupid to care for ourselves only. 4. Pronoun + be + adjs + noun + infinitives: Using the above adjectives and – Hình thức này sử dụng các tính từ như phần trên, ngoài ra còn dung với các tính từ sau đây: astonishing, curious, ridiculous (lố bịch), unreasonable, funny(=strange), odd (lập dị), pointless, useful, useless,… e.g. That’s the amazing idea to show. It was an unreasonable result to accept. He was an odd person to talk to. It will be a funny thing to do when we go fishing. It’s - adjs – to infinitives Dùng với các tình từ sau: advisable, inadvisable, better, best, desirable, essential, good, important, necessary, unnecessary, vital (tất yếu),… e.g. It’s advisable to put our money into the bank. It’s best to stop discussing the matter now. It’s important to know one’s limitation. It be - adjs - (for O) – to infinitives Dùng với các tình từ sau: convenient, dangerous, difficult, easy, hard, possible, important, safe,… e.g. It’s safe for us to put our money into the bank. It’s difficult for them to stop discussing the matter now. It’s important for everyone to know one’s limitation. S - be - adjs - to infinitives Dùng với các tình từ sau: angry, delighted, dismayed, glad, happy, pleased, relieved, sorry, sad e.g. They are angry to hear that their house was broken into. He is delighted to know his entrance examination results. I am glad to talk to you. Trang 63 S – V - adj - N to-inf
- 63. S - be- glad/ happy/ sorry/ sad/… - to say/ tell/ inform e.g. I am glad to tell you that you win the prize. We are sorry to inform you that you lose the match. Others adjs + to find/ learn/ hear/ see/…) Như: able, unable, apt, inclined, liable, prone, prepared, quick, reluctant, slow, ready, willing, It - be – adj that S – V (không chia)/ should V Được dùng với các tính từ sau: advisable, inadvisable, better, best, desirable, essential, good, important, necessary, unnecessary, vital, compulsory, suggested, etc. e.g. It’s advisable that he (should) be on-time. It’s vital that one (should) have medical insurance. It’s important that corporal punishments on children be banned. 10. Special cases: các cấu trúc đặc biệt Due: (sắp xảy ra chỉ thời gian) e.g. The race is due to start in 5 minutes. Due to: a result of (vì, do bởi, chỉ một kết quả) e.g. The accident was due to his carelessness. Owing to: because of (bởi vì, do bởi, chỉ một nguyên nhân) e.g. Owing to his carelessness, we had an accident. Certain/ sure + to V= opinion (chắc là – chỉ một suy đoán) e.g. He is sure to take legal action. Certain/ sure that + (clause) = opinion (chắc là – chỉ một suy đoán) e.g. I am certain that the price will be higher. Certain/ sure/ confident of + N/G: (chỉ sự quyết tâm) e.g. He was sure of entering the haunted house. Bound + to V= obligation (Việc sắp sửa diễn ra) e.g. We were bound to leave. Afraid/ ashamed of + N/G: (sợ hay xấu hổ vì điều gì) e.g. She was afraid of being left alone. Sorry for/ about + N/G: (hối tiếc về điều gì đó) e.g. Tom felt sorry for making so many mistakes. Afraid/ ashamed/ sorry + to V: (sợ, xấu hổ, tiếc vì phải..) e.g. I’m sorry to tell you that bad news. Anxious about = worried (lo lắng vì điều gì) e.g. He was anxious about going in the dark alone. Anxious for O to V = wish (muốn làm gì) Trang 64
- 64. e.g. He wasanxious for you to go in the dark alone. Anxious that + (clause) e.g. We are anxious that we couldn’t come. Fortunate/ lucky that + (clause) = It’s a good thing… e.g. It was lucky that we weren’t late. S + be fortunate/ lucky to V e.g. She was lucky to have such an interesting book. Possible/ probable/ likely + future = perhaps e.g. It’s possible that man will live longer. Aware/ conscious of N/G e.g. We should be aware of protecting our nature. Aware/ conscious + that + (clause) e.g. She was conscious that she would be late. V. Suffixes: Cách kiến tạo ra tính từ qua các hậu tố. suffixes words 1. able portable agreeable eatable 2. al parental musical moral 3. ed tired bored excited 4. en woolen golden wooden 5. ful careful useful helpful 6. ial essential trial social 7. ible visible legible edible 8. ic politic romantic historic 9. ing tiring boring exciting 10. ish reddish whitish blackish 11. ive active effective native 12. less careless useless helpless 13. ly lovely lively friendly 14. ous industrious enormous dangerous 15. some troublesome worrisome 16. y wealthy healthy rainy others: Nationality an American German Venezuelan ese Chinese Sudanese Vietnamese i Iraqi Israeli Yemeni Trang 65
- 65. ian Australian BrazilianItalian ish English Danish Turkish other Czech Dutch French Greek Swiss Thai BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH Exercise 27: Give ONE of the derived adjectives of the given words. roots adjectives roots adjectives 1. accident ………………… 16. mean ………………… 2. industry ………………… 17. home ………………… 3. inform ………………… 18. poison ………………… 4. history ………………… 19. danger ………………… 5. politics ………………… 20. value ………………… 6. parent ………………… 21. understand ………………… 7. essence ………………… 22. advice ………………… 8. confide ………………… 23. eat ………………… 9. act ………………… 24. tire ………………… 10. affect ………………… 25. bore ………………… 11. destroy ………………… 26. excite ………………… 12. defend ………………… 27. avoid ………………… 13. produce ………………… 28. benefit ………………… 14. compete ………………… 29. success ………………… 15. thank ………………… 30. chaos ………………… Exercise 28: Give ONE of the derived adjectives of the given words to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. 1.The book doesn’t say much about prices, but it is very__________ INFORM about everything else. 2. He lost in the election because he was a weak and____________ DECIDE leader. 3. I couldn’t help it. The accident was_____________. AVOID 4. He was very______________ when his cat was run over. SET 5. Keith’s exam results turned out to be____________. DISASTER 6.I think it’s sheer___________ to get married in church if you don’t HYPOCRITE believe in God. 7. These countries are___________ in imports of raw cotton. PREFER 8. Sam was accused of stealing some___________ documents. CONFIDE Trang 66
- 66. 9. You donot have to go. Your decision must be entirely___________. VOLUNTEER 10. Going swimming everyday would have very____________ effects. BENEFIT 11. He felt___________ certain about his success. TOLERATE 12. Do you feel____________ to the new job? ATTRACT 13. He works for UNESCO in a purely___________ role. ADVICE 14. Watching television can be very___________. EDUCATE 15. Those countries are___________ on other countries for most of their DEPEND food. 16. She is extremely_____________ about the history of art. KNOW 17. Traveling in big cities is becoming more and more__________ every TROUBLE day. 18. The trouble with Mr. Brown is that he’s so_____________. One minute CONSIST he goes mad when you come late; the next he says nothing. You never know where you are! 19. I didn’t know who it was – with a mask on she was completely ____________. RECONGNISE 20. The surgeon tried their best to save his life, but unfortunately the operation was___________. SUCCESS Exercise 29: Give ONE of the derived adjectives of the given words to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. 1. He was very_____________ of the work he had done. PRIDE 2. Are there any____________ rivers left in the world? POLLUTE 3. After the explosion, only two people were left___________. LIVE 4. Those____________ group has never lost its appeal. THEATRE 5. Dolphins, ___________ species, sometimes jump above the surface MAMMAL of the water. 6. He’s the most___________ , ill-mannered person I’ve ever met. PLEASE 7.The situation is so___________ in some countries now that it is CHAOS difficult to see any solution. 8. Computers are now considered___________ in the business world. DISPENSE 9. The damage caused by the terrible storm two days ago was____________ by the government. The real figures go up every ESTIMATE minute. 10. Barack Obama is the first President of the United States with____________ background. RACE Trang 67
- 67. 11. The studentsare already____________ with the work of ACQUAINT Shakespeare. 12. She’s so____________ that she won’t let anything stand in the way MIND of her ambition. 13. That was a very____________ thing to say. HURT 14. It’s____________ of him to lose his temper like that – he’s usually CHARACTER very calm. 15. Different conservation efforts have been made in order to DANGER save______________ species. 16. Her son is always mischievous and_______________, which annoys OBEY her very much. 17. You can never be sure what my sister is going to do. She is so____________. PREDICT 18. We found it______________ to your wonderful news. THRILL There was a___________ dissatisfaction with the government’s WIDE policies. I was kept_______________ last night by the noise from a party in WAKE the flat above. Exercise 30: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. 1. I was most___________ of his efforts to help me during the crisis. A. appreciation B. appreciable C. appreciate D. appreciative 2.The International Committee of the Red Cross is a private___________ institution founded in 1863 in Geneva, Switzerland. A. human B. humanity C. humanization D. humanitarian 3. Peter isn’t keen on exercise, but he isn’t___________ to the occasional walk. A. averse B. unwilling C. reluctant D. contrary 4.___________ players are not allowed to interfere with the opponent's movements unless the player is holding the ball. A. Defense B. Defensive C. Defender D. Defensively 5. Richard is__________ to give up immediately when faced with any problems. A habitual B. subject C. susceptible D. apt 6. I wanted to go a more____________ route across Montana. A. north B. northerly C. northerner D. northernmost 7. She is a slow student. She seems to be unable to concentrate on anything in___________. A. particular B. particularly C. particularity D. particularize Trang 68
- 68. 8. This developmentproject could be of great help to the___________ Vietnamese population. A. major B. living C. rural D. domestic 9. There’s a lot more to Willie than one would think: still waters run___________. A. deep B. deeply C. deepness D. depth 10.Many teenagers are not much___________ in reading books, except for what they are made to read at school. A. excited B. important C. slow D. interested 11. The copy machine was reduced to even __________ the sale price. A. least as B. as much as C. more than D. less than 12. It is___________ to fail a job interview, but try again. A. disappoint B. disappointing C. disappointedly D. disappointment 13. Most crimes that are committed are no more than__________ theft. A. slight B. small C. unimportant D. petty 14.Students also have the opportunity to choose from a wide range of___________ courses in the university. A. compulsory B. optional C. required D. limited 15. She is extremely competent and__________. A. industrial B. industrious C. industry D. industrialized Mr. Hudson provided us with an___________ guide to the full-time and part-time programs on offer to a range of candidates drawn from schools and colleges. A. inform B. informative C. informed D. information 17. I’m very lazy. I only go to the gym once in a__________ moon. A. black B. blue C. full D. new 18. All payments to the organization are___________ and are received as donations. A. volunteer B. voluntary C. voluntarily D. voluntariness 19. His eyes were light blue and__________ in their innocence. A. childless B. childish C. childlike D. childhood A university is an institution of higher education and research, which grants___________ degrees at all levels in a variety of subjects. A. secondary B. optional C. academic D. vocational Exercise 31: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. 1. That meat is__________ for human consumption. A. unfit B. inadequate C. uncompetent D. different 2. A(n)___________ species is a population of an organism which is at risk of becoming extinct. A. dangerous B. endanger C. endangered D. endangerment Trang 69
- 69. 3. I am________to come to the meeting on Monday evening, please apologize for my absence. A. unable B. impossible C. incapable D. unlikely 4. In the South, ___________ development concentrated on rice cultivation, and nationally, rice and rubber were the main items of export. A. industrial B. agricultural C. mining D. textile 5. The more he tried to explain, __________ we got. A. the much confused B. the many confusing C. the more confusing D. the more confused In former days, after the battles soldiers on both sides died or were left wounded on the field without an ___________ attendance and basic care. A. medicine B. medical C. medication D. medically 7. The new policies include cutting___________ subsidies and trade barriers. A. agriculture B. agricultural C. agriculturalist D. agriculturally 8. The music aroused an___________ feeling of homesickness in him. A. intentional B. intense C. intended D. intensive 9. According to the boss, John is the most___________ for the position of executive secretary. A. supportive B. caring C. suitable D. comfortable 10. He was very respectful at home and___________ to his parents. A. responsible B. caring C. obedient D. lovely 11. Jane is plain, but her sister is very____________. A. complex B. attractive C. sympathetic D. sophisticated 12. London is home to people of many___________ cultures. A. diverse B. diversity C. diversify D. diversification 13. Her job was so___________ that she decided to quit it. A. interesting B. satisfactory C. stressful D. wonderful 14. Their flat is decorated in a__________ combination of color. A. tasteful B. sweet C. delicious D. tasty A specific area of biotechnology that shows great promise for treatment and cure of life- ___________ diseases. A. developing B. threatening C. hoping D. fitting The Prime Minister is to consider changes to sexually____________ laws to enforce equal opportunities. A. discriminate B. discrimination C. discriminatory D. discriminated 17. This ring is made of plastic so it is quite____________. A. valuable B. invaluable C. worthless D. priceless 18. The more___________ and positive you look, the better you will feel. A. confide B. confident C. confidently D. confidence Trang 70
- 70. 19. He wasoffered the job thanks to his___________ performance during his job interview. A. impress B. impression C. impressive D. impressively The doctor gave the patient a(n)___________ examination to discover the cause of his collapse. A. thorough B. exact C. universal D. whole Exercise 32: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. 1. Many young men prefer scuba-diving because it is___________. A. adventure B. adventurous C. adventurously D. adventurist The AIDS___________ continues to spread around the world. Up to 4,000 people are infected with the HIV virus every single day. A. treatment B. epidemic C. tsunami D. damage When a fire broke out in the Louvre, at least twenty___________ paintings were destroyed, including two by Picasso. A. worthless B. priceless C. valueless D. worthy 4. His brother refuses to even listen to anyone else's point of view. He is very___________. A. open-minded B. kind-hearted C. narrow-minded D. absent-minded 5. Someone who is___________ thinks that bad things are going to happen. A. optimistic B. pessimistic C. threatened D. hopeful 6. The bride looked___________ on her wedding than she does as usual. A. nicer and more attractive B. more nicer and more attractive C. more nicer and more attractive D. more attractive and nicer 7. As__________ as I know, we have not received a bill for the new computer. A. much B. long C. soon D. far 8. The project was rejected because of__________ funds. A. unavailable B. inconsiderable C. incomplete D. insufficient 9. She is __________ to leave as soon as possible. A. cautious B. anxious C. worried D. nervous 10. The success of the sport event had a great contribution of many___________ volunteers. A. support B. supporter C. supportive D. supportively The___________ challenge of economic, reform was to solve the problems of motivating workers and farmers to produce a larger surplus. A. initial B. initiate C. initiative D. initiation Because of__________ weather conditions, California has an advantage in the production of fruits and vegetables. Trang 71
- 71. A. favour B.favourably C. favourite D. favourable Women always feel moved when they find somebody who understands them__________ they know themselves. A. better as B. more better than C. better than D. as better than They started, as___________ gatherings but they have become increasingly formalized in the last few years. A. informal B. informally C. informalize D. informality 15. I am so___________ that I cannot say anything, but keep silent. A. nerve B. nervous C. nervously D. nervousness 16. After a___________ hesitation, she began to speak with such a convincing voice. A. rude B. slight C. small D. impolite He is one of the most___________ bosses I have ever worked with. He behaves rudely to not only me but also others in the staff. A. thoughtful B. impolite C. attentive D. communicative 18. Those specialists are trying to find ways of making more________ use of agricultural land. A. produce B. production C. productive D. productivity 19. Although they are poor and hard, they are____________ to their children’s success. A. content B. proud C. satisfied D. boastful In the future, the number of tiny but___________ computers you encounter every day will number in the thousands, perhaps millions. A. power B. powerful C. powerfully D. powered Exercise 33: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. 1. It is___________ not to say "Thank you" when you are given something. A. small B. rude C. slight D. formal In England, primary education is provided by state schools run by the government and by ___________ fee-paying schools. A. independent B. independently C. depended D. independence 3. My computer is not_____________ of running this software. A. able B. compatible C. capable D. suitable 4. To Vietnamese students, the___________ examination to university is very difficult. A. require B. requirement C. requiring D. required Despite many recent___________ advances, there are parts where schools are not equipped with computers. A. technology B. technological C. technologically D. technologist Trang 72
- 72. He’s a very____________person because he can make other workers follow his advice. A. creative B. influential C. deciding D. effective 7. Many people have objected to the use of animals in___________ experiments. A. science B. scientist C. scientific D. scientifically 8. Many____________ crafts such as weaving are now being revived. A. habitual B. traditional C. customary D. ordinary 9. After he had returned from the desert, he was confined to bed by a____________ disease. A. mystery B. mysterious C. mysteriously D. mysteriousness 10. James should have stayed out of the sun as his skin is so____________. A. sensible B. sensitive C. insensible D. senseless 11. Have you any objections______________ this new road scheme? A. with B. for C. at D. to Current extinction rates are at least 100 to 1,000 times higher than___________ rates found in the fossil record. A. nature B. natural C. naturally D. naturalness “Don’t worry. I have____________ tire at the back of my car.” A. other B. others C. the other D. another 14. Not many people find reading more ____________ than watching TV. A. interest B. interested C. interesting D. interestingly 15. His house is nothing out of the___________; it’s just an average five-room house. A. normal B. usual C. ordinary D. typical 16. To become a novelist, you need to be____________. A. imagine B. imagination C. imaginative D. imaginarily 17. Is he really____________ to judge a brass band contest? A. efficient B. skillful C. capable D. competent A____________ problem, feeling, or belief is difficult to change because its causes have been there for a long time. A. deep-seated B. significant C. dependent D. intellectual 19. I think giving a presentation in front of the class is____________. A. slow B. stupid C. famous D. scary Someone who is___________ is hopeful about the future or the success of something in particular. A. powerful B. optimistic C. stagnant D. pessimistic Exercise 34: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. 1. The traffic in town was very____________ and I arrived home earlier than expected. Trang 73
- 73. A. light B.weak C. little D. few 2. Western women are more ____________ than Asian women. A. depend B. dependent C. independent D. independently Although David was___________ after a day’s work in the office, he tried to help his wife the household chores. A. exhaustion B. exhausted C. exhausting D. exhaustive 4. Are you sure that boys are more___________ than girls? A. act B. active C. action D. activity 5. The lake contained ______________________ thousands of fish. A. much B. one C. many D. few 6. What are the____________ of that country? - I think it is some kinds of cheese and sauces. A. drinks B. beverages C. grains D. special dishes 7. The witness’s account was not____________ with the facts. A. matched B. reliable C. consistent D. confirmed 8. The interviews with parents showed that the vast majority were___________ of teachers. A. support B. supportive C. supporter D. supporting 9. Dogs make very____________ pets. They'll always stay by your side. A. mental B. private C. loyal D. digital 10. He was _______ when I had those problems and said whatever I did he would stand by me. A. supportive B. exciting C. busy D. dull 11. As I was____ of the change in the program, I arrived half an hour late for the rehearsal. A. unaware B. unconscious C. unable D. unreasonable Many young people have objected to___________ marriage, which is decided by the parents of the bride and groom. A. agreed B. shared C. contractual D. sacrificed 13. The government should do more for_______________ people. A. usual B. ordinary C. everyday D. typical 14. You are not___________ to say anything unless you wish to do so. A. obliged B. willing C. equal D. attracted 15. They had a________ candlelit dinner last night and she accepted his proposal of marriage. A. romance B. romantic C. romantically D. romanticize 16. People can become very______________ when they are stuck in traffic for a long time. A. nervous B. bad-tempered C. stressful D. pressed 17. Sometimes it is_____________ to find suitable books for our children. A. difficult B. difficulty C. difficultly D. difficulties 18. They decided to divorce and Mary is____________ to get the right to raise the child. A. equal B. determined C. obliged D. active Trang 74
- 74. 19. Helen is_______________seafood, so she never tries these delicious dishes. A. allergic to B. tired of C. keen on D. preferable to 20. Body language is a potent form of_____________ communication. A. verbal B. non-verbal C. tongue D. oral BÀI 4. ADVERBS - TRẠNG TỪ I. Kinds (Classification): phân loại trạng từ Adverbs of manner: trạng từ chỉ thể cách dung để chỉ cách thức của hành động, hoạt động, thường theo sau và bổ nghĩa cho các động từ. thông thường trạng từ chỉ thể cách được biến đổi phái sinh từ tính từ tương ứng: Adjs + ly = Adv Ví dụ về cấu tạo của trạng từ chỉ thể cách: adjectives adverbs adjectives adverbs 1. amazing amazingly 6. early early 2. beautiful beautifully 7. fast fast 3. brave bravely 8. good well 4. happy happily 9. hard hard 5. quick quickly 10. late late Ví dụ về chức năng của trạng từ chỉ thể cách: She sang beautifully. He drove dangerously and got a serious accident. Helen was used to getting up early. Tom run very fast and won the first place prize. He did well in the examination and got good marks. Adverbs of place: Các trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn được dùng như các ngữ cố định để tạo thành trạng ngữ chỉ nơi chốn. Gồm các trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn như: by/ down/ near/ here/ there/ etc. e.g. She comes there twice a week. Here come the police. The mother tried to stop her baby from coming any nearer to the socket. Adverbs of time: Các trạng từ chỉ thời gian cũng được dùng như các ngữ cố định để tạo thành trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian. Gồm các trạng từ chỉ thời gian như: now/ soon/ still/ today/ yet/ etc. e.g. We are going to Hanoi today. He will return soon. Trang 75
- 75. They are stillupstairs. We are now living in the age of information technology. Adverbs of frequency: Các trạng từ chỉ tần suất được dùng để chỉ số lần xuất hiện của sự vật, sự việc trên một đơn vị thời gian. Gồm các trạng từ chỉ tần suất như: always/ usually/often/ sometimes/ occasionally/ seldom/ rarely/ never/ once/ twice/ three times/ four times/ etc. e.g. Linda often goes to school by bus. We never eat dog-meat. She once became the leader. He brushes his teeth twice a week. He goes to the church six times a year. Adverbs of sentence: Các trạng từ của câu được dung để mô tả sắc thái lời nói và có vị trí linh hoạt trong câu. Các trạng từ của câu như: certainly/ definitely/ luckily/ etc. e.g. He was certainly the liar. Luckily, she passed the exam. He finally passed the driving test after three successive attempts. Mr. Peter loved the scenic beauty of the resort totally. Adverbs of degree: Các trạng từ chỉ mức độ được dùng để mô tả mức độ hay tính chất của sự việc. Các trạng từ chỉ mức độ như: fairly/ hardly/ rather/ quite/ too/ etc. e.g. He was quite handsome. Hardly did we see anything. She is fairly tall with bright complexion. Mrs. Black felt a bit bored with the main character’s performance. Adverbs of interrogative: Gồm các trạng từ: when/ where/ why/ e.g. When did you go? Where is she now? Why didn’t you put on your best clothes to go to the interview? Adverbs of relative: Gồm các trạng từ: when/ where/ why e.g. He came when we were watching T.V. That’s the park where we first met. I don’t know the reason why she didn’t come to your party yesterday. Trang 76
- 76. Note: Some adverbsshare the same form with their corresponding adjectives – Một số trạng từ có hình thức giống hệt với tính từ cùng nguồn gốc với chúng. Hay nói khác đi, dưới đây là bảng một số tính từ và trạng từ có chung một hình thức: adjectives adverbs adjectives adverbs 1. back back 13. long long 2. direct* direct* 14. more* more* 3. early early 15. most* most* 4. enough enough 16. much* much* 5. far far 17. near* near* 6. hard* hard* 18. pretty pretty 7. high* high* 19. right* right* 8. ill ill 20. short* short* 9. just* just* 21. till till 10. late* late* 22. straight straight 11. left left 23. well well 12. little little 24. wrong* wrong* e.g. She is a hard worker. She works very hard. He didn’t have enough money, and he wasn’t old enough to earn much. A near look helps me know what it is. He lives near the church. My house is far from school so I have to walk far every morning. Note: Adverb with “*” above can either have “ly” or not, but differences in meanings. e.g. She worked hard. = She is a hard-working person. She could hardly work. = She could not or was unable to work. Positions (Functions): Vị trí hay chức năng của một số loại trạng từ được giới thiệu như dưới đây: 1. Adverbs of manner: Trạng từ chỉ thể cách có chức năng chính là bổ nghĩa cho động từ, chỉ cách thức của hoạt động. Trạng từ chỉ thể cách có vị trí như sau: Follow verbs – đi liền ngay sau động từ để bổ nghĩa cho động từ: eg: He danced gracefully. She sang marvelously. They ran quickly to the bookstore. Before prepositions or follow objects in – Theo sau các tân ngữ hoặc đi trước các giới từ trong cấu trúc: S – V – preposition – O eg: He looked at me carefully. He looked carefully at me. Trang 77
- 77. Follow Subject –Theo sau các chủ ngữ như: eg: He suspiciously tasted the soup. The inspectors thoroughly examined the dead body. At the beginning or end – Có thể đặt ở đầu hoặc cuối câu như: eg: Carefully he checks the suitcase. He checks the suitcase carefully. Adverbs of time: Trạng từ chỉ thời gian thường só các vị trí sau: At the beginning or end of sentences – Một số trạng từ chỉ thời gian có thể đặt ở đầu hoặc cuối của câu mà không làm thay đổi tính chất hay nghĩa của câu như: afterwards/ eventually/ lately/ now/ recently/ at once/ since then/ till/… eg: He will returns soon. = He will soon return = Soon he will return. Today we will learn lesson two. = We will learn lesson two today. Eventually we reach the top of the hill. = We eventually reach the top of the hill. Always at the end - Một số trạng từ chỉ thời gian luôn được đặt ở cuối của câu, khi thay đổi vị trí chức năng của trạng từ cũng thay đổi, chẳng hạn như: before*/ early/ immediately*/ late (Adverbs with “*” are used as conjunctions when placed at the beginning of sentences – các trạng từ có dấu “*” ở trên sẽ được dung như liên từ khi được đặt ở đầu câu). eg: He went to the church immediately. Khác với Immediately, he went to the church. Follow subjects or “V - O” – các trạng từ yet/ still/etc. theo sau các chủ ngữ riêng just đứng tách giữa động từ trợ và động từ mang nghĩa như: eg: He still lives in the suburb of the city. nhưng: He has just left the house. Adverbs of place: Các trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn có các vị trí trong câu như dưới đây: At the beginning or end – Được đặt ở đầu hoặc cuối của câu mà không làm thay đổi tính chất và nghĩa của câu như: away/ everywhere/ nowhere/ somewhere/ here /there/etc. eg: Nowhere could we find him. We could find him nowhere. English is spoken everywhere. Everywhere English is spoken. Administration – các trạng từ dung để chỉ định như: here/ there eg: He lives here. She hasn’t gone there. Trang 78
- 78. Adverbs of frequency:Trạng từ chỉ tần suất:. Flexible positions - thường đi sau to be, đi trước các động từ thường, hoặc tách giữa động từ trợ với động từ mang nghĩa như: always/ continually/ frequently/ often/ once/ twice/ periodically/ repeatedly/ sometimes/ usually/etc. eg: She usually walks to school. She is often late for school. Sometimes he goes out at night. He sometimes goes out at night. He goes out at night sometimes. Restricted (inversion) – Các trạng từ mang nghĩa phủ định khi được đặt ở đầu câu sẽ phải đảo ngữ như: hardly - ever/ never/ rarely/ scarcely ever/ seldom/ etc. eg: She will never she eat this kind of food. Nhưng Never will she eat this kind of food. IV. Inversion cases: các trường hợp đảo ngữ Trong một số trường hợp các trạng từ có nghĩa hạn chế (phủ định) không đứng ở các vị trí bình thường mà được đảo lên đầu câu với dụng ý nhấn mạnh đến hành động của chủ thể (chủ ngữ). khi đó ta thực hiện hình thức đảo ngữ (đảo động từ trợ lên trước chủ ngữ - như câu nghi vấn) và gọi là câu đảo ngữ. cụ thể như trình bày dưới đây: Restricted adverbs or phrases: Một số trạng từ và ngữ mang nghĩa phủ định phải đảo ngữ khi được đặt ở đầu câu như: hardly…ever hardly…when in no circumstances never no sooner…than not only nowhere on no account only by only….then scarcely ever scarcely…when only…. when neither…nor only in this way so not till seldom Inversion cases: Trong tiếng Anh, đảo ngữ (đảo trật từ từ trong câu) được dùng để nhấn mạnh. Một số hình thức đảo ngữ như sau: 2.1. Đảo ngữ với NO và NOT: No - N - auxiliary - S - V Not any - N - auxiliary - S - V e.g: No money shall I lend you from now on. Not any money shall I lend you from now on. Trang 79
- 79. 2.2. Đảo ngữvới các trạng từ phủ định: Never, Rarely, Seldom, Little, Hardly ever, Never/ Rarely/ Seldom /Little/ Hardly ever - auxiliary - S - V e.g. Never in mid-summer does it snow. Hardly ever does he speak in the public. Little did I know that he was a compulsive liar. 2.3. Đảo ngữ với ONLY Only one Only laterChỉbằng cách này/-auxiliarykia S – V. (Chỉ bằng cách này/ kia) Only in this way Only in that way Only in this way – auxiliary – S – V or Only in - adv of time/ place e.g. Only in this way could the problem be solved. Only then – auxiliary – S – V or Only after - N: Chỉ sau khi làm gì e.g. Only after all guests had gone home could we relax. Only by V-ing/ N: Chỉ bằng cách làm gì e.g. Only by practising English everyday can you speak it fluently. * Only when - clause: Chỉ khi làm gì e.g. Only when her friends told me did I know she had been well-known. Only when I understand her did I like her. * Only with - N: Chỉ với cái gì e.g. Only with the bank's loan could he buy the car. * Only if - clause e.g. Only if you promise to return the book will he lend it to you. 2.4. Đảo ngữ với các cụm từ có No * At no time: Không bao giờ e.g. The result of the match was never in doubt At no time/ Never was the result of the match in doubt On no condition/ On no account + auxiliary+ S+ N: Dù bất cứ lý do gì cũng không e.g. On no account must this switch be touched. On no account should you be late for the exam. Under/ in no circumstances: Dù trong bất cứ hoàn cảnh nào cũng không e.g. Under no circumstances should you lend him the money. For no reason/ In no way: Không sao có thể e.g. In no way could I agree with you. Trang 80
- 80. * No longer:Không còn nữa e.g. The money is not to be paid under any circumstances. Under no circumstances is the money to be paid On no condition shall we accept their proposal By no means: Hoàn toàn không e.g. By no means does he intend to criticize your idea. 2.5. No sooner....than...:(Vừa mới...thì đã... ) hay Hardly/ Barely/ Scarcely...when/ before e.g. Hardly had I arrived home when the telephone rang. (= I had hardly arrived home when the telephone rang.) e.g. Scarcely had she finished reading when she fell asleep. (= She had scarcely finished reading when she fell asleep.) e.g. Barely had they won the match when the coach had a heart attack. (= They had barely won the match when the coach had a heart attack.) e.g. No sooner had the company launched its new product than it went bankrupt. (= The company had no sooner launched its new product than it went bankrupt.) e.g. No sooner did they realize that they had made a mistake than the company went bankrupt. (= They no sooner realized that they had made a mistake than the company went bankrupt.) 2.6. Đảo ngữ với Not only....but....also... (không những…mà còn…..) Not only + trợ động từ + S +V + but also + S + V… hoặc Not only + trợ động từ + S + V but.... also.......... e.g. Not only is he good at English but he also draw very well Not only does he sing well but he also plays musical instruments perfectly Not only does he study well, but also he sings well. 2.7. Đảo ngữ với So So - adj/ adv - auxiliary - S - V - that S – V e.g. So strange was the situation that I couldn't sleep. So difficult is the test that students need three months to prepare. So dark is it that I can't write. So busy am I that I don't have time to look after myself. So difficult was the exam that few students pass it. So attractive is she that many boys run after her. Trang 81
- 81. So intelligent isthat she can answer all questions in the interview. 2.8. Câu đảo ngữ có chứa “Such” mang cấu trúc như sau: Such - be - Danh từ -… e.g. Such is the moment that all greats traverse. (Thật là thời khắc trở ngại lớn lao). Such is the stuff of dreams. (Thật là một giấc mơ vô nghĩa). Lưu ý: Thường khi gặp “so great, so much - Noun” thì ta dùng đảo ngữ với “such” e.g. The problem is so great that everybody is concerned of it. Such is the problem that everybody is concerned of it. There is so much uncertainty that I will not invest my money. Such is there uncertainty that I will not invest my money. 2.9. Đảo ngữ với until/ till: Not until/ till - clause/ adv of time – auxiliary - S - V e.g. I won't come home till 10 o'clock. Not until/ till 10 o'clock that I will come home. It is not until 10 o'clock that I will come home. I didn't know that I had lost my key till I got home. Not until/ till I got home did I know that I had lost my key. 2.10. Đảo ngữ với No where No where – Aux – S -V e.g. Nowhere in Vietnam is the scenery as beautiful as that in my country. Nowhere do I feel as comfortable as I do at home. Nowhere can you buy the goods as good as those in my country. 2.11. Đảo ngữ với câu điều kiện Câu điều kiện loại 1: If clause = should+S+V (Lưu ý: Dùng SHOULD để nói về khả năng xảy ra ít chắc chắn hơn) e.g. Should she come late she will miss the train. Should he lend me some money I will buy that house. Câu điều kiện loại 2: If clause= Were S +to V/ Were+S (Lưu ý: Dùng WERE TO để nói về khả năng xảy ra ít chắc chắn hơn) e.g. If I were you I would work harder. Trang 82
- 82. Were I you,I would work harder. If I knew her I would invite her to the party. Were I to know her, I would invite her to the party. c. Câu điều kiện loại 3: If clause = Had+S+V3ED e.g. If my parents hadn't encouraged me, I would have passed the exam. Had my parents not encouraged me, I would have passed the exam. BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH Exercise 35: Give ONE of the derived adverbs of the given words to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. 1. She was__________ knowledgeable about the history of China. EXTREME 2. Many people were buried__________ after the earthquake. LIVE 3. This type of behaviour is no longer___________ acceptable. SOCIETY 4. His boss told him off because he had behaved______________. RESPONSIBLE 5. Tom spoke____________ because he was so excited. BREATHE 6. This new film is_____________ good. EXCEPT There is a shortage of pure water in the city nowadays. We have to use it___________. ECONOMY 8. The evening was____________ spent playing and talking. ENJOY 9. On my salary, we have to live as_____________________ as possible. ECONOMY 10. He didn’t feel happy because he worked____________. SUCCESS 11. She seems______________ happy in her new job. REASON Such a kind man would never____________ hurt his friend’s INTEND feelings. Her bedroom is_____________ decorated with her favorite PLEASE souvenirs from her trips. 14. Explosive are_____________ weapons. DIE The song has__________ been selected for the Sea Games 22, OFFICE Vietnam. The police should impose heavy fines on those who drive___________. DANGER 17. ___________, Charles Darwin didn’t intend to publish his book On ORIGIN the Origin of Species. 18. John drives very_____________. He’s never had any accidents. CARE 19. We always have a bed ready in the spare room in case visitors arrive____________. EXPECT 20. Nitric oxide is____________ poisonous. HIGH Trang 83
- 83. Exercise 36: Choosethe best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. 1. Everyone can join our club, ____________________ age and sex. A. not mention B. in case of C. in place of D. regardless of 2. He was looking at his parents___________, waiting for recommendations. A. obey B. obedience C. obedient D. obediently 3. John hasn’t studied hard this year, so, in the last couple of months, he’s had to work ________ just to catch up. A. vaguely B. randomly C. barely D. intensely Be sure not to rely too__________ on your mother tongue when you are learning a foreign language. A. numerously B. heavily C. severely D. abundantly 5. She accepted that she had acted__________ and mistakenly, which broke up her marriage. A. romantically B. unwisely C. wisely D. attractively 6. I walked away as calmly as I could. ______________, they would have thought I was a thief. A. In case B. If so C. Or else D. Owing to 7. ___________ will Mr. Thanh be able to regain control of the company. A. Only with hard work B. Only if he works hardly C. No matter how does he work hardly D. Not until his work hard 8. If a boss wants to have a well-qualified staff, he should have to pay his employees ________. A. appropriate B. appropriately C. appropriation D. appropriating 9. If you book in advance you will___________ certainly have a better table at our restaurant. A. mostly B. the most C. most D. almost 10. ___________ speaking, I do not really like my present job. A. Honest B. Honesty C. Honestly D. Dishonest Don’t worry. They will do the job as_____________ as possible. A. economic B. economical C. economically D. economy During the time of economic reforms, the economy has grown___________ with only a few major setbacks. A. constant B. constantly C. constants D. constancy 13. Although___________ satisfied with the contract, the officials hesitatingly agreed to sign it. A. completed B. complete C. completion D. completely 14. No one can predict the future exactly. Things may happen___________. A. expected B. unexpected C. expectedly D. unexpectedly Lam, Hang and Chuc were first, second, and third__________ in the school cross-country race. Trang 84
- 84. A. respectively B.actively C. responsively D. tremendously 16. The computer allows us to work fast and___________. A. efficiently B. differently C. variously D. freshly 17. Although the new library service has been very successful, its future is__________ certain. A. by all means B. by no means C. at any rate D. by any chance 18. Read the book____________ and you can find the information you need. A. care B. careful C. carefulness D. carefully - Ha: “What do you think of your new bookkeeper?” - Linh: “He works __________ his figures never need ____________.” A. such efficiently that / to check C. so efficient that / checking B. so efficiently that / to be checked D. such an efficient that / to be checked 20. John______________ across the lawn. A. danced wildly B. was wildly danced C. was dancing wild D. was being danced wildly Exercise 37: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. 1. Mrs. Chau has managed the department___________ that she’ll be promoted next month. A. too successful B. so successfully C. very successful D. too successfully 2. I___________ think that scuba diving is more of danger than adventure. A. person B. personal C. personally D. personalize 3. Stress and tiredness often lead to lack of____________. A. concentration B. concentrate C. concentrated D. concentrator 4. ___________, the athlete broke the world's record with two attempts. A. Surprise B. Surprised C. Surprising D. Surprisingly 5. In spite of her abilities, Laura has been___________ overlooked for promotion. A. repetitive B. repeatedly C. repetition D. repeat When a woman works outside the home and makes money herself, she is____________ independent from her husband. A. financially B. politically C. philosophically D. variously 7. ______________, there are black holes in space. A. Theoretically B. Theorically C. Theorily D. Theoricly - Alice: “How often do you go to the dentist, Anne?” Anne: “_____________.” A. Many times B. Last week C. Twice a year D. Next month 9. She remembered the correct address only___________ she had posted the letter. A. since B. after C. following D. afterwards Trang 85
- 85. 10. Have youlive here___________ life? A. all your B. all the C. your all D. the 11. Are there enough apples for us to have one___________? A. every B. self C. each D. individually 12. ___________ has such a stunning achievement been recorded. A. Today B. Recently C. Always D. Seldom 13. The price of fruit has increased recently___________ the price of vegetables has gone down. A. whether B. when C. whereas D. otherwise Faraday’s father worked very___________, but he could___________ feed the family. A. hardly/ hard B. hardly/ hardly C. hard/ hard D. hard/ hardly 15. We always have a bed ready in the spare room in case visitors arrive___________. A. expectedly B. expected C. unexpectedly D. unexpected 16. When the two women met, they stopped and kissed____________. A. each another B. each other C. the other each D. each one 17. The trouble started only__________ the other man came into the room. A. until B. when C. and then D. too soon 18. This machine is___________ easy to install and cheap to operate. A. comparatively B. comparative C. compare D. comparison 19. Shakespeare was not only a famous playwright__________ a poet__________ well. A. but/ as B. and/ too C. but/ so D. also/ as 20. Glaciers are huge ice masses which___________ flow over land. A. slowly B. slowest C. slow D. slower Exercise 38: Find the ONE among the underlined and marked A, B, C, D in each of the following sentences that needs correcting: 1. The root of the trees allow the water to go into the soil, that gradually releases it to A B C flow down rivers. D 2. With the development of the Internet and the World Wide Web, businessmen do not A B hardly have as much traveling as they used to. C D 3. Despite of the increase in air fares, most people still prefer to travel by plane. A B C D 4. Nancy said that she went to the supermarket before coming home. A B C D Trang 86
- 86. 5. Even onthe most careful prepared trip, problems will sometimes develop. A B C D 6. Never before have so many people in our country are interested in football. A B C D 7. The existence of many stars in the sky lead us to suspect that there may be life on A B C another planet. D 8. Long ago, I gave up to try to learn swimming as I could not get over my fear of water. A B C D 9. The only good way to getting achievement in learning English is to practice it as A B C D frequently as possible. 10. Douglas was driving along the dirt road when his car broke down in the middle of the road. A B C D The librarian told to her that the book she was looking for had been taken away the A B C previous day. D A lot of information on the Internet are not reliable. A B C D 13. It is sure that human beings will regret to destroy the environment and they obviously A B C have to suffer a lot. D Efforts to improving the standard of living for human have also resulted in the A B C D environmental pollution. 15. All the students are looking forward to spend their free time relaxing in the sun this A B C D summer. 16. I’d prefer to do it on myself, because other people make me nervous. A B C D 17. Could you mind telling me the way to the nearest restaurant? A B C D 18. There was a very interesting news on the radio this morning about the earthquake in Italy. A B C D Trang 87
- 87. 19. Many peoplehave stopped to smoke because they are afraid that it may be bad for A B C D their health. 20. After spending two days arguing about where to go on holidays, they decided not going A B C D anywhere. Exercise 39: Find the ONE among the underlined and marked A, B, C, D in each of the following sentences that needs correcting: 1. All the pupils have done the exercises easy. A B C D The die of a famous doctor was announced last night. A B C D 3. The Oxford English Dictionary is well known for including many different meanings of A B C words and to give real examples. D 4. It was disappointing that almost of the guests left the wedding too early. A B C D 5. We occasional go out for dinner but we cook our meals most of the time. A B C D 6. She was too shame to tell her teacher about the stupid mistakes. A B C D 7. She failed the driving test because she didn’t follow the guidance of the driving instruct. A B C D 8. To prepare his science works, Faraday often spent whole days in the laboratory. A B C D Supposed that you failed your driving test, would you take it again? A B C D 10. I hadn’t understood his directions. However, I asked him to repeat what he’d said. A B C D 11. They ride their bicycles to the countryside for please. A B C D He was sadness because he couldn’t pay his debts. A B C D She is no longer young enough to enter a beautiful contest. A B C D Trang 88
- 88. 14. Although therewere a lot of opposition initially, many people now accept that infertile A B C couples have the right to medical help. D The representatives joining the festival were from different national. A B C D The teacher often courage the student to ask questions. A B C D 17. In some countries, black people do not have equal with white people. A B C D Because his love for teaching, David would continue his teaching career. A B C D 19. Most greetings cards are folding and have a picture on the front and a message inside. A B C D 20. Aloha is a Hawaiian word meaning ‘love’, that can be used to say hello or goodbye. A B C D Exercise 40: Find the ONE among the underlined and marked A, B, C, D in each of the following sentences that needs correcting: 1. Many industry developed countries spend much money preventing environmental pollution. A B C D When foreigners ask him, he answers in English automatic. A B C D Special drugs should be manufacture and dispensed carefully. A B C D He often went to work late, consequence he was sacked. A B C D 5. We should learn all the new word by heart in order to rich our vocabulary. A B C D The little boy felt very disapppoint because his parents didn’t let him go with them. A B C D 7. Dr. Swan, that lives next door, is willing to help poor patients. A B C D 8. A professor of economy and history at our university developed a new theory of the A B relationship between historical events and financial crises. C D Trang 89
- 89. Although the badtraffic, I managed to arrive at the meeting on time. A B C D You had better learning a foreign language before applying for a job. A B C D On to hear the telephone ring, I answered it immediately. A B C D There’s something wrong with my computer. It may need to repair. A B C D Many scientists have tried to unlocking the genetic code. A B C D 14. It is very difficult for us to preventing forest fires during the drought. A B C D 15. After analyzing the steep rise in profits according to your report, it was convinced that A B C your analyses were correct. D 16. In my judgment, I think Hem is the best physicist among the scientists of the region. A B C D 17. In order no money would be wasted, we had to account for every penny we spent. A B C D 18. Many people have found the monotonous buzzing of the vuvuzela in the 2010-World- A B C Cup matches so annoyed. D Hardly did he enter the room when all the lights went out. A B C D 20. Publishing in the UK, the book has won a number of awards in recent regional book fairs. A B C D Exercise 41: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. Women nowadays no longer depend on their husband. No longer_____________________________________________________. He never suspected that she was a witch. At no time _____________________________________________________. She had never been so happy before. Never_________________________________________________________. Trang 90
- 90. Women in developedcountries no longer bear many children. No longer_____________________________________________________. John didn't celebrate until he received the offer of promotion in writing. Not until______________________________________________________. I have never heard such nonsense! Never_________________________________________________________. As soon as the teacher left, the students started shouting again. Hardly_________________________________________________________. I have never seen such a mess in my life. Never__________________________________________________________. There are more tourists in the city this year than ever before. Never__________________________________________________________. Public borrowing has seldom been so high. Seldom_______________________________________________________. They had seldom participated in such a fascinating ceremony. Seldom_____________________________________________________. They little suspected that the musical was going to be a runaway success. Little________________________________________________________. The embassy staff little realized that Ted was a secret agent. Little________________________________________________________. I had hardly begun to apologize when the door closed. Hardly______________________________________________________. The shop can in no way be held responsible for customers' lost property. In no way___________________________________________________. The couple had no sooner arrived than the priest started the ceremony. No sooner __________________________________________________. Tom only understood the meaning of the comment when he saw his wife's face. Only_________________________________________________________. The restaurant cannot accept animals under any circumstances. Under no circumstances__________________________________. The artist rarely paid any attention to his agent's advice. Rarely______________________________________________________. The presidential visit attracted such an enormous crowd that all traffic came to a stands till. So __________________________________________________________. Trang 91
- 91. Exercise 42: Finisheach of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. Her grief was so great that she almost fainted. So_______________________________________________________________. He got down to writing the letter as soon as he returned from his walk. No sooner_____________________________________________________. She had hardly begun to speak before people started interrupting her. Hardly____________________________________________________________. I only realized what I had missed when they told me about it later. Only when_____________________________________________________. You won’t find a more dedicated worker anywhere than Mrs. John. Nowhere______________________________________________________. The outcome of the election was never in doubt. At no time _____________________________________________________. He forgot about the gun until he got home. Not until_______________________________________________________. The only way you can become a good athlete is by training hard every day. Only by________________________________________________________. I can hardly keep my eyes open. Hardly_________________________________________________________. I shut the door, but right after that I realized I’d left the key inside. No sooner ____________________________________________________. I was so tired that I don’t feel like eating. So tired________________________________________________________. He sings well and plays the guitar well. Not only_______________________________________________________. They had such a fierce dog that nobody would visit them. So _____________________________________________________________. She not only passed the exam but also got a prize. Not only ______________________________________________________. The Picasso painting was so expensive that nobody could buy it. So _______________________________________________________________. 16 The problem is so great that everybody is concerned of it. Such _____________________________________________________________. There is so much uncertainty that I will not invest my money. Such _____________________________________________________________. He could hardly know what had happened to his car. Trang 92
- 92. Hardly_____________________________________________________________. We will notfind this kind of book any where. Nowhere ______________________________________________________. They could seldom do anything better than what they had finished. Seldom _______________________________________________________. BÀI 5. ARTICLES - MẠO TỪ I. Indefinite article: a/ an When counting or measuring time, distance, weight, and other singular countable nouns, etc. we can use “a”/ “an” for the singular (with the meaning one). Khi đo đếm các đơn vị danh từ đếm được số ít như thời gian, khoảng cách, trọng lượng, và các danh từ đếm được khác, ta sử dụng “a”/ “an” liền trước các danh từ đó với nghĩa là “một”. Cụ thể cách sử dụng “a”/ “an” như sau: The use of “a”: The indefinite article “a” is place before singular countable nouns beginning with consonant sounds – Mạo từ bất định “a” được đặt trước các danh từ đếm được số ít bắt đầu bằng một phụ âm. Xem các ví dụ sau: 1. a bat 11. a hat 21. a nod 2. a bomb 12. a house 22. a nut 3. a car 13. a hut 23. a pen 4. a comb 14. a knife 24. a pupil 5. a damp 15. a lamp 25. a queue 6. a European 16. a lesson 26. a question 7. a fan 17. a litre 27. a ramp 8. a finger 18. a man 28. a seat 9. a gift 19. a mouse 29. a university 10. a guy 20. a mouth 30. a watch The use of “an”: The indefinite article “an” is place before singular countable nouns beginning with vowel sounds – Mạo từ bất định “an” được đặt trước các danh từ đếm được số ít bắt đầu bằng một nguyên âm. Xem các ví dụ sau: 1. an ax 11. an earphone 21. an ice-cream 2. an ankle 12. an ease 22. an icon 3. an anlage 13. an eel 23. an idea 4. an aunt 14. an election 24. an idiom 5. an American 15. an eye 25. an idol 6. an African 16. an echo 26. an udder 7. an Australian 17. an heir 27. an Ugrian Trang 93
- 93. 8. an eagle18. an hour 28. an Ukrainian 9. an eaglet 19. an iamb 29. an umbrella 10. an ear 20. an ibex 30. an unaptness II. Definite article: The “the” is the same form for singular and plural and for all genders – “the” được sử dụng với tất cả các loại danh từ - số ít, số nhiều, đếm được, và không đếm được - theo các qui tắc dưới đây: Use “the”: “the” được sử dụng khi: 1.1. When the object or group of objects is unique or considered to be unique – Khi vật thể hoặc nhóm vật thể là duy nhất hay được coi là duy nhất: e.g. the earth the sun the sky the equator the stars 1.2. Before a noun which has become definite as a result of being mentioned the second time – Đứng trước các danh từ được xác định khi nó được lặp lại: e.g. I live in a small house. The house is really nice. He bought a car. The car was made in Japan. 1.3. Before a noun made definite by the addition of a phrase or clause – Đứng trước các danh từ được làm cho xác định bởi các cụm từ hoặc mệnh đề theo sau: e.g. the girl in blue the man with the banner the man that I adored the park where we first met 1.4. Before a noun which by reason of locality can represent one particular thing – Đứng trước các danh từ được xác định khi nó mang tính địa phương: e.g. Peter is in the garage. (the garage is in Peter’s house) Please give me the form so I can help you to fill in. (it’s your form) 1.5. Before superlatives and other words like first, second, last, only, etc. used as adjectives or pronouns – Đứng trước các hình thức so sánh hơn nhất, các từ sau first, second, last, only, etc khi dùng như tính từ hay đại từ. Chẳng hạn: e.g. This is the first time I have ever been to London. Job is the only thing I care for now. She is always the first to come and the last to leave. 1.6. Before the well-known places – Đứng trước các địa danh nổi tiếng có tính toàn cầu như: e.g. the Nile the Thames the Amazon the Alp the Andes the Everest the Atlantic the Indian the Pacific the Eiffel the Statue of Liberty the Twin Towers 1.7. Before some countries’ names – Trước tên một số quốc gia như: Trang 94
- 94. e.g. the Unionof Arabic Emirates (the U.A.E) the United States (the U.S) the Philippines the United Kingdom the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (the U.S.S.R) 1.8. Before the political system of almost all countries – Đứng trước tên quốc gia có thể chế chính trị như: e.g. the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (the S.R.V) the People Republic of China (the P.R.C) the People Democratic of Laos (the P.D.L) the People Democratic of North Korea (the P.D.K) the Republic of South Korea (the S.K) the Republic of France (the S.K) the Kingdom of Thailand the Kingdom of Belgium the Kingdom of Sweden the Kingdom of Netherland 1.9. Before adjectives to make pronouns – Đặt trước tính từ tạo thành các đại từ như: e.g. The rich are not always happy. The poor need help from all communities. 1.10. Before proper nouns – Đặt trước danh từ riêng chỉ các dòng họ: e.g. The Jones went shopping on Sundays. The Blacks are on your holiday in Mexico. 1.11. Before a noun of nationality to imply a nation – Đặt trước danh từ chỉ quốc tịch để nói đến một dân tộc như: e.g. The English are used to driving on the left. The French are considered to be the most romantic. The Vietnamese are among the most industrious. Omission of “the”: “the” được sử dụng khi: 2.1. Before names of places except the above mentioned. 2.2. Before abstract nouns except when they are used to make sense. 2.3. Nouns with possessive or demonstrative adjectives. 2.4. before nouns of games and parts of body. BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH Exercise 43. In the following sentences supply the articles (a, an, or the) if they are necessary. If no article is needed, leave the space blank (). Trang 95
- 95. His father boughthim___________ bicycle that he had wanted for his birthday. ___________ Statue of Liberty was a gift of friendship from France to___________ United States. Michael is studying___________ English and___________ math this semester. Please give me___________ cup of___________ coffee with___________ cream and___________ sugar. ___________ big books on___________ table are for my history class. When you go to___________ store, please buy___________ bottle of___________ chocolate milk and___________ dozen oranges. John and Mary went to___________ school yesterday and then studied in___________ library before returning home. There are only________ few seats left for_________ tonight’s musical at_________ university. ___________ Lake Erie is one of___________ five Great Lakes in___________ North America. What did you eat for___________ breakfast this morning? Bob played___________ basketball and___________ baseball at___________ Boy’s Club this year. Rachel plays___________ violin and her sister plays___________ guitar. Mike attended___________ Princeton University. Henry has been admitted to_______ School of Medicine at_________ Midwestern university. Brian can’t go to___________ movies tonight because he has to write___________ essay. Exercise 44. In the following sentences supply the articles (a, an, or the) if they are necessary. If no article is needed, leave the space blank (). Last night there was___________ singing outside my house. ___________ chair which you are sitting in is broken. ___________ Florida State University is smaller than___________ University of Florida. Scientists sent___________ expedition to___________ Mars during___________ 1990s. Mai’s grandmother is in___________ hospital, so we went to visit her___________ last night. I’m on night duty. When you go to___________ bed, I go to___________ work. Sorry, I can’t find the number. I remember writing it on___________ back of an envelope. ___________ gold is perhaps___________ most highly treasured metal. ___________ Mekong River is ____________ longest river in___________ Vietnam. ___________ winter is usually cold, but___________ winter of this year is warm. ___________ money you gave me is not enough to buy___________ bicycle. Look at___________ sun. It is rising. We watch television after___________ dinner. Mr. Brown bought___________ new car___________ last week. He usually travels to___________ Philadelphia by___________ train. Trang 96
- 96. Exercise 45. Inthe following sentences supply the articles (a, an, or the) if they are necessary. If no article is needed, leave the space blank (). Miss White speaks___________ Chinese very well although she is from___________ UK. ___________ swimming is___________ good sport. Please open___________ door. ___________ United States is___________ world’s biggest consumer of energy. Smith likes to play___________ volleyball, but he is not___________ good player. My daughter is learning to play___________ violin at___________ school. I told my mother we would be___________ home in___________ hour or so. You can see _____ moon in___________ sky at___________ night. ___________ her children play in___________ street all day. ___________ blue is___________ color I like. ___________ January is___________ first month of the year. You frequently see this kind of violence on___________ television. ___________ AIDS is___________ incurable disease. Not everyone believes that _____ technology has improved_______ quality of people’s lives. Would you show me___________ shortest way to___________ airport? Exercise 46: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. It is estimated that about 640 women remain illiterate in___________ world, mostly in developing countries. A. a B. an C. the D. 2. Did you read___________ book I lent you___________ last week. A. a/ the B. the/ the C. the/ D. / 3. I went by___________ train to___________ West of England. A. / a B. / the C. / D. the/ the 4. We visited Canada and___________ United States. A. an B. a C. D. the 5. I fell in___________ love with him because of his kind nature. A. a B. the C. D. an 6. _____ schooling is compulsory in Australia between___________ ages of six and seventeen. A. The/ B. A/ an C. / the D. The/ an 7. In___________ most social situations, ___________ informality is appreciated. A. / B. the / an C. a / the D. the/ a ___________ love is___________ very strong feeling of affection towards someone who you are romantically attracted to. Trang 97
- 97. A. The/ theB. The/ C. A/ the D. / a 9. London is___________ of England. A. a capital B. capital C. one capital D. the capital 10. Do you know exactly___________ number of Siberian tigers in China? A. a B. an C. the D. 11. It is estimated that only 1,000 pandas remain in___________ wild. A. a B. an C. the D. 12. ___________ friend in need is___________ friend indeed. A. The/ the B. A/ a C. / D. / the 13. What is your___________ biggest dream in___________ your life? A. / B. the/ a C. the/ the D. a/ the 14. Did you have___________ good time at the party last night? A. a B. an C. the D. 15. The local authorities are conducting___________ campaign to help___________ disabled. A. a/ the B. the/ C. / D. / the 16. We should do something immediately to conserve ___________ nature A. a B. an C. the D. Ø Everyone knows what is happening to ___________ earth but we just do not know how to stop it. A. a B. an C. the D. Ø 18. Where can people play ___________ water polo? A. a B. an C. the D. Ø 19. No __________ water polo player except _________ goalie can hold the ball with both hands. A. a/ the B. the/ Ø C. the/ a D. Ø/ the 20. As for me, I consider reading ____________ important part of ____________ life. A. an/ Ø B. the/ a C. Ø/ the D. an/ a Exercise 47: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. 1. Anne says that she reads about half____________ hour a day, at least. A. a B. an C. the D. Ø Different people like specific types of books, and some people just like____________ literature in general. A. a B. an C. the D. Ø Have you ever read____________ "Oliver Twist", ____________ interesting novel written by Charles Dickens? A. the/ the B. Ø/ an C. Ø/ Ø D. an/ the Trang 98
- 98. 4. I like____________books better than ____________ films. A. Ø/ Ø B. the/ the C. Ø/ the D. the/ Ø 5. How many players are there in ___________ water polo team? A. a B. an C. the D. Ø 6. ___________ swimming is considered to be good way of losing weight. A. Ø/ a B. The/ a C. A/ the D. The/ the 7. Water polo is played in___________ pool 1.8 meters deep. A. a B. an C. the D. Ø 8. The goalie tried to catch___________ ball, but he failed. A. a B. an C. the D. Ø Internationally, 189 countries have signed___________ accord agreeing to create Biodiversity Action Plans to protect endangered and other threatened species. A. a B. an C. the D. Ø Known worldwide by its panda logo, World Wildlife Fund (WWF) is dedicated to protecting ______ world's wildlife and the rich biological diversity that we all need to survive. A. a B. an C. the D. Ø WWF is___________ leading privately supported international conservation organization in the world, and has sponsored more than 2,000 projects in 116 countries. A. a B. an C. the D. Ø Species become extinct or endangered for___________ number of reasons, but___________ primary cause is the destruction of habitat by human activities. A. Ø/ a B. a/ the C. the/ a D. Ø/ Ø Since ___________ 1600s, worldwide overexploitation of animals for___________ food and other products has caused numerous species to become extinct or endangered. A. the/ a B. the/ Ø C. Ø/ the D. the/ the By 2015, it will be widely accepted that schools and pre-schools have___________ extremely important role to play in future of our world. A. an/ a B. an/ the C. the/ the D. Ø/ Ø On___________ Internet and with cable television we can select information from___________ wide variety of sources. A. the/ a B. an/ the C. the/ Ø D. Ø/ the There is one___________ thing we can be sure___________ energy will be more challenging and more important in the future. A. the/ Ø B. the/ an C. a/ the D. Ø/ Ø 17. ________ Europe and Asia are coming to rely more and more on_______ nuclear generation. A. An/ a B. Ø/ Ø C. The/ the D. The/ a 18. He usually travels to___________ Philadelphia by___________ train. Trang 99
- 99. A. Ø/ ØB. the/ a C. the/ the D. Ø/ a 19. You frequently see this kind of violence on___________ television. A. a B. an C. the D. Ø 20. How do we know what___________ universe is supposed to look like? A. a B. an C. the D. Ø Exercise 48: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. 1. ____________ Sahara of ____________ Africa is the world's largest desert. A. Ø/ the B. The/ Ø C. A/ an D. The/ an Deserts can be defined as areas that receive____________ average annual precipitation of less than 250 mm. A. a B. an C. the D. Ø 3. The Simpson Desert is in____________ north of____________ Lake Eyre. A. Ø/ Ø B. the/ the C. a/ the D. the/ Ø Cold deserts can be covered in__________ snow or ice and frozen water is unavailable to plant life. A. a B. an C. the D. Ø 5. ____________ sand covers only about 20 percent of Earth's deserts. A. A B. An C. The D. Ø Deserts have____________ reputation for supporting very little life, but in____________ reality deserts often have high biodiversity. A. a/ Ø B. the/ the C. a/ the D. the/ a Peter enjoys____________ science fictions, ____________ type of book based on imagined scientific discoveries in the future. A. Ø/ Ø B. the/ Ø C. Ø/ a D. the/ the 8. Different people never read a book in____________ same way. A. a B. an C. the D. Ø Companies now can exploit the opportunities presented by____________ integrated market of increasingly prosperous consumers in the region. A. a B. an C. the D. Ø Among____________ greatest challenges are the integration of market diversity and the transitional economies of its member countries. A. a B. an C. the D. Ø Integrating with___________ world's economy, we find ourselves facing important opportunities and challenges. A. a B. an C. the D. Ø Trang 100
- 100. To build onthe field of political and security cooperation, ____________ leaders have agreed to establish the Security Community. A. a B. an C. the D. Ø 13. On July 28, 1995, Vietnam became_____________ seventh member of ASEAN. A. a B. an C. the D. Ø 14. This country has ___________ population of over 50 million. A. a B. an C. the D. Ø All countries remain ready to further cooperation with___________ United Nations in the ongoing humanitarian efforts for the victims of catastrophe. A. a B. an C. the D. Ø ___________ UN leaders appreciate the support, cooperation and leadership that ASEAN has shown in helping the victims of disasters. A. A B. An C. The D. Ø The organization hosts cultural activities in ___________ attempt to further integrate the region. A. a B. an C. the D. Ø In earlier times when the family depended on the hunter for food, woman's role, because she was gatherer, was secondary. A. a B. an C. the D. Ø Education is recognized as __________ essential need for achieving equality in most walks of life. A. a B. an C. the D. Ø It is estimated that about 640 women remain illiterate in ____________ world, mostly in developing countries. A. a B. an C. the D. Ø BÀI 6. PREPOSITIONS - GIỚI TỪ I. Introductions: Learners of English usually find it hard to remember and confidently use prepositions as they have two main following problems to solve when dealing with prepositions: whether in any construction a preposition is required or not which preposition to use when one is required Students often have trouble because a certain construction in their mother tongue requires a preposition, whereas a similar one in English does not. Trang 101
- 101. In English, prepositionsare words normally placed before nouns or pronouns or gerunds, and are used to form adverbial phrases of time, place, reason, result, concession, condition, etc. Người học tiếng Anh thường gặp khó khan để ghi nhớ và sử dụng thành thạo các giới từ trong tiếng Anh vì họ thường xuyên phải phân vân; ở trường hợp nào thì một giới từ được đòi hỏi, trong một trường hợp cần giới từ thì ta phải dùng giới từ cụ thể nào. Người học gặp rắc rối khi dùng giới từ cũng là bởi có sự khác biệt giữa ngôn ngữ bản xứ của họ với tiếng Anh trong các trường hợp sử dụng giới từ. Trong tiếng Anh, giới từ là những từ đi trước các danh từ, đại từ, danh động từ, và dùng để cấu tạo các cụm trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian, nơi chốn, nguyên nhân,kết quả, sự nhượng bộ, điều kiện,… Trên thực tế, trong tiếng Anh, chức năng của các giới từ thay đổi phụ thuộc vào ngữ cảnh của lời nói, một giới từ sẽ có nhiều nghĩa khác nhau, chức năng khác nhau khi được đặt trong các cụm từ khác nhau. Trong cuốn tài liệu này giới từ chỉ được giới thiệu với mục đích ôn tập cho kì thi THPT Quốc Gia. The use of some prepositions: Cách sử dụng của một số giới từ Prepositions of time: Giới từ chỉ thời gian at: dùng cho các thời điểm trong ngày, một kì nghỉ e.g. at five at eleven at night at noon at Christmas at dawn in/ during/ for: dùng cho khoảng thời gian e.g. in the morning/ afternoon/ evening during the 19th century for ten days on: dùng cho các ngày, thứ e.g. on Sunday on Monday night * by/ before/ after/ since/ until: dùng như sau e.g. by this time tomorrow before 9.00 after work since dawn until lunch-time Prepositions of place and movement: Giới từ chỉ nơi chốn và sự vận động * in: dùng cho các địa điểm Trang 102 in the past/ future during the war for a week on September 5th, 2015 by noon before the deadline after midnight since last Tuesday until 1980
- 102. e.g. The radiois in the living-room. He lives in the center of the city. on: dùng để chỉ ở trên bề mặt e.g. The toys are on the floor. The map is on the wall. at: dùng để chỉ ở gần hay hiện diện ở đâu đó e.g. She is at the station now. Lan is at the hairdresser’s. into: dùng cho sự hướng vào trong e.g. He went into the living-room. He walked into the theatre. onto: dùng cho sự hướng lên trên bề mặt e.g. The cat jumped onto the table. out of: dùng cho sự hướng ra ngoài e.g. The man jumped out of the car. off: dùng chỉ sự hướng ra ngoài e.g. He knocked the glass off the table above/ over: dùng chỉ sự hướng lên trên e.g. The ceiling is above our heads. The helicopter was flying over the buildings. below/ under: dùng chỉ sự hướng xuống dưới e.g. Do the tasks below the passage. She hid her hat under the table. through: qua, suốt, xuyên suốt e.g. Through the investigation, the police came to a conclusion. We kept in touch through time. along: dọc theo e.g. The lovers walked along the river. They went along the street to find my flat. * beside/ by/ next to/ near: gần e.g. He sat beside the dustbin. They live next to the store. She sat by the window. Ha lived near the church. * between: giữa e.g. The T.V set was between the table and the bed. * opposite: đối diện e.g. Lan’s house is opposite the bank. The bank is opposite the bookstore. in front of: đằng trước của e.g. The theatre was in front of the bank. The stadium is in front of the bookstore. * to/ towards: hướng về phía Trang 103
- 103. e.g. To theleft of the house, there’s a well. To the right of the house, there’s a garage. We walked towards the end of the road. Prepositions that go with verbs, nouns, and adjectives: Giới từ đi với động từ, danh từ, tính từ. Phần kiến thức này sẽ được trình bày kĩ ở bài Gerunds (danh động từ). * Verbs – prepositions: Giới từ đi với động từ e.g. He looked at his nephew. She talked to a stranger. He insisted on going out. * Nouns – prepositions: Giới từ đi với danh từ e.g. He put a lot into his bank account. She had a choice of studying abroad. He had difficulty in persuading his fiancé. Adjectives – prepositions: Giới từ đi với tính từ e.g. He was surprised at what I said to him. She was afraid of talking with a stranger. He was keen on playing video games. BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH Exercise 49: In the following sentences, supply the suitable preposition to each of the gaps. We give each other presents___________ Christmas. Don’t sit___________ the floor. I’m going away___________ the end of January. I met Tom___________ the street yesterday. They sent me a cheque___________ $ 50. There has been some decrease___________ military spending this year. Nobody knows what the cause___________ the explosion was. Do you think we’ll find a solution___________ this problem? Have you ever read any books___________ Mark Twain? It’s unreasonable___________ you to expect her to love you at first sight. They were furious___________ me___________ not inviting them to the party. Were you disappointed___________ your examination results? Everybody was shocked___________ the news. She is scared___________ going out alone. I’m not ashamed___________ what I did. Trang 104
- 104. Exercise 50: Inthe following sentences, supply the suitable preposition to each of the gaps. My sister won’t have dinner___________ 11.30 p.m. She is engaged___________ an American. Who was responsible___________ all the noise last night? Your writing is similar___________ mine. Ann wasn’t keen___________ going out in the rain. The city centre was crowded___________ tourists. I always try my best to get along___________ other officers. Why don’t you apply___________ a position in that company? He is very selfish. He doesn’t care___________ other people. Don’t look out of the window. Concentrate___________ your work! He lost control of the car and crashed___________ a wall. He was the sort of person that you could depend___________. Did you hear___________ the fight in the club on Saturday night? She’s very old. She needs someone to look___________ her. He often dreams___________ travelling to America. Exercise 51: In the following sentences, supply the suitable preposition to each of the gaps. I didn’t have enough money to pay___________ the meal. He has suffered___________ lung cancer for ages. He shouted___________ from the other side of the street. The police are searching___________ the escaped prisoner. That’s a good idea. Why didn’t I think___________ that? How much did you have to pay___________ the meal? Do you always go___________ school____________ foot? My office is next___________ newsagent so I buy magazines almost every day. Children don’t want to be__________ door, they want to stay in to watch T.V. ___________ no doubt, whales are the biggest mammal on Earth. The firefighters have been____________ strike for more than three days. When I saw him, I was___________ a group of friends___________ the corner of the club. I have got an appointment___________ the optician’s. In the end, they fell____________ love and lived happily ever after. During the show, a crazy fan jumped_____________ the stage and kissed the singer. Exercise 52: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. 1. Many people are not interested____________ reading books as much as seeing films. Trang 105
- 105. A. in B.with C. for D. about We spend more time watching TV than reading books. But____________ fact, TV has not kill reading. A. for B. upon C. at D. in 3. Books are a wonderful source ____________ knowledge and pleasure. A. with B. of C. in D. about Although he hadn't spoken French for many years, he picked it___________ again after a few weeks. A. over B. on C. through D. up 5. ____________ the start of each period, both teams line up on their own goal line. A. In B. For C. From D. At 6. Helen is very excited___________ going to work in Germany. A. about B. for C. with D. to 7. A water polo ball is constructed of waterproof material to allow it to float_______ the water. A. upon B. over C. above D. on 8. There are six field player positions and a goalkeeper____________ each team. A. in B. with C. from D. for 9. Pay more attention___________ picture and you can find out who is the robber. A. to B. for C. at D. on 10. She looked___________ me, smiling happily and confidently. A. on B. over C. forward to D. at We have to apply effective measures to save many plant and animal species___________ extinction. A. from B. in C. for D. on 12. They said that the blue cheese was very tasty, but the smell put me___________. A. of B. in C. to D. off Over-exploitation for food, pets, and medicine, pollution, and disease are recognized ___________ a serious threat____________ extinction. A. as/ of B. to/ for C. over/ with D. upon/ at 14. _____________ entering the hall, he found everyone waiting for him. A. With B. On C. At D. During 15. Clearing forests for timber has resulted_____________ the loss of biodiversity. A. with B. at C. in D. for 16. Once you have started something, you ought to see it__________ to the end. A. to B. through C. for D. in 17. Which subject is this book ____________? A. for B. on C. of D. up Trang 106
- 106. 18. We are______________no obligation to change goods which were not purchased here. A. to B. with C. at D. under 19. Francis Bacon lived____________ about the same time as Shakespeare. A. at B. for C. in D. over 20. Nothing_____________ the ordinary ever happens here. A. about B. out of C. from D. within Exercise 53: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. 1. People enjoy a book____________ different ways. A. on B. with C. upon D. in 2. ____________ the time you get to the theater, the play will have finished A. Until B. In C. By D. on The meeting has been brought___________ to Monday due to the seriousness of the situation. A. on B. out C. down D. forward 4. It is important____________ students to read as many books as possible. A. up B. about C. to D. for She is traveling to Germany tomorrow on her first working trip and she is very excited ____________ it. A. for B. against C. about D. with 6. Do you feel I was too friendly____________ the applicants. A. with B. at C. on D. across 7. Who does the book belong____________? A. for B. to C. on D. through 8. I finished my homework a few days ahead_______________ the deadline. A. of B. to C. by D. at 9. He picked____________ the book and turned page after page. A. up B. on C. away D. in 10. Some people never set____________ to become rich and famous. A. up B. out C. off D. across 11. ___________ defense, the players work to regain possession of the ball and prevent a goal. A. About B. Over C. Without D. On Players can move the ball by throwing it___________ a teammate or swimming while pushing the ball in front of them. A. for B. into C. to D. from 13. It was really kind____________________ you to help those poor people. Trang 107
- 107. A. by B.of C. at D. to 14. Shots usually succeed when the goalie is out_____________ position. A. into B. for C. of D. off 15. That afternoon Joe Cole was the most popular player____________ the field. A. on B with C. among D. for 16. If you have ever watched television, you have seen plenty____________ drug ads. A. with B. of C. for D. about 17. He turned__________ the offer of a new job and stayed with his present employer. A. up B. down C. out D. off 18. The space shuttle crashed and went___________ in flames. A. of B. for C. over D. off 19. Hoi An is famous_____________ its old streets. A. for B. of C. to D. about 20. Elevators in tall building make the top floors accessible_____________ everybody. A. to B. with C. about D. at Exercise 54: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. 1. The context____________ which you learn something can affect how well you remember it. A. of B. for C. to D. in 2. While I am waiting___________ my bus, I often listen___________ music. A. on/ at B. for/ to C. toward/ about D. upon/ in 3. A very nice painting is hung____________ the wall in our classroom. A. on B. over C. at D. above 4. Those space-crafts are used_____________ taking photographs____________ space. A. about/ through B. for/ in C. of/ at D. in/ off 5. I believe that judges should be independent _____________ the government. A. to B. from C. with D. on 6. Will you take care ___________ my little dog when I am ___________ business? A. through/ away B. about/ at C. for/ over D. of/ on You can learn to move information from your short-term memory___________ your long- term memory. A. by B. with C. in D. to 8. According___________ Bill, there's something wrong___________ my computer. A. after/ for B. on/ about C. to/ with D. upon/ at 9. - Jenny: “John got married again.” - Tommy: “Really? Who____________?” A. with B. at C. to D. about Trang 108
- 108. 10. He depends___________his sister___________ assistance. A. to/ from B. from/ in C. on/ for D. at/ with 11. What kind of sport one chooses to play mostly depends_______ his preference and health. A. with B. for C. in D. on 12. Too many factories dispose____________ their waste by pumping it into rivers and the sea. A. out B. of C. away D. off 13. Most referees often wears___________ black. A. in B. for C. with D. on 14. In water polo game, only the goalie can hold the ball___________ two hands. A. at B. in C. with D. from 15. Don't count your chickens______________ they are hatched." A. after B. since C. while D. before Probability of extinction depends______________ both the population size and fine details of the population demography. A. on B. in C. from D. for 17. Many modern medicines are derived____________ plants and animals. A. on B. for C. from D. in 18. Traveling to Paris____________ air is quicker than driving. A. by B. on C. over D. through 15,589 species (7,266 animal species and 8,323 plant species) are now considered ___________ risk_____________ extinction. A. at / of B. on / in C. for / with D. in / at Contamination and global warming have driven many species of animals and plants ___________ the threat of extinction. A. for B. to C. with D. on Exercise 55: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. 1. Drivers should slow___________ on this road because it is slippery after rains. A. on B. down C. up D. to 2. Pollution has bad effect___________ our life. A. of B. to C. with D. on 3. Before you light___________ a cigarette, remember to ask for permission. A. up B. down C. on D. off 4. It’s very kind___________ you to offer us a lovely dinner. A. of B. from C. for D. to 5. The woman was pale and weak because___________ the lack___________ fresh air. Trang 109
- 109. A. for/ onB. on/ for C. of/ of D. of/ for 6. Today's weather will be a continuation_____________ yesterday. A. on B. at C. of D. in 7. I’m not good___________ English. I think I should spend more time___________ it. A. in/ at B. at/ on C. at/ in D. on/ at An umbrella is what I need now, it’s raining. I’ll give it___________ tomorrow. A. up B. away C. back D. over 9. I couldn’t find any place to go___________ holiday. A. at B. for C. up D. on 10 I’m fed___________ doing the same work every day. A. out of B. forward to C. on to D. up with 11. Have you ever thought___________ giving up smoking? A. over B. of C. on D. at If you don’t know the meaning of the word, you should look it___________ in the dictionary. A. out B. in C. up D. on 13. She has tried___________ several shoes but she can’t find suitable ones. A. at B. in C. out D. on 14. The party begins at 7 o’clock and I’ll pick you___________ at 6:30. A. on B. up C. away D. of 15. I come___________ an ancient city, sometimes referred_________ as the Athens of the North. A. on/ as B. up/ to C. over/ to D. from/ to 16. The house is___________ fire. Please call___________ help! A. at/ to B. for/ at C. on/ for D. up/ for 17. An apple stand___________ the New York State. A. for B. on C. up D. at 18. She keeps___________ complaining___________ the weather. A. in/ of B. on/ about C. out/ about D. on/ in Some pessimistic persons think that the world’s resources will run___________ in some day. A. off B. of C. out D. on 20. Let’s get acquainted___________ the newcomer. A. to B. of C. with D. about Exercise 56: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. 1. We don’t have time to think it___________. A. on B. up C. out D. over Trang 110
- 110. 2. I object___________being kept waiting. Why can’t you be___________ time? A. at/ in B. for/ in C. to/ on D. at/ on You aren’t aware___________ the time, are you? You are always late___________ work. A. of/ for B. for/ of C. on/ at D. on/ for 4. If someone knocks___________ the door___________ night, don’t open it. A. on/ at B. at/ at C. up/ in D. at/ on 5. Everything is available___________ the operation. A. of B. on C. from D. for 6. He is very keen___________ English, but he is not good___________ listening. A. at/ on B. on/ at C. at/ at D. to/ of 7. Your hairstyle is quite similar___________ me. A. from B. with C. of D. to 8. Nguyen Du devoted all his lifetime___________ writing. A. for B. to C. in D. from 9. I bought a coat___________ my mother___________ the supermarket. A. from/ for B. for/ at C. for/ from D. for/ in 10. She was very surprised___________ the grade she received. A. at B. on C. of D. about 11. We might need more food, depending___________ how many people turn up. A. for B. on C. at D. with Jane doesn’t spend much money___________ clothes. A. over B. about C. at D. on 13. A sign warned motorists___________ dangers. A. of B. for C. about D. A and C 14. They translated the letter___________ French. A. for B. with C. into D. about Since she graduated, Anne has no longer been dependent___________ her parents for financial support. A. to B. on C. upon D. B and C 16. Catherine became accustomed___________ spicy foods when she was traveling. A. to B. on C. for D. about 17. Table salt is composed___________ two elements, sodium and chlorine. A. to B. around C. of D. for 18. Washington state is famous___________ its apples. A. in B. for C. of D. with 19. People who are afraid___________ heights are called acrophobias. A. of B. on C. in D. to Trang 111
- 111. 20. Water isessential___________ all life. A. on B. for C. in D. with BÀI 7. SYNONYMS & ANTONYMS TỪ ĐỒNG NGHĨA TRÁI NGHĨA Exercise 57. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word or phrase that is CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined part in each of the following questions. 1. The film is not worth seeing. The plot is too dull. A. simple B. complicated C. boring D. slow In rural Midwestern towns of the USA, the decisions that affect most residents are made at general assemblies in schools and churches. A. concerts B. public libraries C. gatherings D. prayer services Helen Keller, blind and deaf from an early age, developed her sense of smell so finely that she could identify friends by their personal odors. A. classify B. communicate with C. describe D. recognize 4. The life boat rescued the crew of the sinking ship. A. picked up B. provided food for C. saved the life of D. looked for 5. The most important thing is to keep yourself occupied. A. busy B. comfortable C. free D. relaxed 6. He didn’t bat an eye when he realized he failed the exam again. A. didn’t want to see B. didn’t show surprise C. wasn’t happy D. didn’t care The notice should be put in the most conspicuous place so that all the students can be well-informed. A. easily seen B. beautiful C. popular D. suspicious 8. If the headmaster were here, he would sign your papers immediately. A. right ahead B. currently C. formerly D. right away Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, of which obtaining water is not the least. A. controlling B. storing C. purifying D. getting 10. Thirty minutes after the accident, the captain still refused to abandon the burning ship. A. sail B. get on C. leave D. come to 11. It will be fine tomorrow. But if it should rain tomorrow, the match will be postponed. A. taken off B. sold off C. put off D. turned off Many scientists agree that global warming poses great threats to all species on Earth. Trang 112
- 112. A. annoyance B.risks C. irritations D. fears The works of such men as the English philosophers John Locke and Thomas Hobbes helped pave the way for academic freedom in the modern sense. A. initiate B. lighten C. terminate D. prevent 14. E-cash cards are the main means of all transactions in a cashless society. A. cash-free B. cash-starved C. cash-strapped D. cash-in-hand 15. For a long term period, Lizzie Magie has been battling against the vicissitudes of life. A. mutability B. caprice C. ups and downs D. determination The aim of University education is to inure students to hardship, trials and adverse situations in life. A. accustom B. obliterate C. shun D. estrange. 17. Those girls are totally unaware that they are being made use of by this organization. A. taken for granted B. spoken ill of C. made fun of D. taken advantage of 18. In life, Ray always gives me a hand with repairing the broken things in my house. A. assists me by B. asks me to help with C. pleases me by D. serves me with 19. Human beings are constantly contaminating natural habitats of the wildlife. A. polluting B. promoting C. destroying D. protecting The rains of 1993 causing the Missouri river to overflow resulted in one of the worst floods of the 20th century. A. stopped B. lessened C. caused D. overcame Exercise 58. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word or phrase that is CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined part in each of the following questions. I’m becoming increasingly absent-minded. Last week, I locked myself out of my house twice. A. being considerate of things B. remembering to do right things C. forgetful of one’s past D. often forgetting things 2. For calculating a calendar, it is convenient to use the tropical solar year. A. practical B. critical C. necessary D. appropriate 3. The medical community continues to make progress in the fight against cancer. A. speed B. expect more C. do better D. treat better 4. As all of us cannot be available today, let's put off the discussion till later. A. present for the event B. scheduled for the event C. arranged for the event D. appointed for the event As the enemy forces were so overwhelming, our troops had to retreat to a safer position. Trang 113
- 113. A. powerful B.dreadful C. overflowing D. outgrowing We oppose this war, as we would do any other war which created an environmental catastrophe. A. pollution B. disaster C. convention D. epidemic 7. Relaxation therapy teaches one not to fret over small problems. A. get involved in B. worry about C. look for D. get angry about The 1923 earthquake in Japan killed about 200,000 people and left countless wounded and homeless. A. poor B. imprisoned C. suffered D. injured 9. The bomb exploded in the garage; fortunately no one hurt. A. put on B. went off C. got out D. kept up 10. The number of insect species is greater than that of all other animal species. A. equals B. augments C. exceeds D. predicts 11. They had to delay their trip because of the bad weather. A. get through B. put off C. keep up with D. go over 12. The organization was established in 1950 in the USA. A. come around B. set up C. made out D. put on 13. It took me a very long time to recover from the shock of her death. A. turn off B. take on C. get over D. keep up with Many young children are spending large amounts of time watching the TV without being aware of its detriment to their school work. A. harm B. advantage C. support D. benefit To prepare for your job interview, you should jot down your qualifications and experience as well as some important information about yourself. A. draw B. place C. put D. write 16. The girls were deeply affected by that sentimental movie. A. influenced B. sad C. touched D. annoyed Helen Keller, blind and deaf from an early age, developed her sense of smell so finely that she could identify friends by their personal odors. A. classify B. communicate with C. describe D. recognize 18. The whole audience objected to their foul play during the football match. A. clumsy B. dependent C. imperfect D. unfair There are many tours to record them all as a result I will list ones that must appeal more to adventurous travelers. A. ready for danger B. willing to take risks Trang 114
- 114. C. satisfied withrisks D. reluctant to be endangered 20. You can withdraw money from the account at any time without penalty. A. loss B. charge C. punishment D. offense Exercise 59. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word or phrase that is CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined part in each of the following questions. 1. Be careful! The tree is going to fall. A. Look out B. Look up C. Look on D. Look after 2. He did not particularly want to play any competitive sport. A. use up B. do with C. take up D. go on 3. I just want to stay at home and watch TV and take it easy. A. sleep B. sit down C. eat D. relax 4. Some experts believe that the functions of the print media will be replaced by audio or visual media. A. services B. influences C. roles D. popularity 5. In the end her neighbour decided to speak his mind. A. say exactly what he thought B. say a few words C. have a chat D. are given the right to 6. I'm sorry. I didn't mean to interrupt you. Please, go on and finish what you were saying. A. talk B. quit C. continue D. stop The crew divided the life preservers among the twenty terrified passengers as the ship began to sink. A. exhausted B. surprised C. frightened D. excited 8. Most deserts are enormous sandy areas. A. mysterious B. narrow C. immense D. aerial The repeated commercials on TV distract many viewers from watching their favourite films. A. advertisements B. contests C. businesses D. economics As tourism is more developed, people worry about the damage to the flora and fauna of the island. A. fruits and vegetables B. flowers and trees C. plants and animals D. mountains and forests It is such a prestigious university that only excellent students are entitled to a full scholarship each year. A. have the obligation to B. have the right to refuse C. are refused the right to D. are given the right to 12. In the future many large corporations will be wiped out and millions of jobs will be lost. A. companies B. services C. supermarkets D. farms Trang 115
- 115. 13. Few businessesare flourishing in the present economic climate. A. growing well B. setting up C. closing down D. taking off Being listed as an endangered species can have negative effect since it could make a species more desirable for collectors and poachers. A. awareness B. preservation C. support D. impact 15. My mom is always bad-tempered when I leave my room untidy. A. feeling embarrassed B. talking too much C. very happy and satisfied D. easily annoyed or irritated We really appreciate your help, without which we couldn’t have got our task done in time. A. feel thankful for B. depreciate C. require D. are proud of 17. The Bali Tiger was declared extinct in 1937 due to hunting and habitat loss. A. reserve B. generation C. natural environment D. diversity It is found that endangered species are often concentrated in areas that are poor and densely populated, such as much of Asia and Africa. A. disappeared B. increased C. threatened D. reduced 19. Many species have become extinct each year before biologists can identify them. A. destroy B. drain C. endanger D. discover 20. During the earthquake, a lot of buildings collapsed, which killed thousands of people. A. went off accidentally B. fell down unexpectedly C. exploded suddenly D. erupted violently Exercise 60. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word or phrase that is CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined part in each of the following questions. 1. I hope to have the privilege of working with them again. A. honor B. advantage C. favor D. right 2. Everything was in a thorough mess. A. utter B. full C. complete D. appalling 3. The service station at Shiel Bridge has a good range of groceries. A. coach station B. railway station C. power station D. petrol station Humans depend on species diversity to provide food, clean air and water, and fertile soil for agriculture. A. raise B. produce C. supply D. reserve Many schools provide environmental education to increase students' awareness of conservation needs. A. effort B. benefit C. exploitation D. knowledge Trang 116
- 116. You must answerthe police’s questions truthfully; otherwise, you will get into trouble. A. exactly as things really happen B. with a negative attitude C. in a harmful way D. as trustingly as you can 7. She got up late and rushed to the bus stop. A. came into B. went leisurely C. went quickly D. dropped by 8. The meteorologist said on TV that it is supposed to rain all day tomorrow. A. astronomer B. TV anchor C. TV weatherman D. fortune teller 9. Billy, come and give me a hand with cooking. A. help B. prepared C. be busy D. attempt 10. Whenever problems come up, we discuss them frankly and find solutions quickly. A. happen B. encounter C. arrive D. clean 11. It will take more or less a month to prepare for the wedding. A. approximately B. generally C. frankly D. simply Mr. Pike held his wife's hands and talked urgently to her in a low voice, but there didn't seem to be any response. A. feeling B. emotion C. reply D. effect 13. My uncle, who is an accomplished guitarist, taught me how to play. A. skillful B. famous C. perfect D. modest After many year of unsuccessfully endeavoring to form his own orchestra, Glenn Miller finally achieved world fame in 1939 as a big band leader. A. requesting B. trying C. offering D. deciding 15. Professor Berg was very interested in the diversity of cultures all over the world. A. variety B. changes C. conservation D. number 16. Women liberated from child care can pursue their own interests. A. leisure with B. burdened with C. having fun with D. freed from 17. I didn't think his comments were very appropriate at the time. A. correct B. right C. exact D. suitable 18. It was inevitable that the smaller company should merge with the larger. A. urgent B. unavoidable C. important D. necessary 19. This is the instance where big, obvious non-verbal signals are appropriate. A. situation B. attention C. place D. matter When you are in a restaurant, you can raise your hand slightly to show that you need assistance. A. bill B. menu C. help D. food Trang 117
- 117. Exercise 61. Markthe letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word or phrase that is OPPOSITE in meaning to the italic part in each of the following questions. 1. We ought to keep these proposals secret from the chairman for the time being. A. lively B. frequented C. accessible D. revealed 2. They have not made any effort to integrate with the local community. A. cooperate B. put together C. separate D. connect There has been insufficient rainfall over the past two years, and farmers are having trouble. A. adequate B. unsatisfactory C. abundant D. dominant 4. Now, when so many frogs were killed, there were more and more insects. A. lesser and lesser B. fewer and fewer C. lesser and fewer D. less and less 5. The young are now far more materialistic than their precedents years ago. A. monetary B. greedy C. spiritual D. object-oriented 6. One of the key to successful business is careful planning. A. falling B. victorious C. faulty D. impossible 7. Mr. Smith’s new neighbors appear to be very friendly. A. amicable B. inapplicable C. hostile D. futile 8. The clubs meet on the last Thursday of every month in a dilapidated palace. A. renovated B. regenerated C. furnished D. neglected 9. His extravagant ideas were never brought to fruition. A. impressive B. exaggerated C. unacceptable D. practical 10. This shouldn’t be too taxing for you. A. comfortable B. demanding C. easy D. relaxing 11. The Germany’s war hysteria has accounted for its people’s hostility towards foreigners. A. disease B. ceremony C. malaria D. serenity . 12. He was ostracize by his colleagues for refusing to support the strike. A. crucify B. include C. patronize D. lionize. Population growth rates vary among regions and even among countries within the same region. A. fluctuate B. stay unchanged C. restrain D. remain unstable 14. She could not hide her dismay at the result. A. disappointment B. depression C. happiness D. pessimism 15. Certain courses are compulsory; others are optional. A. voluntary B. free C. pressure D. mandatory 16. We offer a speedy and secure service of transferring money in less than 24 hours. A. uninterested B. unsure C. slow D. open Trang 118
- 118. The Red Crossis an international humanitarian agency dedicated to reducing the sufferings of wounded soldiers, civilians and prisoners of war. A. worry and sadness B. pain and sorrow C. loss D. happiness 18. After five days on trial, the court found him innocent of the crime and he was released A. innovative B. naïve C. guilty D. benevolent Mr. Brown is a very generous old man. He has given most of his wealth to a charity organization. A. hospitable B. honest C kind D. mean 20. In the first two decades of its existence, the cinema developed rapidly. A. leisurely B. sluggishly C. weakly D. shortly Exercise 62. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word or phrase that is OPPOSITE in meaning to the italic part in each of the following questions. 1. The earth is being threatened and the future looks bad. A. done B. made C. defended D. varied 2. Thousands are going starving because of the failure of this year's harvest. A. hungry B. poor C. rich D. full I’d like to pay some money into my bank account. A. withdraw some money from B. put some money into C. give some money out D. leave some money aside 4. We offer a speedy and secure service of transferring money in less than 24 hours. A. uninterested B. unsure C. open D. slow 5. The International Organizations are going to be in a temporary way in the country. A. permanent B. guess C. complicated C. soak My little daughter would spend an inordinate amount of time in the shop, deciding exactly which 4 comics she was going to buy. A. excessive B. limited C. required D. abundant About 95 percent of all animals are invertebrates which can live anywhere, but most, like the starfish and crabs, live in the ocean. A. with backbones B. with ribs C. without ribs D. without backbones He had never experienced such discourtesy towards the president as it occurred at the annual meeting in May. A. politeness B. rudeness C. measurement D. encouragement We always feel safe and secure at home as we are a close-knit family and supportive of one another. A. uninterested B. unsafe C. open D. slow Trang 119
- 119. 10. Why areyou being so arrogant? A. snooty B. humble C. cunning D. naive 11. His policies were beneficial to the economy as a whole. A. harmless B. crude C. detrimental D. innocent 12. The doctor advised Peter to give up smoking. A. stop B. continue C. finish D. consider 13. Advanced students need to be aware of the important of collocation. A. of high level B. of great important C. of low level D. of steady progress Fruit and vegetables grew in abundance on the island. The islanders even exported the surplus. A. excess B. large quantity C. small quantity D. sufficiency 15. There is growing concern about the way man has destroyed the environment. A. attraction B. consideration C. ease D. speculation 16. The bank announced that it was to merge with another of the high street banks. A. associate B. separate C. cooperate D. assemble 17. My uncle, who is an accomplished guitarist, taught me how to play. A. skillful B. famous C. perfect D. unskilled 18. Affluent families find it easier to support their children financially. A. Wealthy B. Well-off C. Privileged D. Impoverished 19. She had a cozy little apartment in Boston. A. uncomfortable B. dirty C. lazy D. warm A frightening number of illiterate students are graduating from college. able to read and write able to join intramural sport inflexible unable to pass an examination in reading and writing Trang 120
- 120. BÀI 8. SENTENCEELEMENTS CÁC THÀNH TỐ CỦA CÂU I. Subjects (S): Chủ ngữ là chủ thể của hành động hoặc đốivtượng được đề cập, hay miêu tả. Chủ ngữ có thể là: Subject pronouns: Chủ ngữ có thể là các đại từ nhân xưng chủ ngữ như: First Person Second Person Third Person Singular form I You He, She, It Plural form We You They e.g. He went abroad to study medicine. S Vp They were killed in an accident. Vp It is going to rain. SV We have learnt English for seven years now. Vp Nouns, or noun phrases: Chủ ngữ có thể là danh từ hay cụm danh từ như: e.g. Love is a stage of feeling and can’t be recognized by senses. S Vp Gain and loss go together. S Vp Tourism is considered to be smoke-free industry. S Vp A wealthy, healthy life is anyone’s wish. S Vp Gerunds, or gerund phrases: Chủ ngữ có thể là danh động từ hay cụm danh động từ như: e.g. Fishing is his favourite pastime. SVp Getting good marks is not always difficult. S Vp Preparing for exams is really stressful. SVp Travelling by air is considered to be safest. SVp Trang 121
- 121. Infinitives or infinitivephrases: Chủ ngữ có thể là động từ hay cụm động từ nguyên thể như: e.g. To be honest is a good quality of a person. S Vp To tell lie is not acceptable in science. S Vp To fall in love means to love some one deeply. S Vp To do is better than to speak. Vp Clauses: Chủ ngữ có thể là một mệnh đề như: eg. What we really wish is to be at the cinema. S Vp All she can say is that he is a liar. S Vp That she didn’t turn up worried us all. S Vp Whatever he said annoyed us. Vp II. Complements (C): Bổ ngữ là thành phần hoàn thiện nghĩa cho cụm từ, câu. Bổ ngữ có thể là: 1. Adjectives or participles: Bổ ngữ có thể là các tính từ hay phân từ như: e.g. She is exhausted. S V C The film made me bored. S V O C They are very hard-working and intelligent. S V C The lessons are long and difficult. S V C Nouns, or noun phrases: Bổ ngữ có thể là các danh từ hay cụm danh từ như: eg. She is a kind hearted lady. S V C They became the new employees. S V C She will be a nurse. Trang 122
- 122. S V Lam wishesshe were a prince. S V S V Gerunds or gerund phrases: Bổ ngữ có thể là các danh động từ hay cụm danh động từ như: eg. Her hobby is singing. S V C His passion in life is studying English. S V C Seeing is believing. S V C What he wanted is having a good job. S V C Infinitives or infinitive phrases: Bổ ngữ có thể là các nguyên thể hay cụm nguyên thể như: eg. My dream is to become a teacher. S V C Her wish is to have a good job to do. S V C What he needs to do is to finish the form. S V C All I can do is to offer you a lift. S V C Clauses: Bổ ngữ có thể là các mệnh đề như: eg. A full apology is what the boss wants now. S V C A smile is all he could do and what he should do. S V C A good job was what he wanted. S V C A seat in a university is all she wished. S V C Notes: Có 2 loại bổ ngữ; bổ ngữ cho chủ ngữ (Cs) e.g. She was exhausted. S V Cs He was bored. S V Cs Trang 123
- 123. bổ ngữ chotân ngữ (Co) e.g. The long walk made us exhausted. V O Co The film made him bored. SV O Co Objects (O): Genders to be described or mentioned usually follow ordinary verbs to show the direct or indirect goals that the verbs aim at, or follow prepostions. (Tân ngữ là thành tố hoàn thành câu, thường theo sau động từ thường chỉ hướng hay đối tượng của động từ, hoặc theo sau các giới từ). Tân ngữ có thể là: Object pronouns: Tân ngữ có thể là các đại từ nhân xưng tân ngữ như: First Person Second Person Third Person Singular form m e you him, her, it Plural form us you them e.g. We met him yesterday. S V O A She made us a big cake. S V O O The lady sent me a request. S V O O The man bought a loaf of bread for her. S V O O Nouns, or noun phrases: Tân ngữ có thể là các danh hoặc cụm danh từ như: e.g. She gave me a blank look. S V O O Lan is doing her homework. S V O Nga did a lot of exercises. S V O We sent endless letters to the manager. S V O O Gerunds or gerund phrases: Tân ngữ có thể là các danh động từ hay cụm danh động từ như: e.g. The man loved telling funny stories. S V O Trang 124
- 124. Willy hated beingleft alone in the darkness. S V O We are afraid of missing the class. S V O She was interested in going shopping on Sundays. S V O Infinitives or infinitive phrases: Tân ngữ có thể là các nguyên thể hay cụm nguyên thể như: e.g. Jack wished to become an astronaut. S V O He liked to walk in the rain. S V O They wanted to have seats. S V O Kelvin loves to do the crosswords. S V O 5. Clauses: Tân ngữ có thể là các mệnh đề như: e.g. We know how we should solve the problem. S V O She asked why we didn’t arrive on time. S V O Dick wanted to know whether he was accepted. S V O Linda wondered where she should go. S V O Notes: Có 2 loại tân ngữ; tân ngữ trực tiếp (Od) e.g. She gave a book to me. S V Od Oi Lam bought me an ice-cream. S V Oi Od tân ngữ gián tiếp (Oi) e.g. The host made us a big cake. S V Oi Od She sent some documents to me. S V Od Oi Trang 125
- 125. IV. Adverbials: Asentence element is used to denote the stages, manner, methods, or to indicate time, places, purposes, or others. (Trạng ngữ được dùng để miêu tả trạng thái, cách thức, phương pháp, mức độ, hay dùng để chỉ thời gian, nơi chốn, mục đích,… của hành động). Trạng ngữ có thể là: Adverbs: Trạng ngữ có thể là các trạng từ như: eg. We often go to work by bus. A She danced marvelously. A Naturally, it rains much in Summer. A He bravely defeated his opponent. A Adverbial phrases: Trạng ngữ có thể là các cụm từ như: eg. In the past, people used to live in a large family. A A To tell the truth, I liked that play. A In my opinion, she is a kind-hearted woman. A To sum up, it’s convenient to travel by air. A A Adverbial clauses: Trạng ngữ có thể là các mệnh đề như: eg. When we came, they were fighting. A Billy tried hard in order that he could pass the exam. A While we were having dinner, the light went out. A He passed the exam because he tried hard. A V. Verbs: phần nói về động từ đã được trình bày kĩ ở Bài 2. Verbs của chuyên đề này (từ trang 40 đến trang 56 – tài liệu này) Trang 126
- 126. BÀI TẬP THỰCHÀNH Exercise 63. Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. 1. ___________ saying was so important that I asked everyone to stop talking and listen. A. What the woman was B. The woman was C. What was the woman D. That the woman was 2. My mother is fed____________ with doing the housework every day. A. up B. of C. on D. in 3. He found__________ hard to live on his unemployment benefit. A. it B. its C. it’s D. it is 4. She spoke quietly to him ___________ someone hear a word of their conversation. A. so that B. in order that C. for fear that D. for fear of 5. English people are____________ in playing football. A. interested B. interesting C. to be interested D. to be interesting 6. It is ____________ for me to see you go away for a year. A. undeniable B. incompetent C. unbearable D. intolerant 7. She’s proud of her____________. A. successful B. success C. succeed D. succeeded 8. Only in Japan____________ the high levels of western countries. A. industrialization has reached B. industrialization is reached C. has industrialization reached D. is industrialization reached 9. Nowadays children would prefer history____________ in more practical ways. A. be taught B. to teach C. to be taught D. teach 10. Hurry up! They’ve only got_____ seats left. A. a little B. a few C. a lot of D. plenty of 11. ____________ of the students know the answer to that question. A. Most B. Almost C. Mostly D. The most 12. We decided not to travel, ____________ the terrible weather forecast. A. having heard B. we heard C. having been heard D. being heard 13. ____________ for their strong fiber include flax and hemp. A. Plants are grown B. Plants grown C. Plants that grow D. To grow plants 14. I think you must be____________ me for someone else. A. confusing B. reminding C. mistaking D .considering 15. He used __________ on time. But this time he is terribly late. Trang 127
- 127. A. arriving B.arrive C. to arrive D. to arriving 16. They have grown roses here____________ 1990. A. for B. since C. during D. in 17. You'll miss the train____________ you don't hurry up. A. if B. when C. since D. unless 18. He is my____________ brother. But he looks younger than me. A. elder B. older C. old D. young 19. It took me forty five minutes to____________ to office everyday. A. getting B. gets C. get D. got 20. You look rather ___________. Are you worried about something? A. occupied B. preoccupying C. preoccupied D. occupant Exercise 64. Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. 1. If you hear the fire___________, leave the building quickly. A. alarm B. caution C. notice D. publicity 2. She remembered the correct address only____________ she had posted the letter. A. since B. afterwards C. following D. after 3. The teacher made us__________ hard for the final examination. A. learn B. learning C. to learn D. learnt 4. Neither Bill nor Norris__________ going to the play tonight. A. was B. were C. are D. is 5. Over the past two years the____________ of living has risen considerably. A. charge B. cost C. rate D. price 6. He told his father a long and____________ story to explain his lateness. A. inconceivable B. incredulous C. unimaginable D. unconvincing 7. We need____________ information before we can decide. A. further B. furthest C. far D. farther 8. Women workers wear hats in____________ their hair gets caught in the machinery. A. course B. case C. occasion D. event 9. An employer may look with___________ on a young college graduate. A. suspiciously B. suspicion C. suspect D. suspicious I don’t mind living____________ my own in a big city. A. with B. by C. at D. on 11. She was filling in the____________ form. A. applicant B. application C. apply D. appliance 12. It was____________ to listen to the story. Trang 128
- 128. A. exciting B.excited C. excite D. excitement 13. My brother and my sister have many____________. A. different B. difference C. differ D. differences 14. It was____________ to see my old friends again. A. surprised B. surprise C. surprisingly D. surprising 15. Mr. Brown gave a long____________ about unemployment in Australia. A. lectures B. lecturing C. lectured D. lecture Pests occur in large numbers, and they can____________ terrible damage, particularly to growing crops, that in some parts of the world people frequently suffer from famine. A. do such B. do so C. make such D. make so 17. The new magazine about maintenance____________ tomorrow. A. comes down B. comes off C. comes on D. comes out 18. Anna can’t get the job because there are too many____________ for it. A. engineers B. interviewers C. applicants D. workers 19. There are many____________ ways to learn English vocabulary. A. different B. differences C. differ D. differing 20. Nam stopped____________ two years ago. A. smoking B. smoke C. to smoke D. smoked Exercise 65. Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. 1. A____________ storm has swept a hundred of houses away. A. strong B. heavy C. hard D. long 2. My child would rather read books than____________ anything else. A. doing B. to do C. did D. do 3. My friend doesn't like asking her mother____________ money. A. to B. in C. for D. with 4. Mrs. Lan____________ up being on a diet because it was not effective. A. gives B. giving C. to give D. gave 5. Anna has just graduated from university. She wants to apply____________ a suitable job. A. at B. for C. to D. in 6. He is unemployment. He gets some unemployment____________. A. salary B. card C. benefit D. currency 7. A long walk makes everybody____________. A. tired B. tiring C. to tire D. tire 8. The neighbor of mine is a____________ smoker. He smokes 30 cigarettes a day. A. much B. heavy C. many D. big Trang 129
- 129. 9. Her parentscan't stand____________ her at home all day. A. to see B. see C. seeing D. seen 10. I am tired____________ watching the same program every day. A. in B. on C. with D. of 11. While she____________, the phone rang. A. was cooking B. cooked C. cooking D. cook 12. My mother is used to____________ an excellent speaker in public spaces. A. to be B. being C. have been D. been 13. She doesn't have time to go shopping because she's too____________ with her work. A. busy B. bored C. get up D. tired 14. His roof was broken by a____________ wind two weeks ago. A. hard B. big C. strong D. much 15. He has learned English for 4 years, and she is good____________ English now. A. by B. at C. for D. in 16. Mt. Everest is____________ highest peak of____________ Himalayas. A. a/ the B. the/ a C. the/ nothing D. the/ the 17. Nothing in your room____________ since you were sent to the hospital. A. have been moved B. has been moved C. have moved D. has moved 18. Water plays a vital____________ in developing agriculture. A. part B. importance C. vision D. character 19. The weather in the South of Vietnam seems____________ than____________ in the North. A. more pleasant/ it B. more pleasant/ that C. pleasant/ the weather D. more pleasant/ those It’s more____________ to use gas instead of electricity to warm up the house. A. economy B. economic C. economical D. economist Exercise 66. Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. 1. I thought that you ____________ us, but I was wrong. You never have enough courage. A. would join B. joined C. had joined D. will join She is very ____________. Don’t say anything that can hurt her. A. decided B. dedicate C. dedicated D. devoted 3. He is 59 years old. He__________ next year. A. is going to retire B. retires C. retired D. has retired 4. A dictionary is a book__________ explains words. Trang 130
- 130. A. what B.it C. its D. which 5. British Isles__________ by speakers of Celtic language two thousand years ago. A. inhabited B. are inhabited C. were inhabited D. were inhabiting 6. He is from Tokyo. He__________ Japanese. A. says B. talks C. speaks D. announces 7. He wore dark glasses so that nobody could__________ him. A. recognize B. recognition C. recognized D. recognizable 8. Modern English is different__________ old English. A. of B. in C. from D. on 9. It is necessary to learn a foreign__________ . A. tongue B. story C. country D. language 10. He arrived in Singapore ____________ Monday evening. A. in B. from C. on D. at We’ve got very little time left. Unless we hurry, we’ll __________ the bus. A. miss B. remember C. catch D. get in I wish I ____________ here longer, but it’s time for me to go home. A. stay B. can stay C. will stay D. could stay It is believed that books are___________ species, fighting for survival in competition with TV, film, the internet and CD. A. endangered B. dangerous C. danger D. dangerously 14. The man shouts loudly as if we ___________ all deaf. A. would be B. had been C. are D. were 15. English__________ by about 700 million people around the world. A. is been spoken B. is going to spoken C. is spoken D. will spoken 16. Whenever he has free time, he goes swimming. Swimming is his__________ pastime. A. favor B. favorable C. favored D. favorite 17. Naturally, we can say that children__________ eating sweets. A. want B. like C. need D. prefer 18. Young people hate__________, they prefer making questions. A. ask B. asking C. be asked D. being asked 19. Your sister will be ill if she doesn’t stop __________ so much. A. to worry B. worry C. worried D. worrying 20. The word “fishing” in “Fishing is his favorite pastime” is a(n)__________. A. noun B. pronoun C. gerund D. adjective Trang 131
- 131. Exercise 67. Choosethe best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. He loves__________ lies, that’s why we call him “a liar”. A. telling B. saying C. speaking D. talking 2. The word “stopped” in “He stopped smoking 5 years ago” can be replaced by__________. A. took up B. came up C. picked up D. gave up 3. She’s thirsty. She’d like__________ a cold drink. A. have B. having C. to have D. to having 4. She never gets up late. She’s used to__________ up early. A. get B. getting C. gets D. got 5. One of those__________ from Japan. A. students are B. student are C. students is D. student is 6. Among those, I like the red one__________. A. more B. best C. better D. much 7. I think we cannot have enough one cup of coffee for each as we’ve got very______ milk left. A. little B. a little C. few D. a few 8. He has been in hospital__________ last Tuesday. A. for B. when C. from D. since 9. I don’t really like An, but this time I’d like __________ him. A. to meet B. meet C. met D. meeting 10. The science classes at this__________ difficult. A. schools are B. school are C. school is D. schools is 11. Be quiet! I__________ to listen to some important information. A. was trying B. am trying C. try D. tried 12. Most children find it interesting ____________ a foreign language. A. learn B. learning C. learned D. to learn 13. ‘John won’t come tomorrow.’ ‘Did he say he____________ next week?’ A. will come B. would come C. is coming D. had come 14. Children enjoy____________ cartoon film. A. watch B. watching C. watched D. to watch 15. I am afraid of____________ alone in dark. A. being left B. left C. leaving D. to leave M. Faraday didn’t have much __________ when he was young. A. school B. scholar C. schooled D. schooling 17. A person who studies biology is a __________ . A. scientist B. physicist C. biologist D. mathematician I ___________ you to the woman I was speaking with, but I couldn’t think of her name. Trang 132
- 132. A. will introduceB. would have introduced C. would introduce D. couldn’t have 19. Most of the experiments are carried out in __________. A. schools B. libraries C. factories D. laboratories 20. He was very good _____ mathematics when he was at school. A. on B. of C. at D. for Exercise 68. Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. He says he’s been to__________ restaurant in Viet Tri town. A. all B. most C. every D. many 2. The ability to work well for long hours is his__________. A. length B. width C. height D. strength 3. It is the English pronunciation that__________ a lot of difficulties to Vietnamese pupils. A. makes B. causes C. does D. gets 4. I had no difficulty__________ to your English. A. listen B. to listen C. to listening D. listening 5. I__________ her as soon as she entered the room. A. recognized B. had recognized C. could recognized D. did recognized 6. You should__________ to your uncle fore being rude to him. A. forgive B. apologize C. excuse D. regret 7. The rocket went into__________ round the moon. A. track B. orbit C. path D. circle She took__________ of the fine weather to do a day’s work in her garden. A. chance B. interest C. advantage D. charge 9. Long speeches are really__________. A. bore B. boring C. bored D. to bored You shouldn’t__________ him all the time. A. teased B. tease C. teases D. teasing 11. We won’t have to import electricity if the solar energy is __________ used. A. large B. widely C. widen D. width 12. Mark Twain is the__________ name of Samuel Longhorn Clemens. A. pen B. new C. career D. writer His friend__________ him a lot in his career. Without their support, he would not have been successful. A. told B. encouraged C. taught D. complained Trang 133
- 133. 14. I amsorry but we have to ___________ the discussion. We have no more time. A. put an end to B. make room for C. take advantage of D. put effort into 15. This is the man who__________ me English. A. teach B. teaches C. are teaching D. were teaching 16. He__________ in love with her picture even before he met her. A. falls B. has fallen C. fell D had fallen 17. The man who ___________ had been in the sea for ten hours. A. had been rescued B. was rescued C. rescued D. had rescued 18. The police finally arrested the ____________ criminal. A. famous B. notorious C. respectable D. renowned 19. Mark Twain’s last book was written in 1909, one year before his__________. A. died B. dead C. death D. dying 20. His wife had great influence__________ his books. A. in B. at C. for D. on Exercise 69. Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. 1. It’s the pronunciation that causes me a lot of__________. A. difficult B. difficulty C. difficully D. difficulties 2. If you place a bowl of water in the sun, it will __________. A. evaporate B. evaporated C. evaporator D. evaporation 3. __________ 350 million people speak English as their first language. A. Approximaty B. Approximately C. Approximation D. Approximate “Gone with the wind” was__________ by Mrs. Margaret Mitchell. A. written B. read C. designed D. drawn 5. World population will continue to rise if we do not try __________ it. A. to increase B. lower C. to reduce D. reducing 6. I did all the work__________ my own. A. by B. on C. for D. at 7. Every Sunday my father spends three hours__________ English. A. practice B. to practice C. practiced D. practicing 8. I have learned English for 3 years, and I am good__________ English now. A. in B. for C. by D. at Trang 134
- 134. Hoa’s brother enjoys__________to ghost stories at night. A. telling and listening C. listen B. tell and listen D. to tell 10. Mr. Minh has known me__________ he moved to Ha Noi national university. A. until B. since C. when D. during 11. How__________ is that hotel? A. long B. length C. high D. height 12. How much does this hat__________? A. pay B. spend C. fix D. cost 13. The exhibition__________ place once a year. A. does B. has C. takes D. makes 14. __________ Sundays, I often go fishing with my father. A. In B. On C. Over D. For 15. It is__________ to drive without a driving license in Viet Nam. A. good B. danger C. dangerously D. dangerous 16. Would you like him__________? A. coming B. to come C. come D. came 17. My mother can play a lot of__________ instruments. A. music B. musical C. musician D. musically 18. The girl spoke with a___________ accent. A. southern B. southwards C. south D. southbound What’s the___________ of Viet Nam? A. popular B. populate C. populous D. population 20. The bus takes___________ than the train. A. more long B. the longest C. longer D. long Exercise 70: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Please fill in your employment history, including your____________ employer as well as any previous ones you might have had. A. private B. daily C. constant D. current 2. He studies___________ his two brothers. A. much better than B. more better than C. more good than D. very better than 3. Sarah delivered a(n)___________ appeal to the court and asked for mercy. A. sensational B. sentimental C. emotional D. affectionate Trang 135
- 135. 4. She explainedthe problem very clearly and is always___________ in response to questions. A. attention B. attentive C. attentively D. attentiveness 5. What I like about this restaurant is that there is___________ parking space right outside it. A. plenty B. ample C. expanded D. big There was a__________ tremble in her voice, which showed that she was very nervous at that time. A. slight B. slighted C. slightly D. slightness Although Vicky looked pretty much the same after all those years, I noticed___________ changes which made her look even more beautiful than I remembered. A. fair B. sensitive C. subtle D. joint 8. Mrs. Pike was so angry that she made a___________ gesture at the driver. A. rude B. rudeness C. rudely D. rudest I find mending old socks incredibly___________ that's why I always ask my mother to do it for me. A. hilarious B. tedious C. furious D. recreational 10. He is not really friendly and makes no attempt to be_____________. A. society B. social C. socialize D. sociable 11. If she can make up stories, she is certainly a very___________ girl. A. imaginary B. imaginable C. imaginative D. imagining 12. She sent me a ___________ letter thanking me for my invitation. A. polite B. politely C. politeness D. impoliteness 13. I don't want much sugar in my coffee. Just ___________, please. A. a little B. little C. a few D. few Mr. Timpson's behavior and comments on occasions were inappropriate and fell below the_____________ standards. A. accept B. acceptable C. acceptance D. accepting 15. As I was_______ of the change in the program, I arrived half an hour late for the rehearsal. A. unaware B. unconscious C. unable D. unreasonable 16. The college offers both ___________ and professional qualifications. A. government B. experience C. requirement D. academic 17. After years of being exposed to the sun and rain, the sign had become completely _______. A. unreadable B. readable C. misread D. illegible Fee-paying schools, often called "independent schools", "private schools" or “_____________ schools". A. college B. primary C. secondary D. public 19. We all agree that she is___________ student of the two sisters. A. the cleverer B. clever C. the cleverest D. most clever Trang 136
- 136. 20. This bookis not really____________. It is a waste of money buying it. A. inform B. information C. informative D. informatively Trang 137
- 137. CHUYÊN ĐỀ III– GRAMMAR CHUYÊN ĐỀ NGỮ PHÁP Chuyên đề này đề cập đến các mảng kiến thức cơ bản như: thì của động từ, hình thái nhấn mạnh của lời nói, danh động từ, động từ nguyên thể, câu bị động, câu gián tiếp, …. Chuyên đề này sẽ giúp cho người học hệ thống hóa các mảng kiến thức có liên quan, luyện tập các dạng bài tập có liên quan được sử dụng trong các đề thi THPT Quốc Gia. Hoàn thành các bài tập thực hành của chuyên đề này, người học sẽ làm chủ các kiến thức ngữ pháp, tự tin trong việc xác định yêu cầu và giải các bài tập thuộc mảng kiến thức có liên quan. BÀI 1. TENSES OF VERBS THÌ CỦA ĐỘNG TỪ I. The present tenses: Các thì hiện tại The simple present tense: Thì hiện tại thường The form: Công thức cấu tạo ( + ) S - V ( - ) S - don’t/ doesn’t - V ( ? ) Do/ Does - S - V? 1.2. The usage: Trường hợp sử dụng To denote actions that happened repeatedly. Diễn tả những hành động được lặp đi lặp lại, thường đi với các trạng từ chỉ tần suất như: always, usually, often, sometimes, etc. e.g. She never comes late. They walk to school every day. He does not often fishes on Sundays. Do you usually get bad marks? To denote long lasting events. Diễn tả hành động tồn tại lâu dài như một điều tất yếu. e.g. We live in Concord street. He works for a factory near his house. We go to the school in the morning. They watch stars at night. To denote a true fact. Diễn tả những sự thật hiển nhiên. e.g. The earth moves around the Sun. The Sun rises in the east. There seems to be more rain in summer than that in winter. Water evaporates. 1.3. The recognition: Các dấu hiệu nhận biết của thì này là các trạng từ chỉ thời gian và tần suất như sau: Trang 138
- 138. now/ nowadays/ today/this summer/… always/ usually/ often/ sometimes/ occasionally/… the proof of constant truth. 1.4. Notes: Chú ý To denote a plan/ prediction/ timetables/… Thì Hiện tại thường còn dùng để diễn tả một kế hoạch, dự đoán, hay thời gian biểu như: e.g. A: When does the first train leave? It leaves at 9.00. (The train does not actually leave at the time of speaking) The division of “be”, “have”, “can, may, must”,… The present progressive tense: Thì hiện tại tiếp diễn The form: Công thức cấu tạo ( + ) S - am/ are/ is - V-ING ( - ) S - am/ are/ is - not - V-ING ( ? ) Am/ Are/ Is - S - V-ING? 2.2. The usage: Cách sử dụng - To denote happening actions at the time of speaking. Diễn tả những hành động đang diễn ra tại thời điểm nói, thường đi với các trạng từ: now, right now, at the moment, at this time, etc. e.g. She is teaching Maths now. He is watching a football match at the moment. To denote the interruption/ intention/ prediction/ plan/… Diễn tả những dự kiến, dự đoán, những sự việc sắp diễn ra. e.g. She is coming soon. (In fact, she has not come yet) Be quiet! The baby is sleeping. We are going to Hanoi tomorrow. Be quicker! The train is leaving. 2.3. The recognition: Dấu hiệu nhận biết của thì này căn cứ vào các trạng từ sau: - now/ right now/ at present/ at this time/ at this moment/… e.g. Right now, they are working in the factory. follow a command, request,… e.g. Be quiet! I am trying to listen to some important news. 2.4. Notes: Điểm cần lưu ý The ING-forms – Gấp đôi phụ âm cuối khi tạo present participles với các động từ sau: getting, running, having, writing, dying, lying,…) Trang 139
- 139. e.g. She isrunning in the park now. The omission of the verbs of awareness or sensation as - một số động từ không dùng cho thì hiện tại tiếp diễn như: be/ see/ hear/ understand/ know/ like/ want/ glance/ feel/ think/ smell/ love/ hate/ realize/ seem/ remember/ forget/…(use the simple present instead - mà thay vào đó ta dùng thì hiện tại thường để diễn tả). The present perfect tense: Thì hiện tại hoàn thành 3.1. The form: Công thức cấu tạo ( + ) S - have/ has - P.P ( - ) S - haven’t/ hasn’t - P.P ( ? ) Have/ Has - S - P.P? 3.2. The usage: Cách sử dụng To denote actions that happened in the past but having results, relating, or still happening at present. e.g. We have lived here since 1990. They have learned English for 5 years. To denote actions that happened right before the time of speaking, using “just”. e.g. She has just come from New York. They have just bought a new house. To denote unfulfilled actions with “yet”. e.g. He hasn’t come yet. Have you met him yet? To denote past actions; no certain time expression, using “already”. e.g. We have already seen that film. She has already been to Paris. 3.3. The recognition: just = recently = lately. - ever/ never (comments) e.g. We haven’t gone to the theatre recently. already/ yet/ since/ for/ so far/ until now/ up to now (present). e.g. He has written ten books so far. 3.4. Notes: Past participles: (regular verbs adding “ed”./ irregular verbs “learn by heart”) The differences between the present perfect and the simple past tense. Trang 140
- 140. The present perfectprogressive tense: Thì hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn The form: Công thức cấu tạo ( + ) S - have/ has - been - V-ing ( - ) S - haven’t/ hasn’t - been - V-ing ( ? ) Have/ Has - S - been - V-ing? The usage: Cách sử dụng To denote actions that happened in the past but having results, relating, or still happening at present. e.g. We have been living here since 1990. They have been learning English for 6 years now. 4.3. The recognition: Dấu hiệu nhận biết since/ for/ with verbs as: live, work, wait,… e.g. She has been waiting for 6 hours now. They have been playing since 3 o’clock. II. The past tenses: các thì quá khứ 1. The simple past tense: Thì quá khứ đơn 1.1. The form: Công thức cấu tạo (p.V = the past form of verbs) ( +) S – p.V ( - ) S - didn’t - V ( ? ) Did - S - V? 1.2. The usage: Cách sử dụng - To denote a finished past action. e.g. We went to the park together. He gave her mother a ten-dollar note. He was the first to leave the room. They had an appointment to meet at the station. To report past events, past habits, or long lasting action in the past. e.g. She did all the work yesterday. We used to sit next to each other. There used to be a tomb here. 1.3. The recognition: Dấu hiệu nhận biết last week/ month/ year/… e.g. He had 5 bad marks last month. They got married last year. yesterday/ ago/ in 1969/ in the past/… e.g. Long long ago, there lived a couple by the sea. Trang 141
- 141. Man first discoveredAIDS in 1981. 1.4. Notes: Những điểm cần lưu ý The past form of the verbs: (regular “V-ED”/ irregular (2nd column in the irregular verbs list)) “ED” pronunciation /Id/; /t/; /d/. The past progressive tense: Thì quá khứ tiếp diễn 2.1. The form: Công thức cấu tạo ( + ) S - was/ were - V-ING ( - ) S - was/ were - not - V-ING ( ? ) Was/ Were - S - V-ING? 2.2. The usage: Cách sử dụng - To denote past happening actions. e.g. She was watching T.V at 8.00 last night. Ann was walking to school at 6.00 yesterday. Nga was fishing at 9.00 last Sunday. - To denote past interrupting actions. e.g. She was watching T.V when I came. While he was playing on the swing, it started to rain. 2.3. The recognition: Dấu hiệu nhận biết at 8.00 last night/ at that time/ at that moment/… e.g. At 3.00 yesterday, the Jones were driving home. He was sleeping at that time. time clause with “when”, “while = as”. e.g. As I was walking home, a stranger stopped me to ask for help. When we arrived, they were fighting. 2.4. Notes: Những điểm cần lưu ý actions that alternatively happened, use the simple past only. e.g. When I heard a knock at the door, I came to open it. When I opened the door, I saw my mum.)- This is a timed action. The past perfect tense: Thì quá khứ hoàn thành The form: Công thức cấu tạo ( + ) S - had - P.P (P2) ( - ) S - had not (hadn’t) - P.P (P2) ( ? ) Had - S - P.P (P2)? 3.2. The usage: Cách sử dụng To denote past finished actions that happened and finished before a certain point of time or another past event (the past of the past tense). Trang 142
- 142. e.g: She hadsold all the baskets before 9.00 yesterday. She had sold all the baskets when we came there yesterday. 3.3. The recognition: Dấu hiệu nhận biết - when-clause/ after/ before/ already/ since/ for/… e.g. Before he left for home, he had turned all the lights off. After he had gone, she didn’t fall in love with any one. The past perfect progressive “S + had been + V-ING” The past perfect progressive tense: Thì quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn The form: Công thức cấu tạo ( + ) S - had - been - V-ing ( - ) S - had not (hadn’t) - been - V-ing ( ? ) Had - S - been - V-ing? The usage: Cách sử dụng To denote past finished actions that happened and finished before a certain point of time or another past event (the past of the past tense). e.g: She had been waiting for us since 9.00 yesterday. She had been playing long when we came there yesterday. 4.3. The recognition: Dấu hiệu nhận biết when-clause/ after/ before/ already/ since/ for/… e.g. After he had been waiting for a while, he felt annoyed. She had been working since dawn. The past perfect progressive “S - had been - V-ING” III. The future tenses: các thì tương lai The simple future tense: thì tương lai thường The form: Công thức cấu tạo ( + ) S - will/ shall - V ( - ) S - will/ shall - V ( ? ) Will/ Shall - S - V? “shall” is restrictedly used only for I/We with the formal senses. The negative forms “will not = won’t”, “shall not = shan’t”. 1.2. The usage: Cách sử dụng - To denote future actions. e.g. They will build more hospitals. We shall go to your party. He won’t win the match, I think. Trang 143
- 143. To denote futureplan/ idea/ timetable/… e.g. The car will start in-time. We shall finish the course in June. 1.3. The recognition: Dấu hiệu nhận biết someday, tomorrow,…/ e.g. She will be rich someday. Tomorrow, there will be a new schedule for us. - next week/ month/ year/.. e.g. He won’t leave next month. There will be no rain next week. 1.4. Notes: Điểm cần lưu ý “shan’t” is not used in conditional sentences./ “ shall” is used as a suggestion/ invitation/…. e.g. A: Shall we meet tonight? Yes, let’s. I am going to the country this weekend, will you go with me? Certainly, I will. The future progressive tense: thì tương lai tiếp diễn The form: Công thức cấu tạo ( + ) S - will be - V-ING ( - ) S - won’t be - V-ING ( ? ) Will - S - be - V-ING? 2.2. The usage: Cách sử dụng To denote timetables/ intentions/ plans/… using “at”. e.g: She will be watching T.V at 8.00 tonight. We will be staying at REX hotel at 5.00 next Sunday’s morning. To show the future happening actions with “when”. e.g. She will be sitting at the gate when we come tomorrow. When you come back, I will be waiting for you here. The future perfect tense: thì tương lai hoàn thành The form: Công thức cấu tạo ( + ) S - will have - P.P (P2) ( - ) S - won’t have - P.P (P2) ( ? ) Will - S + have - P.P? 3.2. The usage: Cách sử dụng To denote planned actions with “by”, “by the time”, “by then”. Trang 144
- 144. e.g: She willhave finished the course by the next Friday/ by then. We will have finished our project by the end of June. To show a future schedule-finished action. e.g: The bridge will have been used by the next Autumn. A new school will have been built here next year. 3.3. Other forms: Các hình thức diễn đạt tương lai khác a. The simple present tense: To denote a timetable, or a plan…Thì hiện tại thường diễn tả kế hoạch, dự định, thời gian biểu,… e.g: A: When does he leave? He leaves tonight. (He doesn’t leave in fact) When does the new school year start? It starts early in September. (It is due to start) The present progressive: To denote an intention. Thì hiện tại tiếp diễn có cách diễn đạt tương lai tương tự thì hiện tai thường, nhưng có tinha chắc chắn cao hơn. e.g: A: When are you leaving? I am leaving this afternoon. The “be + going to inf” form: To denote an intention or a near future action, an arrangement. e.g: She is going to celebrate her 34th birthday. They are going to get married. IV. The sequences of tenses: Sự hòa hợp của các thì trong các mệnh đề. Subordinate clauses: Mệnh đề phụ cơ bản Main clause Subordinate clause - simple present tense. Simple present tense. - present perfect tense. - present progressive tense. - simple future tense. - “be going to V” form. - simple past tense (certain point of past time). - simple past tense. Simple past tense - past progressive tense. - past perfect tense. - “would + V” form. Trang 145
- 145. - “be goingto + V” past form. - simple present tense (showing the truth). Present perfect tense Simple present tense. Past perfect tense Simple past tense. Adverbial clauses: Mệnh đề trạng ngữ Main clause Adverbial clauses (of time) Present Present When/ whenever/ as/ while/ before/ after/ as soon tenses tenses as/… Past tenses Past tenses When/ while/ as/ till/ until/ just as/ since/…. Future tenses Present No sooner than/ hardly…when/ as long as/…. tenses BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH Exercise 71: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. 1. They___________ for 3 hours when the storm suddenly broke. A. had been running B. have been running C. are running D. will be running 2. I___________ come to the conclusion that nowadays nobody cares about anything. A. will B. had C. do D. have 3. I assumed you ___________ paying for the repairs until the end of last year. A. have been B. was been C. are being D. had been 4. ___________ get tired of answering the same questions every day? A. Have you ever B. Had you ever C. Do you ever D. Are you ever 5. She___________ working on that manuscript for 2 years now. A. will be B. has been C. had been D. is 6. I___________ there once a long time ago and___________ back since. A. went/ have not been B. go/ am not C. have gone/ was D. was going/ had not been The students___________ by Mrs. Linda. However, this week they___________ by Mr. Mike. are usually taught/ are being taught usually teach/ are teaching have usually been taught/ have been teaching were usually teaching/ are teaching Trang 146
- 146. In the pastthe trip___________ very rough and often dangerous, but things___________ a great deal in the last hundred and fifty years. A. was/ have changed B. is/ change C. had been/ will change D. has been/ changed 9. Now you___________ from New York to Los Angeles in a matter of hours. A. are flying B. would fly C. will fly D. can fly 10. When Carol___________ last night, I__________ my favorite show on television. A. was calling/ watched B. called/ have watched C. called/ was watching D. had called/ watched 11. By this time next summer, you ___________ your studies. A. completes B. will complete C. are completing D. will have completed 12. Right now, Jim___________ the newspaper and Kathy___________ dinner. A. reads/ has cooked B. is reading/ is cooking C. has read/ was cooking D. read/ will be cooking Last night at this time, they __________ the same thing. She_________ and he the newspaper. are doing/ is cooking/ is reading were doing/ was cooking/ was reading was doing/ has cooked/ is reading had done/ was cooking/read When I_________ home last night, I_________ that Jane________ a beautiful candlelight dinner. had arrived/ discovered/ prepared was arriving/ had discovered/ was preparing have arrived/ was discovering/ had prepared arrived/ discovered/ was preparing Sam___________ to change a light bulb when he___________ and___________. A. was trying/ slipped/ fell B. tried/ was slipping/ falling C. had been trying / slipped D. has tried/ slips/ falls 16. Yesterday, I___________ for work late because I___________ to set my alarm. A. had left/ forgot B. was leaving/ was forgetting C. left/ had forgot D. had been leaving/ would forget 17. By the time we________ to the train station, Susan_________ for us for more than two hours. A. will get/ has been waiting B. got/ was waiting C. got/ had been waiting D. get/ will wait I___________ for this company for more than thirty years, and I intend to stay here until I ___________ next year. A. am working/ will retire B. am going to work/ am retiring Trang 147
- 147. C. work/ amgoing to retire D. have been working/ retire 19. My mother always the first___________ up and the last___________ to bed. A. getting/ going B. to get/ going C. getting/ to go D. to get/ to go 20. I___________ you last night after dinner, but you___________ there. Where___________ you? A. was calling/ are not/ are B. called/ were not/ were C. had called/ had not been/ were D. called/ have not been/ are Exercise 72: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. 1. The lights___________ out because we___________ the electricity bill. A. have gone/ did not pay B. will go/ did not paid C. go/ would not pay D. went/ had not paid 2. ___________ Tom Cruise's last movie? Yes, I___________ it three days ago A. Have you ever seen/ saw B. Did you ever see/ have seen C. Had you ever seen/ would see D. Will you ever see/ saw 3. I___________ a terrible accident while I___________ on the beach. A. see/ am walking B. saw/ was walking C. was seeing/ walked D. have seen/ were walking 4. After all, she___________ him since her childhood. A. knows B. knew C. was knowing D. had known 5. We___________ touch since we___________ school three years ago. A. lost/ have left B. have lost/ leave C. have lost/ left D. were losing/ had left ___________ in Rome than he___________. No sooner he had arrived/ was being kidnapped No sooner had he arrived/ was kidnapped Had he no sooner arrived/ kidnapped No sooner was he arriving/ had been kidnapped I___________ there once a long time ago and___________ back since. A. was/ have not been B. had been/ was not C. would be/ had not been D. have been/ will not be 8. As many as ten-million children___________ with the virus by the end of this decade. A. have been infected B. will be infecting C. had been infected D. will have been infected 9. What___________ when the fire alarm___________ off? A. are you doing/ will go B. have you done/ would go C. were you doing/ went D. will you do/ are going Trang 148
- 148. 10. He__________ emailbefore, so I__________ him how to use it. A. did not use/ had shown B. had not used/ showed C. has not used/ showed D. was not using/ will show Doctor Pike__________ the hospital after he__________ an uneventful evening on duty. He__________ of his day of rest. A. was leaving/ has had/ thought B. left/ had had/ was thinking C. will leave/ had/ will think D. is leaving/ will have/ thinks 12. She __________ me anything about that problem so far. A. is not telling B. does not tell C. will not tell D. has not told 13. I think that everything________ ready for the project procedure by the end of next month. A. will have been B. has been C. had been D. is 14. Be quiet! Someone__________ at the front door. I__________ it. A. is knocking/ will answer B. knocks/ am answering C. has knocked/ am going to answer D. will knock/ have answered 15. Kelvin and Martha __________ married in June. A. are getting B. has got C. was getting D. will have got 16. Two lions __________ from the National Zoo, and the police __________ to catch them. A. will escape/ try B. escaped/ had tried C. have escaped/ are trying D. escape/ were trying 17. Oranges__________ rich in vitamin C, which__________ good for our health. A. have been/ is B. are/ is C. are/ will be D. were/ has been 18. Let's go to Fuji for our summer holiday! - OK. It__________ good. A. sounds B. is sounding C. has sounded D. was sounding 19. They __________ enthusiastically when their teacher __________ in. A. discuss/ comes B. will have discussed/ comes C. will discuss/ will come D. were discussing/ came I told him___________ the word to Jane somehow that I___________ to reach her during the early hours. A. passing/ will try B. he will pass/ tried C. to pass/ would be trying D. he passed/ have tried Exercise 73: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. 1. Laura said she had worked on the assignment since___________. A. yesterday B. two days ago C. the day before D. the next day 2. John asked me___________ interested in any kind of sports. A. if I were B. if were I C. if was I D. if I was Trang 149
- 149. 3. I___________ youeverything I am doing, and you have to do the same. A. will tell B. would tell C. told D. was telling 4. John asked me___________ that film the night before. A. that I saw B. had I seen C. if I had seen D. if had I seen 5. The guest told the host that___________. A. I must go now B. he must go now C. he had to go now D. he had to go then 6. The teacher told Joe ___________. A. to stop talking B. stop talking C. stops talking D. stopped talking 7. She said she___________. A. was very tired last night B. was very tired the night before C. had been very tired last night D. had been very tired the night before 8. She said that her teacher___________ to London___________. A. will go/ tomorrow B. went/ tomorrow C. would go/ the next day D. had gone/ the next day 9. She told the boys ___________ on the grass. A. do not play B. did not play C. not playing D. not to play 10. She asked ___________. A. where was her umbrella B. where her umbrella was C. where were her umbrella D. where her umbrella were 11. Jason asked me ___________ me the book the day before. A. if who gave B. if who has given C. who had given D. that who had given 12. He said that his father___________ to Dallas the year before. A. goes B. went C. has gone D. had gone 13. He wanted to know___________ shopping during the previous morning. A. if we had been going B. that if we had been going C. we were going D. that we were going 14. He asked me___________ Robert and I said I did not know___________. A. that did I know/ who were Robert B. that I knew/ who Robert were C. if I knew/ who Robert was D. whether I knew/ who was Robert 15. The mother asked her son___________. A. where he has been B. where he had been C. where has he been D. where had he been 16. They asked me___________. A. how is my father B. how my father is C. how was my father D. how my father was Trang 150
- 150. 17. The hostasked Peter___________ tea or coffee. A. whether he preferred B. that he preferred C. did he prefer D. if he prefers 18. She asked me___________ my holidays___________. A. where I spent/ the previous year B. where I had spent/ the previous year C. where I spent/ last year D. where did I spend/ last year 19. He advised___________ too far. A. her did not go B. her do not go C. her not to go D. she did not go 20. Max often says he___________ boxing because it___________ a cruel sport. A. does not like/ is B. did not like/ were C. not liked/ had been D. had not liked/ was Exercise 74: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. 1. Albert told me that they___________ fish two___________ days. A. have not eaten/ ago B. had not eaten/ previous C. did not eat/ before D. would not eat/ last 2. Manh told me that he___________ his best in the exam the___________ day. A. had done/ following B. will do/ previous C. would do/ following D. was going/ previous 3. Beethoven's Fifth Symphony___________ next weekend. A. is going to be performed B. has been performed C. will be performing D. will have performed 4. The man___________ an actor years ago. A. is said to be B. was said being C. was said have been D. is said to have been 5. I hate___________ personal questions by newly-acquainted friends. A. to be asking B. to be asked C. being asking D. of asking 6. It___________ that learning a foreign language___________ a lot of time. A. says / is taken B. is saying / has been taken C. is said / takes D. was said / was taken 7. All bottles___________ before transportation. A. frozen B. were froze C. were frozen D. are froze The trees___________. were grown by John yesterday in the backyard were grown in the backyard by John yesterday were grown in the backyard yesterday by John Trang 151
- 151. D. in thebackyard were grown yesterday by John 9. ___________ yet? A. Have the letters been typed B. Have been the letters typed C. Have the letters typed D. Had the letters typed English has become a second language in countries like India, Nigeria or Singapore where __________ for administration, broadcasting and education. A. is used B. it is used C. used D. being used 11. The telephone___________ by Alexander Graham Bell. A. is invented B. is inventing C. invented D. was invented 12. Lots of houses___________ by the earthquake. A. are destroying B. destroyed C. were destroying D. were destroyed 13. In the US the first stage of compulsory education___________ as elementary education. A. to be generally known B. is generally known C. generally known D. is generally knowing The Minister of the Education and Training Department appeared on TV last night to ___________ his new policy. A. public B. publicly C. publicize D. publicizing 15. Mathematics, a required subject in all schools, is___________ into many branches. A. grouped B. prepared C. divided D. added 16. Education__________ to be the most important element to develop a country. A. often be considered B. can often consider C. can often considered D. can often be considered 17. The preparations___________ by the time the guests___________. A. had been finished/ arrived B. have finished/ arrived C. had finished/ were arriving D. have been finished/ were arrived 18. ___________ in that company? A. Do shoes make B. Are shoes be made C. Shoes are made D. Are shoes made 19. Portuguese___________ as an official language in this city since three hundred years ago. A. has always been spoken B. has been spoken always C. has always spoken D. had always spoken 20. More than ten victims___________ missing in the storm last week. A. are reported to be B. are reported to have been C. are reporting to have been D. are reporting to be Exercise 75: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Trang 152
- 152. 1. ___________ byyour father? A. Did that book write B. Did that book written C. Was that book written D. Was that book be writing 2. Something_________ immediately to prevent teenagers from________ in factories and mines. A. should be done/ being exploited B. we should do/ exploiting C. should do/ be exploited D. should have done/ exploited This car___________. was manufactured in Japan by Toyota last year was manufactured by Toyota last year in Japan was manufactured last year in Japan by Toyota last year was manufactured by Toyota in Japan Why___________ on time? A. don't the exercises finish B. weren't the exercises be finished C. aren't the exercises being finished D. aren't the exercises be finished No longer___________ in our office since it___________. have typewriters been used/ computerized typewriters have been used/ was computerized have typewriters been used/ was computerized typewriters have been used/ computerized When___________? A. were computers used first B. were computers first used C. did computers first use D. are computers first using 7. Everything that ___________ remained a secret. A. overheard B. had been overheard C. had overheard D. was overhearing 8. The refreshments ___________ by Karen. A. are going to be prepared B. are going to prepare C. are preparing D. are to prepare 9. ___________ by the police. A. The stealing car has just been found B. The stolen car has just been found C. The stealing car has just found D. The stolen car has just found. 10. ___________ to you yet? A. Are the book been giving back B. Was the book been given back C. Has been the book given back D. Has the book been given back 11. What he has done to me ___________. A. cannot forgiven B. cannot be forgiven C. cannot forgive D. cannot be forgiving Trang 153
- 153. 12. The keys___________ somewhere. A. must have been leaving B. must have left C. must be leaving D. must have been left 13. Japanese ___________ at the meeting. A. will speak B. will spoken C. will be spoken D. will be speaking 14. Although he tried his best, he could not make his voice ___________. A. hear B. to hear C. hearing D. heard 15. I ___________ in the lounge for ten minutes. A. was told waiting B. was told to wait C. was telling to be waited D. was told to be waited 16. These students ___________ so much that they feel very tired and bored. A. are made to study B. are made study C. are making to study D. ate made to be studied 17. They ___________ time and money doing such a thing. A. were advised not to waste B. were advised not to be wasted C. were advising not to waste D. were advising not to be wasted 18. If I ___________ 10 years younger, I ___________ the job. A. am/ will take B. was/ have taken C. had been/ will have taken D. were/ would take 19. ___________ I had learnt English when I was at high school. A. Unless B. Even if C. If D. If only 20. You are not allowed to use the club's facilities ____________ you are a member. A. unless B. if C. provided D. supposed Exercise 76: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. 1. The Titanic___________ the Atlantic when it___________ an iceberg. A. was crossing/ struck B. had crossed/ was striking C. crossed/ had struck D. is crossing/ strikes 2. ___________ to come over for dinner tonight? A. Do you want B. Are you wanting C. Have you wanted D. Will you want 3. What___________ at this time tomorrow? A. will you do B. will you be doing C. will you have done D. will you have been doing 4. Many people even wonder these days___________. A. what marriage is B. what is marriage Trang 154
- 154. C. what marriagewas D. what was marriage 5. If she___________ the train last night, she___________ here now. A. took/ were B. were taking/ is C. had taken/ would have been D. had taken/ would be 6. ___________ if a war happened? A. What you would do B. What would you do C. What will you do D. What will you do 7. I would send her a fax if I___________ her number. A. know B. knew C. had known D. could know 8. ___________ it were well paid, I would accept this proposal. A. Providing B. Unless C. But for D. If only 9. ___________ more carefully, he would not have had the accident yesterday: A. If Peter driven B. If had Peter driven C. Had Peter driven D. Unless Peter had driven 10. Either you or I___________ going to meet Professor Pike at the airport. A. am B. were C. are D. has been 11. If you___________ to my advice, you___________ in trouble now. A. listened/ were not B. listen/ are not. C. had listened/ would not have been D. had listened/ would not be 12. If you take the 8 a.m. flight to New York you ___________ change planes. A. could not have to B. will not have to C. had not had to D. would not to have to 13. If it ___________ warm yesterday, we would have gone to the beach. A. was B. were C. had been D. could be 14. If it ___________ an hour ago, the streets ___________ wet now. A. were raining/ will be B. had rained/ would be C. rained/ would be D. had rained/ would have been 15. ___________ here, he would help us with these troubles. A. Were Peter B. If were Peter C. Unless were Peter D. Unless Peter were 16. ___________ that problem with the car, we wouldn't have missed the speech. A. If we had had B. If had we had C. Unless we had had D. Provided that we had had 17. Mrs. Pike ___________ the door before the customers arrived. A. had opened B. will open C. would open D. has opened 18. If you hear from Susan today, ___________ her to ring me. A. tell B. to tell C. telling D. will tell Trang 155
- 155. 19. She hadto have the operation___________. A. unless she would dies B. if she would die C. otherwise she will die D. or she would die 20. After Mariana___________ her exam, I___________ her out to eat. A. was finishing/ would take B. finished/ had taken C. will finish/ have taken D. has finished/ will take Exercise 77: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. “Please, will you just tidy your room, and stop____________ excuses!” A. having B. making C. doing D. taking 2. My mother told me to___________ for an electrician when her fan was out of order. A. send B. write C. rent D. turn When you have a small child in the house, you___________ leave small objects lying around. Such objects___________ be swallowed, causing serious injury or even death. A. should/ must B. should not/ might C. needn't/ may D. mustn't/ can't 4. They are going to___________ the pool to 1.8 meter. A. deep B. depth C. deepen D. deeply 5. Frank's wallet is lying on the coffee table. He___________ it here last night. A. must have left B. should have left C. must be leaving D. needn't leave 6. Jenny's engagement ring was precious! It___________ have cost a fortune. A. must B. should C. can D. needn't 7. You_______ take your umbrella along with you today. It_______ rain later on this afternoon. A. ought to/ mustn't B. needn't/ will C. will/ must D. should/ might 8. “You’ll recognize Jenny when you see her. She__________ a red hat.” A. will wear B. is wearing C. will be wearing D. wears 9. When the play finished the audience stood up and___________ their hands loudly. A. clapped B. nodded C. shook D. hold 10. The Second World War____________ in 1939. A. took out B. turned up C. broke out D. brought about 11. He asked____________ him some money. A. her to lend B. she to lend C. she has lent D. she lends 12. If it____________ for the heavy storm, the accident would not have happened. A. weren’t B. isn’t C. were D. hadn’t been 13. That machine is useless. It____________ not been used for a long time. Trang 156
- 156. A. is B.was C. did D. has 14. “You____________ have cooked so many dishes. There are only three of us for lunch.” A. needn’t B. couldn’t C. wouldn’t D. oughtn’t Regardless of whether schools belong to the government or are independent, they are___________ to adhere to the same curriculum frameworks. A. told B. required C. demanded D. taken 16. He was so ill that he could not_____ his final examination and cancelled it to the next year. A. make B. do C. take D. gain 17. I could not___________ the lecture at all. It was too difficult for me. A. hold on B. make off C. get along D. take in 18. ____________ students required to wear uniforms at all times? A. Are B. Do C. Did D. Will 19. Some days of rest may help to_____________ the pressure of work. A. reduce B. lower C. chop D. crease 20. Fruits____________ in a freezer. A. should not put B. should not be put C. must put D. must be putting Exercise 78: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. 1. The captain as well as all the passengers____________ very frightened by the strange noise. A. is B. were C. was D. have been If you are____________ for a particular job, someone asks you questions about yourself to find out if you suitable for it. A. paid B. chosen C. interviewed D. recommended Economic reforms began in the Vietnam in 1986 by the leaders of the country to decide to ____________ the economy. A. repair B. reproduce C. restructure D. reply 4. The Internet has enabled people to___________ with each other more quickly. A. interlink B. interact C. interconnect D. intervene Industry in the area consisted mostly of food-processing plants and factories___________ consumer goods. A. renovating B. initiating C. developing D. producing They still remain the need for an integrated system of subsidies which will___________ farmers to look after their upland environment and producing food. A. enable B. adopt C. consume D. expand 7. If everyone_____________, how would we control the traffic? Trang 157
- 157. A. had flownB. can fly C. could fly D. flies 8. She____________ be ill. I have just seen her playing basketball in the school yard. A. needn't B. shouldn't C. mustn't D. can't I’ve warned you many times____________ the front door unlocked. A. not leaving B. won’t leave C. don’t leave D. not to leave Hiking the trail to the peak____________ be dangerous if you are not well prepared for dramatic weather changes. You____________ research the route a little more before you attempt the ascent. A. might/ can B. may/ mustn't C. can/ should D. must/ needn't 11. “I’d rather you__________ home now.” A. going B. go C. gone D. went 12. Peter has been working for 10 hours. He___________ be very tired now. A. needn't B. must C. has to D. should 13. __________ he arrived at the bus stop when the bus came. A. No longer has B. No sooner had C. Not until had D. Hardly had If a defender___________ a foul within the five meter area that prevents a likely goal, the attacking team is awarded a penalty throw or shot. A. commits B. interferes C. punches D. touches 15. He is unreliable. What he says___________ be believed. A. cannot B. must not C. may not D. might not 16. Jane____________ law for four years now at Harvard. A. is studying B. has been studying C. studies D. studied 17. He____________ to the doctor after the accident, but he continued to play instead. A. must have gone B. should have gone C. couldn’t go D. didn’t have to go 18. I___________ find my own way there. You___________ wait for me. A. should/ can't B. have to/ must C. can/ needn't D. might/ mustn't I was reading the book last night before I went to bed. I never took it out of this room. It___________ be lying around here somewhere. Where___________ it be? A. might/ needn't B. can/ should C. shouldn't/ may D. must/ can 20. How many times have I told you __________ football in the street?” A. not playing B. do not play C. not to play D. not to have played Trang 158
- 158. BÀI 2. EMPHASIS- THỨC NHẤN MẠNH Classification: Hình thái nhấn mạng chính 1.1. Pronunciation: using stresses and intonation. Sử dụng ngữ điệu để nhấn mạnh, chẳng hạn như: e.g. A: Are you free? Yes? Are you free? Yes, I am. Really? Yes, I say yes. 1.2. Written forms (transformation): Sử dụng hình thức viết bằng các cấu trúc câu nhấn mạnh khác nhau. e.g. She could hardly understand. Hardly could she understand. The boy broke the vase. It was the boy who broke the vase. Styles: Các hình thái dùng văn phong để nhấn mạnh. 2.1. Verbs: Dùng các động từ trợ để nhấn mạnh cho động từ (hành động) như công thức: do/ does/ did - bare infinitives e.g. He visited us yesterday. → He did visit us yesterday. Hoa loves romantic films. → Hoa does love romantic films. 2.2. Adjectives: Dùng các động từ trợ để nhấn mạnh cho động từ (hành động) như công thức: It is/was + adjs + to infinitives e.g. Knowing your limitation is important. It’s important to know your limitation. He found that learning English was difficult. He found that it was difficult to learn English. 2.3. Reflexive pronouns: Dùng các đại từ phản thân để nhấn mạnh cho chủ thể của hành động như công thức: e.g. She did it. She herself did it. He thought that. Trang 159 S - myself/ yourself/ himself/ herself/ itself/ ourselves/ V
- 159. → He himselfthought that. 2.4. Cleft sentences: Dùng các mấu câu chẻ để nhấn mạnh cho chủ ngữ, tân ngữ, hay trạng ngữ cụ thể: S – V → It is/ was S that/ who V a. Subject focus: e.g. He broke the rules. → It was he who broke the rules. (he not him) The book interests me. → It is the book that interests me. b. Object focus: S – V – O → It is/ was O that S – V e.g. I hated him. → It was he who I hated. I need a replacement not others. → It is a replacement, not others that I need. c. Adverbials focus: S – V – A → It is/ was A that S – V e.g. We first met in this park. It was in this park that we first met. She left on a rainy day. It was on a rainy day that she left. 2.5. Inversion case: Dùng hình thức đảo ngữ để nhấn mạnh – phần đảo ngữ đã được trình bày rất kĩ càng ở Chuyên đề II – Bài 4. Adverbs từ trang 75 đến trang 92 (tài liệu này). e.g. He could never find out the truth. Never could he find out the truth. BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH Exercise 79. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. No longer_________ to do all her housework with her husband because our family now owns some new labor-saving devices. A. my mother has B. has my mother C. does my mother has D. does my mother have 2. No sooner had he sat down to lunch_________ there was a knock at the door. A. than B. that C. as D. when They hardly found her number when they called her. They called her sooner or later. They called her as soon as they found her number. Trang 160
- 160. They found hernumber as soon as they called her. They found her number sooner or later. Never before_________ such a beautiful girl. A. have I met B. have I meet C. I have met D. did I meet 5. Rarely_________ out after 9.00. A. does my sister go B. did my sister go C. my sister goes D. my sister does go 6. Hardly_________ asleep when the phone woke him up. A. the doctor fell B. the doctor had fallen C. did the doctor fall D. had the doctor fallen 7. Edward_________ goes to bed before midnight. A. hardly never B. seldom never C. hardly ever D. almost ever She had only just put the telephone down when the boss rang. She put the telephone down and the boss rang. Hardly had she put the telephone down when the boss rang. The boss rang back, but she put the telephone down. She had put the telephone down, so she let it ring when the boss rang. No sooner_________ than the boss came in. A. he had left B. had he left C. he was leaving D. was he leaving 10. Not only_________ to take the medicine, but he also hit the nurse. A. he refused B. does he refuse C. he was refused D. did he refuse As soon as he waved his hand, she turned away. He saw her turn away and he waved his hand. He waved his hand and at once she turned away. She turned away because he waved his hand. No sooner had he waved his hand than she turned away. Hardly had he left home_________ the telephone rang. A. than B. that C. as D. when 13. Not only_________ the book, but he had seen the film as well. A. he had read B. has he read C. had he read D. he did read 14. No longer_________ them to go to the music club. A. their parents allow B. does their parents allow C. do their parents allow D. has their parents allow 15. Only because she had to support her family_________ to leave school. A. that Alice decides B. did Alice decide C. does Alice decide D. Alice decided 16. Hardly_________ at the bus stop when the next bus came. A. they had arrived B. do they arrive C. arrived they D. had they arrived 17. So surprised at the news_________ that he couldn’t say anything. Trang 161
- 161. A. did hebecome B. he became C. does he become D. did he became 18. Not only_________ shade and beauty, but they also reduce carbon dioxide. A. trees provide B. provide trees C. do trees provide D. trees do provide 19. My grandfather_________ sleeps more than an hour a night. A. hardly never B. has ever C. is always D. hardly ever 20. Not only_________ profits, but it also had to lay off workers. A. did the company lose B. the company lose C. had the company lose D. lost the company Exercise 80. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. 1. _________ so many people been out of work as today. A. In the past, there never have B. Never before have C. More than ever before D. Formerly, there never were 2. It was only then_________ how much I owed to her. A. had I realize B. that I realized C. did I realize D. I did realize 3. Only by booking in advance_________ stay in the room you like. A. can you B. you can C. you will D. you As soon as he arrived at the airport, he called home. He arrived at the airport sooner than he had expected. No sooner had he arrived at the airport than he called home. Calling home, he said that he had arrived at the airport. He arrived at the airport and called me to take him home. At no time_________ know the result of the recognition. A. the public will B. will the public C. the public D. does the public 6. _________ in medicine relieve distress but they also prevent and cure illness. A. Do computers B. computers C. Computers not only D. Not only do computers 7. _________ reptiles hunt at temperatures of 120C or below. A. Seldom do B. Do seldom C. Do D. Seldom 8. _________ learn during their sleep by listening to tape records. A. People rarely can B. Can people rarely C. Rarely can people D. Can rarely people 9. _________ continental crust older than 200 million years. A. It is nowhere the B. Nowhere is the C. Is nowhere the D. Is the nowhere Not only_________ in the field of psychology but animal behavior is examined as well. Trang 162
- 162. A. human behavioris studied B. is human behavior studied C. is studied human behavior D. human behavior ____________, he would have learned how to read. Had he been able to go to school as a child If he has been able to go school as a child If he could go to school as a child Were he able to go to school as a child The sooner we solve this problem, the better it will be for all concerned. It would be better for all concerned if we can solve this problem soon. If all concerned are better, we can solve this problem soon. If we could solve this problem soon, it would be better for all concerned. If we can solve this problem soon, it will be better for all concerned. _________ interested in that subject, I would try to learn more about it. A. Were I B. Should I C. I was D. If I am ________ then what I know today, I would have saved myself a lot of time and trouble over the years. A. Had I known B. Did I know C. If I know D. If I would know 15. ______________ resigned, we would have been forced to sack him. A. Had he not B. Hadn’t he C. He had not D. He not had 16. It was______________ who broke the rules. A. he B. him C. his D. himself 17. It was in this park______________ we first met. A. when B. where C. that D. which 18. It is ________________ that I would like to go to the beach. A. such a nice weather B. too nice weather C. such nice weather D. such weather nice 19. Here______________ some accounts that you must check. A. is B. are C. were D. was 20. ________________, I’d have told you the answer. A. If you asked me B. Had you asked me C. You had asked me D. Unless you asked me Exercise 81: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. 1. - Jack: “What’s your________?” - Minh: “I’m Vietnamese.” A. nation B. national C. nationality D. international 2. In this course, students receive________ in the basic English grammar. Trang 163
- 163. A. instruct B.instructional C. instruction D. instructive 3. I________ him for his honesty. A. respective B. respectful C. respectable D. respect 4. All of the students appreciate the________ of English learning. A. import B. important C. importantly D. importance 5. We can enjoy live program through________ satellites. A. communicate B. communication C. communicative D. communicable 6. Learning English has become a________ in our country. A. necessitate B. necessary C. necessity D. necessarily 7. Computers are________ used in schools and universities. A. widely B. wide C. width D. widen 8. He retired at the________ of 60. A. age B. old C. older D. elder 9. My teacher always gives us a clear________. A. explain B. explained C. explanatory D. explanation 10. The________ of the moon for the earth causes the tides. A. attract B. attracted C. attractive D. attraction 11. Your bad result made me________. A. disappoint B. disappointment C. disappointed D. disappointing 12. Getting such a well-paid job is very beyond my________. A. expect B. expected C. expecting D. expectation ___________ is the activity of doing special exercises regularly in order to make your muscles grow bigger. A. Wrestling B. Bodybuilding C. Weightlifting D. Badminton 14. He is a great sports ___________. He rarely misses any sport games although he was busy. A. enthusiast B. player C. energy D. programmer In some most Asian countries women are undervalued and they never have the same ____________ as men. A. formality B. basis C. limit D. status ____________ is the study or creation of theories about basic things such as the nature of existence, knowledge, and thought, or about how people should live. A. Politics B. Physics C. Business D. Philosophy 17. There's_____________ to be frightened of the dog; he's quite harmless A. no fear B. no need C. any reason D. a fear Despite her undoubted ability at tennis, she never became the_____________ of the local tennis club. A. member B. winner C. champion D. partner Trang 164
- 164. 19. I wouldlike to offer a small_____________ to anyone who find my missing dog. A. reward B. repayment C. receipt D. expense In beach volleyball, Indonesia defeated Thailand in straight sets to take men's gold___________. A. present B. award C. medal D. reward Exercise 82: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. 1. Not many places at the universities are left, so choice is on a severe___________. A. limiting B. limitation C. delimitation D. limited 2. Higher education___________ have risen this year for the first time in more than a decade. A. applies B. applications C. applicable D. applicants 3. A letter of___________ is sometimes really necessary for you in a job interview. A. recommend B. recommended C. recommender D. recommendation 4. Qualifications and___________ are two most important factors that help you get a good job. A. politeness B. experience C. attention D. impression 5. Doctors have to assume___________ for human life. A. responsible B. responsibly C. responsibility D. responsibles 6. ___________ is increasing, which results from economic crisis. A. Employment B. Unemployment C. Employ D. Unemployed His work involves helping students to find temporary___________ during their summer vacation. A. decision B. employment C. choice D. selection 8. She has made an__________ for the job as a nursery teacher because she likes children. A. apply B. applicant C. application D. applicator A___________ is an official document that you receive when you have completed a course of study or training. A. vocation B. subject C. certificate D. grade 10. An_______ is a student at a university or college who is studying for his or her first degree. A. undergraduate B. application C. insurance D. exam Although they are twins, they have almost the same appearance but they are seldom in___________. A. agree B. agreeable C. agreement D. agreeably 12. My parents will have celebrated 30 years of___________ by next week. A. marry B. married C. marriageable D. marriage Most of us would maintain that physical__________ does not play a major part in how we react to the people we meet. Trang 165
- 165. A. attract B.attractive C. attractiveness D. attractively Reading the story of the__________ having her dress torn off in the lift reminded me of my friend's wedding. A. groom B. bride C. celibate D. groomsman 15. I do not think there is a real______ between men and women at home as well as in society. A. attitude B. value C. measurement D. equality A recent survey has shown that supporters of equal partnership in marriage are still in the__________. A. crowd B. particular C. majority D. obligation 17. Children who are isolated and lonely seem to have poor language and____________. A. communicate B. communication C. communicative D. communicator When you catch someone's___________ you do something to attract his attention so that you can talk to him. A. head B. hand C. eye D. ear 19. A whistle is the___________ for the football players to begin the match. A. communication B. instance C. attention D. signal 20. As an___________, Mr. Pike is very worried about the increasing of juvenile delinquency. A. educate B. education C. educator D. educative Exercise 83: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. For more than ten years, we have seen the significant___________ in the economy of our country. A. develop B. developments C. developers D. developed 2. Many teenagers show signs of anxiety and ___________ when being asked about their future. A. depress B. depression C. depressing D. depressed 3. Henry was a studious student. He needed no___________ to work hard. A. encourage B. encouraging C. encouragement D. encouraged A___________ is money that is paid by a government or other authority in order to help an industry or business, or to pay for a public service. A. capital B. subsidy C. investment D. salary The ___________ challenge of economic reform was to solve the problems of motivating workers and farmers to produce a larger surplus. A. initial B. initiate C. initiative D. initiation Since 1990, India has had high growth rates, and has emerged as one of the wealthiest ___________ in the developing world. A. economics B. economies C. economists D. economically Trang 166
- 166. 7. Deserts areoften composed of____________ and rocky surfaces. A. water B. trees C. oil D. sand More and more____________ are very excited at discovering as many interesting things in the deserts as possible. A. explores B. explorations C. explorers D. exploratory In the northern part of the Simpson Desert, the dunes are separated by ____________ of low, open shrub land. A. streets B. ways C. corridors D. lines Advances in computing___________, from processing speed to network capacity and the internet, have revolutionized the way scientists work. A. technology B. technological C. technologically D. technologist 11. A ____________ is a small raised area of ground, like a very small hill. A. slope B. hummock C. dune D. shrub Scientific____________ helps to explore some places and discover more and more remote parts of the world. A. survey B. lead C. research D. expedition 13. Several deserts are a quite vast and uninhabited____________. A. plain B. territory C. corridor D. shrub 14. A________ is a large animal that lives in deserts and is used for carrying goods and people. A. slope B. dune C. spinifex D. camel Only a few of the many species at risk of extinction actually make it to the lists and obtain legal___________. A. protect B. protection C. protective D. protector Many nations have laws offering protection to these species, such as forbidding hunting, restricting land development or creating___________. A. agencies B. reserves C. awareness D. challenges ___________ is the existence of a wide variety of plant and animal species living in their natural environment. A. Biodiversity B. Conservation C. Globe D. Individual 18. I must tell you about my_____________ when I first arrived in London. A. happenings B. experiences C. events D. incidents ____________ is the process by which a piece of land becomes dry, empty, and unsuitable for growing trees or crops on. A. desert B. deserted C. desertify D. desertification ___________ is a branch of Natural Science, and is the study of living organisms and how they interact with their environment. A. Biology B. Biological C. Biologist D. Biologically Trang 167
- 167. Exercise 84: Choosethe best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. 1. The fire ____________ by lightning. A. must cause B. must be causing C. must have caused D. must have been caused 2. If she_______________ rich, she would travel around the world. A. would be B. is C. has been D. were 3. Mary was the last applicant_______________________. A. to be interviewed B. to be interviewing C. to interview D. to have interviewed 4. Argentina_______________ Mexico by one goal to nil in the match A. beat B. scored C. won D. knocked 5. The weather forecast says that____________ tomorrow. A. it will snow B. it will be snowed C. it needs snowing D. it must be snowed 6. The car____________ by Karen. The keys are still on the table. A. must have taken B. must have been taken C. can't have been taken D. can't have taken 7. I wish I____________ many times. A. will not be interrupted B. would not be interrupted C. will not have interrupted D. would not have been interrupted 8. The package____________ carefully before it____________. A. must be wrapped/ is posted B. needs wrapping/ will be posted C. should wrap/ is going to be posted D. will be wrapping/ needs posting 9. Jenny____________ leave the hospital only six hours after the baby was born. A. was able to B. could C. can D. is able to 10. The garden____________. It has just started raining. A. needn't water B. needn't be watered C. needn't be watering D. needn't have watered 11. - Anna: “I saw Grace this morning at the bank.” - Pete: “It____________ Grace. She has been to Paris on her honeymoon.” A. can't be B. must be C. can't have been D. must have been 12. Can you please tell me some information that___________ to the job? A. indicates B. expresses C. interests D. relates 13. Not all teenagers are well___________ for their future job when they are at high school. A. interested B. satisfied C. concerned D. prepared Trang 168
- 168. Sometimes very youngchildren have trouble___________ fact from fiction and may believe that dragons actually exist. A. to separate B. separating C. to be separated D. for separating 15. Doctors are supposed to_____________ responsibility for human life. A. do B. take C. rush D. join We enjoy___________ time together in the evening when the family members gather in the living room after a day of working hard. A. spending B. caring C. taking D. doing It is parents' duty and responsibility to___________ hands to take care of their children and give them a happy home. A. shake B. hold C. join D. take 18. Something funny___________ in class yesterday. A. happened B. was happened C. happens D. is happened 19. “When can I have my car back?” – “I think it’ll___________ late this afternoon.” A. finish B. be finished C. have finished D. be finish 20. ____________ sure that you follow the instructions carefully. A. Believe B. Try C. Do D. Make Exercise 85: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. 1. It___________ it is parents' responsibility to take good care of their children. A. commonly says that B. commonly to be said that C. is commonly said that D. is commonly saying 2. The earth___________ on the sun for its heat and light. A. is depend B. depending C. has depend D. depends The National Hurricane Center is closely watching a strong hurricane. When it___________ the coast sometime tomorrow afternoon, it will bring with it great destructive force. A. reaches B. will reach C. is reaching D. reaching 4. Most children enjoy_____________ with their parents and sib-ships. A. play B. to play C. playing D. played 5. ___________ the eldest child, he works hard to help his parents support the family. A. Be B. Is C. To be D. Being 6. No matter what happens next I___________ help you. A. am B. have C. will D. would 7. ____________ Robert lately? A. Did you see B. Have you seen C. Do you see D. Are you seeing 8. We____________ Switzerland four times during the 1970s. Trang 169
- 169. A. used tovisit B. would visit C. visited D. will visit 9. She___________ trying to pass her driving test but fails every time. A. kept B. is keeping C. had kept D. keeps 10. I___________ complete silence now while I try this experiment. A. am wanting B. want C. did want D. have wanted 11. I love___________ films but I seldom find time to go the cinema. A. see B. saw C. seen D. seeing 12. About 15,000 years ago, northern Wisconsin____________ under ice a mile deep. A. buried B. was burying C. was buried D. had buried 13. In the last hundred years, traveling ___________ much easier and more comfortable. A. becomes B. has become C. became D. will become In the 19th century, it___________ two or three months to cross North America by covered wagon. A. took B. had taken C. had taken D. was taking 15. Alex is busy___________ for his exams. A. to study B. studied C. studying D. studies - Max: “I locked myself out of my apartment. I didn’t know what to do.” - Michel: “You___________ your roommate.” A. could have called B. may have called C. would have called D. must have called 17. I____________ with you on that subject. A. am agree B. am agreed C. agreeing D. agree 18. She is never willing___________ any personal question. A. answer B. to answer C. answering D. answered 19. ___________ a doctor, you have to meet some certain requirements of the medical college. A. To become B. Become C. Becoming D. Became 20. ___________ John usually watch TV at the weekend? A. Will B. Is C. Does D. Has Exercise 86: Find the ONE among the underlined and marked A, B, C, D in each of the following sentences that needs correcting: 1. Last year, my son was lost among the crowd when we have gone shopping. A B C D The problem has turned out to be more serious than we will have thought. A B C D Almost 300 million people had visited America’s national parks every year. A B C D Trang 170
- 170. They have studiedEnglish before they went to London. A B C D They has got married for 30 years by the end of this month. A B C D 6. Children’s games, which are amusements involve more than one individual, appear to be A B culturally universal. D Air pollution, together with littering, are causing many problems in large, industrial cities. A B C D 8. I get quite depressed when I think about the damage we are making to the environment. A B C D 9. Alike oxygen, which is chemically changed by our bodies into carbon dioxide, nitrogen A B is merely exhaled back into the air. C D 10. I think she will be suitable for the work because she has been working like a teacher A B C D Passengers are required to arrive to the gate fifteen minutes before departure time. A B C D 12. Most doctors agree that it is not good for patients to lay in bed without exercising. A B C D 13. Employees who haven't seen the new regulations often ask for unnecessary questions; A B instead they should ask for a copy of the regulations and read them. C D They will help you whenever you will ask them. A B C D 15. Going from air condition room to a natural environment can cause respiratory illness. A B C D 16. What I told her a few days ago were not the solutions to most of her problems. A B C D 17. When Sam will arrive, he will open the gift. A B C D 18. My father has ever told me that honesty was the best policy. A B C D 19. Dreaming, like all other mental processes, it is a product of the brain and its activity. A B C D Trang 171
- 171. 20. Dictionaries frequentlyexplain the origin of the defined word, state its part of speech and A B C indication its correct use. D BÀI 3. GERUNDS - DANH ĐỘNG TỪ I. Definition & Formation: Danh động từ là hình thức phái sinh của động từ và thực hiện các chức năng như các danh từ. Danh động từ được cấu tạo bằng cách thêm hậu tố - ing vào sau động từ gốc như các ví dụ dưới đây: verbs gerunds verbs gerunds 1. camp camping 6. jog jogging 2. dive diving 7. hike hiking 3. drive driving 8. mountaineer mountaineering 4. fish fishing 9. shop shopping 5. gamble gambling 10. study studying Functions: Danh động từ có hầu hết các chức năng như danh từ. Trong khuôn khổ tài liệu này chỉ những chức năng cơ bản có liên quan đến các mảng kiến thức ôn tập thi THPT Quốc gia của danh động từ được mô tả và phân tích như sau: 1. Subject (S): Các danh động từ và cụm danh động từ thực hiện chức năng làm chủ ngữ cho động từ. e.g. Fishing is his hobby. S Vp Getting into the city centre at this time of day isn’t easy. S Vp Studying abroad is a new trend in Vietnam. S Vp Complement (C): Các danh động từ và cụm danh động từ thực hiện chức năng làm bổ ngữ cho động từ. e.g. Her passion is studying. S V C What we really want is escaping from this terrible place. S V C Her favourire pastime is fishing. V C Compound nouns: Các danh động từ thực hiện chức năng tạo ra các danh từ ghép như sau: Trang 172
- 172. a. Gerund-noun: Ghépmột danh động từ với một danh từ để tạo thành một danh từ ghép: e.g. fishing-rod cooking-apple driving license wrapping paper writing paper cooking oil Note: A fishing-rod is a rod for fishing. A reading lamp is a lamp for reading. etc. b. Non-gerund: Ghép một danh từ với một danh động từ để tạo thành một danh từ ghép: e.g. fruit-picking sky-diving bush walking time-counting bodybuilding windsurfing etc. Object (O): Các danh động từ và cụm danh động từ thực hiện chức năng làm tân ngữ cho động từ hoặc giới từ như trình bày dưới đây: Direct objects: Follow these certain verbs - Các danh động từ và cụm danh động từ thực hiện chức năng làm tân ngữ trực tiếp cho các động từ theo mẫu câu: S – V – V+ing. 1. admit 9. enjoy 17. mention 25. recollect 2. appreciate 10. escape 18. mind 26. report 3. avoid 11. finish 19. miss 27. resent 4. begin 12. hate 20. postpone 28. resume 5. consider 13. keep 21. practice 29. risk 6. continue 14. like 22. prefer 30. resist 7. delay 15. enjoy 23. quit 31. suggest 8. deny 16. love 24. recall e.g. He admitted having stolen the car. She denied having cheated during exam. We finished working on our projects months ago. Children practice speaking English day after day. 4.2. Verb preposition: Các danh động từ và cụm danh động từ thực hiện chức năng làm tân ngữ cho các động từ giới từ dưới đây theo mẫu câu: S – V – pre – V+ing. 1. apologize for 13. get to 25. plan on 2. approve of 14. give up 26. put off 3. believe in 15. go back to 27. rely on Trang 173
- 173. 4. care for16. hesitate about 28. result in 5. complain of 17. insist on 29. return to 6. confess to 18. keep on 30. safe from 7. consist of 19. lead to 31. succeed in 8. count on 20. long for 32. take to 9. depend on 21. look forward to 33. think about 10. dream of 22. mean by 34. think of 11. end in 23. object to 35. threaten with 12. forget about 24. persist in 36. worry about e.g. He apologized to me for having broken the vase. She complained of not having been informed about the meeting. We gave up working on our projects months ago. Children succeeded in speaking English day after day. 4.3. Adjective preposition: Các danh động từ và cụm danh động từ thực hiện chức năng làm tân ngữ cho các cụm tính từ giới từ dưới đây theo mẫu câu: S – be – adj – pre – V+ing. 1. absorbed in 21. embarrassed at 41. right in 2. accustomed to 22. excited about 42. scared at (of) 3. afraid of 23. far from 43. set on 4. amused at 24. fed up with 44. sick of 5. angry with 25. fond of 45. skilled in (at) 6. annoy at 26. fortunate in 46. slow in 7. ashamed of 27. free from 47. sorry for 8. aware of 28. frightened of 48. successful in (at) 9. bored with 29. furious at 49. sure of 10. busy with 30. given to 50. surprised at 11. capable of 31. good at 51. thankful for 12. careful about 32. grateful for 52. tired of 13. careful in 33. happy in (at) 53. unaware of 14. careless of 34. incapable of 54. unconscious of 15. certain about 35. interested in 55. upset at 16. clever at 36. keen on 56. worried about 17. conscious of 37. nice about 57. wrong in 18. content with 38. pleased at 19. delighted at 39. proud of Trang 174
- 174. 20. different from40. responsible for e.g. The little boy was absorbed in playing video games. The police are careful in investigating the case. He is incapable of running such a big firm like that. They are tired of waiting for the entrance exam results. We were worried about travelling so far away from the head-quarter. 4.4. Idiom phrases: (phrases of words that have literal meanings) : Các danh động từ và cụm danh động từ theo sau các ngữ cố định sau: can’t bear e.g. He can’t bear staying at home all day. can’t face e.g. The lady can’t face meeting her ex-husband very often. can’t stand e.g. I can’t stand seeing him in this situation. can’t help e.g. We couldn’t help weeping when we reunited yesterday. feel like….e.g. I felt like going out right after he enter It’s no use... e.g. It’s no use explaining to such a mischievous boy. It’s (not) worth… e.g. It’s not worth buying a second hand phone like that. There’s no point in… e.g. There’s no point in quarreling as we have another ways. 4.5. Adjectives: Các danh động từ và cụm danh động từ theo sau các tính từ sau: 1. amusing 6. hopeless 11. strange 2. comfortable 7. lovely 12. useless 3. difficult 8. nice 13. wonderful 4. easy 9. off 5. great 10. pleasant e.g. It’s amusing spending time with you here. It’s hopeless waiting for an unpunctual person like him. It’s useless staying out waiting for the postman. 4.6. Noun preposition: Các danh động từ và cụm danh động từ theo sau các cụm danh từ giới từ sau: 1. choice of 3. intention of 5. possibility of 2. excuse for 4. method for 6. reason for e.g. He has a choice of studying abroad. They have no intention of selling their car. He gave no reason for being late. 4.7. Complement of objects: Follow these below verbs - Các danh động từ và cụm danh động từ theo sau các tân ngữ của các động từ sau: 1. call 6. get 11. notice 2. catch 7. hear 12. see Trang 175
- 175. 3. discover 8.imagine 13. send 4. feel 9. keep 14. set 5. find 10. leave 15. stop 16. watch e.g. He catches the boy climbing over the wall. They saw an old man crossing the street. We watched the ants fighting. 4.8. Subjunctive subject “it” or noun phrases; Find/ found + it + V-ING: e.g. He found the film annoying. They find the long walk tiring. When/ on /while / as + V-ING: e.g. When opening the case, he found his lost notebook. On reading the letter, she burst into tears. While cleaning the room, she found a diamond ring. Special verbs: Một số động từ đặc biệt mà theo sau có thể là gerunds, hoặc infinitives, cụ thể như dưới đây: 5.1. stop: mang hai nghĩa khác nhau khi theo sau các cấu trúc khác nhau như sau: a. stop + to infinitives (= stop this work to start the other work) Dừng một việc để thực hiện việc khác e.g. He stops to smoke. (He stops his work and starts smoking) We stopped to rest. (We didn’t work anymore, and we rested) b. stop + gerunds (= to give up a habit ) Từ bỏ một điều gì đó e.g. He stops smoking. (He no longer smokes) They stopped fighting. (They gave up fighting) 5.2. try: mang hai nghĩa khác nhau khi theo sau các cấu trúc khác nhau như sau: a. try + to infinitives (= manage successfully to do). Cố gắng làm gì đó e.g. He tried to lift the case. (He managed to lift the case and succeeded) He tried to work hard. (He did with all his capability) b. try + gerunds (= to experience). Thử làm gì đó e.g. He tried lifting the case. (He wanted to know whether he could lift it) He tried smoking. (He wanted to know how he was when he smoked) 5.3. remember: mang hai nghĩa khác nhau khi theo sau các cấu trúc khác nhau như sau: a. remember + to infinitives (= to make oneself aware of a task). Ghi nhớ để thực hiện nhiệm vụ (luôn nhắc nhở bản thân thực hiện) e.g. He remembered to lock the door. (He had to lock the door) Trang 176
- 176. They remembered tobuy food. (They reminded themselves to do so) b. remember + gerunds (= to assure oneself a fulfilled task) Nhớ về việc đã làm (bản thân chắc rằng mình đã thực hiện công việc đó) e.g. He remembered locking the door. (He was sure that he had locked the door) He remembered sending an email. (He was sure that he had sent) 5.4. forget: mang hai nghĩa khác nhau khi theo sau các cấu trúc khác nhau như sau: a. forget + to infinitives (= to miss a task). Quên mất một nhiệm vụ e.g. Sam forgot to buy food. (Sam didn’t buy food) He forgot to close the door. (He didn’t close the door) b. forget + gerunds (= the fulfilled task is forgotten). Quên một việc đã làm e.g. Sam forgot buying food. (He bought food but he didn’t remember) She forgot refunding my money. (She refunded but she forgot that) 5.5. regret: mang hai nghĩa khác nhau khi theo sau các cấu trúc khác nhau như sau: a. regret + to infinitives (not want to do this task) Bận tâm/ tiếc khi phải làm (hành động chưa được thực hiện) e.g. Kim regretted to say the truth. (He didn’t want to say the truth but he had to) He regretted to call the police. (he didn’t want but he had to) b. regret + gerunds ( the task is done unexpectedly) Hối tiếc về việc đã làm (hành động đã được thực hiện) e.g. Kim regretted saying the truth. (He said and he regretted what he’d done) He regretted not calling the police. (He wished he had called the police) BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH Exercise 87. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. 1. I remembered____________ up in that house with my brothers and sisters. A. to grow B. to growing C. grow D. growing 2. They are going to______________ the pool to 1.8 meter. A. deep B. depth C. deepen D. deeply 3. Is it possible for us to____________ to the cinema without him? A. reach B. come C. arrive D. go 4. I want you to____________ your best clothes tonight for the party. A. wore B. dress C. put on D. hung up. 5. She encouraged______________ the job. A. to take the job B. that Frank should take C. Frank to take D. to Frank to take I____________ you can swim so well and I can’t. A. hate B. hate it that C. hate that D. hate it Trang 177
- 177. 7. Michael mademe____________ him next week. A. to promise to call B. to promise calling C. promise to call D. promise calling 8. We watched the cat____________ the tree. A. climbed B. climb C. had climbed D. was climbing 9. I wish you____________ stop interrupting me whenever I speak A. will B. would C. did D. might 10. I expect____________ a postcard from my father in England today. A. being received B. to receive C. receiving D. to be receiving 11. The child was told to____________ for being rude to his uncle. A. excuse B. apologize C. forgive D. confess 12. If you want your son to do better on his exams, I suggest he____________ harder. A. will study B. studies C. will study D. study I am looking for a friendly young person to help_____________ my elderly brother while I go out to work during the day. A. take after B. give care of C. put up with D. look after 14. ____________ the class size is our school’s immediate aim. A. Reduced B. Reduces C. Reducing D. Reduce 15. The plants need_____________ before noon. A. watering B. to water C. be watered D. being watered 16. The school required that every student _____________before September 1st. A register B. registered C. registers D. was registered 17. She resented_____________ waiting for hours in front of the cinema. A. to be kept B. keeping C. being kept D. being keeping 18. The government has tried to ____________the price of petrol, but they failed. A. bring on B. put in C. bring down D. get over 19. I'm __________ quite hungry now, aren't you? A. getting B. becaming C. turning D. growing Our learning and teaching equipment needs __________ if further improvement is to be achieved. A. modernized B. to modernize C. modernizing D. modernize Exercise 88. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. I don’t like____________ when I am not there. A. criticizing B. being criticized C. to criticize D. to be criticized 2. Would you mind_____________ me a hand? A. give B. gave C. to give D. giving Trang 178
- 178. _____________ is asport in which you move along the surface of the sea or a lake on a long narrow board with a sail on it. A. Water polo B. Diving C. Windsurfing D. Scuba diving 4. Sometimes I do not feel like______________ to my sibling about my troubles. A. talk B. to talk C. talking D. talked 5. Their children very much enjoy____________ cartoons. A. watch B. watching C. watched D. to watch 6. I regret_____________ that your application has been unsuccessful. A. say B. saying C. have said D. to say The missing man’s family is desperately seeking anyone____________ information about his activities or whereabouts. A. has B. having C. who have D. have I’ll never forget_____________ that race. What a thrill! A. to win B. win C. being won D. winning 9. The painting was beautiful. I stood there_____________ it for a long time. A. for admiring B. being admired C. admire D. admiring 10. I was enjoying my book, but I stopped_____________ a program on TV. A. reading to watch B. to read to watch C. to read for watching D. reading for to watch - Mike: “Have you ever met the man_____________ over there?” Jane: “No. Who is he?” A. stands B. standing C. is standing D. who he is standing 12. My brother stopped____________ two years ago. A. smoked B. smoke C. to smoke D. smoking 13. Do you mind____________ the cooking? A. doing B. to do C. before D. then 14. When friends insist on______________ expensive gifts, it makes most people uncomfortable. A. them to accept B. they accepting C. their accepting D. they accept A specific area of biotechnology that shows great promise for treatment and cure of life- _____________ diseases. A. developing B. threatening C. hoping D. fitting 16. He tried to limit himself to____________ 10 cigarettes a day. A. be smoking B. have smoked C. smoke D. smoking 17. The girl said that she was afraid of____________ alone in dark. A. being left B. left C. to be interested D. interest When he was questioned by the police, he admitted knowing about the wrongdoing, but denied_____________ in any way. Trang 179
- 179. A. to beinvolved B. involving Sometimes very young children believe that dragons actually exist. C. having involved D. being involved have trouble_____________ fact from fiction and may A. to separate B. separating C. to be separated D. for separating We enjoy___________ time together in the evening when the family members gather in the living room after a day of working hard. A. spending B. caring C. taking D. doing Exercise 89. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. She hated____________ football matches on T.V and that’s why she scolded her husband. A. watch B. watching C. watched D. to watch 2. Henry should have asked for help instead___________ to do it himself. A. of trying B. to try C. try D. from trying 3. Who is the woman talking to Mai? I don’t recall___________ her around the office before. A. to have seen B. seeing C. to see D. being seen 4. Mr. Larry was upset by___________ him the truth. A. our not having told B. us not tell C. we didn’t tell D. not to tell 5. Do you have an excuse____________ late to class two days in a row? A. for to be B. for being C. to be D. being 6. We considered______________ after work. A. to go shop B. going shopping C. going to shop D. to go to shop 7. She is busy ___________ for his exams. A. to study B. studied C. studying D. studies 8. ___________ is the activity of swimming underwater using special breathing equipment. A. Synchronized swimming B. Rowing C. Water polo D. Scuba-diving When_____________ a European, we should stick to the last name unless he suggests that we use his first name. A. talking B. speaking C. discussing D. addressing Before______________ for a position, check whether you can fulfill all the requirements from the employer. A. deciding B. applying C. requiring D. demanding 11. There is only one student in the classroom______________ his lesson. A. prepared B. to prepare C. preparation D. preparing Industry in the area consisted mostly of food-processing plants and factories ___________ consumer goods. Trang 180
- 180. A. renovating B.initiating C. developing D. producing 13. It's no good __________ your father about your failure. A. to tell B. tell C. telling D. told 14. ___________ is a sport in which people or teams race against each other in boats with oars. A. Rowing B. Windsurfing C. Swimming D. Water polo 15. The equipment in our office needs_______________. A. moderner B. modernizing C. modernized D. modernization 16. _____________ stamps is my hobby. A. Collect B. Collection C. Collecting D. Collected 17. Do you know the woman_____________ over there? A. sits B. who sit C. sat D. sitting 18. We spent a year_____________ this boat. A. to build B. building C. over building D. for building My friend Mary is a blabbermouth! She can’t resist____________ everyone what she heard from me. A. tell B. to tell C. telling D. being told 20. ____________________, he gained lots of group-work skills. A. Having lived abroad for years C. Live abroad for years B. In order to live abroad for years D. To live abroad for years Exercise 90: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. 1. We are looking forward___________ you again soon. A. to see B. to seeing C. saw D. have seen 2. My mother was afraid to let the boy___________ the tree. A. to risk climbing B. to risk to climb C. risk climbing D. risk to climb 3. I remember___________ but he said I did not. A. to buy him a book B. buy him a book C. buying him a book D. to have bought him a book 4. Remember___________ john a present. Today is his birthday. A. send B. to send C. sent D. sending 5. I suggest___________ some more mathematical puzzles. A. do B. to do C. doing D. done 6. Would you mind___________ the door? A. open B. to open C. opening D. opened 7. You should give up___________ or you will die of cancer. A. smoke B. to smoke C. smoking D. smoked Trang 181
- 181. 8. The driverstopped___________ a coffee because he felt sleepy. A. have B. to have C. having D. had 9. That old man tried to stop___________ because of his bad health. A. smoke B. smokes C. smoked D. smoking 10. There is nothing prevent us from___________ the mystery of that palace. A. discover B. discovery C. discovering D. discoveries 11. I must go now. I promise___________ late. A. not being B. not to be C. to not be D. I won’t be 12. Do you want___________ with you or do you want to go alone? A. me coming B. me to come C. that I will come D. that I come 13. I’m sure I locked the door. I clearly remember___________ it. A. locking B. to lock C. to have locked D. to be locked She tried to be serious, but she couldn’t help___________. A. laughing B. to laugh C. that she laughed D. laugh 15. I like___________ the kitchen as often as possible. A. not cleaned B. clean C. to clean D. that I clean 16. He tried to avoid___________ my question. A. answering B. to answer C. answer D. how to answer 17. Could you please stop___________ so much noise? A. to make B. make C. to have make D. making 18. I enjoy___________ to music. A. listen B. to listen C. listening D. listened 19. Have you finished___________ your hair yet? A. wash B. washed C. washing D. to wash 20. If you walk into the road without looking, you risk___________ knocked down. A. been B. to be C. be D. being Exercise 91: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. 1. Mr. Thomas does not allow people___________ in his office. A. smoke B. to smoke C. smoked D. smoking 2. We are not allowed___________ in that restricted area. A. to enter B. enter C. entering D. to entered 3. You had better___________ at home until you feel better. A. stay B. to stay C. staying D. stayed 4. The machine needs___________. A. to repair B. to be repaired C. repairing D. B and C are correct Trang 182
- 182. 5. I couldn’thelp___________ when I heard the story. A. laughing B. to laugh C. laughed D. laugh 6. Peter usually helps his mother___________. A. to do housework B. do housework C. with housework D. all are correct 7. She used that money___________ a new car. A. buy B. buying C. to buy D. for buying 8. Can you manage to finish___________ the report in the morning? A. to write B. writing C. writing D. to write 9. Rex hotel was the best place for us___________. A. stays B. staying C. to stay D. stay 10. You can’t stop me from___________ what I want. A. doing B. do C. to do D. that I do 11. Janet is 55, but she isn’t going to retired yet. She wants to carry on___________. A. to work B. work C. works D. working 12. Hello! Fancy___________ you here! What a surprise! A. to see B. seeing C. seen D. see 13. I’ve put off___________ the letters so many times. I really must do it today. A. write B. to write C. written D. writing 14. What a stupid thing to do! Can you imagine anybody___________. A. being B. be C. to be D. were 15. She gave up ______ to find a job in this country and decided to go abroad. A. apply B. to apply C. applying D. application 16. Suddenly he stopped the car in order___________. A. smoke B. to smoke C. smoking D. has smoked 17. I can’t bear___________ this dirty room. A. seeing B. to see C. seen D. saw 18. Have you considered___________ to live in another country? A. going B. to go C. gone D. goes 19. Cathy suggested___________ to the cinema. A. went B. not to go C. not go D. going 20. They caused her___________ a lot. A. cried B. crying C. to cry D. cry Exercise 92: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. 1. Paula quit___________ alcohol three years ago. Trang 183
- 183. A. to drinkB. drank C. being drunk D. drinking 2. We must do something. We can’t go on___________ like this. A. to live B. living C. life D. live 3. My mother rarely allows me___________ things for myself. A. to buy B. bought C. buy D. buying 4. She admitted___________ the money. A. to steal B. steals C. steal D. having stolen 5. It was late, so we decided___________ a taxi home. A. to take B. taken C. taking D. was taken 6. Kelvin was in a difficult situation, so I agreed___________ him some money. A. lend B. lending C. to lend D. lender 7. How old were you when you learnt___________? A. how to drive B. how driving C. how drive D. how drivers 8. I waved to Karen but I failed___________ her attention. A. to be attracted B. to attract C. attracting D. attracted 9. We decided ______ because of the bad weather. A. not going out B. not to go out C. not go out D. not gone 10. She always encouraged her son___________. A. to jog B. jogged C. is jogging D. jogging 11. They seem___________ plenty of money. A. are having B. to have C. having D. had 12. I like Jackson, but I think he tends___________ too much. A. to talk B. talking C. talk D. is talking 13. Ann pretended___________ me as he passed me in the street. A. not seeing B. not to seen C. not see D. not to see 14. I happened___________ that news from a magazine. A. known B. to be known C. to know D. know 15. He has been on a diet to___________ weight. A. have lost B. having lost C. to have lost D. lose 16. I don’t know whether___________ for the job or not. A. to applying B. apply C. to apply D. applied 17. Do you understand___________? A. what done B. what doing C. what to do D. what do 18. Can somebody show me___________ the film in this cinema? A. how to changed B. how change C. how changing D. how to change 19. Don’t forget___________ the letter I gave you. A. to post B. posting C. post D. posted Trang 184
- 184. 20. There wasa lot of traffic, but we managed___________ to the airport in time. A. are gone B. going C. to go D. to be going Exercise 93: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. 1. That hotel is so expensive. They___________ you sixty pounds for bed and breakfast. A. charge B. fine C. take D. cost 2. I am considering___________ my job. Can you recommend a good company? A. to move B. moving C. to change D. changing A dry pass, meaning the ball does not____________ the water is thrown a few inches above the head of the catching player. A. catch B. hold C. swim D. touch 4. The train____________ by bad weather. I am not sure. A. might delay B. might be delaying C. might have delayed D. might have been delayed 5. The room____________ once a day. A. should clean B. should be cleaning C. should be cleaned D. should have cleaned 6. Two tablets____________ twice a day to have you recover from the illness quickly. A. must take B. must be taken C. must have taken D. must be taking 7. Barbara walked past me without saying a word. She____________ me. A. can't have seen B. can't see C. can't have been seen D. can be seen 8. The more goals the players____________, the more exciting the match became. A. marked B. made C. scored D. sprinted 9. How long does the play____________? A. last B. extend C. prolong D. stretch I think the match____________. Everybody's gone into the stadium and you can hear them cheering. A. was started B. will be started C. must started D. must have started 11. We found the exam extremely easy. We____________ so hard. A. needn't study B. needn't be studying C. needn't have studied D. needn't have been studied 12. The curtains have____________ because of the strong sunlight. A. faded B. fainted C. lightened D. weakened 13. The referee___________ the coin to decide which team would kick the ball first. A. caught B. threw C. cast D. tossed There is plenty of money in our account so those cheques____________ to the bank today. Trang 185
- 185. A. needn't betaken B. needn't be taking C. needn't take D. needn't taking 15. We____________ with a swim in the lake. A. took up B. gave in C. cooled off D. got out 16. The picnic_____________ because Peter has just had a traffic accident. A. will cancel B. will be cancelling C. will be cancelled D. will have cancelled 17. Neil Armstrong was the first man____________ on the moon. A. to walk B. walking C. has walked D. walked 18. To____________ a desert is a danger activity which requires careful preparation for risks. A. comprise B. circle C. remain D. explore 19. Our industrial output____________ from $2 million in 2002 to $4 million this year. A. rises B. has risen C. rose D. was rising Before___________ for a position, check whether you can fulfill all the requirements from the employer. A. deciding B. applying C. requiring D. demanding Exercise 94: Find the ONE among the underlined and marked A, B, C, D in each of the following sentences that needs correcting: Before to go out, remember to turn off the computer. A B C D You had better learning a foreign language before applying for a job. A B C D On to hear the telephone ring, I answered it immediately. A B C D There’s something wrong with my computer. It may need to repair. A B C D 5. It is a dull evening. We have nothing doing. A B C D 6. Gets the bad news from her parents, Lan immediately burst into tears. A B C D 7. I regret not to help you but I really couldn’t do anything else. A B C D Many scientists have tried to unlocking the genetic code. A B C D 9. Open the letter from her mother, she feels very happy. A B C D To reduce pollution, we have to stop to use many things that make our lives comfortable. Trang 186
- 186. A B CD 11. It is very difficult for us to preventing forest fires during the drought. A B C D 12. People want to conserve the environment, but they can’t help pollute it. A B C D 13. An: Let’s go out for a drink. - Ba: I suggest staying at home and watch television. A B C D 14. The government has had the ethnic minority settling down and provided them with land. A B C D 15. There are many people visit the Pyramids in Egypt every day. A B C D We go to school enriching our mind with knowledge. A B C D 17. It is very difficult for human beings fighting pollution. A B C D 18. If we don’t care conservation the environment, we will get unavoidable disasters. A B C D 19. Would you mind give me a hand, I have a lot of things to do? A B C D You have to finished writing the report yourself. A B C D BÀI 4. INFINITIVES - ĐỘNG TỪ NGUYÊN THỂ I. Classification: Phân loại động từ nguyên thể Full infinitive: With “to’ – Động từ nguyên thể đầy đủ có “to” như: e.g. He goes to Paris to learn French. They would like to invite some guests to their house warming party. Bare infinitive: Without “to’ – Động từ nguyên thể khuyết không có “to” như: e.g. My parent didn’t let me do what I really liked. We saw an old lady walk on the grass. Perfect infinitive: Form “have past participles” – Động từ nguyên thể hoàn thành như: e.g. He was believed to have escaped from the prison. The man is thought to have escaped with a young girl. Passive infinitive: Form “be past participles” – Động từ nguyên thể bị động như: e.g. He was believed to be put into prison. The man is said to be killed in an accident. Trang 187
- 187. Positions and functions:Ở phần này vị trí và chức năng của các động từ nguyên thể đầy đủ “to-infinitive” được đề cập và mô tả như dưới đây: 1. Follow the verbs below: động từ nguyên thể đầy đủ “to-infinitive” đi sau các động từ dưới đây theo công thức: S – V – to-infinitives 1. agree 18. fail 35. omit 2. arrange 19. fear 36. plan 3. ask 20. forget 37. prefer 4. attempt 21. hate 38. prepare 5. begin 22. help 39. pretend 6. care 23. hesitate 40. promise 7. cease 24. hope 41. propose 8. choose 25. intend 42. refuse 9. claim 26. learn 43. seem 10. come 27. like 44. start 11. continue 28. long 45. strive 12. decide 29. love 46. swear 13. demand 30. manage 47. tend 14. deserve 31. mean 48. threaten 15. desire 32. need 49. try 16. determine 33. neglect 50. want 17. expect 34. offer 51. wish e.g. He agreed to wait for us. They determined to get scholarship. Ha offered to help the old lady. She wishes to become a nurse. Follow the idiomatic phrases: động từ nguyên thể đầy đủ “to-infinitive” đi sau các cụm động từ như make up one’s mind/ take care/ take the trouble/ make sure/ etc. e.g. They couldn’t make up their mind to go or not. They took the trouble of the company to ask for a pay-rise. You should make sure to apply for the job that suit you well. Follow the adjectives below: động từ nguyên thể đầy đủ “to-infinitive” đi sau các tính từ dưới đây theo công thức: Trang 188 S – be – adjectives – to-infinitives
- 188. 1. able 21.easy 41. proud 2. afraid 22. fortunate 42. safe 3. amused 23. free 43. scared 4. annoyed 24. frightened 44. slow 5. anxious 25. furious 45. sorry 6. ashamed 26. glad 46. sufficient 7. astonished 27. good 47. sure 8. boring 28. grateful 48. surprised 9. careful 29. happy 49. thankful 10. certain 30. hard 50. unable 11. content 31. hopeless 51. unusual 12. crazy 32. horrified 52. unwilling 13. curious 33. impatient 53. unwise 14. dangerous 34. impossible 54. usual 15. delighted 35. interested 55. useless 16. determined 36. keen 56. willing 17. difficult 37. lucky 57. wise 18. distressed 38. moved 58. wonderful 19. due 39. pleased 59. worthy 20. eager 40. possible 60. wrong e.g. She is too annoyed to say anything. They are certain to win the race. We are eager to start a new school year. The boy is too horrified to say a word. He was wrong to move to another city. Follow WH-words: động từ nguyên thể đầy đủ “to-infinitive” đi sau các đại từ what/ who/ whom/ which/ when/ where/ how/ etc. e.g.She didn’t know what to do next. We didn’t decide where to go. They couldn’t make up their mind who to trust. Follow nouns/ pronouns of the verbs below: động từ nguyên thể đầy đủ “to-infinitive” đi sau các tân ngữ của các động từ dưới đây theo công thức: S – V – O – to-infinitives 1. advise 16. force 31. order Trang 189
- 189. 2. allow 17.forbid 32. permit 3. ask 18. get 33. persuade 4. assume 19. guess 34. prefer 5. beg 20. hate 35. suspect 6. believe 21. imagine 36. teach 7. challenge 22. instruct 37. tell 8. cause 23. intend 38. tempt 9. command 24. invite 39. think 10. compel 25. know 40. trust 11. consider 26. lead 41. understand 12. enable 27. like 42. urge 13. encourage 28. love 43. want 14. expect 29. mean 44. warn 15. find 30. observe 45. wish e.g. She advised me not to take the job. They encouraged the son to fight. I would like you to apply for that job. We prefer him to stand up. He urged me to raise my hand. 2.6. To be demonstration, purposes, results: động từ nguyên thể đầy đủ “to-infinitive” được dùng như hình thức chỉ định, chỉ mục đích, kết quả hoặc theo sau enough/ save money/ etc. e.g. The house, to be demolished, is very old. She has nothing to eat. We haven’t got enough to have one each. They saved money to go abroad. To form absolute phrases: động từ nguyên thể đầy đủ “to-infinitive” được dùng để tạo ra các cụm động từ chỉ hình thái lời nói như: To tell the truth/ To cut a long short story/ etc. e.g. To tell the truth, she was a real liar. To sum up, it’s necessary to own a personal computer. To form exclamation: động từ nguyên thể đầy đủ “to-infinitive” được dùng để chỉ hình thức cảm thán như sau: e.g. To think she met with such a death! Oh! To be young again! Trang 190
- 190. BÀI TẬP THỰCHÀNH Exercise 95. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. 1. You should study hard to___________ your classmates. A. catch sight of B. feel like C. get in touch with D. keep pace with 2. Conservationists_____________ that experiments on animals be stopped. A. banned B. complained C. said D. recommended 3. The child who was caught____________ was made to stand in the corner of the classroom. A. behaving B. misbehave C. misbehavior D. misbehaving 4. UNICEF_______ supports and funds for the most disadvantaged children all over the world. A. presents B. assists C. provides D. offers 5. Is there anyone who_____________ the plan put forward by the committee? A. differs B. disagrees C. objects D. opposes 6. Doctors are supposed to_____________ responsibility for human life. A. do B. take C. rush D. join 7. The policeman____________ me off with a warning as it was Christmas. A. sent B. gave C. let D. set 8. You need more exercise - you should______________ jogging. A. try on B. take up C. carry out D. hold up 9. Please_____________ our letter of the 14th. We have not had a reply. A. know B. knowledge C. acknowledge D. unknow 10. He is going to take extra lessons to____________ what she missed while she was away. A. catch up on B. cut down on C. put up with D. take up with It’s essential that every student___________ the exam before attending the course. A. pass B. passes C. would pass D. passed It’s a formal occasion so we’ll have to______ to the nines- no jeans and pullovers this time! A. hitch up B. put on C. wear in D. get dressed up 13. After her illness, Lam had to work hard to______________ his classmates. A. catch sight of B. keep pace with C. get in touch with D. make allowance for 14. ___________ for farming purposes, soil must contain the minerals plants require. A. To be good B. Being good C. Be good D. That's good 15. Please____________ your cigarette. I am going to get choked. A. cut down B. blowout C. put aside D. put out The contract was signed by the three partners who thus agreed to____________ by terms and conditions contained in it. Trang 191
- 191. A. follow B.adhere C. abide D. stick 17. It is not easy to ____________ our beauty when we get older and older. A. develop B. maintain C. gain D. collect 18. She has been told by her doctor that she is _________, she cannot have a child of her own. A. childish B. childhood C. childless D. child 19. The baby does nothing but____________ all day. A. to sleep and to eat B. to sleep and eat C. sleep and eat D. sleeping and eating 20. It is very difficult to____________ the exact meaning of an idiom in a foreign language. A. convert B. convey C. exchange D. transfer Exercise 96. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. 1. A washing machine of this type will certainly_____________ normal domestic use. A. stand up for B. come up with C. get on to D. take down with 2. He is doing very badly but he tries to____________ appearances. A. hold on B. stick to C. keep up D. make out He was so mean that he could not bear to_____________ the smallest sum of money for the charity appeal. A. part with B. pay off C. give in D. let out 4. The mother told her son ___________ so impolitely. A. not behave B. not to behave C. not behaving D. did not behave Nam: “Excuse me! I’m looking for the library.” Mai: “_________________” A. Where’re your eyes? It’s in front of you. B. Look no further! C. Find it yourself. I’m busy. D. Oh, nice to meet you. 6. “Can you_____________ me a favor, Bill?” Peter said. A. make B. get C. put D. do 7. Boy, stop reading____________ the book down and go to bed. A. Take B. Put C. Set D. Pick 8. Our English teacher would like ______________. A. that we practicing our pronunciation B. us practicing our pronunciation C. us to practice our pronunciation D. we to practice our pronunciation 9. We are not allowed___________ jeans at school. A. wear B. to wear C. wearing D. worn 10. Jack offered____________ care of my garden while I was out of town. A. take B. taking C. to have taken D. to take Trang 192
- 192. 11. I gotBarbara___________ her car for the weekend. A. to let me to borrow B. let me borrow C. to let me borrow D. let me to borrow 12. ___________ sure that you follow the instructions carefully. A. Believe B. Try C. Do D. Make 13. Professor Alan insisted that every student______________ their report by Friday. A. finish B. finishes C. finished D. had finished 14. The students refused_____________ to school in the afternoon. A. returning B. to return C. to be returned D. return In view of the serious problems associated with the takeover the newspaper company has decided to_____________ its offer of financial help. A. throw B. reject C. cancel D. deter The main problem was that the newly formed organization was not attracting enough work and so they decided to____________ the services of a public relations expert. A. call B. engage C. enter D. register 17. She is never willing_____________ any personal question. A. answer B. to answer C. answering D. answered 18. If you need any support, you can rely on me to______________. A. set you down B. face up to you C. back you up D. put you through 19. The manager had his secretary_____________ the report for him. A. to have typed B. typed C. type D. to type 20. Sports competition are held to_____________ cooperation and solidarity among countries. A. grow B. upgrade C. spring up D. promote Exercise 97. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. 1. ___________ a doctor, you have to meet some certain requirements of the medical college. A. To become B. Become C. Becoming D. Became 2. Our teacher often said, "Who knows the answer? ___________ your hand." A. Rise B. Lift C. Raise D. Heighten 3. The tin opener seemed____________________ for left-hand people. A. to be designed B. being designed C. to design D. designing 4. The doctor asked his patient to_____________ down the coach. A. lay B. sit C. lie D. come 5. The inspector_____________ to say whether there were any suspects. A. avoided B. denied C. refused D. stopped 6. Jack has decided to____________ the time he spends watching television. Trang 193
- 193. A. come upwith B. cut down on C. run out of D. see to 7. Could you please come over? I need you____________ the refrigerator. A. help me moving B. helping me to move C. to help me move D. help me to move 8. He lost the race because he_____________ petrol on the last lap. A. got out of B. ran out of C. made out of D. put out of 9. Is there a bank where I can_____________ these pounds for dollars? A. exchange B. turn C. alter D. arrange 10. _____________ the gold medal, he will have to do better than that A. To win B. So he win C. So that he win D. Winning 11. The twins look so much alike that almost no one can____________ them_____________. A. take/apart B. tell/away C. tell/apart D. take/on 12. The players’ protests____________ no difference to the referee’s decision at all. A. did B. made C. caused D. created 13. Shy people often find difficult to______________ group discussion. A. take part in B. get on with C. take place in D. get in touch with The boy waved his hands to his mother, who was standing at the school gate, to ____________ her attention. A. attract B. pull C. follow D. tempt 15. The boy made his father____________ him a new bag. A. buy B. to buy C. buying D. buys 16. We, the local residents were asked to____________ for the best activist of the local council. A. elect B. shortlist C. support D. vote 17. The dear waters here____________ some of the world's best divers A. draw attention B. attract C. appeal D. provoke 18. A lot of people who live in the outskirts have to______ to work every day by train or tube. A. tour B. commute C. travel D. Move 19. It took the man forty five minutes to____________ to his office every day. A. riding B. ride C. rode D. rides 20. Mary was the last applicant_____________________. A. to be interviewed B. to be interviewing C. to interview D. to have interviewed Exercise 98: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. 1. Mr. Brown didn’t afford___________ a car. A. buy B. to buy C. buying D. bought Trang 194
- 194. 2. We’ve gota new computer in our office. I haven’t learnt how____________ it yet. A. to operate B. operating C. operate D. be operated 3. We were all too afraid to speak. Nobody dared ______ anything. A. saying B. being said C. says D. to say 4. They had a boy___________ that yesterday. A. done B. to do C. did D. do 5. We get our mail___________ yesterday. A. been delivered B. delivered C. delivering D. to deliver 6. Tom hopes___________ a solution soon. A. to be found B. finds C. to find D. finding 7. You must___________ a lot of people here. A. to know B. knowing C. know D. known 8. This involves having a good memory and___________ hard. A. work B. to work C. worked D. working 9. They claimed___________ the problem. A. have solved B. solve C. solving D. to have solved 10. I’ve been invited to the party but I don’t know___________ or not. A. whether I should to go B. whether go C. whether going D. whether I should go 11. Health experts advise___________ breakfast. A. us not skipped B. us not skipping C. us not to skip D. us not skip 12. I would rather___________ this job. A. not taken B. not take C. not to take D. not taking 13. I spent some time___________ around the shops in Elizabeth street yesterday. A. looked B. be looking C. look D. looking 14. She will probably offer___________ the stereo for you. A. to repair B. to be repairing C. repair D. repairing 15. She always proves___________ a true friend. A.be B. being C. to been D. to be 16. There’s no point in___________ that. A. persuade him to do B. persuading him to do C. persuading him do D. persuading him doing 17. If you delay___________ it back, you will risk___________ your rights as a customer. A. to take/ losing B. taking/ to lose C. being taken/ losing D. taking/ losing 18. You should be willing___________. A. to do that B. that do C. doing that D. to be done that Trang 195
- 195. 19. Just keepon___________ what you like. A. do B. did C. doing D. done 20. He made me___________ it all over again. A. do B. doing C. to do D. done Exercise 99: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. 1. It is easy___________ wise after the event. A. be B. to be C. being D. is 2. It is up to you___________ the laws of your own country. A. learn B. to learn C. learning D. learned 3. Aren’t you fed up___________ the same thing every day? A. of doing B. with doing C. with do D. on doing 4. Are you ready___________? A. cooperate B. cooperated C. to cooperate D. cooperation 5. There are a lot of people___________ London every day. A. visit B. to visit C. visiting D. have visited 6. We enjoy___________ that film. A. see B. to see C. seeing D. seen 7. ___________ is my hobby. A. Collect B. Collecting C. Collected D. A and C 8. It’s no use___________ about pollution in big cities. A. to complain B. complain C. complaining D. complained 9. Excuse me for___________ late and it is very kind of you___________ for me A. to be/ to wait B. been/ waiting C. being/ to wait D. being/ waiting 10. ___________ her sweetheart, she smiled happily. A. Look B. To look C. Looking D. Looked 11. When___________ each other, the American women do not usually shake hands. A. meet B. to meet C. met D. meeting 12. On___________ at the airport, I was very worried to find that no one___________ for me. A. arriving/ was waiting B. arrive/ was waiting C. arriving/ had waiting D. arrive/ had been waited 13. ___________ a foreign language requires great effort. A. Learn B. To learn C. Learning D. B and C 14. I regret___________ you that we cannot approve your application. A. inform B. to inform C. informed D. informing 15. The rocks in the soil made___________ more difficult. Trang 196
- 196. A. to ploughB. ploughed C. ploughing D. plough 16. I remember___________ you somewhere but I’m sorry I forget your name. A. meet B. to meet C. met D. meeting 17. Would you mind___________, please. A. to answer the phone B. answer the phone C. answering the phone D. to the phone answered 18. My mother told me___________ hope. A. not to give up B. not to giving up C. not giving up D. not give up 19. My father wanted me__________ a pilot. A. become B. becoming C. to become D. became 20. I’m hungry. Is there any food___________? A. to be eaten B. to eat C. eating D. for me eating Exercise 100: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. 1. My brother___________ his driving test when he was 18. A. has passed B. passes C. was passing D. passed Because it rained very heavily all day they had to_____________ the garden party until the following Sunday. A. prearrange B. rearrange C. postpone D. preserve 3. The next meeting____________ in May. A. will hold B. will be held C. will be holding D. will have held 4. The manager___________ him for a minor mistake. A. accused B. charged C. complained D. blamed 5. I___________ hurry. It’s nearly 8.00, and my first class starts at 8.15. A. would prefer B. can’t help C. would rather D. had better 6. ____________ in simpler words? A. Has this issue expressed B. Can't this issue express C. Can this issue express D. Couldn't this issue be expressed 7. All traffic laws____________. A. is observed B. must be observed C. must have observed D. had better observe 8. He’d hardly finished doing his homework when you arrived, __________? A. didn’t he B. had he C. would he D. hadn’t he 9. Tomatoes____________ before they are completely ripe. A. can be picked B. can pick C. needn't pick D. should be picking I can’t___________ this noise any longer. I’m going to write a letter of complaint about this Trang 197
- 197. problem. A. put upwith B. take away from C. get back to D. make out of 11. This letter____________, not handwritten. A. should be typing B. should be typed C. needn't type D. needn't be typed 12. You___________ touch that switch, whatever you do. A. mustn't B. needn't C. won't D. wouldn't 13. Susan____________ hear the speaker because the crowd was cheering so loudly. A. mustn't B. couldn't C. can't D. needn't You___________ be rich to be a success. Some of the most successful people I know haven't got a penny to their name. A. needn't B. couldn't C. mayn't D. mustn't 15. If she___________ sick, she would have gone out with me to the party. A. hasn’t been B. wasn’t C. weren’t D. hadn’t been 16. A water polo cap is used to__________ the players' heads and to identify them. A. tie B. penalize C. protect D. move If a defender___________ with a free throw, holds or sinks an attacker, he is excluded from the game for twenty seconds. A. punches B. passes C. plays D. interferes – Jane: Oh no! I completely forgot we were supposed to pick Jenny up at the airport this morning. – Maria: She ___________ there waiting for us. A. needn't sit B. might still sit C. must still be sitting D. should have sat 19. This director has___________ some famous films but I think this one is the best. A. done B. conducted C. made D. composed 20. Hellen often wears beautiful new clothes. She___________ be very rich. A. must B. could C. might D. needn’t Exercise 101: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. 1. Hurry up, or they____________ serving meals by the time we get to the restaurant. A. stopped B. will have stopped C. are stopping D. would stop 2. During the Enlightenment, the powers and uses of reason __________. A. were stressed B. stressed C. were stressing D. had stressed If you__________ a book, you have a brief look at it without reading or studying it seriously. Trang 198
- 198. A. dip intoB. put away C. pick up D. put down That style of dress___________ have been designed by Titian, because it wasn’t worn till after his death. A. wouldn’t B. shan’t C. can’t D. oughtn’t 5. This book____________ to Peter. It is not mine. A. possesses B. owns C. has D. belong 6. It was announced that neither the passengers nor the driver____________ in the crash. A. were injured B. are injured C. was injured D. have been injured 7. The main task of a defender in a sport game is to___________ the opponents from scoring. A. prevent B. preventing C. prevention D. preventable Peter was asked to___________ to a newspaper article making predictions for technological progress in 10 years. A. expect B. invent C. develop D. contribute My favorite team__________ 15 games so far this season, and will probably win the championship. A. are winning B. won C. have won D. will win 10. You should have__________ your composition carefully before you handed it in. A. seen through B. thought of C. looked in D. gone over “Don’t worry about your necklace. Give it to me and I promise to_________ great care of it.” A. bring B. take C. keep D. make Washing machines, vacuum cleaners, and dish washers are labor-___________ devices which help us do housework easily and quickly. A. improving B. making C. saving D. employing 13. The old houses were___________ down to make way for a block of flats. A. banged B. hit C. knocked D. put 14. The Sahara contains complex linear dunes that are____________ by almost 6 kilometers. A. developed B. separated C. lay D. located 15. Nowadays children would prefer history___________ in more practical ways. A. be taught B. teach C. to be taught D. to teach 16. Thanks to pictures taken by satellites, deserts have not ____________ a mystery in our time. A. hidden B. intended C. remained D. attained 17. Those letters____________ now. You can do the typing later. A. need typing B. needn't be typed C. need to type D. needn't typing 18. The case against the corruption scandal was____________. A. discarded B. refused C. eliminated D. dismissed 19. The museum is open to everybody. It____________ between 9 a.m and 5 p.m. A. visits B. visited C. can visit D. can be visited Trang 199
- 199. 20. A penaltyshot is____________ when a major foul is committed inside the 5-meter line. A. prevented B. awarded C. committed D. ranged Exercise 102: Find the ONE among the underlined and marked A, B, C, D in each of the following sentences that needs correcting: Minh is a bit tired. He does not feel like eaten anything. A B C D 2. I noticed the boy to creep into the house through a hole at the foot of the wall. A B C D There comes my bus! I must go now. Don’t forget giving me a call. A B C D Faraday’s father was not rich enough to sending him to school. A B C D She left the house in a hurry without to say goodbye to us. A B C D I remember that I have something new to telling you. A B C D 7. I couldn’t help get angry when he told me about the problem. A B C D 8. Language coming from Latin, such as French, Italian and Spanish are easy learning. A B C D I enjoy not have to get up early when I’m on holiday. A B C D 10. I don’t recommend to eat in that restaurant. Its food is awful. A B C D The police stopped everybody enter the house. A B C D 12. Knew that he was poor, I offered to pay his fare. A B C D 13. If you don’t allow me entering, I’ll break down the door. A B C D Alan advised me reading some more books. A B C D 15. Leaves kept to fall and I felt tired of keeping the yard clean. A B C D I am only interesting in what he did. ABCD Trang 200
- 200. Would you pleasetell me how doing this? A B C D 18. My parents never let me going out in the evening. A B C D You should do nothing but waiting. A B C D 20. Gloria made a lot of friends by work in the cafeteria. A B C D BÀI 5. THE PASSIVE VOICE - THỂ BỊ ĐỘNG I. The usage and form: Định nghĩa và cấu trúc của câu bị động. Câu bị động được sử dụng khi người ta đã biết rõ người thực hiện hành động, khi người ta không muốn nhắc tới chủ thể của hành động, hoặc chủ thể của hành động là chung chung... Câu bị động có cấu tạo chung bằng dạng của động từ “to be” theo sau bởi phân từ quá khứ của động từ chủ động nhue công thức sau: S – be – Past Participles e.g. 1. Hurricanes destroy a great deal of property each year. Subject present complement A great deal of property is destroyed by hurricanes each year. singular subject be past participle The tornado destroyed thirty houses. Subject past complement Thirty houses were destroyed by the tornado. plural subject be past participle Turning from active to passive voice: Biến đổi từ câu chủ động sang câu bị động: 1. Formation: Về mặt cấu trúc (bằng công thức cấu tạo) Active: S – V – O Passive: S – be – V-ed (past participles) – by – O e.g. 1. The committee is considering several new proposals. Subject present progressive complement Several new proposals are being considered by the committee. plural subject auxiliary be past participle The committee was considering several new proposals. Trang 201
- 201. Subject past progressivecomplement Several new proposals were being considered by the committee. plural subject auxiliary be past participle Rules: Về mặt qui tắc (bằng ngôn từ) Step 1: (Bước 1) Chuyển tân ngữ của câu chủ động thành chủ ngữ của câu bị động. Step 2: (Bước 2) Chuyển động từ chính của câu chủ động thành phân từ quá khứ của câu bị động, trước phân từ này điền một hình thức của động từ “to be” sao cho cùng thì với thì của động từ chính ở câu chủ động và phù hợp với chủ ngữ của câu bị động. Step 2: (Bước 2) Chuyển Chủ ngữ của câu chủ động thành tân ngữ của giới từ “by” ở câu bị động. e.g. 1. The company has ordered some new equipment. subject present perfect complement Some new equipment has been ordered by the company. Singular subject auxiliary be past participle The company had ordered some new equipment before the strike began. subject past perfect complement Some new equipment had been ordered by the company before the strike began. Singular subject auxiliary be past participle The manager should sign these contracts today. Subject modal + verb complement These contracts should be signed by the manager today. Subject modal be past participle Somebody should have called the president this morning. Subject modal + perfect complement The president should have been called this morning. Subject modal have be past participle 3. Notes: (chú ý) - Nếu chủ ngữ của câu chủ động là people, someone, somebody, no one, nobody, they,… ta không phải thực hiện bước thứ 3. Khi chuyển từ câu bị động sang câu chủ động ta thực hiện các qui trình ngược so với qui tắc trên đây. e.g. They will build a bridge over the river next year. A bridge over the river will be built next year. (without “by them”) Someone stole his car. Trang 202
- 202. His car wasstolen. (without “by someone”) III. Example of various passive sentences: Một số ví dụ về các hình thức bị động cơ bản 1. Simple present passive: Bị động ở hiện tại thường a. Form: Examples: A: The teacher punishes the boy. P: The boy is punished by the teacher. A: The man kicks the ball. P: The ball is kicked by the man. A: People speak English everywhere. → P: English is spoken everywhere. Present progressive passive: Bị động ở hiện tại tiếp diễn a. Form: Examples: A: The teacher is explaining the rules. P: The rules are being explained by the teacher. A: The boy is doing his homework. P: Homework is being done by the boy. A: They are talking about the pollution problems. → P: The pollution problems are being talked about. Present perfect passive: Bị động ở hiện tại hoàn thành a. Form: S – have/ has – been – past participles – (by O) Examples: A: The teacher has given marks to ten students. P: Marks have been given to ten students by the teacher. A: The man has just bought a new car. P: A new car has just been bought by the man. A: They have changed the date of the meeting. → P: The date of the meeting has been chnged. Simple past passive: Bị động ở quá khứ thường a. Form: Examples: A: The teacher punished the boy. S – was/ were– past participles – (by O) S – am/ are/ is – being – past participles – (by O) S – am/ are/ is – past participles – (by O)
- 203.
- 204. P: The boywas punished by the teacher. A: The man kicked the ball. P: The ball was kicked by the man. A: Someone took the chairs away. → P: The chairs were taken away. Past progressive passive: Bị động ở quá khứ tiếp diễn a. Form: S – was/ were – being – past participles – (by O) Examples: A: The teacher was explaining the rules. P: The rules were being explained by the teacher. A: The boy was doing his homework. P: Homework was being done by the boy. A: They were talking about the pollution problems. → P: The pollution problems were being talked about. Past perfect passive: Bị động ở quá khứ hoàn thành a. Form: S – had – been – past participles – (by O) b. Examples: A: The teacher had given marks to ten students. P: Marks had been given to ten students by the teacher. A: The man had just bought a new car. P: A new car had just been bought by the man. A: They had changed the date of the meeting. → P: The date of the meeting had been chnged. Future passive: Bị động ở tương lai a. Form: Examples: A: The teacher will punish the boy. P: The boy will be punished by the teacher. A: The man will kick the ball. P: The ball will be kicked by the man. A: People will appreciate his contribution. → P: His contribution will be appreciated. Future perfect passive: Bị động ở tương lai hoàn thành Trang 204 S – will be – past participles – (by O)
- 205. a. Form: S– will have been – past participles – (by O) Examples: A: The teacher will have finished the work by lunch time. P: The work will have been finished by lunch time by the teacher. A: The man will have completed the essay in forty five minutes. P: The essay will have been completed in forty five minutes by the man. A: They will have done all the exercises. → P: All the exercises will have been done. Passive voice using modal verbs: Bị động với các động từ khuyết thiếu a. Form: Examples: A: The teacher may give presents to the winners. P: The winners may be given presents by the teacher. A: The man must use this machine. P: This machine must be used by the man. A: They have to make a decision. → P: A decision has to be made. Other passive voice: Các hình thái bị động khác a. To have somebody do something = to get somebody to do something e.g. Mary had John wash the car. (John washed the car) Mary got John to wash the car. b. To have/ get something past participles e.g. Mary had the car washed. Mary got the car washed. c. To want/ like something past participles e.g. What do you want done to your car? I’d like it repaired and cleaned/ I want it repaired and cleaned. d. To make/ cause O past participles e.g. Working all night on Friday made me tired on Saturday? or The hurricane caused many water front houses damaged. or Wearing flowers made her more beautiful. e. To find/ get O past participles/ adjectives e.g. I found her quite interesting to talk to. or My sister found snakes frightening. Trang 205 S – mV – be – past participles – (by O)
- 206. BÀI TẬP THỰCHÀNH Exercise 103: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. I had my nephew paint the gate last week. I had _____________________________________________________________. He recommends that we should stay at the city center. It is ______________________________________________________________. Someone is going to serve Jack breakfast in bed on his birthday Jack is ____________________________________________________________. People think that he is the best football player in the 20th century. It is ______________________________________________________________. They have her tell the story again. They _____________________________________________________________. My father waters this flower every morning. →This flower ______________________________________________________. John gets his sister to clean his shirt. John gets _______________________________________________________. The waiter brings me this dish. This dish _______________________________________________________. John invited Fiona to his birthday party last night. Fiona ___________________________________________________________. I will get the dressmaker to make a new dress. I will ____________________________________________________________. She will have Peter wash her car tomorrow. She will _________________________________________________________. Anne had had a friend type her composition. Anne has _______________________________________________________. They find that the job is not suitable for a girl like her. It is _____________________________________________________________. She showed her ticket to the airline agent. Her ticket ______________________________________________________. Her mother is preparing the dinner in the kitchen. The dinner _____________________________________________________. Rick will have a barber cut his hair. Rick ____________________________________________________________. Our friends send these postcards to us. These postcards ______________________________________________. Trang 206
- 207. 18. We shouldclean our teeth twice a day. →Our teeth _______________________________________________________. He had a mechanic repair his car. He had _________________________________________________________. She left her relatives five million pounds. Five million ____________________________________________________. Exercise 104: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. The teacher explained that this powerful engine pulled the train. It was __________________________________________________________. Our teachers have explained the English grammar. The English ___________________________________________________. Some drunk drivers caused the accident in this city. The accident __________________________________________________. Their grandmother told them this story when they visited her last week. This story _____________________________________________________. Tom will visit his parents next month. Tom’s __________________________________________________________. Tim ordered this train ticket for his mother. This train ______________________________________________________. The manager didn’t phone the secretary this morning. The _____________________________________________________________. They have decided that the company will go to the beach together at the weekend. It has been _____________________________________________________. The committee appointed Alice secretary for the meeting. Alice was ______________________________________________________. He told me that his football team had played well last season. I was ___________________________________________________________. Did Mary this beautiful dress? Was ____________________________________________________________? She is going to buy a cookery book next month. A cookery _____________________________________________________. I won’t hang these old pictures in the living room. These __________________________________________________________. They find the new project worthless. The new _______________________________________________________. Trang 207
- 208. 15. The Germandidn’t build this factory during the Second World War. This factory ___________________________________________________. They have persuaded me that they will go with me to the stadium. I have __________________________________________________________. The secretary didn’t take the note to the manager. The note _______________________________________________________. The Greens are going to paint this house and these cars for Christmas Day. This house _____________________________________________________. The farmer is going to enlarge the farm. The farm _______________________________________________________. Ann had fed the cats before she went to the cinema. The cats ________________________________________________________. Exercise 105: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. The students have discussed the pollution problems since last week. The pollution ________________________________________________________. They are going to clear those slums. Those _________________________________________________________________. The director notifies all the workers that they will have to work extra hard this month. All the _________________________________________________________________. Have the thieves stolen the most valuable painting in the national museum? Has the most __________________________________________________________. They are going to mend the roof tomorrow morning. The roof ________________________________________________________________. Some people will interview the new president on TV. The new _______________________________________________________________. She often gets the technician to maintain the heater. She often ______________________________________________________________. I must have the dentist check my teeth. I must _________________________________________________________________. She will have a veterinary surgeon examine her dog. She ____________________________________________________________________. The shop assistant handed these boxes to the customer. These boxes ___________________________________________________________. How many languages do they speak in Canada? How ____________________________________________________________________? Trang 208
- 209. We believed thatAlice would pass the driving test. Alice ___________________________________________________________________. They had the police arrest the shoplifter. They had ______________________________________________________________. Have you sent the Christmas cards to your family? Have the _______________________________________________________________? Are you going to repair those shoes? Are those ______________________________________________________________? Are you going to have the shoemaker repair your shoes? Are you ________________________________________________________________? You didn’t show me the special cameras. The special ____________________________________________________________. He has broken his nose in a football match. His nose _______________________________________________________________. He lends his friend his new shoes. His new_________________________________________________________________. Have you finished the above sentences? Have above _____________________________________________________________? Exercise 106: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. He discovered that this cotton was grown in Egypt. It was _____________________________________________________________. The board awarded the first prize to the reporter. The first prize ____________________________________________________. We had a man take this photograph when we were on holiday last summer. We had ____________________________________________________________. He hides the broken cup in the drawer. The ________________________________________________________________. They promise that the performance will start on time. It is ________________________________________________________________. They keep this room tidy all the time. This room ________________________________________________________. The Greens had a carpet cleaner clean their carpet. The Greens _______________________________________________________. That officer announced that the meeting was delayed until next week. It was _____________________________________________________________. Trang 209
- 210. They all votedthe party a great success. The party _________________________________________________________. We had them repair our car. We had ____________________________________________________________. Some people inform me that the director is going to take a business trip to England. I am _______________________________________________________________. I have the hairdresser cut my hair. I have ______________________________________________________________. We gave Ann some bananas and some flowers. Ann ________________________________________________________________. She reported that the flowers were killed by frost. The flowers ______________________________________________________. Lan got his brother to clean the windows last week. Lan got ____________________________________________________________. They moved the fridge into the living room. The fridge _________________________________________________________. They told me that you were the best architect in this city. I ____________________________________________________________________. Jill got the tailor to make her new dress. Jill got her ______________________________________________________. She brought some cups of tea to the visitors in the next room. Some cups ______________________________________________________. You should open the wine about three hours before you use it. The wine ________________________________________________________. Exercise 107 Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. 1. In order to avoid boredom, the most important thing is to keep oneself_____________. A. occupational B. occupied C. occupation D. preoccupied Many lists of “Wonders of the World”_______________ during the Middle Ages. A. said to be existed B. are said to exist C. said to exist D. are said to have existed 3. Up _____________ when it saw its master. A. did the dog jump B. jumped the dog C. the dog jumped D. does the dog jump 4. Traffic is being____________ from the High Street while the water main is under repair. A. subverted B. averted C. diverted D. perverted 5. ___________ in 1635, the Boston Latin School is the oldest public school in the United States. A. To found B. Founding C. Founded D. Having founded Trang 210
- 211. 6. The room___________every day by Tommy. A. cleans B. is cleaned C. is being cleaned D. cleaned 7. They___________ English right now. A. are studying B. is being studied C. study D. are studied 8. They had their purchases____________ by the shop owner. A. deliver B. delivering C. to deliver D. delivered Joe’s leg___________ while he was playing football. A. broke B. was breaking C. was broken D. was being broken 10. When the accident happened, the police___________ immediately. A. were called B. called C. were calling D. had called 11. Nobody___________ in the accident, so the ambulance___________. A. was injured/ wasn’t needed B. was injured/ not needed C. injured/ wasn’t needed D. injured/ needed They have canceled all flights because of the bad weather. All flights were canceled because of the bad weather. All flights have canceled because of the bad weather. All flights has been canceled because of the bad weather. All flights have been canceled because of the bad weather. How do people learn languages? A. How are languages learned? B. How do languages learn? C. How are languages learn? D. How do languages learned? 14. Her purse___________ from her handbag, although she had put it there a moment before. A. is disappeared B. disappeared C. was disappearing D. disappears 15. We have had the roof of our house _______________________ A. to replace B. replace C. replaced D. been replaced 16. He was completely_____________________ by her tale of hardship. A. taken away B. taken down C. taken in D. taken up 17. Sarah is a young girl with____________ and a straight nose. A. almond-shaped eyes B. almond-eyed shape C. eyes shaped almond D. almond-shape eyed 18. Oh, no! My wallet has been _______________. A. robbed B. picked C. stolen D. theft 19. Not having written about the required topic, ____________ a low mark. A. the teacher gave me B. I was given C. the teacher gave D. my presentation was given 20. Instead of___________ about the good news, Peter seemed to be indifferent. A. exciting B. being excited C. to excite D. to be excited Trang 211
- 212. Exercise 108. Chooseone word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. 1. Although younger than the other children, she demanded_____________ in the game. A. to include B. to be included C. to have included D. being including 2. The flight instructor, __________ at the air base, said that order not to fight had been given. A. when interviewed B. when his interview C. when he interviewed D. when interviewing 3. None of the people ___________ to the party can come. A. invite B. invited C. inviting D. to invite 4. ____________ drivers endanger their lives and those of other road users. A. Drunkard B. Drunken C. Drinking D. Drunk 5. Julia prefers to be her own boss and _____ her own business. A. run B. charge C. form D. make 6. The party was excellent, and I’d like to thank all the_____________. A. concerned people B. responsible people C. people that concerned D. people concerned 7. ___________ in 1635, the Boston Latin School is the oldest public school in the United States. A. Founding B. Founded C. To found D. Having founded 8. The building was badly_____________ in the fire. A. damaged B. wounded C. injured D. hurt 9. ____________ is someone who can reduce spending without hurting morale. A. Being needed B. What is needed C. That which needs D. What needs 10. The question of late payment of the bills was__________ again at the meeting A. raised B. taken C. risen D. brought 11. It is important that _____________. A. keeping an exact record B. an exact record to be kept C. an exact record be kept D. to keep an exact record 12. Only during the early twentieth century_____________ in the United States. A. was liquor prohibited B. liquor was prohibited then C. when liquor was prohibited D. that liquor was prohibited It was____________ to mark that he’d better withdraw from the game in case his knee injury got worse. A. recommended B. argumented C. insisted D. appealed. - Clark: “Mary has difficulty in fitting in.” Nina: “Well, I guess she___________ to this type of work.” Trang 212
- 213. A. isn’t usedB. didn’t use C. hasn’t been used D. doesn’t get used. 15. Mary was the last applicant___________. A. to interview B. to be interviewed C. to have interviewed D. to be interviewing 16. It’s imperative that this letter____________ immediately. A. be sent B. send C. will be sent D. is sent 17. ____________ to the big city, I have got lost many times. A. Unused B. Unacquainted C. Unfamiliar D. Useless 18. In our hospital, patients______________ every morning. A. are examined B. have examined C. can examine D. were examining 19. No one can avoid_______________ by advertisements. A. having influenced B. being influenced C. to be influenced D. influencing 20. A large number of workmen______________ because of the economic recession. A. has been laid out B. has laid aside C. have laid down D. have been laid off Exercise 109: Find the ONE among the underlined and marked A, B, C, D in each of the following sentences that needs correcting: 1. The romantic poet Keats died by tuberculosis at a very young age. A B C D Science has been dividing into areas to help organize the knowledge. A B C D 3. The robbers arrest by the police last week have just escaped from the prison. A B C D 4. A social worker who wanted to speak to Mrs. Hamilton attacked and badly bitten by one of her dogs. A B C D 5. Most of the films made for entertainment. A B C D 6. The magazine, which began in 1972, has long been considered one of the led publications . A B C of the feminist movement. D 7. After the rain had let out, the Mitchells continued their hike up the mountain. A B C D It is general believed that housing is always a big problem for all city dwellers. A B C D 9. The president refused to accept either of the four new proposals made by the contractors. A B C D Trang 213
- 214. Peter is saidbeing good at English. B C D The switch must not be touch while the machine is working. A B C D The report has not be examined by the committee of experts yet. A B C D The matter will discussing at the next meeting. A B C D He was think to be the most handsome boy in our class. A B C D All the main streets in this city are be widening. A B C D 16. Mined over 2,000 years ago, copper is one of the earliest know metals. A B C D 17. The average adult has got from two to five colds each year. A B C D 18. Computers have made access to information instantly available just by push a few buttons. A B C D 19. Peter usually has his car washing at weekend. A B C D Do you know the boy whose bicycle was stole last night? A B C D Exercise 110: Find the ONE among the underlined and marked A, B, C, D in each of the following sentences that needs correcting: 1. Until I got enough money, the picture that I wanted had sold. A B C D 2. Hand me the letters type by the secretary yesterday. A B C D 3. Tom is consider to be the best student in his class. A B C D It’s believes that our lives will be better in the future. A B C D 5. Some gorillas beat their chests as an express of high spirits. A B C D 6. Because vitamins contained in a wide variety of foods, people seldom lack most of them. A B C D Follow vaporization, a reduction in temperature will result in condensation. Trang 214
- 215. A B CD 8. That actress has had her dresses make there. A B C D Many people think this novel writing by Ngo Tat To. A B C D Most lasers are be used in medical and scientific field. A B C D Your question can only answer by an excellent student. A B C D When I came back I realized that my camera had been disappeared. A B C D 13. If either of you take a vacation now, we won’t be able to finish this work. A B C D 14. Among the world’s 44 richest countries, there has been not war since 1945. A B C D I was informed that you had been see in Athens. A B C D This house has been build since last month. A B C D 17. He couldn’t read French so he had the letter translating into English. A B C D He is very brave. His friends are impresses by his bravery. A B C D 19. I had my motorbike repair yesterday, but now it still doesn’t work A B C D 20. Unless there had been a heavy storm, the climber will not have died. A B C D Trang 215
- 216. BÀI 6. INDIRECTSPEECH - CÂU GIÁN TIẾP I. Introduction: There are two ways of restating what a person has said; direct and indirect. While the direct speech repeats what exact words of the speakers, the indirect only gives the exact meaning of what is said or remarked. (Có hai cách để nhắc lại điều một ai đó đã nói; trực tiếp và gián tiếp. Trong khi câu trực tiếp nhắc lại nguyên vẹn từng chi tiết của lời nói, câu gián tiếp chỉ nhắc lại nội dung câu nói một cách chính xác về ý nghĩa mà thôi). Hãy xem các ví dụ dưới đây: Direct: He said, “I hate being asked.” Indirect: He said that he hated being asked. Direct: She said, “The postman will come tomorrow.” Indirect: She said that the postman would come the next/ following day. Direct: “We have lived here for 5 years,” she said. Indirect: She said that they had lived there for 5 years. Direct: “Do you want any more books?”, the librarian asked. Indirect: The librarian asked if I wanted any more books. Bài này chỉ đề cập các nguyên tắc biến đổi, hình thức chuyển đổi từ câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp, các để phục vụ cho việc giải các bài tập ôn tập thi THPT Quốc Gia có liên quan. Changes when turning direct speech into indirect: Biến đổi từ câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp Tenses changes: Đổi thì ngữ pháp Khi chuyển đổi từ câu chủ động sang câu bị động các thì ngữ pháp của động từ được chuyển đổi (ta thường lùi một thì ở câu gián tiếp so với thì của động từ ở câu trực tiếp) theo bảng chuyển đổi dưới đây: direct speech direct speech 1. simple present → simple past 2. present progressive → past progressive 3. present perfect (progressive) → past perfect (progressive) 4. simple past → past perfect 5. future (will/shall) → conditional (would/ should) 6. must → had to inf 7. can/ may → could/ might 8. conditional → conditional (no change) e.g. D: “I am a new comer here,” said Linda. → I: Linda said that she was a new comer there. Trang 216
- 217. “We are buildinga new bridge soon” said the Mayor. I: The Mayor said that they were building a new bridge soon. “Where have you been since noon, Peter?” asked Janes. I: Janes wanted to know where Peter had been since noon. “I wasn’t there at that time,” he said. I: He said that he hadn’t been there at that time. “The new comers will arrive three days before tomorrow,” said the captain. I: The captain said that the new comers would arrive in four days’ time. “He must be back before dark,” the constructor said. I: The constructor said that he had to be back before dark. “The new comers may be a little late,” said the captain. I: The captain said that the new comers might be a little late. “If I had enough money, I would buy a new car,” the old man said. I: The old man said that he would buy a new car if he had enough money. 2. Pronouns and adjectives changes: Đổi đại từ và tính từ Khi chuyển đổi từ câu chủ động sang câu bị động các thì đại từ nhân xưng, tính từ sở hữu, đại từ sở hữu, đại từ phản thân cũng được chuyển đổi. Thông thường ngôi thứ nhất, thứ hai sẽ chuyển thành ngôi thứ ba, trừ trường hợp chủ thể tự diễn đạt về bản thân. e.g. D: “I will send you my document today,” said Lan to Minh. I: Lan said that she would send Minh her document that day. “We will leave tomorrow night,” he said. I: He said that they would start the following night. “We will arrive three days before tomorrow,” said the captain. I: The captain said that they would arrive in four days’ time. “We moved here many years ago,” the widow said. I: The widow said that they had moved there many years before. Expressions of time and place in indirect speech: Đổi các trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn Khi chuyển đổi từ câu chủ động sang câu bị động các trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn thường được chuyển đổi theo bảng chuyển đổi dưới đây: direct speech direct speech 1. today → that day 2. yesterday → the day before 3. the day before yesterday → two days before Trang 217
- 218. 4. tomorrow →the next/ following day 5. the day after tomorrow → in two days’ time 6. next week/ year/ etc. → the following week/ years/ etc. 7. last week/ year/ etc. → the previous week/ years/ etc. 8. a week/ year/ etc. ago → the previous year/ a year before 9. this/ these → that/ those 10. here → there e.g. D: “I will send you my document today,” said Lan to Minh. I: Lan said that she would send Minh her document that day. “Where did you go yesterday, Peter?” asked Janes. I: Janes wanted to know where Peter had gone the day before. “Who did you meet two days before yesterday, Peter?” asked Janes. I: Janes wanted to know who Peter had met three days before. “We will leave tomorrow night,” he said. I: He said that they would start the following night. “The new comers will arrive three days before tomorrow,” said the captain. I: The captain said that the new comers would arrive in four days’ time. “He moved here many years ago,” the widow said. I: The widow said that he had moved there many years before. III. Some kinds of indirect speech: Statements: Trong trường hợp này ta thực hiện chuyển đổi các yếu tố như trên và gần như giữ nguyên cấu trúc lời nói. Ở một số trường hợp (tường thuật trực tiếp, thông dịch) động từ dẫn để ở thì hiện tại đơn. e.g. D: “We will leave tomorrow night,” he said. → I: He said that they would start the following night. “The new comers will arrive three days before tomorrow,” said the captain. → I: The captain said that the new comers would arrive in four days’ time. “He moved here many years ago,” the widow said. → I: The widow said that he had moved there many years before. “I will send you my document today,” said Lan to Minh. → I: Lan said that she would send Minh her document that day. Or. A→C: “I love you.” (C can’t understand what A is saying) → B→C: He says he loves you. (B interprets what A is saying to C) Reporter: “Two of the kidnapped have been back to their family.” Interpreter: The reporter says two of the kidnapped have been back to their family. Trang 218
- 219. Questions: Câu hỏiở hình thức gián tiếp được chia làm hai nhóm sau; General Questions (Yes/No Questions): asked (O) S - wondered if/ whether S – V wanted to know e.g. D: “Do you live here?” he said. I: He asked if I lived there. “Will you go to the movie tonight, Mike?” asked Peter. I: Peter asked Mike if he would go to the movie that night. “Have you read the latest notice or not?” the teacher asked. I: The teacher asked whether I had read the latest notice. “Were you there with Linda last night?” said my mother. I: My mother wanted to know if I had been there with Linda the night before. 2.2. WH- Questions (Questions with interrogative words): asked (O) S - wondered WH words S – V wanted to know e.g. D: “Where do you live?” he said. I: He wanted to know where I lived. “What will you do tonight, Mike?” asked Peter. I: Peter asked Mike what he would do that night. “Where have I been all the night long?” the youngster asked. I: The youngster wondered where he had been all the night long. “What were you doing last night?” said my mother. I: My mother wanted to know what I had been doing the night before. 3. Commands, requests, advice, invitations, orders, etc: Various forms of introductory verbs such as advice, ask, beg, command, encourage, entreat, forbid, implore, invite, order, recommend, remind, request, tell, urge, warn, etc. are used in indirect commands, requests, advice, invitations, orders, etc. and “not” is often placed before a full infinitive to make the negative form.– Các câu gián tiếp chỉ mệnh lệnh, yêu cầu, lời khuyên, lời mời, lời ra lệnh hay thúc giục sử dụng nhiều hình thức động từ dẫn như advice, ask, beg, command, encourage, entreat, forbid, implore, invite, order, recommend, remind, request, tell, urge, warn, và với dạng phủ định ta chỉ cần thêm “not” vào trước một nguyên thể. S – introductory verbs – to V S – introductory verbs – (not) to V Trang 219
- 220. Cụ thể xemcác ví dụ dưới đây: e.g. D: “Lie down, Tom” he said. I: He told Tom to lie down. “Get your coats, boys!” said Peter. I: Peter asked the boys to get their coats. “You’d better get ready by now, Linda.” the youngster said. I: The youngster advised Linda to get ready. “Don’t touch the wire, children!” said the mother. I: The mother warned her children not to touch the wire. “Hurry up, men!” he said. I: He urged the men to hurry up. “Would you like a cup of tea, Mike?” asked Peter. I: Peter invited Peter a cup of tea. “Abandon the ship, men!” the captain said. I: The captain ordered his men to abandon the ship. “Don’t come any nearer!” said the robber to the clerk. I: The robber warned the clerk not to come any nearer. “If i were you, I would stop complaining,” the girl said to her boyfriend. I: The girl advised her boyfriend not to complain/ to stop complaining. “Why don’t you take off your coat?” said the clerk. I: The clerk advised me to take off my coat. BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH Exercise 111: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. He said to me, “I don’t want you to make such a silly mistake again”. He told _______________________________________________________. She said, “I didn’t know you.” She said ______________________________________________________. The boy said, “I don’t know what I’ll do”. The boy said _________________________________________________. “Sue, can you remember to buy some bread?” Paul reminded_______________________________________________. “Don’t touch anything in this room”, the man said to the children. The man ordered____________________________________________. “I must go home to make the dinner”, said Mary. Mary__________________________________________________________. Trang 220
- 221. “Are you goingto Paris next week?” Tom asked me. Tom asked____________________________________________________. “Have you finished your homework?” Mom asked. Mom asked if_________________________________________________. She said to me: “I can’t do it by myself” She told me that____________________________________________. “Does your brother live in London, Nam?” Lan asked. Lan wanted to know if_____________________________________. “Don’t repeat this mistake again.” his father warned him. His father warned him_____________________________________. “Give me a smile,” the photographer said to me. The__________________________________________________________. “Don’t leave these books on the table”, the librarian said to the students. The librarian told the students___________________________. 14.”Have you travelled abroad much?” he asked me. He___________________________________________________________. “Who has written this note?” the boss asked the secretary. The boss asked_____________________________________________. “I have just received a postcard from my sister,” my friend said to me. My friend told_____________________________________________. “This story happened long ago” he said. He said_____________________________________________________. “If I were you, I wouldn’t buy this car”. He advised_________________________________________________. “Shall I carry your suitcase, Lan?” said Nam. Nam offered________________________________________________. “Yes, all right, I’ll share the food with you, Dave.” Ann agreed_________________________________________________. Exercise 112: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. "Don't repeat this mistake again!" the instructor warned the sports-man. The instructor _______________________________________________________. "Leave your address with the secretary" the assistant said to me. The assistant _________________________________________________________. "Phone to me for an answer tomorrow” the manager said to the client. The manager _________________________________________________________. Trang 221
- 222. "Don't be sosilly!" the father said to the kid. The father ____________________________________________________________. "Give a smile!" the photographer said to me. The photographer ____________________________________________________. "Please, help me to make a decision!" Ann asked her friend. Ann asked _____________________________________________________________. "Don't leave these books on the table, put them back on the shelf!" she said to the boy. She_____________________________________________________________________. "Be a good girl and sit quietly for five minutes!" the nurse said to the child. The nurse _____________________________________________________________. "Leave your things here!" my companion advised me. My companion _______________________________________________________. "Don't discuss this question now!" said the chairman to the participants. The chairman ________________________________________________________. "Will it be safe to stay in the mountains for the night if the weather doesn't change for the better?" we asked the guide. We asked _____________________________________________________________. The porter said to me, "I'll wake you up, when the train arrives in Leeds." The porter ____________________________________________________________. My wife said to me: "While you are away, I'll do the packing." My wife _______________________________________________________________. "Don't leave until I phone you!" he asked me. He told ________________________________________________________________. "After he leaves hospital, they'll take him to the South." the doctor said. The doctor _________________________________________________________. "They'll wait for the fisherman to return until it gets dark." the man explained to me. The _________________________________________________________________. “As soon as I hear from him, I'll let you know.” my neighbour said to me. My neighbour _____________________________________________________. I’ll live in town till my husband returns from the expedition and when he returns, we'll go to the seaside together," she said. She said ___________________________________________________________. The mother said to her son, "Sit still, please." The mother _______________________________________________________. John said to his friend, "Come and spend a week with us." John _______________________________________________________________. Trang 222
- 223. Exercise 113. Chooseone word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. “John left here an hour ago,” said Jane. Jane told me that John had left there an hour before. Jane said John left there an hour before. Jane told John to have left there an hour before. Jane told me that John to leave there an hour before. Maria said that she_____________ there at noon. A. is going to be B. was going to be C. will be D. can be “Why didn’t you follow my advice?” he said. He asked me to follow his advice. He asked me not to follow his advice. He asked me why I did follow his advice. He asked me why I hadn’t followed his advice. He___________ that he was leaving way that afternoon. A. told me B. told to me C. said me D. says to me 5. “What shall I do with all this money?” said Peter. A. Peter asked what should he do with all the money. B. Peter asked what would he do with all that money. C. Peter was asking what he would do with all that money. D. Peter was wondering what he should do with all the money 6. She said to me that she ______________ to me the Sunday before. A. wrote B. has written C. was writing D. had written 7. I asked him how far____________. A. was it to the nearest bank. C. it was to the nearest bank. B. was to the nearest bank. D. to the nearest bank was 8. I _____________ him to sell that old motorbike. A. said to B. suggested C. advised D. recommended 9. The police wanted to know_____________. A. what was into the parcel B. that was in the parcel C. what was in the parcel D. that in the parcel was 10. My parents reminded me____________ the flowers. A. remember to plant B. not to plant to plant C. to plant D. planting “John left here an hour ago,” said Jane. Jane told me that John had left there an hour before Jane said John left there an hour before Trang 223
- 224. C. Jane toldJohn to have left there an hour before D. Jane told me that John to leave there an hour before 12. I asked Martha____________ to enter law school. A. are you planning B. is she planning C. was she planning D. if she was planning 13. Nam wanted to know what time____________. A. does the movie begin B. did the movie begin C. the movie begins D. the movie began “What would you do if you were a billionaire?” the man asked the woman. The man asked the woman what she would have done if she were a billionaire. The man asked the woman what she would do if she were a billionaire. The man asked the woman what would she do if she were a billionaire. The man asked the woman what would she have done if she had been a billionaire. I wondered_____________ the right thing. A. whether I was doing B. if I am doing C. was I doing D. am I doing “Why don’t you reply to the offer of the company right now?” said Anne to her husband. Anne ordered her husband to accept the offer of the company right away. Ann suggested that her husband reply to the offer of the company right away. Ann told her husband not to respond to the offer of the company. Ann asked her husband the reason why he didn’t reply to the offer of the company immediately. The scientist said the earth ____________ the sun. A. goes around B. is going around C. went around D. was going around “If I were you, I would try to finish the pre-lab report before carrying out the experiment.” the professor said to his students. The professor advised his students to finish the pre-lab report before carrying out the experiment. The professor wished he could finish the pre-lab report for his students. The professor regretted that his students didn’t do things in the right way. The professor advised his students to carry out the experiments and then write the pre-lab report. Peter said that if he ____________rich, he _____________ a lot. A. is/will travel B. were/ would travel C. had been/ would have travelled D. was/ will travel 20. They said that they had been driving through the desert______________. Trang 224
- 225. A. the previousday B. yesterday C. the last day D. Sunday previously Exercise 114. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. “Would you like to go for a walk along the beach?” Joe asked me whether I felt like to go for a walk along the beach. Joe asked me if I felt to like to go for a walk along the beach. Joe asked me if I felt like going out for a walk along the beach. Both A and C He asked the children _____________too much noise. A. not to make B. not making C. don’t make D. if they don’t make 3. The man said that the days _____________longer in summer. A. will be B. are C. were D. can be “Do you know what time the Classical music performance begins, Anna?” asked John. John asked Anna to know what time the Classical music performance begins. John asked Anna what time did the Classical music performance begin. John asked Anna if she knew what time the Classical music performance began. John asked Anna if she had known what time the Classical music performance began. The teacher said Columbus_____________ America in 1942. A. discovered B. had discovered C. was discovering D. would discover “Be careful! Don't do that again,” he said. He encouraged me to do that again. He advised me to be careful and do that again. He warned me not to do that again. He told me to be careful, so I didn't do that again. John said he_____________ her since they____________ school. A. hasn’t met/ left B. hadn’t met/ had left C. hadn’t met/ left D. didn’t meet/ has left She asked John to repeat what he had said. “Will you please repeat what John said?” she asked. “Please repeat what you said, John,” she said. “You have to repeat what you say, John,” she said. “Please repeat what you said to John,” she said. The woman asked_____________ get lunch at school. A. can the children B. whether the children could Trang 225
- 226. C. if thechildren can D. could the children 10. “No, it’s not true. I didn’t steal the money!” Jean said. A. Jean refused to steal the money. B. Jean did not intend to steal the money. C. Jean admitted stealing the money. D. Jean denied having stolen the money. 11. Laura said that when she_____________ to school, she saw an accident. A. was walking B. has walked C. had been walking D. has been walking "Why don’t we go out for dinner?” said Mary. A. Mary suggested a dinner out. B. Mary ordered a dinner out. C. Mary demanded a dinner out. D. Mary requested a dinner out. 13. He asked, “Why didn’t she take the final exam?” - He asked why__________ the final exam. A. she took B. did she take C. she hadn’t taken D. she had taken 14. Ba said he______________ some good marks last semester. A. gets B. got C. getting D. have got My friend told me, “If I were you, I would not smoke so much.” My friend advised me not to smoke so much. My friend warned me against smoking so much. My friend prohibited me from smoking so much. My friend suggested not smoking so much. They told their parents that they_______________ their best to do the test. A. try B. will try C. are trying D. would try "I will let you know the answer by the end of this week,” Tom said to Janet. Tom suggested giving Janet the answer by the end of the week. Tom promised to give Janet the answer by the end of the week. Tom insisted on letting Janet know the answer by the end of the week. Tom offered to give Janet the answer by the end of the week. She asked me where I_______________ from. A. come B. coming C. to come D. came 19. She_____________ me whether I liked classical music or not. A. ask B. asks C. asked D. asking “Why didn’t you follow my advice?” he said. He asked me to follow his advice. He asked me not to follow his advice. He asked me why I did follow his advice. He asked me why I hadn’t followed his advice. Trang 226
- 227. Exercise 115. Chooseone word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. 1. He asked me who____________________ the editor of that book. A. was B. were C. is D. has been “Why don’t you reply to the President’s offer right now?” said Mary to her husband. Mary suggested that her husband should reply to the President’s offer without delay. Mary told her husband why he didn’t reply to the President’s offer then. Mary ordered her husband to reply to the President’s offer right now. Mary wondered why her husband didn’t reply to the President’s offer then. He wants to know whether I _______________ back tomorrow. A. come B. came C. will come D. would come 4. I wonder why he_______________ love his family. A. doesn’t B. don’t C. didn’t D. hasn’t She said, “John, I’ll show you round my city when you’re here.” She made a trip round her city with John. She promised to show John round her city. She planned to show John round her city. She organized a trip round her city for John. They asked me how many children_______________. A. I had B. had I C. I have D. have I “Please don’t drive so fast, Tom,” said Lisa. Lisa complained about Tom’s driving too fast. Lisa pleaded with Tom not to drive too fast. Lisa insisted on Tom’s driving on. Lisa grumbled to Tom about driving slowly. Thu said she had been_______________ the day before. A. here B. there C. in this place D. where 9. The student said that the English test___________ the most difficult. A. is B. was C. will be D. have been "Would you like some more beer?" he asked. He offered me some more beer. He asked me would I like some more beer. He asked me if I wanted some beer. He wanted to invite me for a glass of beer. He wanted to know___________ shopping during the previous morning. A. if we had been going B. that if we had been going Trang 227
- 228. C. we weregoing D. that we were going 12. He asked me___________ Robert and I said I did not know___________. A. that did I know/ who were Robert B. that I knew/ who Robert were C. if I knew/ who Robert was D. whether I knew/ who was Robert “We’re having a reunion this weekend. Why don’t you come?” John said to us. John didn’t understand why we came to a reunion. John asked us why we didn’t come to a reunion this weekend. John simply asked us why we wouldn’t come to a reunion. John cordially invited us to a reunion this weekend. The mother asked her son___________. A. where he has been B. where he had been C. where has he been D. where had he been 15. Martin asked me___________. A. how is my father B. how my father is C. how was my father D. how my father was 16. The host asked Peter___________ tea or coffee. A. whether he preferred B. that he preferred C. did he prefer D. if he prefers “Stop smoking or you’ll be ill,” the doctor told me. The doctor advised me to give up smoking to avoid illness. I was warned against smoking a lot of cigarettes. The doctor suggested smoking to treat illness. I was ordered not to smoke to recover from illness. She asked me___________ my holidays___________. A. where I spent/ the previous year B. where I had spent/ the previous year C. where I spent/ last year D. where did I spend/ last year “Would you like to come to my birthday party, Sara?” asked Frederic. Frederic invited Sara to his birthday party. Frederic asked if Sara was able to come to his birthday party. Frederic asked Sara if she likes his birthday party or not. Frederic reminded Sara of his birthday party. He advised___________ too far. A. her did not go B. her do not go C. her not to go D. she did not go Exercise 116. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. Trang 228
- 229. 1. John oftensays he___________ boxing because it ___________ a cruel sport. A. does not like/ is B. did not like/ were C. not liked / had been D. had not liked/ was 2. Nancy asked me why I had not gone to New York the summer___________. A. before B. ago C. last D. previous “You shouldn’t have leaked our confidential report to the press, Frank!” said Jane. Jane suspected that Frank had leaked their confidential report to the press. Jane criticized Frank for having disclosed their confidential report to the press. Jane accused Frank of having cheated the press with their confidential report. Jane blamed Frank for having flattered the press with their confidential report. He asked___________ him some money. A. her to lend B. she to lend C. she has lent D. she lends “If you don’t pay the ransom, we’ll kill your boy,” the kidnappers told us. The kidnappers ordered to kill our boy if we did not pay the ransom. The kidnappers pledged to kill our boy if we did not pay the ransom. The kidnappers threatened to kill our boy if we refused to pay the ransom. The kidnappers promised to kill our boy if we refused to pay the ransom. Andrew told me that they___________ fish two___________ days. A. have not eaten/ ago B. had not eaten/ previous C. did not eat/ before D. would not eat/ last He last had his eyes tested ten months ago. He had tested his eyes ten months ago. He had not tested his eyes for ten months then. He hasn’t had his eyes tested for ten months. He didn’t have any test on his eyes in ten months. Jason told me that he___________ his best in the exam the___________ day. A. had done/ following B. will do/ previous C. would do/ following D. was going/ previous “Mum, please don’t tell dad about my mistake,” the boy said. The boy begged his mother not to tell his father about his mistake. The mother was forced to keep her son’s mistake as a secret when he insisted. The boy earnestly insisted that his mother tell his father about his mistake. The boy requested his mother not to talk about his mistake any more. John asked me___________ in English. A. what does this word mean B. what that word means C. what did this word mean D. what that word meant 11. “If I were you, I would take the job,” said my room-mate. Trang 229
- 230. A. My room-matewas thinking about taking the job. My room-mate advised me to take the job. My room-mate introduced the idea of taking the job to me. My room-mate insisted on taking the job. 12. The mother told her son___________ so impolitely. A. not behave B. not to behave C. not behaving D. did not behave “Don’t forget to tidy up the final draft before submission,” the team leader told us. The team leader ordered us to tidy up the final draft before submission. The team leader reminded us to tidy up the final draft before submission. The team leader asked us to tidy up the final draft before submission. The team leader simply wanted us to tidy up the final draft before submission. She said she___________ collect it for me after work. A. would B. did C. must D. had “You should have finished the report by now,” John told his secretary. John reproached his secretary for not having finished the report. John said that his secretary had not finished the report. John reminded his secretary of finishing the report on time. John scolded his secretary for not having finished the report. She said I___________ an angel. A. am B. was C. were D. have been “My company makes a large profit every year. Why don’t you invest more money in it?” my friend said to me. My friend instructed me how to put more money into his company. My friend persuaded me to invest more money in his company. I was asked to invest more money in my friend’s company. My friend suggested his investing more money in his company. I have ever told you he___________ unreliable. A. is B. were C. had been D. would be “Leave my house now or I’ll call the police!” shouted the lady to the man. The lady threatened to call the police if the man didn’t leave her house. The lady said that she would call the police if the man didn’t leave her house. The lady told the man that she would call the police if he didn’t leave her house. The lady informed the man that she would call the police if he didn’t leave her house. I told him___________ the word to Jane somehow that I___________ to reach her during the early hours. Trang 230
- 231. A. passing/ willtry B. he will pass/ tried C. to pass/ would be trying D. he passed/ have tried BÀI 7. SUBJUNCTIVE CLAUSES - MỆNH ĐỀ GIẢ ĐỊNH I. The use of “as if/ as though”: (như thể là, cứ như là) các mệnh đề giả định với as if/ as though thường được chia làm hai loại cụ thể dưới đây: The present sense: Nếu động từ ở mệnh đề dẫn được chia ở thì hiện tại (simple present), thì động từ ở mệnh đề giả định sẽ chia ở thì quá khứ đơn (simple past), động từ to be được chia là were với mọi chủ ngữ. S - V(simple present) - as if/ as though - S - V(simple past) e.g. The old lady dresses as if it were winter even in the summer. (It is not winter.) hiện tại quá khứ Angelique walks as though she studied modelling. (She didn’t study modelling) hiện tại quá khứ He acts as though he were rich. (He is not rich) hiện tại quá khứ 2. The past sense: Nếu động từ ở mệnh đề dẫn được chia ở thì quá khứ (simple past), thì động từ ở mệnh đề giả định sẽ chia ở thì quá khứ hoàn thành (past perfect). S - V(simple past) - as if/ as though - S - V(past perfect) e.g. Betty talked about the contest as if she had won the grand prize. past simple past perfect (She didn’t win the grand prize.) Jeff looked as if he had seen a ghost. (She didn’t see a ghost.) past simple past perfect He looked as though he had run ten miles. (He didn’t run ten miles.) past simple past perfect Cả hai trường hợp giả định trên đều diễn tả những điều không thể diễn ra mà chỉ đơn giản là một giả định. II. The use of wish and hope: Hope: mong muốn, hi vọng – Các hành động theo sau hope có thể diễn ra: e.g. I hope that they will come. (I don’t know if they are coming) (Tôi hi vọng họ sẽ tới) We hope that they came yesterday. (We don’t know if they came) (Tôi hi vọng là họ đã tới) Trang 231
- 232. Wish: Mong muốn,ước muốn. Các hành động hoặc là chưa, hoặc là không thể diễn ra. a. Wish somebody something = chúc ai đó một điều gì đó: e.g. I wish him a happy birthday. We wish you a merry Christmas and a happy new year. b. Wish to infinitive = mong muốn làm một điều gì đó: e.g. I wish to have a happy birthday. We wish to become doctors. c. Mong muốn làm một điều gì đó sẽ diễn ra trong tương lai: S - wish - (that) - S* - could/ would/ -V Subject*: có thể là chính chủ thể, có thể là người khác. Eg. We wish that you could come to the party tonight. (You can’t come) I wish that you would stop saying that. (You probably won’t stop) She wish that she were coming with us. (She is not coming with us) d. Mong muốn về một điều gì đó đã không diễn ra ở hiện tại: S - wish - (that) - S* - V(simple past) S - wished - (that) - S* - V(past perfect) Eg. I wish that I had enough time to finish my homework. (I don’t have enough time) We wish that he were old enough to come with us. (He is not old enough) They wish that they didn’t have to go to class today. (They have to go to class) Subject*: có thể là chính chủ thể, có thể là người khác. e. Mong muốn về một điều gì đó đã không diễn ra ở quá khứ: S - wish - (that) - S - V(past perfect) S - wished - (that) - S* - V(past perfect)/could have - P2 e.g. I wish that I had washed the clothes yesterday. (I didn’t wash the clothes yesterday) She wish that she could have been there. (She couldn’t be there) We wish that we had had more time last night. (We didn’t have more time) Subjunctive cases with certain verbs, adjectives and nouns: Hình thức giả định với một số động từ, tính từ, danh từ: For certain verbs: Một số động từ được theo sau bởi các mệnh đề giả định (không có sự hòa hợp giữa chủ ngữ và động từ) được thực hiện theo công thức: S – V – that – S – V(bare infinitive) Gồm các danh từ như: Trang 232
- 233. advise demand preferrequire ask insist propose stipulate command move recommend suggest decree order request urge e.g. We urge that he leave now. (other form: We urge him to leave now) She asked that the man be punished. The judge insisted that the jury return a verdict immediately. The university requires that all its students take this course. The doctor suggested that his patient stop smoking. Congress has decreed that the gasoline tax be abolished. We proposed that he take a vacation. I move that we adjourn until this afternoon. Remember: sometimes should would be use in the indefinite clause after that as a suggestion or advice – Cần lưu ý rằng nhiều khi trong tiếng Anh-Anh (British English) người ta dùng should với mệnh đề không xác định sau “that” như lời khuyên hay gợi ý như sau: e.g. We urge that he leave now. We urge that he should leave now. She asked that the man be punished. She asked that the man should be punished. The judge insisted that the jury return a verdict immediately. The judge insisted that the jury should return a verdict immediately. The university requires that all its students take this course. The university requires that all its students should take this course. The doctor suggested that his patient stop smoking. The doctor suggested that his patient should stop smoking. Congress has decreed that the gasoline tax be abolished. Congress has decreed that the gasoline tax should be abolished. For certain adjectives: Một số tính từ được theo sau bởi các mệnh đề giả định (không có sự hòa hợp giữa chủ ngữ và động từ) được thực hiện theo công thức: S – V – adjectives – that – S – V(bare infinitive) Gồm các động từ như: advised necessary recommended urgent important obligatory required imperative mandatory proposed suggested Trang 233
- 234. e.g. It isnecessary that he find the books. It was urgent that she leave at once. It has been proposed that we change the topic. It is important that you remember this question. It has been suggested that he forget the election. It was recommended that we wait for the authorities. For certain nouns: Một số tính từ được theo sau bởi các mệnh đề giả định (không có sự hòa hợp giữa chủ ngữ và động từ) được thực hiện theo công thức: It - be - noun - that - S - V(bare infinitive) (any tense) e.g. It is a recommendation from a doctor that the patient stop smoking. It was a necessity that you be on time next time. For other cases: câu giả định dùng trong câu cảm thán, với các thế lực siêu nhiên,đức tin như: e.g. God save the queen! God be with you! = good bye (khi chia tay nhau) Curse this frog! - Hoặc: Come what may: dù có chuyện gì đi nữa. e.g. Come what may we will stand by you. Hoặc: If need be: nếu cần thì e.g. If need be we can take another road. Hoặc: if this be: giả định mà chính người nói chắc chắn là không có. e.g. If this be proven right, you would be considered innocent. IV. Subjunctive cases with “It is time”: Dạng giả định với “It is time” được thực hiện theo công thức sau: It is time It is high time S – V(simple past) It is about time e.g. It is time we got everything ready for the start. (In fact, we don’t get things ready) It is about time the train arrived. (In fact, the train doesn’t arrive) It is high time the results of the test were announced. (In fact, they aren’t announced) Trang 234
- 235. Note: Chú ýcấu trúc sau không phải là giả định: It is time It is high time for O – to infinitives It is about time e.g. It is time for us to get everything ready for the start. (In fact, we have to get things ready now) It is about time for the train to arrive. (In fact, the train is arriving) It is high time for the results of the test to be announced. (In fact, they are going to be announced) V. Subjunctive cases with conditional sentences: Các câu điều kiện loai 2 (unreal present), và loại 3 (unreal past) cũng sử dụng hình thức giả định. (xem Bài 1. Conditional sentences - phần IV. Phrases vs. Clauses trang 252). BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH Exercise 117. Complete each of the following sentences with the right forms of the verbs shown in brackets. 1. He suggested that I___________ ready by eight o'clock. (to be) 2. We request that she___________ the window. (to open) 3. They demanded that he___________ the room. (to leave) 4. I will ask that she___________ me. (to accompany) 5. They recommended that he___________ to Bermuda. (to fly) 6. The request that we___________ ready to leave at six is a nuisance. (to be) 7. The recommendation that she___________ a holiday was carried out. (to take) 8. It is necessary that you___________ able to come with us. (to be) 9. They asked that we___________ standing. (to remain) 10. The requirement that he___________ work will be hard to meet. (to find) 11. It is important that he___________ everything he can. (to learn) 12. The demand that she___________ the report has been carried out. (to complete) 13. I wish I___________ the answers. (not to lose) 14. They wished they___________ the appointment. (not to forget) 15. He will wish he___________ us the book. (to show) 16. Will they wish we___________ them some food? (to give) 17. We wish it___________ yesterday. (to snow) 18. She wished she___________ the window. (not to open) 19. I wished I___________ the news. (to hear) Trang 235
- 236. 20. You wishyou___________ what to do. (to know)ðIEU ƯỚC VA CA C THE GIA Exercise 118. Complete each of the following sentences with the right forms of the verbs shown in brackets. I wish it___________ possible to finish the work tonight. (to be) Will he wish he___________ ready? (to be) She wished she___________ how to sing. (to know) We wish they___________ to come with us. (to want) You wished you___________ better. (to feel) They will wish it___________ warmer. (to be) Does he wish he___________ younger? (to be) I wish I___________ the subject more interesting. (to find) They wished she___________ the arrangements. (to make) He will wish you___________ him. (to help) She wishes the mail___________. (to come) We wished they___________. (to hurry) You will wish the door___________. (to open) They wish we___________ for them. (to wait) I wish you___________ to me. (to write) Will she wish you___________ her? (to join) I wish he___________ here now. (to be) I wish that you___________ here yesterday. (to be) We wish you___________ tomorrow. (to come) You will wish you___________ earlier. (to leave) Exercise 119. Complete each of the following sentences with the right forms of the verbs shown in brackets. If we were hitchhiking, you___________ to pick us up? (not to stop) If we waited for him, we___________ on time. (to be) He___________ us know if we made a mistake? (to let) I___________ to have a party if you were not there. (to want) They wished he___________ with them the next day. (not to come) We wish you___________ yesterday. (to arrive) I wish that he___________ us next year. (to visit) She wishes that she___________ at home now. (to be) You wish that he___________ you last week. (to help) He will always wish he___________ rich. (to be) Trang 236
- 237. The boy wishedthat he___________ the competition the next day. (to win) She will wish she___________ the arrangements earlier. (to make) I wish the weather___________ warmer now. (to be) We always wished we___________ fluent in other languages. (to be) They wish he___________ them next week. (to telephone) Don't___________ out late. (to stay) Please___________ ready on time. (to be) Don't___________ about that. (to worry) ___________ your own business! (to mind) ___________ careful not to trip. (to be) Exercise 120: Find the ONE among the underlined and marked A, B, C, D in each of the following sentences that needs correcting: 1. Yesterday evening, while I was watching TV, Mai pays me a visit. A B C D 2. We went out for a walk after we had our dinner. A B C D As soon as the next lecture will end, let’s leave. A B C D 4. Mr. Ba had a daughter who were born in 1950, but who died a few years later. A B C D 5. After they were playing cards, someone broke into the house. A B C D 6. The lion has long been a symbol of strength, power, and it is very cruel. A B C D 7. Nobody had known before the presentation that Sue and her sister will receive the A B C D awards for outstanding scholarships. There is a really good explanation of my favorite field in the chapter two of that book. A B C D He knows to repair the carburetor without taking the whole car apart. A B C D 10. Approximately one-fifth of a worker’s income to pay in taxes and social security. A B C D 11. The Green Garden Restaurant uses fresh produce on their dishes, much of which the A B C owners grow in their own garden. D A city university professor reported that he discovers a vaccine which could prevent A B C D bird flu. Trang 237
- 238. 13. Factories discardwaste that had polluted air and water, but factories give us jobs. A B C D Do you want being woken up tomorrow morning? A B C D 15. That is a new circus which formed in 1992. A B C D 16. It is important that you turned off the heater every morning before you leave for class. A B C D 17. The children had such difficult time when they began school in their new neighborhood A B that their parents decided never to move again. D Those who had already purchased tickets were instructed to go to gate first at once. A B C D 19. The bridge was hitting by a large ship during a sudden storm last week. A B C D 20. The destruction of most of the city of London made by a fire in 1600s. A B C D Exercise 121: Find the ONE among the underlined and marked A, B, C, D in each of the following sentences that needs correcting: 1. The teacher got angry with him because he sometimes come to class late. A B C D 2. Up to now, there had been no woman being chosen the US president. A B C D The mother had always took good care of her little son. A B C D No matter what different, various music types have one thing in common: touching the A B C D hearts of the listeners. The computer software industry is one of the most competitive markets in today’s A B C technological advanced society. D 6. An American woman not always shake hands when she is introduced to a man. A B C D Peter has been written the composition for 3 hours and he has not finished yet. Trang 238
- 239. A B CD 8. We were a few minute late so the film was already started when we got to the cinema. A B C D By the time the police come, the robber had run away. A B C D Almost all the students were confusing because Ms. Kelly’s explanation was unclear. A B C D Many news story which deal with TV and film personalities are often exaggerated. A B C D 12. A secretary told me an important file had left in the lunch room just the other day. A B C D Why didn’t Peter go to school? What did happened to him? A B C D I was listening to the radio when the door bell will ring. A B C D 15. Why are you so late? I am waiting here for you for more than one hour. A B C D Phil never went to bed before he has finished his homework. A B C D 17. There are many different ways of comparing the economy of one nation with those of A B C another. D 18. A basic knowledge of social studies, such as history and geography, are considered a A B C basic part of the education of every child. D So extensive the lakes are that they are viewed as the largest bodies of fresh water in the world. A B C D I have learnt English for I was ten years old. A B C D Exercise 122: Find the ONE among the underlined and marked A, B, C, D in each of the following sentences that needs correcting: 1. Did you say that you will have a lot of things to do the following week? A B C D 2. When we arrived at the station, the train has already left. A B C D 3. The rings of Saturn are so distant to be seen from the Earth without a telescope. Trang 239
- 240. A B CD Unless you don't have a quiet room, you will not be able to do any work. A B C D Did your doctor recommend you that you will stop smoking? A B C D Up to now, there had been no woman being chosen the US president. A B C D 7. The neighbors are having a party. They are making so much noise since 6 o’clock. I can’t sleep. A B C D Don’t leave the house until I will get back. A B C D 9. With the victory over Germany in the final match, Brazil became the first team won the A B C trophy five times. D Because of the long questions, Tom could not hardly finish the test on time. A B C D 11. I was walking along the pavement when I realized that there has been a man following me. A B C D 12. Human had struggled against weeds since the beginning of agriculture. A B C D Mary said that she do jogging every morning. A B C D 14. At this time next week, Peter was working in London. A B C D Never I have seen such a good film before. A B C D This fridge is very old to keep things at a proper temperature. A B C D A lunch of soup and sandwiches do not appeal to all of the students. A B C D 18. All the students are looking forward to spending their free time relax in the sun this summer. A B C D Before the 1920s, no women will vote in the US. A B C D 20. Some students have always complain that they do not have enough money to spend. A B C D Trang 240
- 241. CHUYÊN ĐỀ IV.PHRASES VS. CLAUSES CHUYÊN ĐỀ VỀ CỤM TỪ VÀ MỆNH ĐỀ Những kiến thức về cụm từ và mệnh đề, các mệnh đề bổ trợ (mệnh đề phụ) cơ bản trong chuyên đề này sẽ giúp người học làm chủ kiến thức, nắm được các yếu tố ngữ pháp cốt lõi để giải rất nhiều các dạng bài tập có liên quan trong đề thi THPT Quốc Gia. Đặc biêt, chuyên đề này còn liên quan rất nhiều đến kĩ năng viết (viết lại câu, viết luận), điều mà lâu nay là điểm yếu cố hữu của học sinh khi làm phần bài thi theo hình thức tự luận (chiếm 20% số điểm toàn bài thi). Nghiên cứu kĩ các kiến thức cơ bản, thực hành đầy đủ các bài tập thực hành, người học sẽ cảm nhận được giá trị lớn mà chuyên đề mang lại. BÀI 1. DEFINITIONS OF PHRASES AND CLAUSES KHÁI NIỆM CƠ BẢN VỀ CỤM TỪ VÀ MỆNH ĐỀ I. Phrases –definition and kinds: Cụm từ - khái niệm và các loại cụm từ. Definition: Là một hay một tổ hợp từ vựng, diễn tả một ý, đảm nhận một chức năng ngữ pháp nhất định trong câu. e.g. A man who teaches children is called a teacher. To tell the truth, he didn’t deserve a promotion. Long long ago, man and the wildlife lived in a harmony. Kinds: Tùy thuộc vào tính chất đặc điểm và mục đích nói mà ta có thể gọi tên các cụm từ như dưới đây: a. Noun phrases (nominal phrases): Các ngữ danh từ có chức năng như danh từ, cụ thể như sau: e.g. The girl in white is my close friend. My close friend is the girl in white. He fell in love with the girl in white overthere. They looked at the girl in white suspiciously. b. Adjectival phrases: Các ngữ tính từ có chức năng như danh từ, cụ thể như sau: e.g. The man exhausted after finishing the race is now lying on the ground. The jobs easy to access are not always bad. c. Prepositional phrases: Các ngữ giới từ có cấu tạo gồm giới từ và các từ vựng theo kèm, cụ thể như sau: e.g. In the past, Vietnamese people used to get married very young. There’s a garage to the right of the house. d. Adverbial phrases: Các cụm trạng ngữ được cấu tạo từ nhiều hình thức cụm từ khác nhau dùng để chỉ thời gian, nơi chốn, mục đích, nguyên nhân, kết quả,… cụ thể như sau: Trang 241
- 242. e.g. To tellthe truth, the crisis is now at very high level. In contrast, the North of the country is more industrialized than the South. The bridge, in fact, helps reduce the distance between the two cities. e. Gerund phrases: Các cụm danh động từ có chức năng như danh từ, cụ thể như sau: e.g. Getting into the city center at this time of day is difficult. Her passion in life is studying Japanese. f. Verb phrases: Các cụm động từ có chức năng như động từ thường dùng chỉ mục đích, cụ thể như sau. e.g. The house, to be abolished, is in the center of the town. To sum up, we should do something to preserve the earth for the next generations to live in. Clauses –definition and kinds: Definition: Gồm một hay một tổ hợp từ vựng có chủ ngữ, động từ - hoặc có thể viết dưới dạng có chủ ngữ, động từ, diễn tả một ý hoàn chỉnh, có thể đứng độc lập để tạo thành câu (mệnh đề độc lập) hoặc được dùng để bổ nghĩa cho các thành tố trong câu (mệnh đề phụ/ mệnh đề phụ thuộc). e.g. When I came in, they were having dinner. dependent clause independent clause If you start right now, you will be able to catch the last train. dependent clause independent clause She failed the entrance exam because she didn’t change the way she studied. independent clause dependent clause They pass the exam though they do not try hard. independent clause dependent clause Kinds: Tùy thuộc vào tính chất, đặc điểm và mục đích nói mà ta có mệnh đề như dưới đây: a. Dependent clauses: (subordinate clauses) là những mệnh đề được dùng để bổ nghĩa cho các thành tố khác trong câu: e.g. Although he was wealthy, he led an unhappy life. independent clause Because the storm was so fierce, many trees were blown down. independent clause She left the room while I was feeding the pigeons. independent clause They decided to move away no matter how hard I try to persuade them to stay. Trang 242
- 243. independent clause b. Independentclauses: là những mệnh đề có thể đứng độc lập để tạo thành câu đơn hoàn chỉnh về ngữ nghĩa và ngữ pháp: e.g Whenever it rains, the room is covered with water. dependent clause Whatever you do, she refuses to further your relationship. dependent clause She came earlier than usual so that she could be well-prepared for the interview. The man was bitten by the dog that he bought days ago. dependent clause c. Definite clauses: là những mệnh đề có sự hòa hợp giữa chủ ngữ và động từ: e.g. She will be selected if she pass the interview. definite clause She would be ill if she were to work overtime. definite clause They insisted that the house be repainted. definite clause The man in front of me wishes he were a bit earlier. definite clause d. Indefinite clauses: là những mệnh đề có sự hòa hợp giữa chủ ngữ và động từ: e.g. She would be selected if she were the first to be interviewed. indefinite clause She would be ill if she were to work overtime. indefinite clause They insisted that the house be repainted. indefinite clause The man in front of me wishes he were a bit earlier. indefinite clause BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH Exercise 123. Choose the underlined part among A, B, C or D that needs correcting. 1. In spite her serve pain, she tried to walk to the auditorium to attend the lecture. A B C D 2. Friends advised her to stop doing the housework because her old age. A B C D Trang 243 dependent clause
- 244. I knew himuntil I was a child. A B C D My friend was crazy although he was informed of the news of his mother’s death. A B C D 5. Although our grandfather was old but he could help us. A B C D John didn’t go to work because of he was seriously ill. A B C D I’ll give him a map so as to he can find the way all right. A B C D He tried to explain, so she refused to listen. A B C D 9. He doesn't buy a ticket every day so he has a season ticket. A B C D 10. Mrs. Green was cooking dinner but her daughter Susan was laying the table. A B C D 11. Mrs. Young is big and her husband isn't. A B C D 12. He decided not to get that job because of the salary was low. A B C D Although the bad traffic, I managed to arrive at the meeting on time. A B C D 14. In spite of my father is old, he still goes to work. A B C D Though he loves her very much, but he can’t talk to her. A B C D She always behaves childishly despite she has grown up. A B C D 17. Despite of his broken legs, he was able to get out of the car before exploding. A B C D She is learning English so as she will be able to get a better job. A B C D 19. I knew they were talking about me because of they stopped when I entered the room. A B C D Because of his physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman. A B C D Trang 244
- 245. Exercise 124. Chooseone word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. 1. I bought this new software____________ Chinese. A. for learning B. learning C. to learn D. learned 2. The flight from New York to London was delayed___________ the heavy fog. A. because of B. because C. so D. as a result It’s___________ city that he’s got lost. A. a such big B. such big C. such a big D. a very big 4. There are___________ in the universe that we cannot count them. A. so much stars B. so many stars C. such stars many D. such stars much He has___________ to do that he can’t go to the cinema with us. A. so much work B. so many work C. such much work D. such a work. 6. It is___________ book that just a few people like it. A. so an old B. so old C. such old D. such an old 7. The satellite travel___________ into space that nobody could see it with naked eyes. A. so far B. such far C. too far D. far enough 8. ___________ the bad weather, the plan landed safely. A. In spite B. In spite of C. Despite the fact that D. Though 9. It was___________ that we went for a walk. A. a beautiful weather B. so a beautiful night C. so nice weather D. such nice weather 10. He lighted the candle___________ he might read the note. A. so that B. and C. because D. as a result 11.___________ his exhaustion, he won the marathon by nearly three minutes. A. In spite B. Despite C. Although D. However 12. He has worked for the same company___________ he left school. A. because B. since C. then D. for 13.___________ it was raining hard, he went out without a raincoat. A. Despite B. In spite of C. However D. Although 14. The coffee was___________ to drink. A. so strong B. strong C. enough strong D. too strong 15. It was___________ that we went for a hike in the mountains. A. so a nice day B. so nice day C. such nice day D. such a nice day 16. Julie is not___________ to see this film. A. as old enough B. enough old C. enough old as D. old enough Trang 245
- 246. 17. ___________ Imeet her, she always wears a blue dress. A. Whatever B. However C. Whoever D. Whenever 18. The film was___________ through. A. too long for us to see B. very long for us to see it C. too long for us seeing it D. too long enough for us to see 19. Hoa was late___________ her car was broken down. A. if B. whether C. because D. while We couldn’t sleep last night___________ the noise next door. A. although B. since C. because D. because of Exercise 125. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. 1. Mary jogs everyday___________ lose weight. A. so she can B. so that she can C. because she can D. so that to We’ll be late___________ we hurry. A. if B. despite C. unless D. when 3. She failed the test___________ she studied hard. A. although B. even though C. as D. A and B 4. You should bring an umbrella___________ it rains. A. if B. unless C. in case D. because of 5. He went on working___________ feeling unwell. A. although B. unless C. due to D. despite 6. They decided to go___________ the danger. A. because B. in spite of C. although D. so 7. ___________ they lost, their fans gave them a big cheer. A. However B. In spite of C. Although D. if Jane has a computer, ___________ she doesn’t use it. A. and B. since C. but D. in spite of 9. ___________ we had got on the plane, it started to rain. A. If B. While C. Before D. As soon as 10. We have to wait___________ everybody else finishes their turn. A. when B. but C. so D. until 11. Mark heard the news on the radio___________ he was driving home. A. while B. as C. until D. A and B 12. What are you going to do___________ graduating from university? A. before B. after C. so D. because 13. I am not so good at English, ___________ I have to practice more. Trang 246
- 247. A. but B.so C. while D. despite ___________ the fact that she fail the exam, she didn’t look disappointed. A. Although B. Despite C. In spite of D. Because of We didn’t go to France last summer___________ we couldn’t afford to. A. so B. when C. because D. because of You can’t drive a car___________ you have a license. A. unless B. so C. in case D. if ___________ the flight delay, they didn’t attend the conference. A. Because B. As C. Although D. Because of 18. The storm was so strong. ___________, all the crops were destroyed. A. However B. As a result C. Consequently D. B and C 19. Everyone thought she would accept the offer. ___________, she turned it down. A. However B. So C. Too D. Moreover 20. You should look up the meaning of the new words in the dictionary___________ misuse it. A. so as to B. to C. so as not to D. so that Exercise 126: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Sorry we’re late, we___________ the wrong turning. A. had taken B. were taking C. took D. are taking 2. Although he didn’t have a ticket, Ken ___________ come in. A. could B. can C. might D. was allowed to 3. She____________ her holiday in Thailand. A. said me about B. told about C. said about D. told me about 4. Every day I_____ up at 6 o'clock, _____ breakfast at 7 o'clock and_____ for work at 8 o'clock. A. get/ eat/ leave B. have got/ eating/ leaving C. got/ ate/ left D. will get/ have eaten/ left Some researchers have just___________ a survey of young people's points of view on contractual marriage. A. sent B. directed C. managed D. conducted 6. It is not easy to ____________ our beauty when we get older and older. A. develop B. maintain C. gain D. collect 7. George is_____________ Lisa. A. marry with B. marry to C. married with D. married to 8. The making of good habits___________ a determination to keep on training your child. A. require B. requires C. requirement D. required 9. Either you or your friend___________ on charge today. Trang 247
- 248. A. are B.is C. was D. were 10. I am flying to the States tonight. I___________ you a ring if I can find a phone. A. will give B. would give C. could give D. have given According to research reports, people usually___________ in their sleep 25 to 30 times each night. A. turn B. are turning C. have turned D. turned Jane’s eyes burned and her shoulders ached. She __________ at the computer for 5 straight hours. Finally, she took a break. A. is sitting B. has been sitting C. was sitting D. had been sitting 13. We'll need more staff___________ we start the new project. A. unless B. whether C. in case D. or 14. If the traffic___________ bad, I may get home late. A. is B. were C. was D. had been The A-level (short for Advanced Level) is a General Certificate of Education set of exams ___________ in the U.K. A. taken B. spent C. met D. indicated I___________ you can swim so well and I can’t. A. hate B. hate it that C. hate that D. hate it 17. ___________ resigned, we would have been forced to sack him. A. Had he not B. Hadn’t he C. He had not D. He not had 18. I____________ with the performance, but I got flu the day before. A. was to have helped B. helped C. was to help D. had helped In all cases, applicants must meet the course requirements ___________ by the admitting institution. A. written B. listed C. typed D. valued Most universities___________ students who want to attend the university to pass the entrance examination. A. receive B. tell C. require D. ask Exercise 127: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. I___________ be at the meeting by 10:00. I will probably___________ take a taxi if I want to be on time. A. must/ have to B. may/ must C. should/ needn't D. mustn't/ shouldn't Nobody yet knew what____________ to cause the dam to burst, but the residents of the area organized quickly to protect life and property against the rising floods. A. happens B. had happened C. happen D. did it happen Trang 248
- 249. You____________ forget topay the rent tomorrow. The landlord is very strict about paying on time. A. needn't B. mustn't C. do not have to D. may not 4. The television isn't working. It___________ during the move. A. should have been damaged B. needn't be damaged C. must have been damaged D. ought not be damaged 5. I am not deaf. You ___________ shout. A. must B. mustn't C. need D. needn’t 6. Many U.S. automobiles____________ in Detroit, Michigan. A. manufacture B. have manufactured C. are manufactured D. are manufacturing 7. Tien was new on the job, but he quickly fit himself into the____________ routine of the office. A. established B. establishing C. establishes D. establish 8. Could you please come over? I need you____________ the refrigerator. A. help me moving B. helping me to move C. to help me move D. help me to move I’ll never forget_____________ that race. What a thrill! A. to win B. win C. being won D. winning 10. John failed again. He__________ harder. A. must have tried B. should have tried C. can tried D. may have tried ___________ I borrow your lighter for a minute? - Sure, no problem. Actually, you___________ keep it if you want to. A. May/ can B. Must/ might C. Will/ should D. Might/ needn’t 12. I do not mind at all. You___________ apologize. A. shouldn't B. needn't C. mustn't D. oughtn't to Ted's flight from Amsterdam took more than 11 hours. He___________ exhausted after such a long flight now. A. must be B. must be being C. must have been D. should have been If costal erosion continues to take place at the present rate, in another fifty years this beach____________ anymore. A. doesn’t exist B. isn’t going to exist C. isn’t existing D. won’t be existing Robert has a new car. He___________ it for a very good price. He paid 30 percent less than the regular retail cost. A. could buy B. had to buy C. was supposed to buy D. was able to buy Trang 249
- 250. - Anh: “Youhaven’t eaten anything since yesterday night. You________ be really hungry!” - Lan: “I am.” A. might B. will C. can D. must 17. The lamp___________ be broken. Maybe the light bulb just burned out. A. should not B. might not C. must not D. will not 18. It is a top secret. You___________ tell anyone about it. A. mustn't B. needn't C. mightn't D. won't 19. We have plenty of time for doing the work. We___________ be hurried. A. needn't B. shouldn't C. mustn't D. mayn't All parents are___________ to at least try to behave in ways that will give their own children an important protection A. decided B. supposed C. followed D. rejected Exercise 128. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. 1. ___________, Peter came to see me. A. While having dinner B. While I was having dinner C. When having dinner D. When lam having dinner 2. ___________ my homework, I went to bed. A. After I had finished B. After finished C. Finished D. After had finished 3. _____________ the dance, Jerry said good-bye to his girlfriend. A. Before left B. Before he leaves C. Before leaving D. Before he will leave 4. Jones____________ after everyone____________. A. speaks/ will eat B. will speak/ has eaten C. is speaking/ eats D. has spoken/ will have eaten 5. ___________, Joe stays in bed and reads magazines. A. Whenever raining B. As it will be raining C. When it will rain D. Whenever it rains 6. ___________ in Rome than he was kidnapped. A. No sooner he arrived B. Had he no sooner arrived C. No sooner had he arrived D. No sooner he had arrived 7. ___________ Peter gets here, we will congratulate him. A. As soon as B. After C. No sooner D. Since 8. Mrs. Jones____________ the door before the customers arrived. A. had opened B. will open C. would open D. has open Trang 250
- 251. 9. After Mariana____________her exam, I____________ her out to eat. A. was finishing/ would take B. finished/ had taken C. will finish/ have taken D. has finished/ will take 10. Mary will have finished all her work _______. A. as soon as her boss returned B. until her boss will return C. by the time her boss returns D. when her boss will return She went on crying, with her head sunk into a pillow, and cried and cried____________ the pillow was wet through. A. before B. after C. until D. while _____________ you finish typing that report, make five copies of it and give it to aloof the officers. A. While B. When C. But D. Although 13. When the passenger____________, will you please give him this package? A. will arrive B. arrives C. would arrives D. arriving 14. They were playing in the garden when____________. A. they have heard a scream B. they were hearing a scream C. they heard a scream D. they had heard a scream 15. He cleaned his shoes____________ they shone. A. when B. after C. while D. until 16. I had no sooner lit the barbecue____________ it started to rain. A. as B. while C. than D. that 17. When the paint____________ it'll change from a light to a deep red. A. dry B. dries C. dried D. will dry 18. When____________ older I'd love to be an artist. A. I'm B. I'll be C. was D. have been 19. By the time he retires, he_______ $20,000. A. will save B. has saved C. had saved D. will have saved 20. When I____________ here for fifteen years I'll be entitled to a pension. A. work B. am working C. have worked D. had worked Trang 251
- 252. BÀI 2. CONDITIONALSENTENCES - CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN I. Common conditional sentences: Ba loại câu điều kiện phổ biến Conditional sentences type 1 (real condition) – Câu điều kiện có thực: Kết quả có thể được thực hiện ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai khi điều kiện ứng nghiệm (xảy ra). will If - S – V(simple present), S - shall – V (bare infinitives) can may e.g. If I have the money, I will buy a new car. If you try more, you will improve your English. We will have plenty of time to finish the project before dinner if the weather stays fine. Unless he tries harder, he will fail the exam. (if he doesn’t try harder, he will fail) Conditional sentences type 2 (unreal present condition) – Câu điều kiện không có thực ở hiện tại: Kết quả không thể được thực hiện ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai bởi điều kiện chỉ là giả định (không thể xảy ra). would If - S – V(simple past) , S - might - V were should e.g. If I had enough money now, I would buy this house. (but now I don’t have enough money) If I had the time, I would go to the beach with you this weekend. (but I don’t have the time, and I’m not going to the beach with you) He would tell you about it if he were here. (he won’t tell you about it, because he is not here) If he didn’t speak so quickly, you could understand him. (in fact, he speaks very quickly, so you can’t understand him) Note. Động từ to be được chia là were với mọi chủ ngữ. e.g. If I were you, I wouldn’t do such a thing. (but I’m not you) If it were not so bad, we could go swimming. (in fact, the weather is bad and we can’t go swimming) She would marry him if she were you. (she doesn’t marry him because she and you are different people) Trang 252
- 253. Conditional sentences type3 (unreal past condition) – Câu điều kiện không có thực ở quá khứ: Kết quả không thể được thực hiện trong quá khứ bởi điều kiện chỉ là giả định (không thể xảy ra). would If - S – had - past participles, S - should - have - past participles could might e.g. If we hadn’t lost the way we could have been here in time. (but in fact we lost the way, so we were late) If we had known that you were there, we would have written you a letter. (We didn’t know that you were there, so we didn’t write you a letter) She would have sold the house if she had found the right buyer. (She didn’t sell the house because she didn’t find the right buyer) If we hadn’t lost the way, we would have arrived sooner. (We lost our way, and we didn’t arrive early) More conditional sentence forms: Một số loại câu điều kiện đặc biệt For a habit: Mẫu câu dùng để chỉ một thói quen của một chủ thể nào đó ta thực hiện theo mẫu câu sau: If - S – V(simple present) - S – V(simple present) e.g. If the doctor has morning office hours, he visits his patients in the hospital in the afternoon John usually walks to school if he has enough time. For a command: Mẫu câu dùng để chỉ một mệnh lệnh, sai khiến hay sự nhờ vả ta thực hiện theo mẫu câu sau: If – S – V(simple present), command form* e.g. If you go to the Post Office, please mail this letter for me. Please call me if you hear from Jane. If she comes, call me. (Maybe she is coming or she has promised to come) If the weather stays fine, we can arrive on time. (The weather is now fine and there’s no sign of the bad changes) For a suggestion: Với lời đề nghị, khuyên răn. e.g. If she comes, you should call me. (I suggest calling me when she comes) Trang 253
- 254. You’d better cancelthe project if it is possible. (It’s best for you to cancel the project) For a present subjunctive cases but past unfulfilled result. Với giả định hiện tại mà kết quả không thể xảy ra ở quá khứ. Điều giả định này luôn đúng ở hiện tại. would If - S – V(simple past), S - should - have - past participles were could might e.g. If I were you, I would have agreed with him yesterday. (The action hadn’t been done in the past but the subjunctive case is at present. Mãi mãi tôi vẫn không thể là cậu được, đây là thực tế nên không cần chuyển điều kiện về quá khứ hoàn thành) She would have been at the school if she didn’t appear in the park now. She might have had chance to be successful if she were now in a higher position. If he had a car now, he could have worked overtime much before. For a past subjunctive cases but present unfulfilled result. Với giả định quá khứ mà kết quả không thể xảy ra ở hiện tại. Điều giả định này được coi là quá khứ của quá khứ, nhưng kết quả là phi lý. would If - S – had - past participles, S - should - V could might e.g. If I had been there last time, I would agree to lend him the money. (The action hasn’t been done up to now, this is only my regret. Sự tiếc nuối của tôi khi nghe bạn thuật lại vụ việc giả định của tôi rơi vào hoàn cảnh quá khứ, nhưng kết quả này đã không xảy ra trước đó) We would be successful if we had taken your advice in the first place. If he had done all the work, he could now go with us. They would now be in the classroom if they had hurried up as we told them to. For other purposes: Với các mục đích nói khác nhau ta có các loại câu điều kiện khác như trình bày sau đây; a. Inversion of “had”: Đảo ngữ với câu điều kiện loại 2 Trang 254
- 255. Were - S– (to infinitive), S would - V e.g. Were I ill, I would not be here now. Were he to go, he would not be able to finish hí project. b. Inversion of “had”: Đảo ngữ với câu điều kiện loại 3 Had - S - past participles, S would have - past participles e.g. Had we known you were there, we would have written you a letter. Had she found the right buyer, she would have sold the house. Hadn’t we lost the way, we would have arrived sooner. c. Special uses of “if” clauses in requests– Cách sử dụng của mệnh đề “If” như đề nghị được điễn giải như dưới đây: If you will/would, S will - V e.g. If you would wait a moment, I will see if Mr. John is here. (Nếu ngài vui lòng đợi, tôi sẽ kiểm tra giúp ngài xem ông John có ở nhà không) I would be very grateful if you will/ would make an arrangement for me. If you could - V. hãy vui lòng …. → chấp nhận như tất yếu e.g. If you could fill in this form. Hãy vui lòng điền vào mẫu này If you could open your books. Vui lòng mở sách. If - S - will/ would, S - V nếu chịu (tuân lệnh, nghe lời) eg. If he will (would) listen to me, I can help him. Nếu cậu ta chịu nghe lời tôi có thể giúp cậu ấy. If - S - will, S - V diễn tả sự ngoan cố e.g. If you will learn English this way, a failure for TOEFL test is sure awaiting you. Nếu cậu cứ học tiếng Anh theo kiểu này, thì chắc chắn cậu sẽ trượt TOEFL. If - S - should, command khả năng xảy ra rất ít, không tin tưởng vào kết quả e.g. If you shouldn’t know how to use this TV set, please call me up this number. Nếu bạn không biết sử dụng chiếc TV này, hãy gọi đến số máy này. (Tuy nhiên người nói tin chắc người nghe biết sử dụng TV). If you should have any difficulties while doing these exercises, please feel free to ask me. Nếu không làm được bài tập này hãy hỏi tôi nhé. (Tuy nhiên người nói tin chắc người nghe làm được bài tập vì chúng rất dễ) Trang 255
- 256. Note: Đảo ngữnhư sau: e.g. Should you have any difficulties while doing these exercises, please feel free to ask me. Should it be cloudy and gray, the groundhog will supposedly wander around for food - a sign that spring is near. d. Special conditions: even if - negative verb (cho dù) e.g. You must go tomorrow even if you aren’t ready. You have to hand in your paper even if you cannot do the exercises. Whether or not - positive verb (dù có … hay không) e.g. He likes watching TV whether or not the show is good. They want to enroll whether or not the course suits them well. unless + positive verb = if ... not (trừ khi = nếu không) e.g. If you don’t start at once, you will be late. → You will be late unless you start at once. You will be late if you are not ready by now. → You will be late unless you are ready by now But for that - unreal condition (nếu không thì).... e.g. Her father pays her fees, but for that she wouldn’t be here ( but she is here) present unreal present My car broke down, but for that I could have come in time. past unreal past otherwise - conditional sentence = nếu không thì .... e.g. We must be back before midnight, otherwise I will be locked out. Her father pays her fees, otherwise she couldn’t be here. present unreal present I used a computer, otherwise it would have taken longer. past unreal past Note. or... else được dùng thay cho otherwise. Provided/ providing (that) (Miễn là/ với điều kiện là ) e.g. You can camp here provided (that) you leave no mess. Suppose/ supposing? = what ... if ...? (giả sử như/ nếu như) e.g Suppose the plane is late? = what will happen if the plane is late? Suppose you ask him = why don’t you ask him? – gợi ý What if I’m- thách thức cự tuyệt Trang 256
- 257. e.g. What ifI am the first to leave. What if I do not follow you. If only – S – V(simple present), S will V = hope that S will V hi vọng là e.g. If only he comes in time (hi vọng là cậu ấy đúng giờ) If only he will head your advice. If only – S – V(simple past/ past perfect) = wish that giả định: giá mà e.g. If only he didn’t smoke. (but he doesn’t) If only she had come in time. (but she didn’t) if only - S would V = ước sao, mong sao e.g. If only he would drive more slowly (but he drive so fast) If only it would stop raining. BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH Exercise 129. Complete each of the following sentences with the right forms of the verbs shown in brackets. If he had arrived late, we___________ without him? (to begin) If they had felt thirsty, they___________ the lemonade? (not to drink) If we had been here, we___________ the fireworks. (not to miss) If his office had called, he___________ to work? (not to return) She___________ early if she had not had a good reason. (not to leave) If they had searched more carefully, they___________ the watch sooner. (to find) If you had visited Rome, you___________ to the opera? (to go) If he were here now he___________ to help us. (not to hesitate) I___________ the book last week if I had known you wanted it. (to finish) You___________ to him last night if you had seen him? (to speak) If they were old enough, they___________ the contest next week. (to enter) She___________ a vacation now if she had more time? (not to take) If he had sent a message, we___________ it two days ago. (to receive) I___________ it if you came with me now. (to appreciate) She___________ grateful if we offered to help her tomorrow? (not to be) He___________ yesterday if he had entered the race? (to win) They________ more books last month if they had noticed the stock was low? (not to order) She not___________ us now if she knew where we lived? (to visit) You___________ cucumbers yesterday if they had been on sale? (to buy) Trang 257
- 258. 20. If we___________more attention yesterday, we would know what time to be there. (to pay) Exercise 130. Complete each of the following sentences with the right forms of the verbs shown in brackets. 1. If he___________ rich, he would travel. (to be) 2. I___________ anxious to meet him, I would stay at home. (not to be) 3. He would have more free time if he___________ so hard. (not to work) 4. If I___________ a car, I would visit Cape Breton. (to have) 5. We would take the bus if it___________ to snow. (to begin) 6. If you___________ him, you would surely recognize him. (to see) 7. I would not confide in him if I___________ him. (not to trust) 8. If we___________ time, we would let you know. (not to have) 9. If he___________ an expedition, I would certainly join it. (to organize) 10. I would not worry about it if I___________ you. (to be) 11. I would not have got lost if I___________ the map. (to study) 12. He___________ at home, we would have visited him. (to be) 13. We would have invited him if we___________ he would come. (to think) 14. He would have applied for the job if he___________ the advertisement. (to see) 15. We would not have ordered tea, we___________ how late it was. (to know) 16. It___________, they would have held the party in the park. (not to rain) 17. We would have agreed with you if we___________ what you meant. (to understand) 18. If you___________ salt on the steps, they would not have been so slippery. (to put) 19. He___________ to us, we would have known when to expect him. (to write) 20 If he___________ to take the course, he would have had to work hard. (to choose) Exercise 131. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. 1. If it_______ last night, it_______ so hot today. A. rained/ is not B. was raining/ were not C. had rained/ would not have been D. had rained/ would not be 2. Without your recommendation, we_______ any success last year. A. had not got B. did not get C. will not have got D. would not have got 3. _______ he gets here soon, we will have to start the meeting without him. A. Suppose B. Provided C. Unless D. If 4. _______ as much money as Bill Gates of Microsoft, I would retire. A. Did I have B. If did I have C. Unless I had D. If I had had 5. If I_______ it was a formal party, I wouldn’t have gone wearing jeans and a jumper. Trang 258
- 259. A. knew B.had known C. had been knowing D. could know 6. Tom’s company will almost certainly like him_______ he improves his attitude. A. unless B. or C. otherwise D. if 7. If my client_______ me her fax number, I_______ to post a letter to her. A. gave/ will not have B. will give/ do not have C. had given/ wouldn’t have had D. had given/ will not have had 8. _______ I had brought my laptop to the meeting yesterday. A. If B. If only C. Even if D. As if 9. If I_______ the lottery last week, I_______ rich now. A. had won/ would be B. had won/ would have been C. won/ would be D. won/ would have been 10. Carrie said she will join the company if the starting salary_______ her expectations. A. meets B. met C. has met D. had met. 11. If you_______ to my advice, you_______ in trouble now. A. listened/ were not B. listen/ are not C. had listened/ would not have been D. had listened/ would not be. 12. If you take the 8 a.m. flight to New York, you_______ change planes. A. could not have to B. will not have to C. had not had to D. would not to have to 13. If it_______ warm yesterday, we would have gone to the beach. A. was B. were C. had been D. could be 14. If it_______ an hour ago, the streets_______ wet now. A. were raining/ will be B. had rained/ would be C. rained/ would be D. had rained/ would have be 15. _______ here, he would help us with the troubles. A. Were Peter B. If were Peter C. Unless were Peter D. Unless Peter were 16._______ that problem with the car, we wouldn’t have missed the speech. A. If we had had B. If had we had C. Unless we had had D. Provided that we had had 17. If I were a little taller, I__________ be able to water the plant on the top shelf. A. did B. would C. had D. would have 18. If you hear from Susan today, __________ her to ring me. A. tell B. to tell C. telling D. will tell 19. She had to have the operation___________. A. unless she would dies B. if she would die C. otherwise she will die D. or she would die 20. If the traffic_______ bad, I may get home late. Trang 259
- 260. A. is B.were C. was D. had been Exercise 132. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. 1. I am flying to the United States tonight. I_______ you a ring if I can find a phone. A. will give B. would give C. could give D. have given 2. We’ll need more staff_______ we start the new project. A. unless B. whether C. in case D. or 3. If I_______ 10 years younger, I_______ the job. A. am/ will take B. was/ have taken C. had been/ will have taken D. were/ would take 4. _______ I had learnt English when I was at high school. A. Unless B. Even if C. If D. If only 5. You are not allowed to use the club’s facilities_______ you are a member. A. unless B. if C. provided D. supposed 6. If she_______ the train last night, she_______ here now. A. took/ were B. were taking/ is C. had taken/ would have been D. had taken/ would be 7. _______ if a war happened? A. What you would do B. What would you do C. What will you do D. What you will do 8. I would send her a fax if I__________ her number. A. know B. knew C. had known D. could know. 9. __________ it were well paid, I would accept this proposal. A. Providing B. Unless C. But for D. If only 10. __________ more carefully, he would not have had the accident yesterday. A. If Peter driven B. If had Peter driven C. Had Peter driven D. Unless Peter had driven. 11. If I were you, I__________ that. A. would apply for B. will ask for C. will have change D. can take 12. If I_______ a wish, I’d wish for happiness for my family. A. have B. been having C. had D. was having 13. If we had had time, we_______ to the party. A. can go B. will go C. would have gone D. will have gone 14. We couldn’t understand the teacher if he_______ too fast. A. spoke B. has spoken C. doesn’t speak D. didn’t speak 15. If everything is all right, we_______ our work on time. Trang 260
- 261. A. complete B.are completing C. have completed D. will complete 16. What_______ if the earth suddenly stopped going around the sun. A. happens B. will happen C. would happen D. happened Unless you_______ quiet, I’ll scream. A. don’t keep B. keep C. didn’t keep D. kept 18. You’ll be able to speak English well if you_______ hard. A. study B. studied C. would study D. had studied 19. If I_______ you, I_______ invitation. A. am/ will refuse B. was/ would refuse C. were/ would refuse D. had been/ will refuse 20. _______, I’d have told you the answer. A. If you asked me B. Had you asked me C. You had asked me D. Unless you asked me Exercise 133. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. 1. If I_______ a lot of money now, I_______ a new car. A. have/ will buy B. have/ would buy C. had/will buy D. had/would buy 2. If I_______ you, I_______ do that. A. am/ will B. were/ would C. were/ will D. had been/ would 3. If I were offered the job, I think I_______ it A. take B. will take C. would take D. would have taken 4. I would be very surprised if he_______. A. refuses B. refused C. had refused D. would refuse 5. Many people would be out of work if that factory_______ down A. closes B. had closed C. closed D. would close 6. If she sold the car, she_______ much money. A. gets B. would get C. will get D. would have got 7. They would be disappointed if we_______. A. hadn’t come B. wouldn’t come C. don’t come D. didn’t come 8. Would John be angry if I_______ his bicycle without asking? A. take B. took C. had taken D. would take 9. She_______ terribly upset if I lost this ring. A. will be B. would be C. were D. had been 10. If someone_______ in here with a gun, I would be very frightened. A. would walk B. walks C. had walked D. walked 11. What would happen if you_______ to work tomorrow? Trang 261
- 262. A. don’t goB. didn’t go C. won’t go D. wouldn’t go If we had lost the map, we would never have found our way. We will have found our way unless we lost the map. We found our way because we didn’t lose the map. We would have lost our way if we had lost the map. If we lost the map, we didn’t find our way. He didn’t hurry so he missed the plane. If he hurried, he wouldn’t miss the train. If he had hurried, he might catch the plane. If he had hurried, he could have caught the plane. D. He didn’t miss the plane because he hurried. If I were taller, I could reach the shelf. I am not tall enough to reach the top shelf. I am too tall to reach the top shelf. I cannot reach the top shelf because I am very tall. In spite of being tall, I cannot reach the top shelf. I will agree to these conditions provided that they increase my salary. They did not increase my salary so I quit the job. I will only agree these conditions if they give me more money. They give me more money or I will only agree these conditions. Unless they give me more money, I will only agree these conditions. If only I had studied hard enough to pass the final exam. I regret not studying hard enough to pass the exam. I had studied hard enough and I passed the final exam. I studied too hard to pass the final exam. I studied hard otherwise I would fail the final exam. John speaks Chinese fluently because he used to live in China for ten years. Suppose John has lived in China for ten years, he can speak Chinese fluently. Provided that John lived in China for ten years, he could speak Chinese fluently. Unless John had lived in China for ten years, he could not have spoken Chinese fluently. John could not speak Chinese fluently if he had not lived in China for ten years. You didn’t tell me your story, so I couldn’t help you. If you told me the story, I could help you. If only you told me your story. Had you told me the story, I could have helped you. Did you tell me your story, I could help you. Trang 262
- 263. There will bea shortage of water unless it rains. If it doesn’t rain, there will be a shortage of water. There will be a shortage of water if it rains. There will be a shortage of water if it will rain. If it doesn’t rain, there would be a shortage of water. He described the accident as if he_______. A. saw it with his own eyes B. had seen it with his own eyes C. sees it with his own eyes D. has seen it with his own eyes Exercise 134: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. You washed it in boiling water; that's why it shrank. Had you not_____________________________________________________________. We missed the train because we were using an out-of-date timetable. If we______________________________________________________________________. His own men deserted him; that's the only reason why he failed. He wouldn’t______________________________________________________________. They were driving very quickly. That's why the accident was so terrible. The accident______________________________________________________________. It was raining. That's the only reason I didn't take the children to the beach. But for____________________________________________________________________. My number isn't in the directory so people don't ring me up. People____________________________________________________________________. The police are not armed so we don't have gun battles in the streets. Were the_________________________________________________________________. The shops don't deliver now, which makes life difficult. Life would________________________________________________________________. He's very thin; perhaps that's why he feels the cold so much. He wouldn’t_______________________________________________________________. We haven't any matches so we can't light a fire. We could_________________________________________________________________. It rained all the time. Perhaps that's why he didn't enjoy his visit. He would_________________________________________________________________. I didn't work hard at school so I didn't get a good job when I left. Had I______________________________________________________________________. They used closed-circuit television. That's how they spotted the shop-lifter. Had it_____________________________________________________________________. Trang 263
- 264. They asked himto leave the dining-room because he wasn't wearing a shirt. If he______________________________________________________________________. It took us a long time to find his house because the streets were not clearly marked. Had the__________________________________________________________________. My friend advised me to sell it. My friend said if I______________________________________________________. I haven't much time so I read very little. If I_________________________________________________________________________. They don't clean the windows so the rooms look rather dark. The rooms_______________________________________________________________. He never polishes his shoes, so he never looks smart. If he______________________________________________________________________. He doesn't pay his staff properly; perhaps that's why they don't work well. His staff_________________________________________________________________. Exercise 135: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. She is very shy; that's why she doesn't enjoy parties. She would____________________________________________________________. He doesn't take any exercise; that's why he is so unhealthy. He would_____________________________________________________________. I haven't the right change so we can't get tickets from the machine. If I______________________________________________________________________. They speak French to her, not English, so her English doesn't improve. Her English__________________________________________________________. He doesn't work overtime, so he doesn't earn as much as I do. He would_____________________________________________________________. He never shaves; that's the only reason he looks unattractive. He would_____________________________________________________________. You work too fast; that's why you make so many mistakes. If you________________________________________________________________. I can't park near my office; that's why I don't come by car. If I____________________________________________________________________. I live a long way from the centre; that's why I am always late for work. Were I________________________________________________________________. I haven't a map so I can't direct you. Were I________________________________________________________________. Trang 264
- 265. It's a pitywe haven't a steak to cook over our camp fire. If we_________________________________________________________________. I'm fat; that's why I can't get through the bathroom window. I could________________________________________________________________. He doesn't help me, possibly because I never ask him for help. If I_____________________________________________________________________. I can't drive so we can't take the car. I would______________________________________________________________. We have no ladder so we can't get over the wall. If we_________________________________________________________________. I live near my office, so I don't spend much time travelling to work. I would_______________________________________________________________. I didn't see the signal, so I didn't stop. Had I_________________________________________________________________. I didn't know your number, so I didn't ring. I would______________________________________________________________. She didn't know you were in hospital, so she didn't visit you. Had she_____________________________________________________________. We only came by bus because there were no taxis. Had there___________________________________________________________. Exercise 136: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. We haven't got central heating, so the house is rather cold. If we_______________________________________________________________________. I have no dog, so I don't like being alone in the house at night. I would_________________________________________________________________. We got a lift, so we reached the station in time. If I_________________________________________________________________________. I haven't got a vacuum cleaner; that's why I'm so slow. I would_________________________________________________________________. I don't know his address, so I can't write to him. If I_________________________________________________________________________. We didn't visit the museum because we hadn't time. Had we_________________________________________________________________. Tom's father was on the Board. That's the only reason he got the job. But for______________________________________________________________________. Trang 265
- 266. He wasn't lookingwhere he was going. That's why he was run over. Had he______________________________________________________________________. I don't like country life, perhaps because I wasn't brought up in the country. If I_________________________________________________________________________. I didn't know he was so quarrelsome. I'm sorry now that I invited him. Had I_______________________________________________________________________. People drive very fast. That's why there are so many accidents. If people_________________________________________________________________. English people speak very quickly. Perhaps that's why I can't understand them. I would___________________________________________________________________. They got the children back alive only because they paid the ransom at once. Had they_________________________________________________________________. The flats are not clearly numbered, so it is very difficult to find anyone. It would_________________________________________________________________. You don't wipe your feet, so you make muddy marks all over the floor. If you ___________________________________________________________________. We didn't go by air only because we hadn't enough money. Had we_________________________________________________________________. The bus didn't stop because you didn't put your hand up. Had you_________________________________________________________________. I only came up the stairs because the lift wasn't working. Had the lift_____________________________________________________________. I didn't know how thin the ice was, so I was walking on it quite confidently. If I_______________________________________________________________________. The champion didn't take the fight seriously at first; perhaps that's why he didn't win it. If the champion________________________________________________________. Trang 266
- 267. BÀI 3. RELATIVECLAUSES - MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ I. Relative pronouns: Subject Object Possessive For persons who whom/who whose that that For things which which whose/of which that that WHO: Là đại từ quan hệ chỉ người, dùng để thay thế cho danh từ chỉ người, làm chủ ngữ hay tân ngữ cho mệnh đề quan hệ. e.g. The man who told you I was out met me in the park. The person who you wanted to see died days ago. This is the lady who helped my mom. WHOM: Là đại từ quan hệ chỉ người, dùng để thay thế cho danh từ chỉ người, làm tân ngữ cho mệnh đề quan hệ. e.g. That’s the one whom we need to contact. The person whom you wanted to see died days ago. The one to whom he wanted to talk was out. Mr. Ba, from whom we got news, was escaped yesterday. WHOSE: Là tính từ quan hệ chỉ người, dùng để thay thế cho tính từ sở hữu, kết hợp với một danh từ, làm chủ ngữ hay tân ngữ cho mệnh đề quan hệ. e.g. This is the lady whose son cheated me. The country whose people were struggling against floods announced the situation of disasters yesterday. WHICH: Là đại từ quan hệ chỉ vật, dùng để thay thế cho danh từ chỉ vật, làm chủ ngữ hay tân ngữ của mệnh đề quan hệ. e.g. The book which you liked was sold. This is the bike which is my birthday present. The house, which was on fire, was built long ago. THAT: Là đại từ quan hệ thay thế, dùng để thay thế cho các đại từ quan hệ như WHO, WHICH, làm chủ ngữ hay tân ngữ cho mệnh đề quan hệ, ngoài ra còn được sử dụng trong câu chẻ. e.g. The book that you liked was sold. This is the bike that I want to buy. The one that told you I was out met me in the park. The person that you wanted to see died days ago. Trang 267
- 268. WHEN: Là trạngtừ quan hệ chỉ thời gian, sử dụng trong mệnh đề quan hệ trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian. e.g. The day when she left was rainy. The time when we reunite is uncertain. WHERE: Là trạng từ quan hệ chỉ nơi chốn, sử dụng trong mệnh đề quan hệ trạng ngữ chỉ nơi chốn. e.g. This is the house where he lived in his childhood. The place where we play football is a football ground. WHY: Là trạng từ quan hệ chỉ lí do, nguyên nhân, sử dụng trong mệnh đề quan hệ trạng ngữ chỉ nguyên nhân. e.g. The reason why she left was unknown. That’s why we are worrying now. Relative clauses: Defining clauses (Restrictive Relative Clauses): Đây là loại mệnh đề quan hệ xác định và cần thiết có mặt để câu có nghĩa, nếu không có nó câu không đảm bảo về ngữ nghĩa (Chủ từ chưa được xác định). e.g. The man who keeps the library is Mr. Green. (The man is Mr. Green thì rõ, nhưng The man keeps the library thì không rõ là ai) That is the book that I like best. (là cuốn mà tôi thích trong vô vàn cuốn sách) Non-defining clauses (Non- Restrictive Relative Clauses): Đây là loại mệnh đề không cần thiết có mặt mà câu vẫn có nghĩa, nếu không có nó câu vẫn đảm bảo về ngữ nghĩa vì tiền ngữ (chủ từ) đã xác định. Loại mệnh đề này thường cách mệnh đề chính bằng các dấu phảy, hoặc thường có các tính từ hay đại từ chỉ định hay sở hữu như: this, that, these, those, his, my,… e.g. That man, whom you saw yesterday, is Mr. Pike This is Mrs. Jones, who helped me last week. Mary, whose sister I know, has won an Oscar. Reduced clauses: Mệnh đề rút gọn Present Participle Phrases: (V-ING phrases replace relative clauses) Có thể dùng một ngữ danh động từ V-ING để thay thế cho mệnh đề quan hệ nếu động từ chính của mệnh đề đó ở thể chủ động. e.g. The man who is sitting next to you is Mr. Mike. The man sitting next to you is Mr. Pike. Do you know the boy who broke the window yesterday? Do you know the boy breaking the window yesterday? Trang 268
- 269. Past Participle Phrases:(V-ED phrases replace relative clauses) Có thể dùng một ngữ tính từ V-ED để thay thế cho mệnh đề quan hệ nếu động từ chính của mệnh đề đó ở thể bị động. e.g. The man who was arrested by the police is Mr. Mike. The man arrested by the police is Mr. Pike. Do you know the boy who was punished by the headmaster yesterday? Do you know the boy punished by the headmaster yesterday? Infinitive Phrases: (to V phrases replace relative clauses) Có thể dùng một ngữ động từ to infinitives để thay thế cho mệnh đề quan hệ trong trường hợp mệnh đề có chứa các từ FIRST, SECOND, THIRD, LAST, ONLY... có thể dùng với cấu trúc “for O + to V”, hoặc một số mệnh đề mang tính ràng buộc nhiệm vụ… e.g. English is an important language which we have to master. English is an important language to master/ for us to master. He is the only one who knows the answer. He is the only one to know the answer. Noun Phrases: (Noun phrases replace relative clauses) Có thể dùng một hoặc một cụm danh từ để thay thế cho mệnh đề quan hệ nếu mệnh đề đó mang ngữ danh từ (thường chỉ nghề nghiệp). e.g. Mr. Ba, who is our new form teacher, is a good teacher. Mr. Ba, our new form teacher, is a good teacher. The man who is the new manager of the office is still young. The man - the new manager of the office - is still very young. Adjectival Phrases: (Adjectival phrases replace relative clauses) Có thể dùng một hoặc một cụm tính từ để thay thế cho mệnh đề quan hệ. e.g. The streets which are crowded with population have no interest in learning. The streets crowded with population have no interest in learning. The jobs which are easy to get are not always well-paid. The jobs easy to get are not always well-paid. IV. Cleft sentences: Câu chẻ là hình thức đặc biệt của câu phức sử dụng các mệnh đề quan hệ để nhấn mạnh tới các thành tố của câu như chủ ngữ, tân ngữ, hay trạng ngữ. Dưới đây là ba hình thức câu chẻ điển hình: Subject focus: Nhấn mạnh tới chủ ngữ, chủ thể của hành động hoặc đối tượng được đề cập. Trang 269
- 270. S - V→ It be S that/ who V e.g. Nam helped me a lot. It was Nam who helped me a lot. The book tells us a romantic story. It is the book that tells us a romantic story. He showed me the way here. It was he who showed me the way here. Object focus: Nhấn mạnh tới tân ngữ, chủ thể nhận hay chịu tác động của hành động. S - V - O → It be O that - S - V e.g. She bought the dictionary. It was the dictionary that she bought. It was Mai that we saw at the party. Adverbials focus: Nhấn mạnh tới trạng ngữ, đề cập tới thời gian, nơi chốn, cách thức, phương pháp của hành vi. S - V - A → It be A that S - V e.g. We first met in this park. It was in this park that we first met. She left on a rainy day. It was on a rainy day that she left. BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH Exercise 137. Fill in each gap with a suitable relative pronoun: which, that, whose, whom, who, where, when, why, or which. Here is the beach__________ is the safest for swimmers. Mr. Bike will buy the house_________ is opposite to my house. I’ve ever read the book__________ Huong gave me yesterday. The man__________ I saw last weekend said something totally different. The town__________ we are living is noisy and crowded. Sunday is the day__________ we usually go fishing on. Sunday is the day__________ we usually go fishing. The boy__________ sister is in my class can speak Japanese and Korean languages. The dictionary___________ is on the table belongs to Long. He wore a hat__________ made him look like a cowboy. Trang 270
- 271. The year__________ wecame to live here was 1975. I wish to see the factory__________ your father used to work. Mr. David, __________ son studies with us, has never been to Vietnam. A bricklayer is a person __________ builds houses. We’re going to London, __________ is famous for Big Ben. This house, __________ Pele used to live, is being made into a museum. That’s the house__________ I was born in. The student__________ did this exercise might be very intelligent. Peter couldn’t come to the party last night, __________ was really a pity. Ly Duc,__________ won 2 gold medals at the Games, comes from Vietnam. Exercise 138. Fill in each gap with a suitable relative pronoun: which, that, whose, whom, who, where, when, why, or which. Stop him. He’s the man__________ stole my wallet. Mr. David, _________comes from England, has never been to Vietnam. I’m staying with the boy__________ brother looks very handsome. He talked about the books and writers__________ made us bored. The city__________ I lived as a child has been pulled down now. Henry, ________ you’ll meet tomorrow, is also a member of the board. Can you answer the questions__________ I ask you? The lady__________ son went on a picnic with us last weekend is a teacher at our school. The woman__________ book I borrowed is very generous. He is the only friend__________ I like. He can’t swim, __________ makes me surprised. We are visiting Ha Long, __________ is in the north of Viet Nam. This is the place__________ the battle took place 40 years ago. The town__________ we are living in is noisy. They have invented a television set__________ is small as a watch. We visited children__________ parents are dead. 17. I’m talking about Tom, __________ is really friendly. I’ll never forget the day__________ I first met her. This is the hotel__________ we stayed last summer. Tell me the reason__________ you have cancelled the tour. Exercise 139. Replace the relative clause in each of the following sentences by a suitable phrase using the –ing, -ed, or to infinitive form. Neil Armstrong was the first man who walked on the moon. ______________________________________________________________. Trang 271
- 272. I come froma city that is located in the southern part of the country. ______________________________________________________________. The children who attend that school receive a good education. ______________________________________________________________. The scientists who are researching the causes of cancer are making progress. ______________________________________________________________. They live in a house that was built in 1980. ______________________________________________________________. We have an apartment which overlooks the park. ______________________________________________________________. Yuri Gagarin became the first man who flew into space. ______________________________________________________________. We stood on the bridge which connects the two halves of the building. ______________________________________________________________. I come from a city which is located in the southern part of the country. ______________________________________________________________. The vegetables which are sold in this supermarket are grown without chemicals. ______________________________________________________________. Do you know the woman who is coming toward us? ______________________________________________________________? The people who were waiting for the bus in the rain are getting wet. ______________________________________________________________. I come from a city that is located in the southern part of the country. ______________________________________________________________. They live in a house that was built in 1890. ______________________________________________________________. He was the first man who left the burning building. ______________________________________________________________. The couple who live in the house next door are both college professors ______________________________________________________________. The people who are waiting for the bus in the rain are getting wet. ______________________________________________________________. The students who did not come to the class yesterday explain their absence to the teacher. ______________________________________________________________. Did you get the message which concerned the special meeting? ______________________________________________________________? Lan is the second student who entered the classroom this morning. Trang 272
- 273. → ______________________________________________________________. Exercise 140.Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. 1. Mr. Pike, __________ is our boss ,has just come back from Paris. A. who B. whom C. which D. that 2. The botanists are examining the plants__________ were brought from Africa. A. who B. whom C. which D. that 3. Do you know the hotel__________? A. at which she is staying B. where she is staying C. she is staying at D. all are correct 4. That is the new teacher about__________ the students are talking. A. that B. who C. whose D. whom 5. This subject__________ going to discuss, is very important. A. which we are B. which are we C. that we are D. A and C are correct 6. The scientist__________ invention was a success became famous. A. who B. whose C. which D. that 7. I knew some people__________. A. who could help you B. whom could help you C. whose help could you D. could help you 8. That is the dress__________. A. which made by Mary B. which making by Mary C. was made by Mary D. made by Mary 9. The bicycle__________ is very modern. A. I told you about which B. which about I told you C. about I told you which D. about which I told you 10. Many diseases__________ are no longer dangerous today. A. why people died of year ago B. which people died years ago C. of that people died years ago D. that people died of years ago 11. Have you made a decision on the day__________? A. which you will set off B. when you will set off B. at which you will set off D. where you will set off 12. The road__________ is shaded with trees. A. on which we go to school every day C. from which we go to school every day B. at which we go to school every day D. where we go to school every day 13. I’m standing at the window__________. Trang 273
- 274. A. in whichI can see the lake B. where I can see the lake C. at which I can see the lake D. from which I can see the lake I’ll show you the second hand bookshop__________. when you can find valuable old books why you can find valuable old books where you can find valuable old books which you can find valuable old books Lan’s marriage has been arranged by her family. She is marrying a man__________. A. that she hardly knows him B. whom she hardly knows him C. she hardly knows D. she hardly knows him I come from the Seattle area__________ many successful companies such as Microsoft and Boeing are located. A. which B. that C. where D. whom 17. They have just visited the town__________ location was little known. A. where B. whose C. which D. that __________ one of the most creative artists in rock ‘n roll, came from California. A. Frank Zappa, who was B. Frank Zappa was C. Frank Zappa, that was D. Frank Zappa whom was He came to the party wearing only a pair of shorts and a T-shirt, __________ was a stupid thing to do. A. who B. whom C. which D. that 20. He lives in a small town__________. A. where is called Taunton B. which is called Taunton C. is called Taunton D. that called Taunton Exercise 141. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. 1. The house__________ is more than 100 years old. A. where I live B. in where I live C. in that I live D. where I live in 2. __________ want to get a good job have to have certain qualifications and experience. A. Who B. Those which C. Those who D. Those whom Wild fires are common is the forest areas of Australia, of the US and Canada, __________ the climate is moist. A. in where B. in that C. where D. which 4. King Henry, __________ was Elizabeth I, led England into the Age of Empire. A. daughter B. whom daughter C. which daughter D. whose daughter 5. Frank invited Janet, __________, to the party. Trang 274
- 275. A. met inJapan B. meeting in Japan C. whom he had met in Japan D. that he had met in Japan 6. The singer, __________ most recent recording has had much success, is signing autographs. A. whose B. that C. who D. whom 7. He likes shopping between 1.00 and 3.00 pm, __________ most people are at home. A. when B. where C. in which D. at that 8. Linda, to_____ many of her students are writing, is living happily and peacefully in Canada. A. who B. whom C. that D. whose The fishermen and their boats__________ were off the coast three days ago have just been reported to be missing A. which B. that C. who D. whom 10. The banker to__________ I gave my check was quite friendly. A. who B. that C. whom D. which 11. Birds make nests in trees__________ they can hide their young in the leaves and branches. A. which B. where C. that D. in that 12. He lent me__________ yesterday. A. the book I need B. the book when I need C. which book I need D. the book whose I need 13. __________ cheat on the exam have to leave the room. A. Those B. Who C. Those whom D. Those who 14. __________ really a fish, has no brain, no bones, and no face. A. A jelly fish is not B. A jelly fish, it is not C. A jelly fish, which is not D. A jelly fish, that is not Ann had been sleeping in the back of the car. She felt quite fresh and wanted to go on. A. Ann, that felt quite fresh and wanted to go on, had been sleeping in the back of the car. B. Ann, who felt quite fresh and wanted to go on, had been sleeping in the back of the car. C. Ann, felt quite fresh and wanted to go on, had been sleeping in the back of the car. D. Ann, whom felt quite fresh and wanted to go on, had been sleeping in the back of the car. She was dancing with a student__________ a slight limp. A. who had B. with whom had C. with that have D. by whom had. My father works for a construction company in__________. Winchester, which is a city in the U.K. Winchester that is a city in the U.K. Winchester is a city in the U.K. Winchester where is a city in the U.K. I saw a lot of new people at the party, __________ seemed familiar. Trang 275
- 276. A. some ofwhom B. some of who C. whom D. some of that 19. My friend eventually decided to quit her job, __________ upset me a lot. A. that B. when C. which D. who 20. He is the man__________ car was stolen last week. A. whom B. that C. which D. whose Exercise 142. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. 1. The problem__________ has been discussed in class. A. that are very interested in B. which are very interested C. which we are very interested in D. are very interested They have just found the couple and their car__________ were swept away during the heavy storm last week. A. that B. which C. whose D. when 3. It was the worst winter__________ anyone could remember. A. when B. which C. where D. why 4. I would like to know the reason__________ he decided to quit the job. A. why B. which C. that D. when __________ instructed me how to make a good preparation for a job interview. John Robbins to that I spoke by telephone, John Robbins, that I spoke to by telephone, John Robbins I spoke to by telephone, John Robbins, whom I spoke to by telephone, He was always coming up with new ideas, __________ were absolutely impracticable. A. most of whom B. that C. most of which D. most of that 7. She always had wanted to go to places__________ she could speak her native tongue. A. that B. in that C. which D. where 8. February is the month__________ many of my colleagues take skiing holidays. A. when B. that C. in that D. which 9. There was no one__________. A. I could ask for help B. when I could ask for help C. I could ask whom for help D. for that I could ask for help. The children were quite attracted by the tamer and his animals__________ were performing on the stage. A. that B. which C. whom D. who 11. Is there anything else__________ you want to ask? A. what B. where C. whom D. that Trang 276
- 277. 12. The man__________15 minutes measuring our kitchen is very kind. A. whom spent B. that spent C. spending D. B and C are correct 13. __________ to the city designed these flats. A. Architect who has moved B. The architect who have moved C. The architect having moved D. The architect whom having moved 14. Tom, __________ tired, had been driving all day. A. that was B. whom was C. of whom he was D. being 15. I am looking after some children__________. A. terribly spoilt B. being terribly spoilt C. of whom are terribly spoilt D. are terribly spoilt 16. David, __________you all know, is going to talk about careers. A. that B. whom C. by whom D. who Do you see my pen? I have just written the lesson with it. Do you see my pen I have just written the lesson with which? Do you see my pen with which I have just written the lesson it? Do you see my pen which I have just written the lesson with it? Do you see my pen which I have just written the lesson with? The film is about a spy. His wife betrays him. The film is about a spy by whom his wife is betrayed. The film is about a spy betraying his wife. The film is about a spy who betrays his wife. The film is about a spy betrayed by his wife. He took me to an expensive restaurant___________ we enjoyed a good meal. A. where B. which C. when D. that 20. The young man________________ is very kind to my family. A. to live next door B. he lives next door C. living next door D. lived next door Exercise 143: Find the ONE among the underlined and marked A, B, C, D in each of the following sentences that needs correcting: 1. We will go to see the film “Titanic” if the weather is fine or not. A B C D Had he planned on going, he will have let us know. A B C D If you hadn’t left the car unlocked, it wouldn’t have be stolen. A B C D On the way home, we saw a lot of men, women, and dogs which were playing in the park. Trang 277
- 278. A B CD Both Mr. and Mrs. Smith are explaining the children the rules of the game. A B C D You can enjoy a sport without joining in a club or belonging to a team. A B C D Unlike many writings of her time, she was not preoccupied with morality. A B C D 8. The man whom remained in the office was the manager. A B C D This novel, which written by a well-known writer, should be read. A B C D 10. My friend George, that arrived late, was not permitted to enter the class. A B C D 11. The tongue is the principle organ of taste, and is crucial for chewing, swallowed, and speaking. A B C D 12. If Monique had not attended the party, she never would meet her old friend Dan, whom A B C she had not seen in years. D 13. A smaller percentage of British students want to farther or higher education than any A B C other European country. D 14. The proposal has repealed after a thirty-minutes discussion and a number of objections A B C to its failure to include our district. D 15. This is the only place which we can obtain scientific information. A B C D 16. Chemistry is one branch of science on that most of the industries depend. A B C D 1975 is the year in when the revolution took place. A B C D Mr. Brown, that teaches me English, is coming today. A B C D Jim is very goodness with his hands. A B C D Trang 278
- 279. 20. A galaxy,where may include billions of stars, is held together by gravitation attraction. A B C D Exercise 144: Find the ONE among the underlined and marked A, B, C, D in each of the following sentences that needs correcting: The hotel where we stay in last year was excellent. A B C D 2. At last they found the woman and her cat which were badly injured by the fire. A B C D They have told me some information most of whom is very useful. A B C D 4. New Year day is the day where all my family members gather and enjoy it together. A B C D The little boy was lost and spoke in an afraid voice. A B C D Both sides have at last agreed with a United Nations plan to end the fighting. A B C D Pupils sometimes suffer in a test when the questions are written in a language which is A B C not his mother tongue. D The country’s chief exports is oil and gas. A B C D Do you know the reason when English men travel to the left? A B C D The car who I bought used to be my father’s. A B C D 11. Alan said that it was she which had stolen his suitcase. A B C D 12. Stratford is the town there William Shakespeare, a great English playwright was born A B C and died. D I really don’t know the reason on which Sam was sacked. A B C D 14. The biggest city in Brazil is Sao Paulo which population is over 5 million. A B C D Trang 279
- 280. 15. She isone of my relatives whom get a Ph.D. degree. A B C D 16. After writing it, the essay must be duplicated by the student himself and handed into A B C the department secretary before the end of the month. D 17. They are known that colds can be avoided by eating the right kind of food and taking A B C exercise regularly. D 18. Before the invention of the printing press, books have been all printed by hand. A B C D 19. The medical problems of parents and their children tend to be very similar to because of A B C D the hereditary nature of many diseases. 20. Janet, her father is our teacher, is very good at mathematics. A B C D Trang 280
- 281. BÀI 4. PHRASESAND CLAUSES OF PURPOSE CỤM TỪ & MỆNH ĐỀ CHỈ MỤC ĐÍCH Phrases of purpose: to V/ so as to V/ in order to V và dạng phủ định S - V - to/ so as/ in order (not) + to infinitives or: To/ so as/ in order (not) - to infinitives, S - V e.g. To be better at English, he attended an evening class He attended an evening class to be better at English. In order to be better at English, he attended an extra-class. He attended an extra-class so as to be better at English. Clause of purpose: Các mệnh đề chỉ mục đích thường có các liên từ như “so that”/ “in order that”/ “so”/ hay “therefore” đi kèm. Đi sau các liên từ này là mệnh đề chỉ kể quả và là tương lai trong mối quan hệ với mệnh đề còn lại. a. with “so that/ in order that”: S - V so that S - V hay S - V in order that S - V e.g. He attended an extra-class in order that he could improve his English. She came early so that she didn’t miss any part of the concert. b. with “so/ therefore”: S - V, so S - V hay S - V, therefore S - V e.g. It rained so heavily, so we cancelled the trip. He learned hard, therefore he got better and better grades. Note: Trên thực tế hầu hết các cụm “to infinitive” đều được dùng để diễn tả mục đích. e.g. She went to Paris to study fashion, to realize her dream, to become a fashion designer. → She went to Paris to study fashion. (Her purpose to go to Paris is to study fashion) She went to Paris to realize her dream. (Her purpose to go to Paris is to realize her dream) → She went to Paris to become a fashion designer. (Her purpose to go to Paris is to become a fashion designer) → She studied fashion to realize her dream. (Her purpose to study fashion is to realize her dream) She realized her dream to become a fashion designer. (Her dream is to become a fashion designer) Trang 281
- 282. BÀI TẬP THỰCHÀNH Exercise 145. Combine each of the two provided sentences using “so that”/ “in order that”/ “so as to”/ “in order to” where appropriate. The boys stood on the desks. They wanted to get a better view. We learn English. We want to have better communication with other people. We lower the volume. We don't want to bother our neighbors. I will write to you. I want you to know my decision soon. These girls were talking whispers. They didn't want anyone to hear their conversation. The little girl feigned to be sick. She hoped we didn't make her work. I spoke loudly. I wanted everybody could hear me clearly. Mary often goes home as soon as the class is over. She doesn't want her mother to wait for her. Tom gets up early. He doesn't want to be late for school. Max hid the sweets under his pillow. He didn't want his mother to see them Mary prepares her lesson carefully. She wants to get high marks in class. The thief changed his address all the time. He didn't want to be found by the police. They did their job well. They hoped to get a higher salary. You should walk slowly. You can be followed by your sister. I am studying hard. I want to keep pace with my classmates. They are climbing higher. They want to get a better view. He worked late last night. He wanted to be free to go away tomorrow. Put the milk in the fridge. We want to make sure it won't spoil. I cashed a check yesterday. I wanted to make sure that I had enough money to go to market. Danny pretended to be sick. He wanted to stay at home. Exercise 146. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. 1. Hockey players wear lots of protective clothing__________ they don’t get hurt. A. because of B. after C. in order that D. though 2. She took a computer course__________ she could get a better job. A. so that B. as if C. if D. though 3. He ran __________ fast__________ I couldn’t catch him. A. such/that B. very/that C. too/to D. so/that She is learning English because she wants to get a better job. She is learning English so that she gets a better job. She is learning English so as she gets a better job. Trang 282
- 283. C. She islearning English in order she can get a better job. D. She is learning English so that she will be able to get a better job. 5. He got a new alarm clock__________ he'd get up on time. A. although B. so that C. since D. so 6. A small fish needs camouflage to hide itself__________ its enemies cannot find it. A. so that B. so C. therefore D. due to 7. The gate was shut__________ the cows won't get out of the cage. A. so as to B. in order to C. so as not D. so that The car was easy to recognize, _______ it wasn’t difficult for the police to catch the thieves. A. because B. that C. so D. but 9. He works hard__________ help his family. A. so as that B. in order to C. in order that D. A and B are correct 10. We moved to the front row__________ we could hear and see better. A. so B. so that C. such D. such that 11. It was too dark to go on, __________ we found somewhere to stay. A. so B. but C. however D. because 12. Her mother was sick. __________, Jane had to stay at home to look after her. A. but B. However C. so D. Therefore 13. You should keep the milk in the refrigerator__________ it doesn't go bad. A. since B. so that C. because D. after 14. He spoke slowly __________ she would understand. A. while B. after C. so that D. because 15. He left home early__________ he could arrive at the station on time. A. because of B. in order to C. although D. so that 16. Our teacher speaks slowly__________ we may understand him. A. because B. in order to C. so that D. or 17. The play was very boring__________ they walked out. A. although B. so that C. since D. so 18. He left home early _________ he could arrive at the station on time. A. because of B. in order to C. although D. so that 19. He works hard_________ help his family. A. so as that B. in order to C. in order that D. A and B are correct She turned down the radio so that she wouldn’t disturb the neighbors. She turned down the radio so as not to disturb the neighbors. She turned down the radio in order not to disturb the neighbors. She turned down the radio in order that she wouldn’t disturb the neighbors. All are correct. Trang 283
- 284. Exercise 147. Chooseone word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. 1. Jackson was going to study all night, ________ he declined our invitation to dinner. A. so B. so that C. in order to D. A & C 2. They put video cameras in shops _______ stop people stealing things. A. not to B. so as not to C. in order to D. so that 3. The highway was under construction, _______ we had to take a different route to work. A. so that B. so C. in order to D. A & C He gave me his address. He wanted me to visit him. He gave me his address so as to visit him. He gave me his address for me in order to visit him. He gave me his address in order for me to visit him. He gave me his address in order to for me visit him. He studies hard. He doesn’t want to fail in the exam. He studies hard ______fail in the exam. A. not to B. so as not to C. in order to D. so that 6. Mary jogs everyday ________ lose weight. A. so she can B. so that she can C. because she can D. so that to 7. You should look up the meaning of the new in the dictionary _______ misuse it A. so as to B. to C. so as not to D. so that 8. He lighted the candle ________ he might read the note. A. so that B. and C. because D. as a result 9. He turned off the lights before going out _______ waste electricity. A. so that not B. as not to C. in order that not D. so as not to 10. The school boys are in hurry____________ they will not be late for school. A. so as to B. to C. in order that D. for 11. He hid that letter in a drawer__________ no one could read it. A. so that B. because C. although D. than The teacher was explaining the lesson slowly and clearly__________. to make his students to understand it in order that his students can understand it so as to that his students could understand it so that his students could understand it The boy always does his homework before class____________. so as not to be punished by the teacher so as to be punished by the teacher so that not to be punished by the teacher Trang 284
- 285. D. in orderthat not to be punished by the teacher “I tried to study English well. I want to get a good job.” means _________. I tried to study English well so that I can get a good job I tried to study English well in order that I can get a good job I tried to study English well to get a good job All are correct “They whispered. They didn’t want anyone to hear them.” means_________. They whispered in order to make anyone hear them They whispered so that no one could hear them They whispered to make everyone hear them They whispered in order that make everyone hear them “We preserve natural resources. We can use them in the future.” means________. We preserve natural resources so that we can use them in the future We preserve natural resources so as to we can use them in the future We preserve natural resources for future use A and C The students study English________ they can communicate with foreigners. A. so that B. so/ that C. in order to D. A & C He left home early_________. so that he could arrive at the station on time. in order that he can arrive at the station on time. so that he couldn’t arrive at the station on time. A& C The teacher explained the lesson again in order that_________. all the students could understand the lesson. all the students could drive to school. all the students could pass the examination. all the students could exchange the answers. He failed the exam, _______ he had to do the job he didn’t like. A. so B. so that C. in order to D. A & C Exercise 148: Find the ONE among the underlined and marked A, B, C, D in each of the following sentences that needs correcting: What would happen if there was no water? A B C D If forests had not been destroyed, there will have been no floods. A B C D Trang 285
- 286. 3. They spentmoney as if they were very rich. A B C D 4. A thunder usually follows lightning by five seconds for every mile between the flash and A B C D the observer. Our civilization is commonplace to us that rarely we stop to think about its complexity. A B C D Every city in the U.S has traffic problems because the amount of cars on American streets is increasing. A B C D What would you have do if you were in my position? A B C D 8. If I had knew the time when the match started, I would have told you. A B C D 9. If had I known you were in financial difficulty, I would have helped you. A B C D 10. If she had listened to my direction she will not turn down the wrong street. A B C D 11. It will be next to impossible to return the product again to the shop once you have used it. A B C D He likes to listen to music, to go to the cinema, to chat on the phone and going shopping. A B C D 13. A child of noble birth, his name was famous among the children in that school. A B C D 14. My children won’t go to bed unless they don’t have some money. A B C D 15. If you keep on playing games on the computer, I would sell it. A B C D Unless it rains, we will stay at home. A B C D 17. The first rockets to go into space carry no living creatures, but later ones had mice or A B C even dogs on them. D 18. When a Vietnamese wants to work part-time in Australia, he needs to get a work A B C permission. D Trang 286
- 287. 19. Please acceptour sincere apology for the inconvenience this delay causing the A B C passengers here at Pearson International Airport. D 20. If I am a director, I would make more film about children. A B C D Exercise 149: Find the ONE among the underlined and marked A, B, C, D in each of the following sentences that needs correcting: What is the name of the girl whom has just come in? A B C D 2. Andy was standing among the competitors whose were ready for the competition. A B C D During World War II, many Eskimos served in the Army or Navy; another worked on all A B C fields or supplied meat to the armed force. D Among the most remarkable eyes are those of the dragonfly; for this insect has compound A B C eyes make up of tiny eyes. D The children were playing last night outdoors when it began to rain very hard. A B C D She asked why did Mathew look so embarrassed when he saw Carole. A B C D 7. Many films whose are about violence are harmful to our children. A B C D 8. The artist whom pictures we saw yesterday is also a concert pianist. A B C D 9. Since last Monday, I didn’t meet Mr. Peter, who is our form teacher. A B C D 10. Whom wrote this novel? – Charles Dickens did. A B C D New York is the largest city where I have ever visited. A B C D 12. The midnight sun is a phenomenon in which the Sun visible remains in the sky for A B C Trang 287
- 288. twenty-four hours orlonger. D 13. Lawrence Robert Klein received the 1980 Nobel Prize in economics for pioneering the A B useful of computers to forecast economic activities. C D 14. Estioco, together with her parents, have visited California twice before. A B C D Jack had to skip breakfast; otherwise, he will be late for class. A B C D The time which we will have another discussion should be appointed as soon as A B C D possible. Do you know the boy whose bicycle was stole last night? A B C D Mr. Humphry, to that we complained, apologized for the mistake. A B C D 19. The Thames, when I spent my childhood, is always in my mind. A B C D 20. Dr. Marti Luther King, clergyman and civil rights leader, won the 1964 Nobel Peace Prize A B for his work toward racially equality in the United States. C D Exercise 150: Find the ONE among the underlined and marked A, B, C, D in each of the following sentences that needs correcting: 1. The prices of accommodation are as big that many people cannot afford to buy a house. A B C D 2. He had smoked so a lot of cigarettes that he died of cancer. A B C D 3. In spite of my father is old, he gets up early and does morning exercises. A B C D Although the bad traffic, I managed to arrive at the meeting on time. A B C D 5. Despite she was in her middle age, she looked very graceful and charming. A B C D 6. The workers went on strikes because of they thought their wages were low. A B C D Trang 288
- 289. Please arrive ontime in order to we will be able to start the meeting punctually. A B C D It was so a funny film that I burst out laughing. A B C D They had to sell their house because of they had been broke. A B C D 10. They can speak English and use a computer so as to they can easily get a good job. A B C D In order that to buy his new car, he had to borrow his friend some money. A B C D 12. He was tired so that he couldn’t continue his work. A B C D 13. Those students are trying their best in order that to get the scholarship. A B C D 14. Sound is carried from the eardrum to the nerves so as to we can hear it. A B C D 15. Many teachers have devoted all their lives to teaching so teaching is not a well-paid job. A B C D 16. Mai has such many things to do that she has no time to go out. A B C D 17. Because it was late, so that he tried to type the contract as fast as possible. A B C D 18. I was such nervous that I didn’t think I would pass the exam. A B C D 19. My only regret is that I didn’t study English good enough to get a good job. A B C D 20. The novel was such interesting that I had read it all night. A B C D Trang 289
- 290. BÀI 5. PHRASESAND CLAUSES OF CONCESSION CỤM TỪ & MỆNH ĐỀ CHỈ SỰ NHƯỢNG BỘ Definition (Khái niệm): Là loại mệnh đề có hai vế trái ngược nhau về ý nghĩa và kêt nối bằng các liên từ. Mệnh đề và cụm từ chỉ sự nhượng bộ được mô tả như dưới đây. e.g. Despite the heavy rain, they arrived on time. They arrived on time in spite of the heavy rain. Although it rained heavily, they arrived on time. They arrived on time though it rained heavily. Even though it rained heavily, they arrived on time. No matter how heavily it rained, they arrived on time. However heavily it rained, they arrived on time. Phrases of concession with: despite/ in spite of (mặc dù) Đi liền sau các thành ngữ này là các danh từ hoặc ngữ danh từ theo công thức: Despite N/ N phrases, S – V In spite of hay S – V in spite of N/ N phrases despite e.g. Despite his physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman. In spite of his physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman. Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades. Jane will be admitted to the university in spite of her bad grades. Clauses of concession: có nhiều hình thức liên từ sử dụng cho mệnh đề chỉ sự nhượng bộ, dưới đây là vài trong số đó; 2.1. with “though, although, even though”: mệnh đề chỉ sự nhượng bộ với lthough, even though, though. Đi sau các liên từ này là các mệnh đề đầy đủ, như công thức duwois đây: Although although Though S - V, S - V hay S – V - though - S - V Even though even though Eg. Although he has a physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman. Jane will be admitted to the university even though she has a bad grades. Chú ý: though có thể được đặt ở cuối câu ngăn cách bởi dấu”,” và cho nghĩa “tuy nhiên” như however. e.g. He promised to call me, but till now I haven’t received any call from him, though. More examples: In spite of the bad weather, we are going to have a picnic. Trang 290
- 291. The child atethe cookie even though his mother had told him not to. Although the weather was very bad, we had a picnic. The committee voted to ratify the amendment despite the objections. Though he had not finished the paper, he went to sleep. She attended the class although she did not feel alert. 2.2. with “despite/ in spite of the fact that”: theo công thức dưới đây: Despite the fact that S – V, S - V In spite of hay S - V despite the fact that S - V in spite of e.g. In spite of the fact that the weather is bad, we are going to have a picnic. The child ate the cookie despite the fact that his mother had told him not to. In spite of the fact that he tries hard, he fails the exam. Hellen could not catch the bus despite the fact that she arrived at the bus stop early. 2.3. with “however”: However được dùng trong mệnh đề chỉ sự nhượng bộ với ý nghĩa “dù thế nào đi chăng nữa” và tuân theo mẫu câu sau: However adj/ adv S – V, S – V Hay S – V however adj/ adv S – V e.g. However hard he tries, he fails the exam. Hellen could not catch the bus however early she arrived at the bus stop. 2.4. with “no matter how”: No matter how được dùng trong mệnh đề chỉ sự nhượng bộ với ý nghĩa “dù thế nào đi chăng nữa” và tuân theo mẫu câu sau: No matter how adj/ adv S – V, S – V Hay S – V no matter how adj/ adv S – V e.g. No matter how hard he tries, he fails the exam. Hellen could not catch the bus no matter how early she arrived at the bus stop. 2.5. with “whatever”: whatever được dùng trong mệnh đề chỉ sự nhượng bộ với ý nghĩa “dù bất cứ cái gì đi chăng nữa” và tuân theo mẫu câu sau: Whatever (N) S – V, S – V Hay S – V whatever S – V e.g. Whatever (jobs) he tries, he fails to earn enough to support his family. Hellen could not catch the bus whatever (means) she tried. Trang 291
- 292. 2.6. with “but”:Được dùng trong mệnh đề chỉ sự nhượng bộ với ý nghĩa “nhưng” và tuân theo mẫu câu: S – V, but S – V e.g. He tries hard, but he fails the exam. Hellen arrived at the bus stop early, but she could not catch the bus. BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH Exercise 151. Combine each two sentences using the suggested word(s). Matthew doesn’t know any French. It was one of his school subjects. (though) Nick used to smoke. He seems to be in good health. (although) Our team won by a large margin. No one thought we would win the championship. (but) Laura felt unwell. She went on working. (in spite of this) We couldn’t get tickets. We queued for an hour. (in spite of) The goods were never delivered. We had received the promise. (despite) She earned her living by selling newspaper. She got a B.A. degree. (even though) I told the absolute truth. No one would believe me. (even though) I enjoyed the film. The story was silly. (in spite of) We live in the same street. We hardly ever see each other. (despite) My foot was injured. I managed to walk to the nearest village. (although) They have very little money. They are happy. (in spite of) I got very wet in the rain. I had an umbrella. (even though) I couldn’t sleep. I was tired. (despite) He liked the sweater. He decided not to buy it. (though) I didn’t get the job. I had all the necessary qualifications. (on spite of) I had turned on the air conditioner. It was still hot in the room. (even though) Laura wants to fly. She feels afraid. ( in spite of the fact that) Trevor didn’t notice the sign. It was right in front of him. (even though) I’m no better. I’ve taken the pills. (despite the fact) Exercise 152. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. 1. _________ he is old, he wants to travel around the world. A. In spite of B. Although C. Despite D. Because 2. __________ my father has high blood pressure, he has to watch what he eats. A. Although B. After C. Since D. Before 3. __________she's got an English name, she is in fact Vietnamese. A. Despite B. Although C. In spite of D. More than 4. __________you subtract 7 from 12, you will have 5. Trang 292
- 293. A. Because B.If C. Though D. As 5. They left the house__________ saying good-bye to their mother. A. before B. after C. during D. in 6. Mr. Young is not only healthy__________ also cheerful. A. and B. both C. but D. with 7. The class discussion was short. __________, we gained some new knowledge from it. A. However B. Moreover C. Although D. Therefore 8. The underground is cheap; __________, it is faster than the train. A. however B. moreover C. but D. though 9. __________ you study harder, you will not win a scholarship. A. Unless B. Because C. If D. In order that 10. The country air is fresh. __________, it is not polluted. A. However B. Moreover C. Whenever D. Beside 11. __________ she spoke slowly, I couldn't understand her. A. Since B. Although C. If D. As 12. She can't marry her cousin__________ she loves him. A. though B. so C. despite D. because 13. He's still going to school__________ his injury. A. even though B. although C. in spite of D. even 14. Thousands of people came to see the Queen__________ the rain. A. because B. owing to C. in spite of D. according to 15. We could reach the house__________ the road was flooded. A. although B. whether C. as if D. even 16. __________ it is getting dark, she still waits for him. A. Unless B. Since C. While D. Although 17. Mary asked her husband: "What would you like for supper?" He answered " __________ I am so tired, I want to have some shrimp soup". A. However B. Moreover C. Since D. Although 18. __________ it rained heavily, they went to school on time. A. Even though B. Despite C. Though D. A and C are correct 19. __________ she's busy, she still helps you. A. Although B. Because C. Since D. As 20. __________ the traffic was bad, I arrived on time. A. Although B. In spite of C. Despite D. Even Exercise 153. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. Trang 293
- 294. 1. He agreedto go climbing__________ he hated heights. A. although B. in case C. since D. because 2. _______ rain or snow, there are always more than fifty thousand fans at the football games. A. Despite B. Although C. Despite of D. Although 3. It was raining hard. __________, the match went ahead. A. Therefore B. However C. But D. Because We couldn’t get a seat__________ we arrived quite early. A. but B. however C. nevertheless D. although 5. My car broke down on the way. ________, when I got to the airport the plane had taken off . A. Because B. However C. But D. Therefore 6. My sister will take the plane__________ she dislikes flying. A. because B. so that C. although D. before 7. It was late, __________ I decided to phone home. A. however B. but C. although D. and 8. Minh had a terrible headache. __________, he went to school. A. Therefore B. But C. However D. Although 9. Tom has a bike, __________ he always walks to work. A. so B. but C. however D. and 10. ________ he is so busy with his work, he always finds time to go to the concert every week. A. If B. Since C. Although D. Because 11. __________ these cars are cheap, they last a long time. A. Because B. In order that C. Although D. After 12. He passed the examination__________ he had been prevented by illness from studying. A. although B. but C. however D. moreover 13. We have not won yet; __________, we shall try again. A. although B. but C. however D. moreover 14. Tom was not there; __________, his brother was. A. since B. and C. however D. but 15. _____________ it rained heavily, we enjoyed our holiday. A. Because of B. Because C. Despite D. Though 16. __________ the dolphin lives in the sea, it is not a fish – it’s a mammal. A. Whether B. So that C. Although D. After __________ Jack has a master’s degree, he works as a store clerk. A. Because B. So that C. Where D. Though 18. We took many pictures__________ the cloudy sky. A. despite of B. even though C. despite D. because __________ both his legs were broken, he managed to get out of the car before it exploded. Trang 294
- 295. A. Because B.Although C. So that D. Where 20. We understood him __________ he spoke very fast. A. because of B. though C. in spite of D. despite Exercise 154. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. 1. _________ all my warnings, he tried to fix the computer himself. A. Because B. Because of C. Although D. In spite of 2. ________________ having little money, they are happy. A. Despite B. Because of C. Although D. Because 3. _______________ she was not well, she still went to work. A. Because B. Because of C. Although D. In spite of 4. The student arrived late____________ the traffic jam. A. because of B. in spite of C. although D. because 5. We are going to have a picnic_____________ the bad weather. A. because B. despite C. although D. because of 6. ____________ his physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman. A. Because of B. Because C. Though D. Despite 7. _________ my father is old, he still goes jogging. A. Although B. Because of C. So that D. Despite We stayed in that hotel despite the noise. Despite the hotel is noisy, we stayed there. We stayed in the noisy hotel and we liked it. Although the hotel was noisy, we stayed there. Because of the noise, we stayed in the hotel. Despite the bad weather, people travel by air. Even though the weather is bad, people travel by air. Because the weather is bad, people travel by air. In spite of people travel by air, the weather is bad. Although the bad weather, people travel by air. He was very tired but he kept on working. Despite he was very tired, he kept on working. In spite of he was very tired, he kept on working. Though his tiredness, he kept on working. Although he was very tired, he kept on working. Although she was very old, she looked very grateful. Despite she was very old, she looked very grateful. Trang 295
- 296. B. Despite herold age, she looked very grateful. C. In spite of very old, she looked very grateful. D. In spite her being old, she looked very grateful. Although she tells lies, I believe her. In spite of telling lies, I believe her. In spite her telling lies, I believe her. In spite of her telling lies, I believe her. In spite of her tell lies, I believe her. Although he is intelligent, he doesn't do well at school. Despite being intelligent, he doesn't do well at school. In spite he is intelligent, he doesn't do well at school. Although his intelligence, he does well at school. In spite of intelligent, he doesn't do well at school. We stayed in that hotel despite the noise. Despite the hotel is noisy, we stayed there. We stayed in the noisy hotel and we liked it. Although the hotel was noisy, we stayed there. Because of the noise, we stayed in the hotel. Although his legs were broken, he managed to get out of the car before it exploded. Despite his legs to be broken, he managed to get out of the car before it exploded. Despite his broken legs, he was able to get out of the car before exploding. Despite his legs were broken, he managed to get out of the car before it exploded. Despite of his broken legs, he managed to get out of the car before it exploded. I usually drive to work, but today I go by bus. Although I can drive to work, I go by bus today. Although I can go by bus, I drive to work today. Instead of driving to work, I go by bus today. Instead of going by bus, I drive to work today. _________ his poor health, Mr. Brown still works hard to support his family. A. Despite of B. Despite C. Although D. Because of 18. I gave up the job, __________ the attractive salary. A. because B. because of C. although D. despite 19. Although the sun was shining, __________. A. it was very hot B. it wasn’t very hot C. yet it was very hot D. but it was very hot 20. Hans finished school___________ his leg injury. A. because of B. despite C. though D. because Trang 296
- 297. Exercise 155: Choosethe best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. 1. She failed the test__________ she studied hard. A. although B. even though C. as D. A and B “I spoke slowly. The foreigner could understand me.” means__________. I spoke slowly so that the foreigner could understand me I spoke slowly in order to the foreigner could understand me I spoke such slowly that the foreigner could understand me I spoke slowly to make the foreigner could understand me “We preserve natural resources. We can use them in the future.” means__________. We preserve natural resources so that we can use them in the future We preserve natural resources so as to we can use them in the future We preserve natural resources for future use A and C You should bring an umbrella__________ it rains. A. if B. unless C. in case D. because of 5. He went on working__________ feeling unwell. A. although B. unless C. due to D. despite 6. We couldn’t sleep last night _____ the noise next door. A. although B. since C. because D. because of 7. __________ he can’t afford a car, he goes to work by bicycle. A. Because B. Since C. As D. all are correct 8. __________ I have time, I will go with you. A. If B. Unless C. So D. So that 9. They decided to go__________ the danger. A. because B. in spite of C. although D. so 10. __________ they lost, their fans gave them a big cheer. A. However B. In spite of C. Although D. If 11. Jane has a computer, __________ she doesn’t use it. A. and B. since C. but D. in spite of 12. __________ we had got on the plane, it started to rain. A. If B. While C. Before D. As soon as 13. We have to wait__________ everybody else finishes their turn. A. when B. but C. so D. until 14. Mark heard the news on the radio__________ he was driving home. A. while B. as C. until D. A and B 15. What are you going to do__________ graduating from university? Trang 297
- 298. A. before B.after C. so D. because 16. I am not so good at English, __________ I have to practice more. A. but B. so C. while D. despite 17. __________ the fact that she failed the exam, she didn’t look disappointed. A. Although B. Despite of C. In spite of D. Because of 18. There are__________ in the universe that we cannot count them. A. so much stars B. so many stars C. such stars many D. such stars much 19. He has__________ to do that he can’t go to the cinema with us. A. so much work B. so many work C. such much work D. such a work. 20. It is__________ book that just a few people like it. A. so an old B. so old C. such old D. such an old Exercise 156: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. 1. We didn’t go to France last summer__________ we couldn’t afford to. A. so B. when C. because D. because of 2. You can’t drive a car__________ you have a license. A. unless B. so C. in case D. if 3. __________ the flight delay, they didn’t attend the conference. A. Because B. As C. Although D. Because of 4. The storm was so strong. __________, all the crops were destroyed. A. However B. As a result C. Consequently D. B and C 5. Everyone thought she would accept the offer. __________, she turned it down. A. However B. So C. Too D. Moreover 6. Mary jogs everyday__________ lose weight. A. so she can B. so that she can C. because she can D. so that to 7. We’ll be late__________ we hurry. A. if B. despite C. unless D. when 8. You should look up the meaning of the new in the dictionary__________ misuse it A. so as to B. to C. so as not to D. so that 9. I bought this new software__________ Chinese. A. for learning B. learning C. to learn D. learned 10. The flight from New York to London was delayed ______ the heavy fog. A. because of B. because C. so D. as a result 11. It’s__________ city that he’s got lost. A. a such big B. such big C. such a big D. a very big 12. The satellite travel__________ into space that nobody could see it with naked eyes. Trang 298
- 299. A. so farB. such far C. too far D. far enough 13. __________ the bad weather, the plan landed safely. A. In spite B. In spite of C. Despite the fact that D. Though 14. He was too scare__________ me what he really thought. A. tell B. telling C. to tell D. told 15. He lighted the candle__________ he might read the note. A. so that B. and C. because D. as a result 16. __________ his exhaustion, he won the marathon by nearly three minutes. A. In spite B. Despite C. Although D. However 17. He has worked for the same company__________ he left school. A. because B. since C. then D. for 18. __________ it was raining hard, he went out without a raincoat. A. Despite B. In spite of C. However D. Although 19. The coffee was__________ to drink. A. so strong B. strong C. enough strong D. too strong 20. Hellen was late__________ her car was broken down. A. if B. whether C. because D. while BÀI 6. PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF REASON CỤM TỪ & MỆNH ĐỀ CHỈ NGUYÊN NHÂN I. Phrase of reason: Thông thường, để diễn đạt nguyên nhân qua một cụm từ ta dùng mẫu câu: Because of – N/ N phrase, S – V Hay S – V because of – N/ N phrase e.g. Because of the heavy rain, we couldn’t go out to get food. phrase The students arrived late because of the traffic jam. phrase Note: Trong một số trường hợp ta có thể coi các cụm từ sau như cụm từ chỉ nguyên nhân: a. “Thanks to – N/ N phrase”: Nhờ vào một yếu tố ngoại cảnh tích cực e.g. Thanks to the development of technology, communication has been made easier. We got good crops thanks to the new farming technique. b. “due to – N/ N phrase”: Bởi một yếu tố chủ quan tiêu cực e.g. Their trip turned out to be disastrous due to their bad plan. Trang 299
- 300. Due to hiscarelessness, he was badly-injured. c. “Owing to – N/ N phrase”: Do bởi một yếu tố ngoại cảnh tiêu cực e.g. Owing to the heavy traffic, he was late for the meeting. We had to evacuate owing to the terrible flood. Clause of reason: Thông thường, để diễn đạt nguyên nhân qua một mệnh đề ta dùng mẫu câu: Because S – V, S – V Hay S – V because S – V e.g. Because it rained heavily, we couldn’t go out to get food. clause The students arrived late because the traffic was heavy. clause Because he got stuck in the traffic jam, he was late for the meeting. We had to evacuate because the area was badly flooded. Their trip turned out to be disastrous because they had not carefully planned. Because he was careless, he was badly-injured. NOTE: Ngoài việc sử dụng cấu trúc câu “Because S – V, S – V” như trình bày ở trên, ta còn dùng các liên từ “since” hay “as” với ý nghĩa tương tự. Cụ thể như sau: a. Since: dùng chỉ lí do cho các lự chọn mang tính thay thế e,g, Since he had no money with him, he had to walk home. They had to make use of their old car since they couldn’t afford a new one. b. As: dùng chỉ lí do cho các lự chọn mang tính thực tế khách quan: e.g. As he hadn’t prepared well for the test, he had bad results. They had to shelter as they had no rain coat when it suddenly rained. Causative verbs: Một số động từ trong ác cấu trúc gây nguyên nhân. Các động từ này được sử dụng để chỉ ra một người gây cho người thứ 2 làm một việc mà người thứ nhất muốn, thậm chí mang tính cưỡng ép. have: Cấu trúc câu với causative verb “have” như sau: S – have – somebody – V (bare infinitive) Hay S – have – something – past participle e.g. Mary had John wash the car. I have my bag carried by my friend. Mary had the car washed by John. I have my friend carry my bag. Trang 300
- 301. get: Cấu trúccâu với causative verb “get” như sau: S – get – somebody – to V Hay S – get – something – past participle e.g. Mary got John to wash the car. I get my bag carried by my friend. Mary got the car washed by John. I have my friend to carry my bag. make: Cấu trúc câu với causative verb “get” như sau: S – make– somebody –V (bare infinitive) = S – force – somebody – to V e.g. Mary made John wash the car. Mary forced John to wash the car. He makes the boy carry his bag. He forces the boy to carry his bag. want/ like: Cấu trúc câu với causative verb “want/ like” như sau: S – want – somebody – to V S – like – somebody – to V S – would like – somebody – to V e.g. I want you to post the letters right now. She liked me to say so. We would like you to give your own comments. BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH Exercise 157. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. 1.__________ he always did well on his English tests, his parents were not surprised that he got an B level. A. When B. Since C. Because of D. Although 2. He doesn't understand __________ he doesn't speak French very well. A. whenever B. so that C. because D. before 3. She is looking for a new job__________ she is tired of doing a routine job day after day. A. since B. as C. because D. all are correct 4. I haven't seen Tom__________ he gave me this book. Trang 301
- 302. A. since B.for C. until D. before 5. __________ he has a headache, he has to take an aspirin. A. How B. Because C. Where D. Although 6. Our visit to Japan was delayed__________ my wife's illness. A. because B. because of C. thanks to D. though 7. The flight had to be delayed__________ the bad weather. A. because B. due to C. because of D. B and C are correct 8. I couldn't unlock it__________ I had the wrong key. A. because B. so that C. since D. so 9. He hasn't written to us__________ he left. A. as long as B. since C. by the time D. as soon as 10. I made a mistake__________ I was tired. A. though B. so that C. because D. if 11. You need good shoes to go hiking in the mountains_______ the ground is rough and hard. A. because B. so that C. before D. even though 12. __________ he is tired, he can't work longer. A. Because B. Even though C. Although D. Besides 13. __________ he wasn't ready in time, we went without him. A. When B. Moreover C. As D. So 14. Is that all__________ would you like something else? A. because B. since C. as D. or 15. You will have to pay higher insurance__________ you buy a sports car. A. if B. although C. so that D. before 16. I haven’t been climbing__________ I broke my leg last summer. A. although B. since C. so that D. before 17. He went to bed __________he was sleepy. A. because B. so that C. because of D. although 18. ___________ the storm warnings, we didn’t go out last night. A. Because B. Because of C. Although D. In spite of 19. You may get malaria__________ you are bitten by a mosquito. A. if B. so that C. though D. before 20.It was difficult to deliver the letter____________ the sender had written the wrong address on the envelop. A. because B. despite C. though D. because of Exercise 158. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. Trang 302
- 303. 1. Marcella wasawarded a scholarship_____________ her superior scholastic ability. A. because of B. because C. despite D. although 2. I knew they were talking about me__________ they stopped when I entered the room. A. therefore B. despite C. so that D. because Nowadays, the divorce rate is higher than it used to be__________ young people are allowed to decide on their marriage. A. despite B. but C. even though D. because 4. We turned off the radio__________ the boring program. A. because B. because of C. however D. In spite of 5. __________ their valuable fur, many animals are hunted . A. Because B. In spite of C. because of D. therefore 6.They can’t work and travel because they are old. A. Because of their old age, they can’t work and travel. B. In spite of their old age, they can work and travel. C. Despite their old age, they still work and travel. D. Even though they work and travel, they are old. 7.She was so busy that she couldn’t answer the phone. A. Because she was very busy, she couldn’t answer the phone. B. Because she was very busy, she could answer the phone. C. Although she was very busy, she couldn’t answer the phone. D. Although she was very busy, she could answer the phone. 8.Despite feeling cold, we kept walking. A. Although we felt cold, but we kept walking B. Although we felt cold, we kept walking C. However cold we felt, but we kept walking D. However we felt cold, we kept walking 9. The children laughed a lot because of the funny story. A. The children laughed because the story is funny. B. The children laughed because of the story funny. C. The children laughed because it was funny. D. The children laughed because the story was funny. 10. The woman was too weak to lift the basket. A.She was so weak that she couldn’t lift the basket B. The woman shouldn’t have lift the basket because she was so weak. C. Although she was very weak, she could lift the basket D. The woman lift the basket, so she wasn’t very weak. Trang 303
- 304. 11. I tryto do my homework___________ the noise. A. because of B. although C. despite of D. in spite of 12. __________ a headache, he enjoyed the film. A. Although B. In spite of C. Because of D. However 13. They asked me to wait for them, __________ they didn’t turn up. A. so B. however C. but D. and 14. You should say goodbye to your brother__________ you leave for Europe. A. despite B. after C. since D. before 15. __________ I came to this country, I couldn't speak a word of English. A. Since B. After C. When D. Before 16. He jogs__________ there is very little traffic. A. however B. so that C. as if D. where 17. I will not lend you a little money__________ you promise to pay me back next week. A. as if B. unless C. if D. where 18. __________ you save your money, you will be able to go to college. A. Unless B. Although C. If D. So 19. You have to make up your mind fast, __________ you slip the best opportunity. A. and B. so that C. if D. or 20. My mother looks__________ she is tired. Perhaps she didn't sleep well last night. A. like B. although C. until D. as if Exercise 159. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. 1. He was too scare__________ me what he really thought. A. tell B. telling C. to tell D. told 2. These boys were punished__________ they went to school late. A. in spite of B. as if C. even though D. because 3. They were sacked__________ their carelessness. A. because B. because of C. although D. despite 4. Will you be__________ kind__________ to help me? A. so/ enough B. too/ enough C. enough/ too D. such/ too 5. It was__________ that we went for a hike in the mountains. A. so a nice day B. so nice day C. such nice day D. such a nice day 6. Julie is not__________ to see this film. A. as old enough B. enough old C. enough old as D. old enough 7. __________ I meet her, she always wears a blue dress. A. Whatever B. However C. Whoever D. Whenever 8. The film was__________ through. Trang 304
- 305. A. too longfor us to see B. very long for us to see it C. too long for us seeing it D. too long enough for us to see 9. Some workers are so poor that they don’t want to quit their job _______ they are ill-treated A. as though B. since C. although D. if 10. He turned off the lights before going out__________ waste electricity. A. so that not B. as not to C. in order that not D. so as not to 11. The school boys are in hurry__________ they will not be late for school. A. so as to B. to C. in order that D. for 12. He__________ I was scared. A. drove too fast that B. drove so fastly that C. drove so fast that D. drove such fast that 13. She dances__________ everybody adores her. A. such beautifully that B. so beautiful that C. too beautifully that D. so beautifully that 14. __________ to go to the cinema. A. It was late so that B. That it was late C. It was too late D. Such too late 15. We don’t _____to go there now. A. have time enough B. enough time C. have too time D. have enough time 16. I don’t think our daughter is__________ to understand this matter. A. too young B. is such young C. not enough young D. not age enough 17. Mrs. Harrison is__________ he owns many palaces. A. so a rich man that B. such an rich man that C. such a rich man that D. that so rich man a 18. He just had to apologize__________ he knew he had made a mistake. A. before B. wherever C. due to D. because 19. I often feel tired__________ I get up in the morning. A. although B. so long as C. when D. while 20. No sooner had he come__________ he knew he had dropped his wallet. A. when B. after C. than D. then Exercise 160. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. 1. __________ the church service, people keep quiet. A. While B. During C. When D. As 2. __________ in doubt about taking the medicine, consult your doctor. A. As B. Though C. As soon as D. When Trang 305
- 306. 3. __________ Iam aware, this is the last talk on the topic. A. Where B. As long as C. Since D. As far as 4. He wouldn’t have failed his exams__________ he hadn’t been ill. A. unless B. in case C. if D. although 5. It is__________ to go swimming. A. too cold B. so cold C. such a cold D. enough cold that 6. The bed is not clean enough__________. A. to lie in it B. to lie in C. for lying in D. in which to lie 7. The piano was too heavy__________. A. for nobody to move B. for nobody to moving C. for anyone to move D. for anyone to moving 8. He__________ to be offered the job. A. was such experienced B. was too experienced C. not experienced enough D. B and C 9. These are__________ that I can’t finish them. A. a such long assignments B. such long assignments C. such a long assignments D. too long assignments 10. __________ you change your mind, I won’t able to help you. A. If only B. Because C. Unless D. Provided 11. He hid that letter in a drawer__________ no one could read it. A. so that B. because C. although D. than 12. __________ Tom was unable to see anything, he knew someone was in his room. A. Because B. In case C. If D. Even though 13. They were disqualified__________ they fought to the last minute. A. as B. since C. though D. once 14. The teacher explained the lesson twice__________ the students understood it clearly. A. as long as B. so that C. because D. as if 15. __________ you keep it in good condition, I’ll lend you my car. A. So long as B. Although C. Because D. While 16. The woman was so beautiful__________. A. that I couldn’t help looking at B. that I couldn’t help looking at her C. for me looking at her D. that for me to look at 17. It is such an important matter__________ I can’t decide anything about it myself. A. so B. because C. that D. if 18. Marian didn’t participate in the contest__________ her lack of confidence. A. because B. because of C. since D. despite 19. It is__________ that I have read it twice. Trang 306
- 307. A. such aninteresting book B. so interesting a book C. too interesting a book D. A and B 20. Lawrence is__________ to do this exercise. A. no intelligence enough B. not intelligent enough C. not enough intelligent D. so intelligent enough Exercise 161. Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. 1.Mary came to class late. Her motorbike had a puncture. Because__________________________________. 2.Due to the cold weather, we stayed home. Because__________________________________. 3.People like to live in this country because of its healthy climate. Because__________________________________. 4.A computer can be used for various purposes, so it becomes very popular nowadays. Because__________________________________. 5.Stacey retired in 1987, partly because of ill health. Because__________________________________. 6.We were late for the meeting due to the heavy traffic. Because__________________________________. 7.Harry had to stay in hospital because of his broken leg. Because__________________________________. 8.Our leader couldn’t attend the meeting, so it was canceled. Because__________________________________. 9.The young couple decided not to buy the house because of its dilapidated condition. Because__________________________________. 10. I always enjoyed mathematics in high school, so I decided to major in it in college. Because__________________________________. 11. Jim had to give up jogging because he had sprained his ankle severely. Because of________________________________. 12.The water in most rivers is unsafe to drink because it’s polluted. Because of________________________________. 13.We had to stay in London an extra day because it was foggy at the airport. Because of________________________________. 14.Bill has to do all of the cooking and cleaning because his wife is ill. Because of________________________________. 15.We all have received the best of everything because our parents are generous. Trang 307
- 308. Because of________________________________. 16.I couldn’tget to sleep last night because it was noisy in the next apartment. Because of________________________________. 17.John has to sit in the front row in class because he has poor eyesight. Because of________________________________. 18.We stopped our car because the traffic lights turned red. Because of________________________________. 19.She couldn’t see the road because the wall was too high. Because of________________________________. 20.We postponed our trip because the driving conditions were bad. Because of________________________________. Exercise 162. Complete the sentences with because/ because of/ although/ in spite of. We delayed our trip_______ the bad weather. Sue’s eyes were red_______ she had been crying. My mother is always complaining________ the untidiness of my room. The water in most rivers is unsafe to drink_______ it’s polluted. The trees were bent over________ the wind. You can’t enter this secure areas________ you don’t have an official permit. It’s unsafe to travel in that country _______ the ongoing civil war. Several people in the crowd became ill and fainted_______ the extreme heat. Mark didn’t go to work yesterday________ he didn’t feel well We couldn’t get into the disco________ the enormous crowd. _______ it rained a lot, we enjoyed our holiday. Daniel forgot his passport________ having it in his list. I couldn’t get to sleep_______ the noise. _______ I had nothing for lunch but an apple, I ate dinner early. A lot of things went wrong________ all our careful plans. She wasn’t wearing a coat________ it was quite cold. He only accepted the job________ the salary, which was very high. I went home early________ I was feeling unwell. ________ I knew the truth, I decided not to tell them. The villagers refused to leave________ the drought. Trang 308
- 309. BÀI 7. CLAUSESOF CAUSES AND EFFECTS MỆNH ĐỀ CHỈ KẾT QUẢ Cause and effect with “too”/ “enough”: a. too: Thường với “too” ta có cấu trúc câu sau: S – be (look/ seem/ get/ become/…) – too adj (for O) – to V S – V – too adv (for O) – to V e.g. He is too short to play football. The car was too expensive for him to buy. He drove too fast to stop immediately. He ran too slowly to become the winner of the race. b. enough: ta có cấu trúc câu sau: S – be – adj enough (for O) – to V hay S – V – adv enough (for O) – to V e.g. She isn’t old enough to drive a car. The exercises were not easy enough for us to do them without difficulty. He spoke English well enough to be an interpreter. He drove slowly enough to avoid crashing. Lưu ý: “TOO” mang hàm ý phủ định “quá…không thể’ nhưng “ENOUGH” lại có nghĩa “đủ…để” Cause and effect with “so adj/ adv that”: S – V – so – adj/ adv – that S – V e.g. The soprano sang so well that she received a standing ovation. Terry ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record. Judy worked so diligently that she received an increase in salary. The soup tastes so good that everyone will ask for more. The little boy looks so unhappy that we all feel sorry for him. The students had behaved so badly that he was dismissed from the class. Cause and effect with “so few/ many – Ns that”: S – verb – so – few/ many – Ns – that – S – V e.g. The Smiths had so many children that they formed their own baseball team. I had so few job offers that it wasn’t difficult to select one. We have so many guests that we have to borrow chairs from our neighbors. He had received so few agreements that he couldn’t be appointed. Cause and effect with “so much/ little – uncountable N – that”: Trang 309
- 310. S – verb– so – much/ little – uncountable N – that – S – V e.g. He has invested so much money in the project that he cannot abandon it now. The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat. Cause and effect with “such – a(n) – adj – N – that”: S – verb – such – a(n) – adjective – N – that S – V e.g. It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors. It was such an interesting book that he couldn’t put it down. Cause and effect with “so – adj – a(n) –N – that”: S – V – so – adjective – a(n) – N – that S – V e.g. It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors. It was so interesting a book that he couldn’t put it down. Cause and effect with “such –adj – Ns/ uncountable N – that”: S – verb – such – adjective – Ns/ uncountable N – that S – V e.g. She has such exceptional abilities that everyone is jealous of her. They are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one. Perry has had such bad luck that he’s decided not to gamble. This is such difficult homework that I will never finish it. BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH Exercise 163: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. The furniture was too old to keep. It was ________________________________________. He can't afford to buy the car. The car ______________________________________. The play is so popular that the theatre is likely to be full every night. Such is ________________________________________. Alice lost all her hope; she decided to stop her business. Such was ______________________________________. He is very strong. He can lift the box. He is __________________________________________. He ate a lot of food. He became ill. He ate ________________________________________. Trang 310
- 311. He bought lotsof books. He didn't know where to put them. He bought ____________________________________. He is a very lazy boy. No one likes him. He is such ____________________________________. The coffee is too hot . I can't drink it. The coffee is too _____________________________. Her voice is very soft. Everyone likes her. Her voice is so _______________________________. He is so weak. He can’t run. He is too _____________________________________. The tea was very hot. He couldn’t drink it. The tea was so ______________________________. The weather is so bad that we can’t go out. The weather is too _________________________. The film was so boring that we couldn’t go on seeing it. It was such _________________________________. He was so old that he couldn’t run fast. He was such ________________________________. He spoke so fast that we couldn’t understand him. So fast ______________________________________. The fair was so noisy that we couldn’t hear each other. The fair was too ____________________________. You speak so fast that I can’t catch up with your words. You are such ________________________________. It is so early that we can’t go out. It is too ______________________________________. The water is too hot for me to drink. The water is so _____________________________. The restaurant is expensive so we can’t eat in that restaurant. The restaurant is so _______________________. Exercise 164: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. He studied badly and he couldn’t pass the exam. He studied so ______________________________________. He isn’t very intelligent. He can do it. He isn’t _____________________________________________. Trang 311
- 312. He has alot of money. He can buy a car. He has so __________________________________________. The room is so untidy that it took us one hour to clean it. It is _________________________________________________. The man is so fool that no one took any notice of him. He is________________________________________________. The film is so long that they can’t broadcast it on one night. It is _________________________________________________. The books are so interesting that we have read them many times. They are____________________________________________. The news was so bad that she burst into tears on hearing it. It was_______________________________________________. The food was so hot that it burned my tongue. It was_______________________________________________. There is so much rain that we can’t go out. It____________________________________________________. The boy is so fat that every calls him Stuffy. He is________________________________________________. The milk is so excellent that all the children want some more. It is_________________________________________________. The weather was so warm that they had a walk in the garden. It was_______________________________________________. There were so many people in the hall that we couldn't see him. So many people ___________________________________. The match was so exciting that all the fans shouted loudly. It was_______________________________________________. They drank so much coffee that they couldn't sleep all night. So much____________________________________________. Alice had so many exercises to do that she couldn't go out. Alice had such______________________________________. The woman was so poor that she needed everyone's help. She was_____________________________________________. The boy is too young to walk to school alone. He was so young___________________________________. The car was very rusty and they could travel far in that car. The car was too_____________________________________. Trang 312
- 313. Exercise 165. Chooseone word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. 1. He had to leave his family_________ when he went abroad to work. A. behind B. at a loss C. at all costs D. out 2. No child_________ the age of sixteen will be admitted to this film. A. below B. except C. before D. lacking I have lived near the railway for so long now that I've grown_________ to the noise of the trains. A. familiar B. accustomed C. aware D. unconscious The young soldier_________ a dangerous mission across the desert, although he knew that he might be killed. A. entered B. undertook C. agreed D. promised 5. From the hotel there is a good_________ of the mountains. A. view B. sight C. vision D. picture 6. There is a fault at our TV station. Please do not_________ your set. A. repair B. change C. adjust D. switch 7. It is usually better not to_________ things, in case they are not returned. A. offer B. lend C. borrow D. lose She applied for training as a pilot, but they turned her_________ because of her poor eyesight. A. down B. over C. up D. back 9. I lost too much money betting at the races last time, so you won't_________ me to go again. A. impress B. urge C. convince D. persuade 10. We've_________ of time to catch the train so there's no need to rush. A. great deal B. enough C. very much D. plenty 11. _________ goes the bus; now we will have to walk! A. Early B. There C. At once D. On time 12. The police have asked that_________ who saw the accident should get in touch with them. A. somebody B. someone C. anyone D. one As the streets of our cities become busier, people are turning more and to the_________ bicycle. A. historical B. old aged C. elderly D. old fashioned 14.We'll play tennis and_________ we'll have lunch. A. then B. straight away C. so D. immediately 15._________ of all of us who are here tonight. I would like to thank Mr. Jones for his talk. A. On behalf B. On account C. In person D. Instead Trang 313
- 314. He soon receivedpromotion, for his superior realized that he was a man of considerable ________. A. opportunity B. ability C. possibility D. future 17. Take the number 7 bus and get_________ at Forest Road. A. off B. up C. down D. outside 18. Some people think it is_________ to use long and little -known words. A. sensitive B. clever C. intentional D. skilled 19. Don't touch the cat, he may_________ you. A. scratch B. kick C. tear D. scream 20. These old houses are going to be_________ soon. A. run down B. knocked out C. pulled down D. laid out Exercise 166. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. 1. The explorers walked all the way along the river from its mouth to its_________. A. cause B. well C. outlet D. source 2. They haven't beaten me yet. I still have one or two_________ up my sleeve. A. defenses B. jokes C. traps D. tricks The law states that heavy goods delivery vehicles may not carry_________ of more than fifteen tons. A. sizes B. loads C. measures D. masses 4. The Chairman was so angry with the committee that he decided to_________ from it A. postpone B. resign C. prevent D. cancel 5. The boy fell into the river and was_________ along the fast current. A. swept B. thrown C. swung D. caught 6. There is no_________ in going to school if you're not willing to learn. A. point B. reason C. aim D. purpose 7. Mr. Smith was_________ in a road accident. A. damaged B. injured C. wounded D. wronged 8. The child was so noisy that his mother told him not to be such a_________. A. bother B. worry C. trouble D. nuisance I expect it will rain again when we're on holiday this year, but at least we are properly prepared_________ it this time. A. about B. for C. at D. with 10. I'm sorry, I haven't got_________ change. Why don't you try the bank? A. lots B. any C. all D. some 11. You_________ go to the dentist's before your toothache gets worse. Trang 314
- 315. A. rather B.better C. ought D. ought to 12. I saw a thief take Norman's wallet so I ran_________ him but I didn't catch him. A. over B. near C. after D. into 13. The meal was excellent; the pears were particularly_________. A. flavored B. tasteful C. delicious D. desirable 14. She ranked to make an early_________ at the hairdresser. A. date B. appointment C. order D. assignment The safety committee's report recommended that all medicines should be kept out of the _________ of children. A. hold B. reach C. grasp D. hand 16.He stood on one leg, _________ against the wall, while he took off his shoe. A. staying B. stopping C. leaning D. supporting 17.Is it worth waiting for a table at this restaurant or shall we go_________ else? A. anywhere B. otherwise C. everywhere D. somewhere Last year the potato harvest was very disappointing, but this year it looks as though we shall have a better_________. A. crop B. amount C. product D. outcome 19. He opened the letter without_________ to read the address on the envelope. A. fearing B. worrying C. bothering D. caring 20. That's a nice coat, and the color_________ your well. A. fits B. show C. matches D. suits Exercise 167. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. 1. He put a_________ against the tree and climbed up to pick the apples. A. grade B. scale C. ladder D. staircase 2. If he drinks any more beer, I don't think he'll be_________ to play this afternoon. A. possible B. skilled C. capable D. fit 3. There was a big hole in the road which_________ the traffic. A. sent back B. stood back C. held up D. kept down 4. Is there a bank where I can_________ these pounds for dollars? A. turn B. alter C. exchange D. arrange 5. She complained_________ when she heard that she had to work on Sunday. A. terribly B. extremely C. severely D. bitterly 6. I am not sure, but_________ I know he has decided to accept the new job in London. A. on the whole B. according C. as long as D. as far as 7. Do you know what time the train_________ to Birmingham? Trang 315
- 316. A. comes B.reaches C. gets D. arrives 8. He was an_________ writer because he persuaded many people to see the truth of his ideas. A. accurate B. unlimited C. influential D. ordinary 9. Workers who do not obey the safety regulations will be_________ immediately. A. rejected B. refused C. dismissed D. disapproved 10. As far as I'm_________ it's quite all right for you to leave early. A. concerned B. regarded C. bothered D. consulted 11. _________ from Bill, all the students said they would go. A. Except B. Only C. Separate D. Apart 12. The blue curtains began to_________ after they had been hanging in the sun. A. melt B. fade C. dissolve D. die 13. To our_________, Geoffrey's illness proved not to be as serious as we had feared. A. relief B. anxiety C. eyes D. judgment 14. It's six years now since the Socialists came to_________ in that country. A. control B. command C. power D. force 15. He has just taken an examination_________ chemistry. A. about B. in C. for D. on 16. In spite of her protests, her father_________ her train for race three hours a day. A. insisted B. caused C. made D. let 17. The shop assistant was_________ helpful, but she felt he could have given her more advice. A. totally B. exactly C. entirely D. quite 18. I know him by_________ but I have no idea what his name is. A. myself B. chance C. heart D. sight 19. He enjoyed the dessert so much that he accepted a second_________ when it was offered. A. helping B. sharing C. load D. pile 20. When the time came to_________ the bill at the hotel she found her purse had been stolen. A. pay for B. pay up C. pay out D. pay Exercise 168. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. 1. You must_________ that your safety belt is fastened. A. secure B. check C. examine D. guarantee Learners of English as a foreign language often fail to_________ between unfamiliar sounds in that language. A. differ B. distinguish C. solve D. separate 3. The old sailing boat was_________ without trace during the fierce storm. A. lost B. crashed C. disappeared D. vanished Trang 316
- 317. 4. He_________ arare disease when he was working in the hospital. A. suffered B. caught C. infected D. took 5. Buy the new_________ of soap now on sale; it is softer than all others! A. model B. brand C. manufacture D. mark 6. _________ you do better work than this, you won't pass the exam. A. If B. Although C. When D. Unless 7. If you want to join the History Society, you must first_________ this application form. A. fill in B. write down C. do up D. make up He was afraid of losing his suitcase so he tied a_________ on it on which he had written his name and address. A. notice B. mark C. badge D. label 9. Having looked the place_________, the gang went away to make their plans. A. over B. down C. out D. through 10. The play was very long, but there were two_________. A. interruptions B. rests C. gaps D. intervals 11. The traffic lights_________ to green, and the cars drove on. A. removed B. shone C. turned D. exchanged The junior Minister's remarks on television about the strike_________ the Prime Minister so much that he was sacked. A. disagreed B. disordered C. disliked D. displeased 13. It's a good idea to see your doctor regularly for_________. A. a revision B. a check - up C. an investigation D. a control 14. It is a good idea to be_________ dressed when you go for an interview. A. smartly B. boldly C. clearly D. finely 15. A small_________ of students was waiting outside the class to see the teacher. A. gang B. team C. group D. crowd 16. When he retired from his job the directors_________ him with a clock. A. presented B. offered C. satisfied D. pleased The new manager explained to the staff that she hoped to_________ new procedures to save time and money. A. establish B. manufacture C. control D. restore 18. The policeman_________ me the way. A. said B. directed C. explained D. told 19. It's an awful_________ your wife couldn't come. I was looking forward to meeting her. A. shame B. harm C. shock D. sorrow 20. He was in_________ of a large number of men. A. direction B. leadership C. management D. charge Trang 317
- 318. BÀI 8. ADVERBIALCLAUSES OF TIME MỆNH ĐỀ TRẠNG NGỮ CHỈ THỜI GIAN When: “When” means “at that moment, at that time, etc.” Notice the different tenses used in relationship to the clause beginning with when. It is important to remember that “when” takes either the simple past OR the present. “When” được dùng với ý nghĩa “lúc ấy, thời điểm ấy”. “When” cũng được dùng với nhiều thì ngữ pháp khác nhau trong mệnh đề thời gian, có thể là quá khứ đơn, quá khứ tiếp diễn, lẫn hiện tại đơn. Cụ thể như các ví dụ minh họa sau: He was talking on the phone when I arrived. When she called, he had already eaten lunch. I washed the dishes when my daughter fell asleep. We”ll go to lunch when you come to visit. When we were playing on the swings, it started to rain. Before: “Before” means “before that moment”. It is important to remember that “before” takes either the simple past OR the present. “Before” được dùng với ý nghĩa “trước lúc ấy, trước thời điểm ấy”. “Before” cũng được dùng với nhiều thì ngữ pháp khác nhau trong mệnh đề thời gian, có thể là quá khứ đơn, lẫn hiện tại đơn. Cụ thể như các ví dụ minh họa sau: We will finish before he arrives. She (had) left before I telephoned. Before you come back, the new hospital will have been built. Before we came, they had gone. After: “After” means “after that moment”. It is important to remember that “after” takes the present for future events and the past OR past perfect for past events. “After” được dùng với ý nghĩa “sau lúc ấy, sau thời điểm ấy”. “After” cũng được dùng với nhiều thì ngữ pháp khác nhau trong mệnh đề thời gian, có thể là quá khứ đơn, quá khứ hoàn thành. Cụ thể như các ví dụ minh họa sau: We will finish after he comes. She ate after I (had) left. After he arrives, he will certainly make a speech. After we had done all our homework, we played chess. While, as: “While” and “as” mean “during that time”. “While” and “as” are both usually used with the past continuous because the meaning of “during that time” which indicates an action in progress. Trang 318
- 319. “While/ As” đượcdùng với ý nghĩa “trong lúc, trong khoảng thời gia”. “While/ As” được dùng với thì quá khứ tiếp diễn trong mệnh đề thời gian, dùng để diễn tả sự diễn tiến của hành động. Cụ thể như các ví dụ minh họa sau: She began cooking while I was finishing my homework. As I was finishing my homework, she began cooking. While I was walking home, I met with my long-lost friend, Nga. He had an accident as he was walking on the street. By the time: “By the time” expresses the idea that one event has been completed before another. It is important to notice the use of the past perfect for past events and future perfect for future events in the main clause. This is because of the idea of something happening up to another point in time. “By the time” dùng để diễn đạt một hành động, sự kiện đã hoàn tất trước một sự kiện khác, hành động khác. “By the time” dùng với mệnh đề thời gian ở quá khứ (mệnh đề chính ở quá khứ hoàn thành) diễn tả một sự kiện trong quá khứ, tuy nhiên “by the time” sẽ diễn tả tương lai khi mệnh đề thời gian với “by the time” chia ở hiện tại (mệnh đề chính chia ở tương lai). By the time he finished, I had cooked dinner. We will have finished our homework by the time they arrive. Until, till: “Until” and “till” express “up to that time”. We use either the simple present or simple past with “until” and “till”. “Till” is usually only used in spoken English. “Until/ Till” được dùng để diễn đạt ý nghĩa “đến thời gian đó, đến thời điểm đó”. “Until/ Till” cũng được dùng với nhiều thì ngữ pháp khác nhau trong mệnh đề thời gian, có thể là quá khứ đơn, quá khứ hoàn thành. “Till” được dùng trong ngôn ngữ nói nhiều hơn. Cụ thể như các ví dụ minh họa sau: We waited until he finished his homework. I didn’t realize who he was until he took off his sunglasses. I”ll wait till you finish. We will continue to work till it is dark. Since: “Since” means “from that time”. We use the present perfect (continuous) with “since”. “Since” can also be used with a specific point in time. “Since” nghĩa là “kể từ thời điểm đó”, hoặc dùng với các mốc thời gian. “Since” được dùng với các dạng hoàn thành. Cụ thể minh họa qua các ví dụ sau: I have learned English since I was a young boy. They have worked here since 1987. We have been waiting for him since early this morning. Trang 319
- 320. As soon as/Once: “As soon as” means “when something happens - immediately afterwards”. “As soon as” is very similar to “when” it emphasizes that the event will occur immediately after the other. We usually use the simple present for future events, although present perfect can also be used. “As soon as” diễn tả sự việc diễn ra ngay sau đó có một sự kiện, hành động khác tiếp nối, nó có ý nghĩa tương đối giống với”when”, hay “once”. Mệnh đề thời gian với “as soon as” được chi ở hiện tại để diễn tả tương lai. Ví dụ cụ thể: He will let us know as soon as he decides (or as soon as he has decided). As soon as I hear from Tom, I will give you a telephone call. Once I have a chance, I will throw you an ice ball. NOTE: No sooner … than … or hardly/scarcely/barely …when. . is used in the meaning of As soon as…but when the sentence starts with them, that part is used in “inversion” like the question form and in the past perfect tense. No sooner … than … hay hardly/scarcely/barely …when... được dùng với ý nghĩa như “as soon as”, nhưng mệnh đề sẽ phải đảo ngữ khi No sooner … than … hay hardly/ scarcely/ barely …when... được đặt ở đầu mệnh đề. Ví dụ minh họa như dưới đây: Examples: As soon as I entered the room, I noticed her. No sooner had I entered the room than I noticed her. Hardly had I entered the room when I noticed her. As soon as he approached the house, the policeman stopped him. No sooner had he approached the house than the policeman stopped him. Hardly had he approached the house when the policeman stopped him. Whenever, every time: “Whenever” and “every time” mean “each time something happens”. We use the simple present (or the simple past in the past) because “whenever” and “every time” express habitual action. “Whenever” và “every time” được dùng với ý nghĩa “khi/ mỗi khi”, thì hiện tại thường hay quá khứ thường được dùng trong mệnh đề chỉ thời gian với “whenever” hay “every time” để diễn đạt một hành động mang tính thói quen hay lặp lại. Ví dụ: Whenever he comes, we go to have lunch at Dick’s. We take a hike every time he visits. Whenever/Every time Susan feels nervous, she chews her nails. Trang 320
- 321. The first, second,third, fourth etc., next, last time: The first, second, third, fourth etc., next, last time means “that specific time”. We can use these forms to be more specific about which time of a number of times something happened. Các cụm từ trên dùng để diễn đạt “thời điểm cụ thể xác định”. Ví dụ: The first time I went to New York, I was intimidated by the city. I saw Jack the last time I went to San Francisco. The second time I played tennis, I began to have fun. Punctuation: Dấu câu When an adverb clause begins the sentence use a comma to separate the two clauses. Ta dùng dấu phẩy “,” để tách mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian với mệnh đề chính khi mệnh đề chỉ thời gian được đặt ở đầu câu, và bỏ dấu “,” trong trường hợp ngược lại. When an adverb clause begins the sentence use a comma (dấu “,”) to separate the two clauses. e.g. As soon as he arrives, we will have some lunch. When we came, they were playing cards. While he was walking in the park, he met Anh. When the adverb clause finishes the sentence there is no need for a comma. e.g. He gave me a call when he arrived in town. We will wait here until she comes back. She has been living in this city since she was born. The time in the sentence is future but we use a present tense. e.g. Wait here until I come back. When she arrives, I will tell her to phone you. We will start as soon as the weather turns fine. We can also use the present perfect tense after: when/after/as soon as/until or till e.g. Can I borrow that book when you have finished it? But it is often possible to use the present tense or the present perfect tense e.g. I will come as soon as I finish. Or I will come as soon as I have finished. BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH Exercise 169. Put the verbs in brackets into correct tense. How long do you want me to heat the oil? –heat it till it (begin) to smoke. How long are you going to stay here? – I’m going to stay here until my brother (finish) his exams. When I (get) to the cinema, the film (start). By the time you (read) this book, your meal will get cold. Trang 321
- 322. Please tell mehow to get to the hospital? - Go till you (come) to a square with a statue in the middle; then turn left and you (find) it on your right. I (read) book while my sister (do) her homework. When he (come), I (watch) a football match on TV. When I (walk) down the street, I (see) her. We will go with him as soon as we (finish) the task. I (learn) English since I (be) six years old. When we (see) them last night, they (sing). They (say) they (sing) since 6 o’clock. I hope it (not rain) when the bride (leave) the church tomorrow. In a few minutes” time, when the clock (strike) six, I (wait) here for 3 hours. John (do) the test again at the moment because he (not pass) it the first time. I wish I (listen) to your advice last night. When I (be) able to leave hospital, doctor? I will stay with you until your mother (come) home. After he had got the money, he (leave) home immediately. When he (arrive), he will tell us the truth. Mary was dancing while John (sing). The train left as we (arrive). Exercise 170. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. 1. The little girl wouldn't go into the sea_____________ her father went to. A. except B. but C. also D. unless 2. The ceiling is__________. A. too high for me to reach B. too high for me to reach it. C. so high for me reaching D. enough high of me to reaching 3. __________ other workers’ constant objection, the director dismissed the workers. A. Because B. Because of C. Although D. In spite of “I tried to study English well. I want to get a good job.” means__________. I tried to study English well so that I can get a good job I tried to study English well in order that I can get a good job I tried to study English well to get a good job all are correct __________ some scientists use lasers for military purposes, others use them in medicine. A. When B. While C. Until D. However It seems__________ those students haven’t learnt this grammar point before. A. so that B. as if C. such that D. even though 7. You will become ill_____________ you stop working so hard. Trang 322
- 323. A. until B.if C. unless D. when 8. She remembered the correct address only_____________ she had posted the letter. A. since B. following C. after D. afterwards 9. He goes to England__________. A. so that he learns English B. so that he may learn English C. so to learn English D. so he learns English She hid the present__________. A. so that the children wouldn’t find it B. in order to the children not to find it C. for the children not find it D. in order that the children not to find it The teacher was explaining the lesson slowly and clearly__________. to make his students to understand it in order that his students can understand it so as to that his students could understand it so that his students could understand it They are__________. so lazy boys as they are punished so lazy boys that they are punished such lazy boys that they are punished such lazy that they are punished 13._____________ I ask him for the money he owes me, he says he will bring it in a few days, but I don't think he has got it at all. A. However B. Wherever C. Whatever D. Whenever 14. It was too late__________. A. to go for them to the party B. for them to go to the party C. because they go to the party D. so they go to the party Cindy is sick. She can’t go to work. Cindy is too sick to go to work Cindy is sick enough to go to work Cindy is such sick that she can’t go to work Cindy is sick so that she can’t go to work The boy always does his homework before class__________. so as not to be punished by the teacher so as to be punished by the teacher so that not to be punished by the teacher in order that not to be punished by the teacher “They whispered. They didn’t want anyone to hear them.” means__________. They whispered in order to make anyone hear them Trang 323
- 324. B. They whisperedso that no one could hear them C. They whispered to make everyone hear them D. They whispered in order that make everyone hear them 18. The party,_____________ I was the guest of honor, was extremely enjoyable. A. to which B. at which C. for which D. by which 19. He retired early_____________ ill health. A. in front of B. ahead of C. on account of D. on behalf of 20. It's____________ long time since he last saw his brothers and sisters. A. such a B. too C. very D. so Exercise 171. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. 1. I am going to speak with the boss when the meeting __________. A. will end B. ends C. is ending D. would end 2. When we___________ him tomorrow, we will remind him of that. A. will see B. see C. am seeing D. saw. 3. When he comes, I___________ her the news. A. tell B. will tell C. would tell D. would have told 4. When the police came, they _________. A. are fighting B. fought C. be fighting D. were fighting 5. Before she came to England, she _________ English. A. studied B. will study C. had studied D was studying 6. I have lost touch with him _________ he left for London. A. as soon as B. after C. before D. since 7. My mother is washing the dishes _________ my father is watching television. A. when B. while C. as D. since 8. Lan has learnt English since she_________ a small girl. A. is B. was C. has been D. had been Don’t go anywhere until I_________ back. A. come B. came C. will come D. am coming 10. Before cars_________, people_________ horses and bicycles. A. were discovered/ had used B. discovering/ had used C. had discovered/ used D. discovered/ had used 11. __________, I will give him the report. A. When he will return B. When he returns C. Until he will return D. No sooner he returns 12. __________ the firemen arrived to help, we had already put out the fire. Trang 324
- 325. A. Until B.No sooner C. By the time D. After 13. I have earned my own living__________ I was seven. A. since B. when C. while D. as soon as 14. __________ the dance, Jerry said good-bye to his girlfriend. A. Before left B. Before he leaves C. Before leaving D. Before he will leave 15. Jones__________ after everyone__________. A. speaks / will eat B. will speak / has eaten C. is speaking / eats D. has spoken / will have eaten 16. __________, Joe stays in bed and reads magazines. A. Whenever raining B. As it will be raining C. When it will rain D. Whenever it rains 17. __________ in Rome than he was kidnapped. A. No sooner he arrived B. Had he no sooner arrived C. No sooner had he arrived D. No sooner he had arrived 18. We saw many beautiful birds__________ in the lake. A when we are fishing B. while fishing C. while fished D. fishing 19. __________, Peter came to see me. A. While having dinner B. While I was having dinner C. When having dinner D. When lam having dinner 20. __________ my homework, I went to bed. A. After I had finished B. After finished C. Finished D. After had finished Exercise 172. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. 1. __________ I came to this country, I couldn't speak a word of English. A. Since B. After C. When D. Before 2. I'll let you know__________ I come back. A. though B. since C. because D. before 3. They left the house__________ saying good-bye to their mother. A. before B. after C. during D. in 4. We will wait here__________ he comes back. A. while B. until C. before D. after 5. Mozart could write music__________ he was only five. A. because B. although C. when D. however Trang 325
- 326. 6. __________ Petergets here, we will congratulate him. A. As soon as B. After C. No sooner D. Since 7. Mrs. Pike__________ the door before the customers arrived. A. had opened B. will open C. would open D. has open 8. After Mariana __________ her exam, __________ her out to eat. A. was finishing/ would take B. finished/ had taken C. will finish/ have taken D. has finished/ will take 9. Mary will have finished all her work__________. A. as soon as her boss returned B. until her boss will return C. by the time her boss returns D. when he-r boss will return She went on crying, with her head sunk into a pillow, and cried and cried_________ the pillow was wet through. A. before B. after C. until D. while 11. He cleaned his shoes__________ they shone. A. when B. after C. while D. until 12. I had no sooner lit the barbecue _______ it started to rain. A. as B. while C. than D. that 13. I will wait__________ he comes. A. however B. until C. so that D. in spite of 14. You should give the iron time to heat up__________ you iron your clothes. A. because B. so that C. even though D. before 15. When the paint__________, it'll change from a light to a deep red. A. dry B. dries C. dried D. will dry 16. When__________ older I'd love to be an artist. A. I'm B. I'll be C. was D. have been 17. ______ you finish typing that report make five copies of it and give it to aloof the officers. A. While B. When C. But D. Although 18. When the passenger__________, will you please give him this package? A. will arrive B. arrives C. would arrives D. arriving 19. They were playing in the garden when__________. A. they have heard a scream B. they were hearing a scream C. they heard a scream D. they had heard a scream 20. By the time he retires, he__________ $20,000. A. will save B. has saved C. had saved D. will have saved Exercise 173. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. Trang 326
- 327. 1. Mark heardthe news on the radio__________ he was driving home. A. while B. as C. until D. A and B 2. What are you going to do__________ graduating from university? A. before B. after C. so D. because 3. I am not so good at English, __________ I have to practice more. A. but B. so C. while D. despite __________ the fact that she fail the exam, she didn’t look disappointed. A. although B. despite C. in spite of D. because of We didn’t go to France last summer__________ we couldn’t afford to. A. so B. when C. because D. because of You can’t drive a car__________ you have a license. A. unless B. so C. in case D. if __________ the flight delay, they didn’t attend the conference. A. Because B. As C. Although D. Because of 8. The storm was so strong. __________ all the crops were destroyed. A. However B. As a result C. Consequently D. B and C 9. Everyone thought she would accept the offer. __________, she turned it down. A. However B. So C. Too D. Moreover 10. You should look up the meaning of the new words in the dictionary__________ misuse it A. so as to B. to C. so as not to D. so that 11. I bought this new software__________ Chinese. A. for learning B. learning C. to learn D. learned 12. The flight from New York to London was delayed__________ the heavy fog. A. because of B. because C. so D. as a result It’s__________ city that he’s got lost. A. a such big B. such big C. such a big D. a very big 14. There are__________ in the universe that we cannot count them. A. so much stars B. so many stars C. such stars many D. such stars much He has__________ to do that he can’t go to the cinema with us. A. so much work B. so many work C. such much work D. such a work. 16. It is__________ book that just a few people like it. A. so an old B. so old C. such old D. such an old 17. The satellite travel__________ into space that nobody could see it with naked eyes. A. so far B. such far C. too far D. far enough 18. __________ the bad weather, the plan landed safely. A. in spite B. in spite of C. despite the fact that D. though 19. It was__________ that we went for a walk. Trang 327
- 328. A. a beautifulweather B. so a beautiful night C. so nice weather D. such nice weather 20. He lighted the candle__________ he might read the note. A. so that B. and C. because D. as a result Exercise 174. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. 1. Fail to pay the bill__________ they will cut off the electricity. A. unless B. and C. so D. if It is such an important matter__________ I can’t decide anything about it myself. A. so B. because C. that D. if 3. He hid that letter in a drawer__________ no one could read it. A. so that B. because C. although D. than 4. __________ Tom was unable to see anything, he knew someone was in his room. A. Because B. In case C. If D. Even though __________ other workers’ constant objection, the director dismissed the workers. A. Because B. Because of C. Although D. In spite of 6. __________ some scientists use lasers for military purposes, others use them in medicine. A. When B. While C. Until D. However It seems__________ those students haven’t learnt this grammar point before. A. so that B. as if C. such that D. even though 8. They were disqualified__________ they fought to the last minute. A. as B. since C. though D. once 9. The teacher explained the lesson twice__________ the students understood it clearly. A. as long as B. so that C. because D. as if She didn’t participate in the contest__________ her lack of confidence. A. because B. because of C. since D. despite 11. It is__________ that I have read it twice. A. such an interesting book B. so interesting a book C. too interesting a book D. A and B 12. Hellen is__________ to do this exercise. A. no intelligence enough B. not intelligent enough C. not enough intelligent D. so intelligent enough 13. I am__________ a car. A. not rich enough to buy B. too rich enough to buy C. too poor to buy D. A and C 14. The ceiling is__________. Trang 328
- 329. A. too highfor me to reach B. too high for me to reach it. C. so high for me reaching D. enough high of me to reaching 15. The woman was so beautiful__________. A. that I couldn’t help looking at B. that I couldn’t help looking at her C. for me looking at her D. that for me to look at 16. It is__________ that I would like to go to the beach. A. such a nice weather B. too nice weather C. such nice weather D. such weather nice These are__________ that I can’t finish them. A. a such long assignments B. such long assignments C. such a long assignments D. too long assignments 18. He goes to England__________. A. so that he learns English B. so that he may learn English C. so to learn English D. so he learns English 19. It was too late__________. A. to go for them to the party. B. for them to go to the party. C. because they go to the party. D. so they go to the party. Cindy is very sick. She can’t go to work. Cindy is too sick to go to work Cindy is sick enough to go to work Cindy is such sick that she can’t go to work Cindy is sick so that she can’t go to work Trang 329
- 330. BÀI 9. COMMUNICATIVEEXCHANGES MẪU CÂU GIAO TIẾP Requests or asking for help: Đề nghị sự giúp đỡ ta sử dụng các mẫu câu kèm các hình thức đáp lời khảng định hoặc phủ định như sau: Requests Agreements Disagreements Đề nghị Trả lời đồng ý Không đồng ý - V….., please. - Certainly I'm sorry. (I'm busy ) - Can you V…..? - Of course I'm afraid I can't. - Could you V…..? - Sure I'm afraid I couldn't - Would you please V…..? - No problem - Will you V…..?. - What can I do for you? - I wonder if you'd V…. - How can I help you? - I wonder if you could V… - Would you mind – V-ing…? - No I don't mind. - I'm sorry, I can't. - Do you mind - V-ing….? - No, of course not. - Not at all. 2. Offer to help: Ngỏ ý giúp đỡ Offers Agreements Disagreements Đề nghị Trả lời đồng ý Không đồng ý -Shall I – V…..? - Yes, thank you - No. Thank you - Would you like me to V...? - That's very kind of you. - No, thank you. I can - Do you want me to V...? - Yes, please. manage. - What can I do for you? - Oh, would you really? - No, there's no need. But - May I help you? - Thanks a lot. thanks all the same. - Do you need any help? - Well, that's very kind of - Let me help you. you, but I think I can - Can I help you? manage, thanks. 3. Asking for permissions: Asking ways Agreements Disagreements Cách hỏi Trả lời đồng ý Không đồng ý - May I – V ....? - Certainly. - I'd rather you didn't - Can I – V.....? - Of course. - I'd prefer You didn't - Could I – V.....? - Please do. - No, I'm afraid you can't (May I go out?) - Please go ahead - I'm sorry, but you can't. Trang 330
- 331. - Do youthink I could – V...? - Yes, by all means. -I wonder if I could – V... -Is it all right if I – V...? - Would you mind if I V-ed? - No, of course not. (Would you mind if I smoked?) - Not at all. - Do you mind if I – V….? - Please do (Do you mind if I smoke?) - Please go ahead 4. Suggestions: Gợi ý hoặc rủ ai đó làm gì Suggestions Agreements Disagreements Gợi ý Trả lời đồng ý Không đồng ý 1. Shall I/ we – V...? 1. Yes, I think that's a 2. Let's – V... . good idea. 3. Why don't I/ we – V...? 2. That's probably 4. How about – V-ing...? the best option. 5. What about – V-ing...? 3. Sure, why not? 6. I think we should – V... . 4. Yes, definitely. No, let's not. 7. I suggest that we – V... . 5. By all means. 8. It might be a good idea if we/ you – V... . 6. Good idea 9. I think the best way of dealing with this situation would be to – V... . 10. If you ask me, I think we/ you should/ could – V... . 5. Thanking: Tỏ ý cảm ơn, nói cảm ơn Thanking Responses Cảm ơn Trả lời - Thank you. - You're welcome. - Thank you very much. - That's all right. - Thanks a lot. - Not at all. - Thanks a lot for .... - It's my pleasure Request for a repeat: Yêu cầu nhắc lại điều gì Pardon? (Cách này thông dụng trong tiếng Anh – Mỹ) Yes? (Cách này thông dụng trong tiếng Anh – Anh) Please say that again. Trang 331
- 332. Could you repeatthat? Invitations, offers: Cho, mời a) Invite something: Mời thứ gì đó - Would you like – something? e.g. A: Would you like a cup of tea? B: - Yes, please. (or - No, thanks.) b) Invite to somewhere: Mời đi đâu đó - Would you like + to inf.? e.g. Would you like to go to the cinema with me? (mời bạn đi xem phim với tôi) Would you like to go to the party? (mời bạn đi dự tiệc) 8. Warnings: Cảnh báo Don't move! Mind you head! Watch out! Look out! Be careful! Take care! Showing concerns: Bày tỏ sự quan tâm nào đó 1. Uh-huh! 2. Right! Showing interest 3. Really? (Thể hiện sự quan tâm) 4. That's interesting! 5. And? 6. What then? 7. Oh? 8. What happened next? 1. Now, you mentioned... Showing that you're listening 2. So, that's how...? (Thể hiện bạn đang lắng nghe) 3. Yes, I was going to ask you about that... 4. Could you give me / us an example of...? 5. Could you explain in more detail...? 1. Many thanks. 2. Thanks a lot. 3. Cheers! 4. That's very kind of you. Thanking and responding 5. Thank you very much (Cảm ơn và đáp lại lời cảm ơn) 6. Not at all. 7. It's a pleasure. / My pleasure. 8. You're welcome. 9. Don't mention it. 10. Any time. Trang 332
- 333. 11. That's OK/ all right. 12. I'm glad to have been of some help 1. Sorry Apologizing 2. I'm very/awfully/so/extremely sorry. (Xin lỗi) 3. Excuse me. 4. Sorry, (it was) my fault. 5. I do apologize. 6. Please accept my apologies 1. That's all right/OK. 2. Not to worry. Accepting an apology 3. That's quite/perfectly all right. (Chấp nhận lời xin lỗi) 4. No reason/need to apologize. 5. Don't worry about it 1. Make sure... 2. Remember... (to do). 3. Be careful... (not to do). 4. Don't forget... (to do) 5. Giving directions Giving instructions 6. Go straight on. (Đưa ra lời hướng dẫn/ chỉ dẫn) 7. Take the first/second on the left / right. 8. Turn left / right. 9. Go along... as far as... 10. Take the number 7 bus / tram. 11. Get off (the bus / tram) at... (place). 12. Carry on until you see... 13. Look out for.. 1. Are you with me? Checking someone has understood 2. Did you follow that? (Kiểm tra xem ai đã hiểu hay chưa) 3. Have you got that? 4. Is everything clear so far? 5. Does that seem to make sense BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH Exercise 175. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. 1. Mike: “More coffee? Anybody?” Jane: “____________________.” A. I don’t agree. I’m afraid” B. I’d love to Trang 333
- 334. C. Yes, pleaseD. It’s right. I think 2. Mike: “Do you like the weather here?” Jane: “I wish it________________.” A. doesn’t rain B. didn’t rain C. won’t rain D. hadn’t rained 3. Mike: “Oh, I’m really sorry” Jane: “________________________.” A. It was a pleasure B. That’s all right C. Thanks D. Yes, why? 4. Mike: “What’s your hobby, Hoa? Hoa: “_______________________.” A. Well, I like collecting stamps B. Oh, with computers C. Well, I want stamps D. Oh, on the phone 5. Mike: “You look nice today. I like your new hairstyle” Jane: “__________________________.” A. It’s nice of you to say so B. Shall I? Thanks C. Oh, Well done D. I feel interesting to hear that 6. Mike: “A motorbike knocked Ted down.” Jane: “_________________.” A. What is it now? B. Poor Ted! C. How terrific! D. What a motorbike! Mike: “I have bought you a toy. Happy birthday to you!” Jane: “____________________.” A. The same to you B. Have a nice day! C. What a pity! D. What a lovely toy! Thanks 8. Mike “_____________________” Jane: “Oh, it’s great” A. How is the English competition? B. Would you like the English competition? C. What do you like about the English competition? D. What do you think of the English competition? Peter: “Do you feel like going to the cinema this evening?” Mary: “____________________.” A. I don’t agree. I’m afraid. B. You’re welcome C. That would be great D. I feel very bored 10. Laura: “What a lovely house you have “ Mary: “____________________.” A. Of course not, it’s not costly B. Thank you. Hope you will drop in C. I think so D. No problem Peter: “Has an announcement been made about the eight o’clock flight to Paris?” Mary: “____________________.” A. Yes, it was B. Sorry, I don’t C. I don’t think that D. Not yet Peter: “Would you mind lending me your bike?” Mary: “____________________.” Trang 334
- 335. A. Yes. Hereit is B. Not at all C. Yes, let’s D. Great Peter: “________________ detective stories?” Mary: “In my opinion, they are very good for teenagers” A. How about B. Are you fond of C. What do you think about D. What do people feel about? 14. Hellen: “Congratulations!” Jane: “______________.” A. What a pity B. Thank you C. I’m sorry D. You are welcome 15. Linda: “Excuse me! Where ‘s the post office?” Maria: “___________________.” A. It’s over there B. I’m afraid not C. Don’t worry D. Yes, I think so 16. Tom: “How did you get there?” John: “________________________.” A. Is it far from here? B. I came here by train C. I came here last night D. The train is so crowded 17. Alice: “What shall we do this evening?” Carol: “____________________.” A. Let’s go out for dinner B. No problem C. Thank you D. Not at all Mark: “I’m sorry. It’s late. I must go now.” Mary: “__________________.” A. You are welcome B. Good bye. See you soon C. Not at all D. Hello 19. Mary: “Whose bike is that?” Tom:”_________________________.” A. No, It’s over there B. It’s Jane C. It’s just outside D. It’s Jane’s 20. Peter: “How do you go to school?” Mary: “_____________________.” A. I go there early B. Every day, Except Sunday C. I don’t think so D. I go there by bus Exercise 176. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. 1. Peter: “Bye.” Mary: “__________________.” A. See you lately B. Thank you C. Meet you again D. See you later 2. Peter: “I’ve passed my driving test” Mary: “__________________.” A. Congratulations! B. That’s a good idea C. It’s nice of you to say so D. Do you? Mike: “Would you like to have dinner with me?” Mary: “__________________.” A. Yes, I love to B. Yes, so do I C. I’m very happy D. Yes, it is 4. Ann: “_________where the nearest post office is?” Trang 335
- 336. Linda: “Turn leftand then turn right.” A. Could you tell me B. Should you show me C. Do you tell me D. Will you say me 5. Peter: “How do you do?” Mary: “__________________.” A. How do you do? B. Not too bad C. I’m well. Thank D. Yeah, OK 6. Peter: “I enjoy listening to pop music” Mary: “__________________.” A. I’m too B. I don’t C. Neither do I D. So am I 7. Mike: “It’s hot in here?” Mary: “____________ I open the window?” A. Did B. Shall C. Would D. Do 8 .David : “James is a very brave man.“ Jane: “Yes, I wish I_________ his encourage.” A. had B. will have C. have had D. have 9. Anna : “______________________” Mary: “I am teaching.” A. What do you do for a living? B. What do you earn for a living? C. How do you live? D. What are you working? 10. David: “You’ve got a beautiful dress!” Mary: “__________________.” A. I do B. Thank you C. You, too D. Okay 11. Sue: “I love music.” Mary: “__________________.” A. So do I B. No, I won’t C. Yes, I like it D. Neither do I Maria: “I’m taking my end term examination tomorrow.” Mary: “__________________.” A. Good luck B. Good day C. Good time D. Good chance 13. Hang: “Thank for your help, Lan.” Lan: “______________________.” A. With all my heart B. Never remind me C. It’s my pleasure D. Wish you 14. Ann: “Do you think it will rain?” Mary: “__________________.” A. I don’t hope B. I hope not C. I don’t hope so D. It’s hopeless Ann: “Do you think you will get the job?” Mary: “__________________.” A. Yes, that’s right B. I think not C. I know so D. Well, I hope so 16. David: “Happy Christmas!” Mary: “__________________.” A. The same to you! B. Happy Christmas to you! C. You are the same! D. Same for you! 17. Mike: “_____________ going on a picnic this weekend?” Jane: “That’s great!” A. Why don’t we B. Would you like C. How about D. Let’s Mike: “What an attractive hair style you have got, Mary!” Mary: “__________________.” A. Thank you very much. I am afraid C. You are telling a lie Trang 336
- 337. B. Thank youfor your compliment D. I don't like your sayings 19. Laura: “You look great in this new dress.” Mary: “__________________.” A. With pleasure B. Not at all C. I am glad you like it D. Do not say anything about it 20. Mark: “How well you are playing!” Mary: “__________________.” A. Say it again. I like to hear your words B. I think so. I am proud of myself C. Thank you too much D. Many thanks. That is a nice compliment Exercise 177: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Jane: “I’m sorry. It’s late. I must go now.” Mike: “___________________.” A. You are welcome B. Good bye. See you soon C. Not at all D. Hello 2. Jane: “What a lovely hat you have!” Jimmy: “Thanks. ___________.” A. that’s OK B. I don’t care C. I’m glad you like it D. certainly 3. Jane: “How’s life?” Mike: “___________________.” A. Sure B. Not too bad, but very busy C. Very well, thank you D. Pleased to meet you Jane: “Thank you for the lovely present.” Mike: “___________________.” A. Go ahead B. Not at all C. Come on D. I’m pleased you like it 5. Jane: “Thank you very much.” Mike: “___________________.” A. Not at all B. You are well come C. That’s all right D. All are correct 6. Jane: “Do you fancy a coffee?” Mike: “___________________.” A. Oh, dear B. Everything is ok C. Oh, yes. I’d love one D. How do you do 7. Jane: “You look nice in that red shirt.” Mike: “___________________.” A. It’s nice of you to say so B. Am I? Thanks C. Oh, poor me D. I’m interesting to hear that Jane: “Peter had an accident. He’s been in hospital for 5 days.” Mike: “___________________.” A. Poor it B. Poor him C. How terrific D. Oh, Is he? Jane: “Happy birthday! This is a small present for you.” Mike: “___________________.” Trang 337
- 338. A. What apity! B. How beautiful it is! Thanks C. Have a good time D. How terrible! 10. Jane: “How are you getting on?” Mike: “___________________.” A. All right B. Not bad C. It’s Ok D. All are correct Jane: “I’m sorry. It’s late. I must go now. Bye-bye.” Peter: “____________________.” A. You are welcome B. Goodbye. See you soon C. Not at all D. Hello 12. Jane: “Thank you for a lovely evening.” Mike: “___________________.” A. You are welcome B. Have a good day C. Thanks D. Cheer 13. Jane: “Do you mind if I use your bike?” Mike: “___________________.” A. Yes do you B. Yes, it’s my pleasure C. No, you don’t D. No, you can use it 14. Jane: “Congratulations!” Mike: “___________________.” A. What a pity! B. Thank you C. I’m sorry D. You are welcome 15. Jane: “_______________.” Mike: I’m in teaching A. What do you do for a living? B. What do you earn for a living? C. How do you live? D. What are you working? Anna: “I saw Grace this morning at the bank.” Pete: “It____________ Grace. She has been to Paris on her honeymoon.” A. can't be B. must be C. can't have been D. must have been Max: “I locked myself out of my apartment. I didn’t know what to do.” Michel: “You___________ your roommate.” A. could have called B. may have called C. would have called D. must have called Anh: “You haven’t eaten anything since yesterday night. You________ be really hungry!” Lan: “I am.” A. might B. will C. can D. must John: “Can you show me the way to the nearest post office, please?” Passer-by: “_______________” A. Not way, sorry. B. Just round the corner over there. C. Look it up in a dictionary! D. There’s no traffic near here. Jane: “You look great in that red skirt, Lora!” Lora: “____________________” A. No, I don't think so. B. Oh, you don't like it, do you? C. Thanks, I bought it at Macy’s. D. Thanks, my mum bought it. Trang 338
- 339. CHUYÊN ĐỀ V.WRITING SKILLS CHUYÊN ĐỀ VIẾT Chuyên đề này đề cập đến một trong những điểm yếu cố hữu của hầu hết học sinh, đây cũng là trở ngại lớn trong việc đạt điểm cao hoặc làm các câu hỏi mang tính phân hóa đối tượng, đó là chuyên đề về kĩ năng viết. trên thực tế, việc cải thiện kĩ năng viết không hề khó khăn như chúng ta nghĩ, mà trái lại, nếu có nền tảng kiến thức ngữ pháp, một vốn từ khá, một sự hiểu biết tương đối về các chủ đề cuộc sống, các vấn đề thời sự của thời đại thì việc đạt điểm cao phần này là không quá khó (tuy vậy trên thực tế số học sinh đạt trên 50% số điểm phần này là rất hiếm). Việc thực hiện nghiêm túc bốn chuyên đề trước đã nêu trong tài liệu này sẽ giúp học sinh tự tin hoàn thành tốt yêu cấu cải thiện kĩ năng viết và đạt kết quả thật cao trong kì thi HSG môn Tiếng Anh. Trong chuyên đề này các hình thức chuyển đổi câu cơ bản nhất được hệ thống hóa cùng các bài tập minh họa điển hình, các bước thực hành viết luận được hướng dẫn tường minh, kèm theo đó 16 chủ đề viết luận kèm theo là những chủ đề có liên quan đến chương trình PT hiện hành, được sử dụng trong hầu hết các kì kiểm tra chuyên đề, các kì thi học sinh giỏi của các trường THCS, THPT. BÀI 1. SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION VIẾT LẠI CÂU I. Introduction: Trong tiếng Anh, cũng như nhiều ngôn ngưc khác, ta có thể dùng nhiều cấu trúc lời nói khác nhau để diễn đạt cùng một ý, hay một lời nói. Nói cách khác một câu nói không đơn thuần chỉ có ý nghĩa duy nhất theo một cấu trúc ngữ pháp, mà câu nói ấy có thể được truyền tải theo một hình thức cấu trúc ngữ pháp khác nào đó mà vẫn giữ nguyên được nghĩa gốc của nó. Hình thức viết lại câu (sentence transformation) chính là hình thức viết lại một câu cho trước bằng một cấu trúc mới nhưng không làm thay đổi ý nghĩa ban đầu của câu ấy. Ví dụ như: Câu gốc: He has lived here since 1990. (the present perfect tense) Câu viết lại: He moved here in 1990. (the simple past tense) Chuyển đổi câu sử dụng thì của động từ, động từ thay thế và trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian. Câu gốc: We can find him nowhere. (affirmative sentence) Câu viết lại: Nowhere can we find him. (inversion sentence) Chuyển đổi câu sử dụng hình thức đảo ngữ (inversion) để nhấn mạnh. Câu gốc: She is the most intelligent student in my class. (superlative degree) Câu viết lại: No one in my class is as intelligent as she is. (negative positive degree) → Chuyển đổi câu sử dụng các hình thức so sánh với một tính từ. Câu gốc: “Don’t touch the wire, boys!” said Mr. Hung. (direct speech) Câu viết lại: Mr. Hung told the boys not to touch the wire. (indirect speech) Trang 339
- 340. Chuyển đổi câusử dụng cách chuyển từ câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp. II. Some transformative forms: Vài hình thức biến đổi câu trong tiếng Anh được miêu tả như sau: 1. Tense sentence transformation: Chuyển đổi câu qua chuyển đổi thì của động từ: e.g. a. We started working here three years ago. We have worked here for three years. b. This is the first time I have been on a plane. I have never been on a plane before. c. That’s strange! My pen isn’t here! That’s strange! My pen has disappeared! d. Nicky and Jan aren’t at this school any more. Nicky and Jan have left this school. Transformations using comparisons: Chuyển đổi câu sử dụng các hình thức so sánh. e.g. a. She is taller than I am. I am not as tall as she is. b. He worked harder than his friends. His friends did not work as hard as he did. c. This is the best film I have ever seen. I have never seen a better film than this one. d. She is the most kind-hearted woman among the ones you met. → No one among those you met is as kind-hearted as her. Chú ý: Để làm tôt bài tập chuyển đổi câu liên quan đến kiến thức so sánh, hãy xem phần bài viết Chuyên đề II, Bài 3, tài liệu này. Transformations using inversions: Chuyển đổi câu sử dụng các hình thức đảo ngữ. e.g. a. She can hardly understand what the teacher is saying. Hardly can she understand what the teacher is saying. b. Although he worked hard, he couldn’t feed the family. Hard as he worked, he couldn’t feed the family. c. They could not find the man anywhere. Nowhere could they find the man. d. She rarely eats out. Rarely does she eat out. Chú ý: Phần viết lại câu này đã được sử dụng trong các bài tập từ Exercise 41 đến Exercise 42 trang 91 đến 93. (Chuyên đề II, Bài 4, tài liệu này) Trang 340
- 341. 4. Transformations usingthe passive voice: Chuyển đổi câu sử dụng câu bị động. e.g. a. She can make a decision soon. A decision can be made soon by her. b. Their car was stolen long ago. Someone stole their car long ago. c. They will build a new school here. → A new school will be built here. d. She had her friends translated the message. She had the message translated by her friends. Chú ý: Phần viết lại câu này đã được sử dụng trong các bài tập từ Exercise 103 đến Exercise 106 trang 206 đến 210. (Chuyên đề III, Bài 5, tài liệu này) Transformations using the indirect speech: Chuyển đổi câu sử dụng câu gián tiếp. e.g. a. “Go out, boys!” said the mother. → The mother told her sons to go out. b. “Would you like a cigar, Peter?” said Mike. → Mike invited Peter a cigar. c. “Do you live here?” said the stranger. → The stranger asked if I lived there. d. The man said, “what do you do for a living, Nam?” → The man wanted to know what Nam did for a living. Chú ý: Phần viết lại câu này đã được sử dụng trong các bài tập từ Exercise 111 đến Exercise 112 trang 220 đến 223. (Chuyên đề III, Bài 6, tài liệu này) 6. Transformations using conditional sentences: Chuyển đổi câu sử dụng câu điều kiện. e.g. a. If you don’t study hard, you will fail the final exam. Unless you study hard, you will fail the final exam. b. The test was too difficult for him to do well. He could do well if the test were not difficult. c. He isn’t here to help me. If he were here, he could help me. d. I did not know the answer to tell him. → I would have told him if I had known the answer. Chú ý: Phần viết lại câu này đã được sử dụng trong các bài tập từ Exercise 134 đến Exercise 136 trang 264 đến 267. (Chuyên đề IV, Bài 2, tài liệu này) Transformations using other structures: Chuyển đổi câu sử dụng các mẫu câu khác. Trang 341
- 342. e.g. a. Mr.Ba is living next door. He teaches me English. (relative clause) → Mr. Ba, who teaches me English, is living next door. b. Although it rained heavily, we arrived on time. (clause of concession) → Despite the heavy rain, we arrived on time. c. He came early so that he could get a good seat. (clause of purpose) → He came early to get a good seat. d. The test was too difficult for them to do well. → The test was not easy enough for them to do well. (cause & effect) Chú ý: Phần viết lại câu này đã được sử dụng trong các bài tập từ Exercise 139, 151, 161, 163, 164 từ trang 273 đến 313. (Chuyên đề IV, Bài 3-9, tài liệu này) BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH Exercise 178: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. 1. We couldn’t have managed without my father’s money. If it ____________________________________________________. 2. He hasn´t eaten this kind of food since 1991. He last _______________________________________________. 3. I had only just put the phone down when the boss rang back. Hardly ________________________________________________. 4. Nick joined a golf club a year ago. Nick has been _________________________________________. 5. While I strongly disapprove of your behavior, I will help you this time. Despite my ____________________________________________. 6. This will be my first visit to Brazil. I've never _____________________________________________. 7.I’m sorry I missed your lecture. I’m sorry not _________________________________________. 8.I joined a yoga club six months ago. I have been ___________________________________________. 9.We may not be able to give the concert. The concert __________________________________________. 10.This will be her first time in Spain. She has not ___________________________________________. 11.I was not surprised to hear that he had failed his driving test. It came ________________________________________________. 12.When did he start work? How long is ___________________________________________? Trang 342
- 343. 13.I only recognizedhim when he came into the light. Not until ______________________________________________. 14.Our meeting is tomorrow. We will ________________________________________________. 15.That rumor about the politician and the construction contract is absolutely false. There is _______________________________________________. 16.David went home before we arrived. When we ______________________________________________. 17.One runner was too exhausted to complete the last lap of the race. One runner was so ___________________________________. 18.How long ago did you buy your car? How long _____________________________________________? 19. My mother was the most warm-hearted person I’ve ever known. I’ve ___________________________________________________. 20.I've only recently started wearing glasses. I didn't _______________________________________________. Exercise 179: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. 1. He bought his computer one year ago. He has _________________________________________________. 2. They never made us do anything we didn’t want to do. We were _______________________________________________. 3. They started playing tennis three months ago. They have ______________________________________________. 4. The only thing that prevented the passing of the bill was the death of the man. Had it not ______________________________________________. 5. They had not been to South Korea before. It is the ________________________________________________. 6. It is quite pointless to complain. There’s no______________________________________________. 7. I haven't been to the beach for a long time. It's a ____________________________________________________. 8. The workers only called off the strike after a new pay offer. Only after ______________________________________________. 9. He had not been to ballet classes before. It was the ______________________________________________. 10. He was sentenced to six months in prison for his part in the robbery. He received a __________________________________________. 11. I have never watched such a boring film. Trang 343
- 344. It’s the most___________________________________________. 12. You can eat as much as you like for $5 at the new lunch-bar. There is no _____________________________________________. 13. My parents haven’t reached London yet. My parents still haven’t _______________________________. 14. She wore a hearing-aid, even though she could hear the phone ring perfectly well. She wasn’t so __________________________________________. 15. I haven't had a Chinese meal for ages. It's ages ________________________________________________. 16. You will never meet anyone more generous than Mrs. Hoa. Mrs. Hoa is ____________________________________________. 17. She’s been living in this village since 2009. She moved ______________________________________________. 18. My parents let me go abroad alone for the first time last year. I was _____________________________________________________. 19. I last travelled to Mui Ne in January. I haven’t ________________________________________________. 20. It was his incompetence which led to their capture. If he _____________________________________________________. Exercise 180: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. 1. I’m certainly not going to give you any more money. I have no __________________________________________________. 2. Charles has never had a tablet before. This is the ________________________________________________. 3. Our hotel booking hasn’t been confirmed. We haven’t received _____________________________________. 4. They moved to this village five months ago. They has been ____________________________________________. 5. The sales man told me that my new car would be delivered next Wednesday. According ________________________________________________. 6. It’s a long time since we went out. We haven’t _______________________________________________. 7. The Yeti has very rarely been seen at this altitude. There have _______________________________________________. 8. She started cooking as soon as her husband (had) left home. She started _______________________________________________. 9. It’s not certain that Jones will get the job. Trang 344
- 345. It is open_________________________________________________. 10. I met my husband in 2001. I have _____________________________________________________. 11. Everyone started complaining the moment the announcement was made. No sooner ________________________________________________. 12. When you phoned me, it was my lunchtime. When you phoned me, I _________________________________. 13. As I get older, I want to travel less. The older _________________________________________________. 14. We started working here three years ago. We have __________________________________________________. 15. A house in that district will cost you at least a million dollars. You won’t be able _______________________________________. 16. My mother has been studying English for 15 days. My mother started ______________________________________. 17. Alan worked too hard at the office, and this led to his illness. Alan’s illness ____________________________________________. 18. Hurry up! We'll get to the theatre after the beginning of the play. By the time we get ______________________________________. 19. Keeping calm is the secret of passing your driving test. As long as ________________________________________________. 20. This is the first time I have been on a plane. I have _____________________________________________________. Exercise 181: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. She has never had a smartphone before. This is ____________________________________________________. Immediately after his appointment to the post, the new editor fell ill. No sooner ________________________________________________. We haven't been to the theatre for a long time. It's a long _________________________________________________. The protest has been so vociferous that the committee has had to reconsider. There has been ___________________________________________. I haven’t been to the football match for three years. The last time ______________________________________________. You think that fat people are always jolly but you are wrong. Contrary __________________________________________________. He has never eaten this kind of food before. It’s the first time _________________________________________. Trang 345
- 346. My boss worksbetter when he’s pressed for time. The less ___________________________________________________. They got married ten years ago. They have ________________________________________________. The patient recovered more rapidly than expected. The patient made ________________________________________. There's a party at Mary's house next week. Next week ________________________________________________. There isn’t a pair of thermal socks left in the shop, Madam. We are completely _______________________________________. I started working for this company three years ago. I’ve been __________________________________________________. Their chances of success are small. It is not ___________________________________________________. I became head of the university four years ago. I have _____________________________________________________. The rail workers do not intend to call off their strike. The rail workers have no _______________________________. The arrival time of Helen's flight is 8.00. Helen's flight will ________________________________________. Mrs. Scott is proud of her cooking. Mrs. Scott prides ________________________________________. Oh no! My wallet is missing. Oh no! I have _____________________________________________. It was the goalkeeper who saved the match for us. If it hadn’t ________________________________________________. Exercise 182: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. They are big, they fall fast. The_____________________________________________________________. I look into your eyes much, I love you much. The_____________________________________________________________. She is mature, she becomes beautiful. The_____________________________________________________________. He drinks much water, he becomes thirsty. The_____________________________________________________________. You speak English much, your English will be good. The_____________________________________________________________. Trang 346
- 347. People save muchpaper, much wood pulp is preserved. The_____________________________________________________________. You make much money, you spend much. The_____________________________________________________________. Means of transport are cheap, they become popular. The_____________________________________________________________. We leave early, we will arrive soon. The_____________________________________________________________. You are young, you learn easily. The_____________________________________________________________. She is older, she becomes more beautiful. The_____________________________________________________________. I waited long. I got angry. The_____________________________________________________________. The sun is high, the shadow is low. The_____________________________________________________________. I know a lot, I forget much. The_____________________________________________________________. I forget much , I know little. The_____________________________________________________________. Susan isn’t as good at chemistry as Sarah. Sarah is_________________________________________________________. No one in the group is younger than he. He is the________________________________________________________. Stone isn’t as hard as iron. Iron is__________________________________________________________. Tom is the best football player in the team. No one in the team is__________________________________________. I don’t play the guitar as well as he does. He plays_______________________________________________________. Exercise 183: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. My house is bigger than your house. Your house is__________________________________________________. The black car is cheaper than the red car. The red car____________________________________________________. Trang 347
- 348. This film ismore interesting than that one. That film is____________________________________________________. My kitchen is smaller than yours. Your kitchen___________________________________________________. My grandmother is older than everyone in my family. My grandmother is the_______________________________________. No one in my class is as tall as Tam. Tam is the_____________________________________________________. I can’t cook as well as my mother. My mother can cook_________________________________________. He does not play tennis as well as Jack. Jack can______________________________________________________. I did not spend as much money as you. You spent_____________________________________________________. I don’t think this book is as expensive as it is. This book is___________________________________________________. He is the tallest boy in his class. No one in_____________________________________________________. This is the most interesting film of all. No other films are__________________________________________. No cars in the world are more expensive than Japanese ones. Japanese cars_______________________________________________. This exercise is easier than that one. That exercise is not_________________________________________. He drives more carefully than Jack does. Jack__________________________________________________________. No one in the group plays better than he. He can______________________________________________________. No hotel in the city is as comfortable as this. This hotel is the____________________________________________. Other oceans in the world aren’t as large as the Pacific one. The Pacific Ocean is_______________________________________. They travel a lot. They know much about the world. The more___________________________________________________. He practices hard. He performs well. The harder_________________________________________________. Trang 348
- 349. Exercise 184: Finisheach of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. My sister is taller than any other student in the class. My sister is the_____________________________________________. No other cities in Vietnam is as large as Ho Chi Minh city. Ho Chi Minh city___________________________________________. This story is more interesting than any other story that I have ever heard. This is the___________________________________________________. My father can’t cook as well as my mother does. My mother cooks___________________________________________. My brother is shorter than any other student in the class. My brother is the__________________________________________. Daisy writes slowly. She makes a few mistakes. The__________________________________________________________. That writer wrote many stories. She became famous. The__________________________________________________________. She started later. She got much into traffic jam. The__________________________________________________________. I am as tall as Tam. Tam and I are the__________________________________________. He knows more than I do. I don’t_______________________________________________________. Taking by taxis is more quickly than taking by bus. Taking by bus isn’t_________________________________________. Linh is a better cook than Hoa. Hoa can’t___________________________________________________. Apples are usually cheaper than oranges. Apple are not_______________________________________________. The bus takes longer than the train. The train___________________________________________________. I can’t cook as well as my mother does. My mother_________________________________________________. He is the most punctual person she has ever met. She has_____________________________________________________. That is the most interesting book they have ever had. They have__________________________________________________. We have never eaten a more delicious dish than this one. Trang 349
- 350. This_________________________________________________________. Jimmy has neverbeen in a more difficult situation than this. This is_______________________________________________________. Dick seems to spend more when he earns more. The more____________________________________________________. Exercise 185: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. “Where is the station car park?” Mrs. Smith asked. Mrs. Smith asked ___________________________________________________. Miss Taylor doesn’t like living in such a small house. Miss Taylor wishes _________________________________________________. He didn’t hurry, so he missed the train. If _____________________________________________________________________. The fire has destroyed many houses. Many houses ________________________________________________________. I have studied English for 3 years. I began _______________________________________________________________. They are building a new school in that village. A new school ________________________________________________________. Unless you water those flowers regularly, they will wither. If you _________________________________________________________________. The driver said; “Don’t get off the bus while it’s moving!” The driver asked the passengers __________________________________. The robbers made the bank manager hand over the money. The bank manager __________________________________________________. “Why don’t you put a better lock on the door, Barry?” said John. John suggested ______________________________________________________. I haven’t eaten this kind of food before. This is the ____________________________________________________________. “Can I borrow your bicycle?” asked Peter. Peter asked if ________________________________________________________. We couldn’t have managed without my father’s money. If it ____________________________________________________________________. I had only just put the phone down when the boss rang back. Hardly ________________________________________________________________. It was Walter Raleigh who introduced potatoes and tobacco into England. The English owe _____________________________________________________. I only made that terrible mistake because I wasn’t thinking. If I _____________________________________________________________________. While I strongly disapprove of your behavior, I will help you this time. Trang 350
- 351. Despite my ____________________________________________________________. I’msorry I missed Professor Baker’s lecture. I’m sorry not __________________________________________________________. We may not be able to give the concert. The concert ____________________________________________________________. I was not surprised to hear that Harry had failed his driving test. It came _________________________________________________________________. Exercise 186: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. We had planned to visit grandmother, so we left early in the morning. We were ____________________________________________________________________. Someone rang the alarm as soon as the burglars left the building. No sooner __________________________________________________________________. As television program become more popular, they seem to get worse. The more ___________________________________________________________________. “I think the whole idea’s ridiculous,” he said. He dismissed _______________________________________________________________. The authorities will prosecute anyone they find trespassing on this land. Anyone found ______________________________________________________________. I prefer going out for a meal to staying at home. I’d rather ___________________________________________________________________. It would have been a super weekend if it hadn’t been for the weather. But __________________________________________________________________________. She had hardly begun to speak before people started interrupting her. Hardly _______________________________________________________________________. It was a bit difficult to get into work this morning. Getting ______________________________________________________________________. “Nothing will persuade me to sleep in that haunted house,” she said. She flatly __________________________________________________________________. He knows really everything there is to know about whales. There’s ____________________________________________________________________. If we can solve the problem soon, it will be better for an concerned. The sooner ________________________________________________________________. The demand was so great that they had to reprint the book immediately. So___________________________________________________________________________. I’m absolutely sure that they weren’t playing in this weather. They can’t _________________________________________________________________. “I didn’t steal the car,” he said, “I just borrowed it”. He denied _________________________________________________________________. It wasn’t necessary for them to call for help after all. They _______________________________________________________________________. Trang 351
- 352. When the policecaught him, he was climbing over the garden wall. The police caught _________________________________________________________. It’s sad, but unemployment is unlikely to go down this year. Sad _________________________________________________________________________. It is believed that the man escaped in a stolen car. The man is _________________________________________________________________. Since we had nothing else to do, we decided to go for a walk. Having _____________________________________________________________________. Exercise 187: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. You won’t find a more dedicated worker anywhere than Mrs. Jones. Nowhere ________________________________________________________________. No one has challenged his authority before. This is the first time ____________________________________________________. “If Brian doesn’t train harder, I won’t select him for the team,” said the manager. The manager threatened ______________________________________________. The hurricane blew the roof off the house. The house _______________________________________________________________. You’ll certainly meet lots of people in your new job. You are __________________________________________________________________. I left without saying goodbye as I didn’t want to disturb the meeting. Rather ___________________________________________________________________. There aren’t many other books which explain this problem so well. In few other books _____________________________________________________. I dislike it when people criticize me unfairly. I object __________________________________________________________________. Robert is sorry now that he didn’t accept the job. Robert now wishes ____________________________________________________. The film star wore dark glasses so that no one would recognize him. The film star avoided __________________________________________________. I am amazed by the mistakes he makes. What _____________________________________________________________________. We weren’t surprised by his success. It came __________________________________________________________________. “That’s a lovely new dress, Jean” said her mother. Jean’s mother complimented __________________________________________. We couldn’t relax until all the guests had gone home. Only ______________________________________________________________________. We couldn’t find George anywhere. George was _______________________________________________________________. Customs officials are stopping more travellers than usual this week. Trang 352
- 353. An increased _____________________________________________________________. Shelistens more sympathetically than anyone else I know. She is a ___________________________________________________________________. You’re under no obligation to accept their offer. You can please ___________________________________________________________. Martin may not be very well but he still manages to enjoy life. Martin’s poor ____________________________________________________________. The company presents a gold watch to each of its retiring employees. Each ______________________________________________________________________. Exercise 188: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. The only thing that kept us out of prison was the way he spoke the local dialect. But for his command _____________________________________________. The Pacific Ocean is on average deeper than the Atlantic. The average _______________________________________________________. My father finds maps hard to follow. My father has ______________________________________________________. Under no circumstances should you phone the police. The last ____________________________________________________________. House prices have risen dramatically this year. There has __________________________________________________________. This affair does not concern you. This affair is no ___________________________________________________. You must submit articles for the magazine by June 18th. The final date _____________________________________________________. Although Jimmy was the stronger of the two, his attacker soon overpowered him. Despite his ________________________________________________________. What a surprise to see you here! Fancy ______________________________________________________________. I don’t intend to apologize to either of them. I have ______________________________________________________________. It was only when I left home that I realized how much my father meant to me. Not until ___________________________________________________________. The rail workers do not intend to call off their strike. The rail workers have no _________________________________________. Mrs. Scott is proud of her cooking. Mrs. Scott prides ___________________________________________________. It was the goalkeeper who saved the match for us. If it hadn’t __________________________________________________________. It wasn’t a bit surprised to hear that Karen had changed her job. It came ______________________________________________________________. Trang 353
- 354. John didn’t celebrateuntil he received the offer of promotion in writing. Not until ____________________________________________________________. I don’t really like her, even though I admire her achievements. Much ________________________________________________________________. It’s thought that the accident was caused by human error. The accident ________________________________________________________. Keeping calm is the secret of passing your driving test. As long as ___________________________________________________________. Immediately after his appointment to the post, the new editor fell ill. No sooner ___________________________________________________________. Exercise 189: Finish each of the following sentences using a phrase including the given bold word in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. 1. John inflated the tyres of his bicycle. (blew) John ___________________ of his bicycle. We’d better leave them a note, because it’s possible they’ll arrive later. (case) We’d better ___________________ they arrive later. 3. Before he came here he worked for Mr. Smith. (previous) → Before the came here, his ___________________ was Mr. Smith. 4. He speaks German extremely well (command) → He ___________________ German. 5. His criticisms are quite unfair. (justification) → There is no ___________________ his criticisms. 6. I can’t understand why they are reluctant to sign the contract (baffled) → I ___________________ their reluctance to sign the contract. 7. I always find chess problems like that quite impossible. (defeat) → Chess problems like that ___________________ me! 8. This must be kept secret. (know) → You mustn’t ___________________ this. 9. I can’t afford a new dress, that old blue one will have to do. (make) → I can’t afford a new dress. I’ll have ___________________ that old blue one. 10. You can’t possibly expect me to have supper ready by 8 o’clock. (question) → There is ___________________ by 8 o’clock. 11. It is my opinion that there is no advantage in further discussion. (see) As far ___________________, there is no advantage in further discussion. Please excuse Jane’s poor typing. She’s only been learning for a month. (allowances) Please ___________________ only been learning for a month. 13. There is no way that young man can achieve success in this test. (bound) That young ___________________ this test. Although the dog appeared harmless, it was, in fact, quite dangerous. (contrary) ___________________ appearance, the dog was in fact quite dangerous. 15. He wasn’t to blame for the accident. (fault) Trang 354
- 355. The accident was___________________. 16. This hotel is inaccessible in winter. (possible) It’s not ___________________ this hotel in winter. 17. As far as I know he is still working in Bristol. (knowledge). To ___________________, he is still working in Bristol. 18. I don’t think there will be any applicants for this post. (likelihood) There ___________________ that there will be applicants for this post. 19. It was difficult for Susan to believe the good news (hardly) Susan could ___________________ good news. 20. You must make allowances for his inexperience. (account) You must ___________________. Exercise 190: Finish each of the following sentences using a phrase including the given bold word in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. 1. This contract is not binding until we both sign it. (bound) Neither (one) of us ____________________ contract until we both sign it. 2. You shouldn’t take his help for granted. (assume) You should/do not ____________________ will help you. 3. Nobody is infallible. (mistakes) We all ____________________. 4. The last Olympic Games were held in Seoul. (took) The last Olympic Games ____________________ in Seoul. 5. He talked about nothing except the weather (sole) His ____________________ conversation was the weather. 6. In the end, I felt I had been right to leave the club. (regrets) I had no ____________________ leaving the club in the end. 7. It is stupid of you to refuse Richard’s offer of a loan. (idiot) You are ____________________ Richard’s offer of a loan. 8. The company has decided to replace this model. (intention) It’s the company’s ____________________ this model. 9. Their problems are all self-inflicted. (making) Their problems are all ____________________. 10. If you take that job, you’ll have to get up at 6a.m every morning. (mean) Taking that job ____________________ have to get up at 6a.m every morning. 11. The only thing they could do was to look for a new flat. (alternative) They had ____________________ but to look for a new flat. 12. His last letter to me was written three years ago. (heard) I haven’t ____________________ for 3 years. 13. If only one could rely on what she says. (pity) It’s ____________________ we cannot rely on what she says. 14. An open fire can’t be compared to central heating. (comparison) Trang 355
- 356. There is no____________________ an open fire and central heating. 15. I remember very few things about my childhood. (scarcely) I can ____________________ about my childhood. 16. Some people say that Tsiolkovsky invented the space rocket. (credited) Tsiolkovsky is ____________________ the invention of the space rocket. 17. I daren’t turn on the TV because the baby might wake up. (fear) I daren’t turn on the TV ____________________ waking up the baby. 18. Some people will do anything to lose weight. (lengths) Some people will ____________________ to lose weight. 19. The two theories appear to be completely different. (common) The 2 theories ____________________. 20. The river Volta overflowed last year. (burst) The river Volta ____________________ last year. Exercise 191: Finish each of the following sentences using a phrase including the given bold word in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. 1. He doesn’t appreciate his wife. (granted) He takes ____________________. The number of people out of work has been going down little by little. (gradual) There has been ____________________ in the number of people out of work. 3. William decided that an actor’s life was not for him. (cut) William (decided that he) was not ____________________ an actor. 4. My cat has lost its appetite. (off) My cat has ____________________ its food. 5. The children made every effort to please their father (best) The children ____________________ please their father. 6. His behavior was rather a shock to me. (aback) His behavior ____________________. 7. The bank robbers escaped in a stolen car. (getaway) The bank robbers made ____________________ stolen car. 8. People don’t want to buy cars with large engines any more. (call) There isn’t much ____________________ large engines. 9. The prime Minister is unlikely to call an early general election. (likelihood) There ____________________ the PM calling a(n) (early general) election. 10. Nobody could possibly believe the story he told us (beyond) The story he ____________________ belief. 11. The project received the unanimous approval of the committee. (favour) The whole committee ____________________ the project. 12. Scientists say forests are being destroyed by air pollution. (blame) Scientists ____________________ the destruction of the forests. 13. His reactions are quite unpredictable (knows) One never ____________________ going to/will/may/might react. Trang 356
- 357. 14. The minister’spopularity suffered as a result of the scandal. (effect) The scandal ____________________. 15. The teachers agreed to introduce the new methods. (agreement) There was ____________________ the teachers to introduce new methods. 16. Jenny didn’t feel like going to the party. (mood) Jenny wasn’t ____________________ to the party/for (going to) the party. 17. The councilor answered every question frankly. (frank) → The councilor ____________________ every question. 18. It is said that he has been to prison several times (reputed) → He is ____________________ been (sent) to prison. 19. Most stores will accept a credit card instead of cash. (alternative) → Most stores will accept a credit card ____________________ cash. 20. Our opinions on the subject are identical. (difference) → There is no ____________________ our opinions on the subject. Exercise 192: Finish each of the following sentences using a phrase including the given bold word in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. 1. Local residents said they were against the new traffic scheme. (disapproval) Local residents expressed their ____________________ traffic scheme. 2. If interest rates are cut, the economic situation may improve. (reduction) A ____________________ rates may improve the economic situation. 3. The architect’s new design was heavily criticized. (criticism) → There ____________________ the architect’s new design. 4. Very little money was raised by the charity appeal. (response) There was very ____________________ the charity appeal. 5. Ours is the only company allowed to import these chemicals. (monopoly) Our company has got ____________________ the importation of these chemicals. 6. The coach’s tactics were directly responsible for the team’s defeat. (consequence) → The team’s defeat was a ____________________ the coach’s tactics. 7. We have no idea where he is. (whereabouts) → We don’t know ____________________. 8. The policeman acted quickly and averted an accident. (prompt) → The ____________________ the policeman averted an accident. 9. This new record is certain to sell a lot of copies. (doubt) There ____________________ this new record will sell a lot of copies. 10. I want to be left alone (disturbed) → I don’t want ____________________. 11. He took the company to court on the grounds of unfair dismissal. (unfairly) → He took the company ____________________. 12. We’re likely to be a little late, I’m afraid. (every) → There’s ____________________ that we’ll be late. 13. The Committee said they liked the first proposal best. (preference) Trang 357
- 358. The committee ____________________the first proposal. 14. I really must answer all these letters. (get down) I really must ____________________ all these letters. 15. It’s not your fault. (blame) You ____________________ yourself. 16. People seem to be criticizing the police quite a lot nowadays. (criticism) There’s quite a lot ____________________ at the police nowadays. 17. In a nutshell, the man’s an idiot. (bluntly) Quite ____________________ an idiot. 18. I’m dying to meet them. (wait) I (just) can’t ____________________ them. 19. They lay on the beach the whole week sunbathing. (spent) They ____________________ on the beach sunbathing. 20. I seriously doubt whether this will work. (doubts) I have serious ____________________ this will work. BÀI 2. WRITING A PARAGRAPH, AN ESSAY VIẾT ĐOẠN VĂN, BÀI VĂN Trong kì thi THPT Quốc gia đây có lẽ là phần yếu nhất và phần có rất ít thí sinh có điểm. Trên thực tế không quá khó để có điểm, thậm chí đạt điểm cao hoặc điểm tuyệt đối cho phần này nếu học sinh nắm chắc kĩ năng tổ chức ý tưởng, vận dụng kiến thức, thực hiện tốt các bước xây dựng dàn ý và viết bài. Trong kì thi THPT Quốc Gia năm 2015, học sinh được yêu cầu viết một đoạn văn không dưới 140 từ về một chủ đề quen thuộc đã được đề cập trong chương trình Tiếng Anh cấp THPT đặc biệt chương trình lớp 12. Bài này trình bày các thủ thuật viết đoạn văn và giới thiệu một số đề luyện tập, bài viết mẫu để các em tham khảo. Và cũng để đề phòng yêu cầu mới, những đòi hỏi cao hơn về phần viết luận trong đề thi THPT Quốc Gia những năm kế tiếp, phần viết bài luận và các bài viết mẫu cũng được giới thiệu ở phần cuối của bài này. I. What is a paragraph? Thế nào là một đoạn văn? Definitions: Định nghĩa - Một đoạn văn là một loạt câu phát triển, ủng hộ, chứng minh một ý nào đó, và ý này thường là câu chủ đề (topic sentence) của đoạn văn. Các câu còn lại (supporting sentences) phát triển, giải thích, minh họa cho câu chủ đề. Câu kết luận (concluding sentence) của đoạn văn là câu khẳng định lại câu chủ điểm, tóm tắt lại các ý chính của đoạn văn. A paragraph is a group of sentences that deal with a single topic with the length (as required in the GCSE) of around 150 words. Đoạn văn trong tiếng Anh là một tổ hợp câu với độ dài (yêu cầu thi THPT Quốc Gia) chừng 150 từ, diễn tả hay bàn thảo về một chủ đề nhất định. Trang 358
- 359. Normally (but notalways), the first sentence introduces the topic. Other sentences give the definitions, examples, information, reasons, restatements, and summaries. Thông thường (không phải là luôn luôn), câu đầu tiên diễn tả chủ đề. Các câu còn lại là sự giải trình, dẫn chững, tái khảng định, thêm thông tin và tóm lược. The parts of the paragraph are linked together by the phrases and conjunctions. They guide the readers through the argument presented. Xuyên suốt đoạn văn, các cụm từ, liên từ được sử dụng để kết nối và dẫn dắt độc giả theo chủ đề được bàn thảo. Parts of a Paragraph: Các phần của đoạn văn 2.1. Topic Sentence: Câu chủ đề - đưa ra chủ đề để bàn thảo 2.2. Supporting Details: Các câu văn bổ trợ cho câu chủ đề - là sự giải trình, dẫn chững, tái khảng định, hay thêm thông cho câu chủ đề, hay chủ đề. 2.3. Closing Sentence: Câu kết – là tóm lược lại hay tái khảng định lại chủ đề. How to Write a Paragraph: Kĩ năng viết một đoạn văn Prewriting Paragraphs: Chuẩn bị trước khi viết The prewriting stage is when you think carefully and organize your ideas for your paragraph before you begin writing. Là quá trình ta động não suy nghĩ, tìm và sắp xếp các ý tưởng cho đoạn văn sẽ được viết. quá trình này tuân theo 6 bước cơ bản sau: Six Prewriting Steps: 6 bước chuẩn bị viết một đoạn văn: Step 1. Think carefully about what you are going to write. Hãy tự hỏi các câu hỏi: What question am I going to answer in this paragraph or essay? How can I best answer this question? What is the most important part of my answer? How can I make an introductory sentence (or thesis statement) from the most important part of my answer? What facts or ideas can I use to support my introductory sentence? How can I make this paragraph or essay interesting? Do I need more facts on this topic? Where can I find more facts on this topic? Step 2. Open your notebook. Hãy trả lời cho các câu hỏi ở bước 1. Không cần phải sử dụng quá nhiều thời gian để thực hiện bước này, thay vì thế hãy liệt kê những ý tưởng quan trọng (2-3 ý chính). Step 3. Collect facts related to your paragraph or essay topic. Tìm và liệt kê các ý tưởng sẽ giúp bạn trả lời các câu hỏi và là ý cho bài viết, hãy chắc chắn rằng những điều bạn liệt kê ra trùng khớp hoàn toàn với chủ đề được yêu cầu. Step 4. Write down your own ideas. Để viết các ý chính hãy tự hỏi các câu hỏi sau: What else do I want to say about this topic? Trang 359
- 360. Why should peoplebe interested in this topic? Why is this topic important? Step 5. Find the main idea of your paragraph. Hãy chọn câu chủ đề cho đoạn văn, viết câu chủ đề một cách hoàn chỉnh. Step 6. Organize your facts and ideas in a way that develops your main idea. Sắp xếp các ý, các giải trình, ví dụ, hay những ý kiến bổ trợ sao cho hợp logic, khoa học, chú ý cách dùng từ ngữ, các cụm từ, liên từ (tránh lặp lại các từ đã dùng). Writing Paragraphs: Kĩ năng viết đoạn văn Writing process: Tiến hành viết Đây là bước chuyển hóa từ các ý tưởng (đã làm ở phần chuẩn bị trên đây) thành một bài viết hoàn chỉnh (sản phẩm cuối cùng). Tuân thủ 5 bước sau: Five Writing Steps: Open your notebook and word processor. Write the topic sentence, supporting sentences, and closing sentence. Write clear and simple sentences to express your meaning. Focus on the main idea of your paragraph. Use the dictionary to help you find additional words to express your ideas. 2.2. Editing Paragraphs: Sửa lỗi bài viết gồm 2 bước sau: a. Grammar and Spelling: Chữa các lỗi ngữ pháp và chính tả Check your spelling. Check your grammar. Read your essay again. Make sure each sentence has a subject. See if your subjects and verbs agree with each other. Check the verb tenses of each sentence. Make sure that each sentence makes sense. b. Style and Organization: Chữa các lỗi về hành văn Make sure your paragraph has a topic sentence. Make sure your supporting sentences focus on the main idea. Make sure you have a closing sentence. Check that all your sentences focus on the main idea. See if your paragraph is interesting. Useful expressions: Những liên từ, hay các cụm từ hữu ích khi viết đoạn văn: Trang 360
- 361. Useful expressions Sequencing/ ListingFirst of all, First(ly), Initially, To begin with; Second(ly); Third(ly); Next; Then; After that (this); Following this (that); Finally; The first reason is…/ The second is…; Last but not least… Adding to what you Also, Furthermore, In addition, Additionally, have said Moreover, Besides, As well as, Similarly, not only…but also…, even beside this/ that,… Contrasting In contrast to this, On the contrary, In contrast, Conversely, On the other hand, While, Whereas, However, Despite/ In spite of, Although, Even though, Otherwise, Nonetheless,… Expressing similarity Similarly; Likewise, In the same way Showing results As a result, As a consequence, Consequently, Hence, Thus, Therefore, So,… Giving examples For example, For instance, In particular, Particularly, That is to say, Namely, Such as,… Restating In other words, That is to say, To put it simply,… Inferring In other words, In that case, or else, Otherwise,… Summarizing In summary, To sum up, To conclude, To recapitulate, In conclusion, In short, In brief, In a nutshell, Lastly, Finally,… Kinds of Paragraphs: Các loại đoạn văn cơ bản Definition Paragraph: Đoạn văn để định nghĩa về một sự vật, hiện tượng. e.g. Write a paragraph giving the definition of a pest. Classification Paragraph: Đoạn văn để nhóm, hay phân loại các sự vật, hiện tượng. e.g. Write a paragraph discussing two types of energy resources. Description Paragraph: Đoạn văn miêu tả về một sự vật, hiện tượng. e.g. Write a paragraph to talk about your most favorite subject. Compare and Contrast Paragraph: Đoạn văn đề diễn tả sự so sanh hay tương phản về các sự vật, hiện tượng. e.g. Write a paragraph comparing the weather in Vancouver and Halifax. Sequence Paragraph: Đoạn văn mô tả một chuỗi, hay một tiến trình ủa sự vật, sự việc. Trang 361
- 362. e.g. Write aparagraph outlining how a person becomes the prime minister. Choice Paragraph: Đoạn văn mô tả sự chọn lựa. e.g. Write a paragraph stating whether you would prefer to play hockey or lacrosse. 7. Explanation Paragraph: Đoạn văn để giải thích e.g. Write a paragraph explaining why so many Europeans moved to Canada during the nineteenth century. Evaluation Paragraph: Đoạn văn để đánh gia về sự vật, hiện tượng. e.g. Write a paragraph evaluating whether pesticides should be used on farms. IV. Writing an essay: Viết bài luận Một bài luận là một bài viết dài hơn và thường gồm nhiều đoạn và mỗi đoạn văn thường theo cấu trúc đoạn văn trình bày trên. Tuy nhiên, cách viết đoạn mở đầu (introductory paragraph) và đoạn kết (concluding paragraph) đặc thù như sau: 1. The introductory paragraph: Đoạn văn chủ đề • The attention getter a sentence that gets the reader interested • The main idea the topic or thesis of the essay • The guide/ thesis statement (the last sentence of the introductory paragraph) a list of the points that will be discussed, thus showing the organization of the composition e.g. There are many things that symbolize the Vietnamese culture. Among these is the conical leaf hat, a symbol of traditional Vietnamese girls. The hat is very special because of its physical features and its use. Attention getter: e.g. There are many things that symbolize the Vietnamese culture. - Topic/ thesis: e.g. Among these is the conical leaf hat, a symbol of traditional Vietnamese girls. - The guide/ thesis statement: e.g. The hat is very special because of its physical features and its use. Bodies: Các đoạn văn nội dung Các đoạn tiếp theo sau đoạn mở đầu sẽ phát triển tương ứng các ý được đề cập trong câu chủ đề của bài luận, và cách viết tuân thủ theo cách viết đoạn văn đã được đề cập trên. Ví dụ, đối với phần mở bài trên, phần thân bài sẽ có 2 đoạn: Paragraph 1: physical features Paragraph 2: its use Trang 362
- 363. 3. The concludingparagraph: Đoạn văn kết Là đoạn cuối của bài luận. Thường có 3 cách để viết đoạn kết. A summary repeats the main points of the essay. A prediction discusses what will happen in the future. An evaluation compares the main points and states what is best. V. Summary: Tóm lược các bước và cấu truc của bài luận: Structure of the Paragraph and the Essay Main idea (topic sentence or thesis) Support for the main idea (a number of supporting details in a paragraph or a number of paragraphs in an essay) Conclusion (summary of the main points of support for the main idea) The writing process for the Paragraph and the Essay • First steps understanding the assignment narrowing the topic determining the writing context formulating a main idea • Generating ideas stating the main idea brainstorming freewriting listing clustering diving Organizing ideas Drafting Revising Editing BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH Exercise 193. With around 160 words, write a paragraph describing a person you admire most. Your writing should include: Who the person is? Why you admire him or her? Trang 363
- 364. How he/she affectsyour life and work? Exercise 194. With around 160 words, write a paragraph giving your opinions of what makes a person successful in life. Your writing should include: What success is? The main factors that make people success? How you think about success? Exercise 195. With around 160 words, write a paragraph giving your opinions of the benefits of being able to use English. Your writing should include: What the main benefits of being able to use English? What the examples to illustrate your ideas? Exercise 196. With around 160 words, write a paragraph describing your homeland. Your writing should include: What your homeland is like? What the main features of your homeland are? How you love your homeland? Exercise 197. With around 160 words, write a paragraph describing your favorite school subject. Your writing should include: What your favorite school subject is? Why the subject interests you? How well you learn that subject? Exercise 198. With around 160 words, write a paragraph giving your opinions on the idea of controlling the access to electronic services. Your writing should include: How the electronic services affect people’s life? Why the access to electronic services should be controlled? How people control the access to electronic services? Exercise 199. With around 160 words, write a paragraph giving your opinions about the formal school education system in Vietnam. Your writing should include: Trang 364
- 365. How many stagesthere are? The students’ ages, the length of each stage, the examination if there is? The tuition fee or other requirements? Exercise 200. With around 160 words, write a paragraph giving your opinions on the benefits of working for an International Organization. Your writing should include: How your life will be like when working for an International Organization? Why you choose to work overseas? How you realize your dream? Exercise 201. With around 200 words, write a paragraph giving your opinions on the solutions to the commuting problems among people who live in the country to drive to work in the city. Your writing should include: The problems caused by people commute to work? Your solutions to offer? Your own ideas? Exercise 202. With around 220 words, write to discuss the issue “Families now are not as close-knit as they were in the past”. Your writing should include: The causes that separate family members? The supported ideas or illustrations? Your own ideas? Exercise 203. With around 200 words, write a letter to apply for an overseas university. Your writing should include: How you find the information about the university? Why you choose to apply for that university? What your abilities are? Begin with “Dear Sir/ Madam”, ending with “Yours faithfully,” Exercise 204. With around 200 words, write a letter to apply for a job as a local tour guide. Your writing should include: How you find the information about the vacancy? Why you choose to work as a tour guide? What your abilities are? Trang 365
- 366. Begin with “DearSir/ Madam”, ending with “Yours faithfully,” Exercise 205. With around 230 words, write a letter to tell your friend about your family life. Your writing should include: What are your family rules? What is each member’s responsibility? How do you think and live? Begin with “Dear Jim”, ending with “Best wishes,” Exercise 206. With around 250 words, write a letter to a friend to tell her/ him about the one who influenced you most. Your writing should include: Who the person is? Why you think he/she is the most important to you? How he/she influenced you? Begin with “Dear Linda”, ending with “Yours,” Exercise 207. The widespread use of the Internet has brought many problems. What do you think the main problems associated with the use of the web? What solutions can you suggest? Your writing must has a length of over 220 words and includes: The problems related to free access to the internet? The harmful effects of surfing websites too much and uncontrollably? Your suggested own ideas. Exercise 208. Young people are much more aware of and concerned about the issues like the environment, poverty, and animal welfare than previous generations. What is your own opinion? Your writing must has a length of over 220 words and includes: The issues and the community’s concern? The generations’ thinking? Your own ideas. Exercise 209. It is important for travelers and business people to understand the cultures they come into contact with, however briefly. What are the main advantages of doing so? What do you think is the main disadvantage of doing so? Your writing must has a length of over 220 words and includes: The importance of culture to visitors and businessmen? The advantages and disadvantages? Trang 366
- 367. Your own ideas. Exercise210. More and more city workers are deciding to live in the country and travel into work every day. The result is increased traffic congestion and damage to the environment. What measures do you think could be taken to encourage people not to travel much long distance into work? Your writing must has a length of over 220 words and includes: The trend of living in the country and working in the city? The advantages and disadvantages? Your own ideas. Exercise 211. Write an essay to discuss the benefits of doing exercise. Your writing must has a length of over 220 words and includes: The importance of doing exercises? The benefits of having a habit of taking exercise? Your own ideas. Exercise 212. Write an essay to talk about the situations and to offer the solutions to protect the wildlife from being all disappearing. Your writing must has a length of over 220 words and includes: The importance of the biodiversity? The rights of the wildlife and measures to take to protect the environment? Your own ideas. Exercise 213. Write an essay to talk about the reason why people want to have college or university education. Your writing must has a length of over 220 words and includes: The main reasons for which people want to have higher education? The supporting ideas or illustrations? Your own ideas. Exercise 214. Write an essay to talk about the topic “Parents are our first teachers in life”. Your writing must has a length of over 220 words and includes: The things that we learn from parents? How good are parents as teachers? Your own ideas. Trang 367
- 368. Exercise 215. Individualscan do nothing to change society. Any new developments can only be brought about by governments and large institutions. How far do you agree or disagree? Your writing must has a length of over 220 words and includes: The things individuals and government can do? How do individuals and government cooperate to better the society? Your own ideas. Trang 368
- 370. PHẦN II. ĐÁPÁN CÁC BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH THEO CÁC CHUYÊN ĐỀ ÔN THI CHUYÊN ĐỀ I. PHONETICS BÀI 1. PHONETIC SYMBOLS – KÍ HIỆU NGỮ ÂM Phần lời giải cho các bài tập từ Exercise 1 đến Exercise 4 các tổ hợp chữ cái được gạch dưới đã được phiên âm bằng các kí hiệu ngữ âm cụ thể. Phần lựa chọn có các kí hiệu phiên âm khác biệt so với ba lựa chọn còn lại chính là đáp án đúng và các chữ cái thế hiện là: A, B, C, hoặc D. Exercise 1: Find the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from the others of the same group. 21. A. / ӕ / B. / ӕ / C. / e / D. / ӕ / 22. A. / ɜ: / B. / ɜ: / C. / ɜ: / D. / Iә / 23. A. / eIz / B. / eIz / C. / ez / D. / eIz / 24. A. / I / B. / I / C. / I / D. / ai / 25. A. / ɔ: / B. / ʌ / C. / ʌ / D. / ʌ / 26. A. / ӕ / B. / ӕ / C. / ӕ / D. / ɔ / 27. A. / / B. / / C. / / D. / / 28. A. / g / B. / g / C. / dʒ / D. / g / 29. A. / ɔ: / B. / ɔ: / C. / aʊ / D. / ɔ: / 30. A. / s / B. / z / C. / z / D. / z / 31. A. / Id / B. / t / C. / Id / D. / Id / 32. A. / k / B. / k / C. / s / D. / k / 33. A. / / B. / / C. / / D. / / 34. A. / ӕ / B. / ӕ / C. / ӕ / D. / eI / 35. A. / s / B. / Iz / C. / Iz / D. / Iz / 36. A. / jʊ / B. / jʊ / C. / ʌ / D. / jʊ / 37. A. / / B. / / C. / / D. / / 38. A. / I / B. / I / C. / aI / D. / I / 39. A. / dʒ / B. / dʒ / C. / dʒ / D. / g / 40. A. / e / B. / e / C. / i: / D. / e / Exercise 2: Find the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from the others of the same group. 21. A. / I / B. / I / 22. A. / I / B. / aI / 23. A. / I / B. / aI / 24. A. / / B. / / 25. A. / t / B. / t / 26. A. / eI / B. / ӕ / 27. A. / ʌ / B. / u: / 28. A. / / B. / / C. / aI / / aI / C. / aI / C. / / C. / t / C. / eI / C. / u: / C. / / D. / I / / aI / D. / aI / D. / / D. / Id / D. / eI / D. / u: / D. / b / Trang 369
- 371. 29. A. / / B. / / C. / / D. / / 30. A. / aʊ / B. / aʊ / C. / aʊ / D. / ɔ: / 31. A. / ʃn / B. / ʃn / C. / ʃn / D. / tʃn / 32. A. / jʊ / B. / jʊ / C. / әʊ / D. / jʊ / 33. A. / t / B. / t / C. / t / D. / d / 34. A. / z / B. / s / C. / z / D. / z / 35. A. / Id / B. / Id / C. / Id / D. / d / 36. A. / e / B. / eI / C. / e / D. / e / 37. A. / ʌ / B. / u: / C. / u: / D. / u: / 38. A. / aI / B. / aI / C. / aI / D. / I / 39. A. / / B. / / C. / / D. / / 40. A. / ɔ: / B. / ʌ / C. / ɔ: / D. / ɔ: / Exercise 3: Find the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from the others of the same group. 21. A. / u: / B. / u: / C. / ɔ: / D. / u: / 22. A. / e / B. / ӕ / C. / ӕ / D. / ӕ / 23. A. / ʊ / B. / ʌ / C. / ʊ / D. / ʊ / 24. A. / ӕ / B. / ә / C. / ӕ / D. / ӕ / 25. A. / eI / B. / eI / C. / eI / D. / ӕ / 26. A. / әʊ / B. / әʊ / C. / ɔ / D. / әʊ / 27. A. / Iә / B. / Iә / C. / Iә / D. / ɜ: / 28. A. / ɜ: / B. / әʊ / C. / әʊ / D. / әʊ / 29. A. / eI / B. / eI / C. / ӕ / D. / eI / 30. A. / aʊ / B. / aʊ / C. / aʊ / D. / әʊ / 31. A. / a: / B. / ɔ / C. / ɔ / D. / ɔ / 32. A. / ɔ: / B. / ɔ: / C. / ɔ: / D. / әʊ / 33. A. / k / B. / k / C. / s / D. / k / 34. A. / ʒ / B. / ʒ / C. / ʒ / D. / ʃ / 35. A. / aʊ / B. / ɔ: / C. / ɔ: / D. / ɔ: / 36. A. / z / B. / z / C. / z / D. / s / 37. A. / i: / B. / i: / C. / eI / D. / i: / 38. A. / Id / B. / t / C. / t / D. / t / 39. A. / jʊ / B. / u: / C. / jʊ / D. / jʊ / 40. A. / / B. / / C. / / D. / b / Exercise 4: Find the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from the others of the same group. 21. A. / d / B. / d / 22. A. / / B. / / 23. A. / tʃ / B. / k / 24. A. / id / B. / t / 25. A. / aʊ / B. / aʊ / 26. A. / dʒ / B. / g / C. / d / C. / / C. / tʃ / C. / t / C. / ɔ / C. / dʒ / D. / t / D. / / D. / tʃ / D. / t / D. / aʊ / D. / dʒ / Trang 370
- 372. 27. A. /ʃ / B. / ʃ / 28. A. / i: / B. / e / 29. A. / ӕ / B. / ӕ / 30. A. / aI / B. / I / 31. A. / ʊ / B. / ʌ / 32. A. / ɔ: / B. / ɔ: / 33. A. / d / B. / d / 34. A. / ә / B. / ɜ: / 35. A. / z / B. / s / 36. A. / k / B. / tʃ / 37. A. / s / B. / s / 38. A. / aʊ / B. / ɔ: / 39. A. / z / B. / z / 40. A. / eI / B. / eI / C. / tʃ / C. / i: / C. / ӕ / / aI / C. / ʊ / C. / aʊ / C. / t / C. /ә/ C. / z / C. / tʃ / C. / s / C. / ɔ: / C. / z / C. / eI / D. / ʃ / D. / i: / D. / ɔ / / aI / D. / ʊ / D. / ɔ: / D. / d / D. / ә / D. / z / D. / tʃ / D. / z / D. / ɔ: / D. / s / D. / ӕ / BÀI 2. STRESS - XÁC ĐỊNH TRỌNG ÂM Phần lời giải cho các bài tập từ Exercise 5 đến Exercise 10, các từ cụ thể ở mỗi câu hỏi có vị trí trọng âm được đánh số thứ tự 1,2,3,4,... Đáp án đúng là đáp án có số thứ tự vị trí trọng âm khác biệt so với các đáp án còn lại trong cùng một câu hỏi và được kí hiệu là: A, B, C, hoặc D. Exercise 5: Find the word whose stress pattern is different from the others of the same group. 1. A. 2 B. 2 C. 1 D. 2 11. A. 1 B. 2 C. 2 D. 2 2. A. 1 B. 2 C. 1 D. 1 12. A. 1 B. 1 C. 1 D. 2 3. A. 3 B. 1 C. 3 D. 3 13. A. 2 B. 2 C. 2 D. 4 4. A. 2 B. 2 C. 1 D. 2 14. A. 1 B. 2 C. 1 D. 1 5. A. 1 B. 1 C. 2 D. 1 15. A. 2 B. 2 C. 2 D. 1 6. A. 2 B. 3 C. 2 D. 2 16. A. 2 B. 2 C. 2 D. 1 7. A. 2 B. 2 C. 3 D. 2 17. A. 2 B. 2 C. 1 D. 2 8. A. 3 B. 1 C. 3 D. 3 18. A. 2 B. 2 C. 2 D. 1 9. A. 2 B. 2 C. 1 D. 2 19. A. 2 B. 2 C. 3 D. 2 10. A. 1 B. 1 C. 1 D. 2 20. A. 2 B. 2 C. 2 D. 1 Exercise 6: Find the word whose stress pattern is different from the others of the same group. 1. A. 1 B. 2 C. 1 D. 1 11. A. 2 B. 2 C. 1 D. 2 2. A. 1 B. 1 C. 2 D. 1 12. A. 2 B. 1 C. 1 D. 1 3. A. 2 B. 1 C. 2 D. 2 13. A. 1 B. 1 C. 2 D. 1 4. A. 2 B. 1 C. 1 D. 1 14. A. 2 B. 1 C. 2 D. 2 5. A. 2 B. 1 C. 1 D. 1 15. A. 1 B. 1 C. 2 D. 1 6. A. 1 B. 1 C. 1 D. 2 16. A. 1 B. 2 C. 2 D. 2 7. A. 2 B. 2 C. 2 D. 1 17. A. 3 B. 3 C. 1 D. 3 8. A. 1 B. 1 C. 1 D. 2 18. A. 1 B. 1 C. 1 D. 2 Trang 371
- 373. 9. A. 2B. 2 C. 1 D. 2 19. A. 1 B. 1 C. 1 D. 3 10. A. 1 B. 1 C. 1 D. 2 20. A. 1 B. 2 C. 2 D. 2 Exercise 7: Find the word whose stress pattern is different from the others of the same group. 1. A. 1 B. 2 C. 2 D. 2 11. A. 2 B. 3 C. 2 D. 2 2. A. 2 B. 2 C. 2 D. 1 12. A. 3 B. 2 C. 2 D. 2 3. A. 1 B. 2 C. 1 D. 1 13. A. 2 B. 2 C. 2 D. 1 4. A. 1 B. 1 C. 1 D. 2 14. A. 3 B. 2 C. 2 D. 2 5. A. 1 B. 2 C. 1 D. 1 15. A. 3 B. 2 C. 2 D. 2 6. A. 1 B. 2 C. 1 D. 1 16. A. 2 B. 1 C. 1 D. 1 7. A. 2 B. 1 C. 1 D. 1 17. A. 2 B. 1 C. 2 D. 2 8. A. 1 B. 3 C. 3 D. 3 18. A. 1 B. 2 C. 1 D. 1 9. A. 2 B. 2 C. 1 D. 2 19. A. 2 B. 2 C. 2 D. 1 10. A. 3 B. 3 C. 2 D. 3 20. A. 2 B. 3 C. 2 D. 2 Exercise 8: Find the word whose stress pattern is different from the others of the same group. 1. A. 2 B. 1 C. 1 D. 1 11. A. 1 B. 2 C. 1 D. 1 2. A. 1 B. 1 C. 2 D. 1 12. A. 1 B. 2 C. 2 D. 2 3. A. 2 B. 2 C. 2 D. 1 13. A. 1 B. 2 C. 1 D. 1 4. A. 2 B. 2 C. 1 D. 2 14. A. 1 B. 2 C. 2 D. 2 5. A. 2 B. 2 C. 1 D. 2 15. A. 2 B. 2 C. 2 D. 1 6. A. 1 B. 2 C. 1 D. 1 16. A. 1 B. 2 C. 2 D. 2 7. A. 1 B. 1 C. 2 D. 1 17. A. 1 B. 1 C. 2 D. 1 8. A. 1 B. 2 C. 1 D. 1 18. A. 2 B. 2 C. 1 D. 2 9. A. 1 B. 2 C. 2 D. 2 19. A. 1 B. 1 C. 2 D. 1 10. A. 1 B. 2 C. 1 D. 1 20. A. 3 B. 2 C. 2 D. 2 Exercise 9: Find the word whose stress pattern is different from the others of the same group. 1. A. 1 B. 2 C. 1 D. 1 11. A. 1 B. 1 C. 1 D. 2 2. A. 2 B. 1 C. 1 D. 1 12. A. 1 B. 2 C. 1 D. 1 3. A. 2 B. 2 C. 2 D. 1 13. A. 2 B. 2 C. 1 D. 2 4. A. 1 B. 1 C. 1 D. 2 14. A. 2 B. 1 C. 1 D. 1 5. A. 2 B. 4 C. 2 D. 2 15. A. 2 B. 2 C. 3 D. 2 6. A. 2 B. 2 C. 2 D. 1 16. A. 2 B. 1 C. 1 D. 1 7. A. 1 B. 1 C. 2 D. 1 17. A. 2 B. 1 C. 2 D. 2 8. A. 2 B. 1 C. 1 D. 1 18. A. 1 B. 1 C. 1 D. 2 9. A. 1 B. 2 C. 1 D. 1 19. A. 2 B. 1 C. 1 D. 1 10. A. 1 B. 2 C. 1 D. 1 20. A. 1 B. 2 C. 1 D. 1 Exercise 10: Find the word whose stress pattern is different from the others of the same group. Trang 372
- 374. 1. A. 1B. 1 C. 1 D. 2 11. A. 1 B. 2 C. 1 D. 1 2. A. 2 B. 1 C. 1 D. 1 12. A. 1 B. 1 C. 2 D. 1 3. A. 2 B. 2 C. 1 D. 2 13. A. 2 B. 1 C. 2 D. 2 4. A. 1 B. 2 C. 2 D. 2 14. A. 1 B. 3 C. 1 D. 1 5. A. 1 B. 1 C. 1 D. 2 15. A. 1 B. 1 C. 1 D. 2 6. A. 1 B. 1 C. 2 D. 1 16. A. 2 B. 1 C. 1 D. 1 7. A. 1 B. 2 C. 1 D. 1 17. A. 3 B. 3 C. 1 D. 3 8. A. 2 B. 2 C. 1 D. 2 18. A. 1 B. 1 C. 1 D. 2 9. A. 1 B. 1 C. 1 D. 2 19. A. 1 B. 2 C. 1 D. 1 10. A. 1 B. 1 C. 2 D. 1 20. A. 2 B. 1 C. 1 D. 1 CHUYÊN ĐỀ II. WORD CLASS CHUYÊN ĐỀ VỀ TỪ VỰNG HỌC BÀI 1. NOUNS - DANH TỪ Phần lời giải cho các bài tập từ Exercise 11 đến Exercise 13 được cung cấp bằng một danh từ phái sinh tương ứng với mỗi từ gốc cho trước (một từ gốc có thể có hơn một danh từ phái sinh, nhưng phần đáp án chỉ cung cấp một danh từ trong số các danh từ có thể có ở Exercise 11, chỉ một danh từ đúng cho các câu hỏi ở các bài tập Exercise 12 và Exercise 13). Exercise 11: Give ONE of the derived nouns of the given words. roots nouns roots nouns 1. able ability 16. imitate imitation 2. anxious anxiety 17. know knowledge 3. attract attraction 18. like likeness 4. announce announcement 19. lonely loneliness 5. believe belief 20. maintain maintenance 6. careful carefulness 21. manage management 7. certain certainty 22. modernize modernization 8. child childhood 23. organize organization 9. discover discovery 24. pollute pollution 10. excite excitement 25. popular popularity 11. explain explanation 26. prove proof 12. friendly friendliness 27. short shortage 13. free freedom 28. solid solidity 14. hospitable hospitability 29. stupid stupidity 15. imagine imagination 30. warm warmth Exercise 12: Give ONE of the derived nouns of the given words to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Trang 373
- 375. 1. PERSONALITY 11.MEMBERSHIP 2. ENVIRONMENTALIST 12. REFUSAL 3. APPEARANCE 13. AGREEMENT 4. MAJORITY 14. ECONOMICS 5. HUMILIATION 15. UPBRINGING 6. STABILITY 16. SURVIVORS 7. TERRORIST 17. INSTALLATION 8. DESTRUCTION 18. ATTENDANCE 9. VARIETY 19. COMPETITORS 10. ATTRACTION 20. FRIENDSHIP Exercise 13: Give ONE of the derived nouns of the given words to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. 1. FAILURE 11. EXPLANATION 2. ACQUAINTANCES 12. AGREEMENTS 3. SPEECH 13. SICKNESSES 4. BORDOM 14. ADAPTATION 5. PROSPERITY 15. PASSERS-BY 6. ELECTRIFICATION 16. DISAPPROVAL 7. ANTIBIOTICS 17. DETERMINATION 8. BEHOLDER 18. BREAKDOWN 9. PRECISION 19. POOR 10. APPLICANTS 20. REDUCTION Phần lời giải cho các bài tập từ Exercise 14 đến Exercise 18 cung cấp các đáp án đúng cụ thể kèm theo phần giải thích đáp án qua giảng nghĩa của từ, đưa ra cấu trúc câu hay các cụm ngữ cố định. Exercise 14: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. B automation (tự động hóa) 2. B concentration (n) sự tập trung 3. D pleasure (n) giải trí 4. B produce electricity (n) sx điện 5. D employment (n) làm việc 6. A book review (n) tóm lược 7. C distributing fertilizers B pollutants (n) tác nhân Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. C equality (n) bình đẳng giới 12. C responsibility (n) bổn phận 13. B conservation (n) việc bảo tồn 14. C industrial development 15. B extinction (n) sự tiệt chủng 16. C integration (n) hội nhập 17. D civilization (n) nền văn minh D destruction (n) sự hủy hoại Trang 374
- 376. C subject (n)môn học A power (n) quyền lực 19. B pages (n) (trang sách) 20. B receive + danh từ chỉ sự vật Exercise 15: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. A biology (n) môn sinh học 2. B night shift (n) ca đêm 3. B to take responsibility for 4. C solutions (n) giải pháp 5. D special dishes (n) đặc sản 6. B first attempt (n) lần đầu 7. B share the household chores 8. C burn garbage (v) đốt rác 9. B make a decision (v) quyết định D values (n) giá trị Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. B construction (n) hướng dẫn 12. B university education 13. D subject (n) môn học English 14. B Geography (n) môn Địa Lí 15. B History (n) môn Lịch Sử 16. C durability (n) độ bền 17. B subject (n) môn học 18. D vacancies (n) vị trí công việc 19. C vacant positions (n) việc C certificate (n) bằng cấp Exercise 16: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. B laws (n) luật pháp 2. D protection (n) sự bảo vệ 3. A wildlife (n) thú hoang 4. C review (n) bản tóm lược 5. B disappointedly (adv) thất vọng 6. D politician (n) chính trị gia 7. A penalty (n) phạt đền 8. D shot (n) cú sút (cứu thua) 9. C exploitation (n) khai thác bừa A romance (n) truyện lãng mạn Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. C entertainment (n) giải trí 12. B novel (n) tiểu thuyết 13. B tendency (n) xu hướng 14. C tsunami (n) song thần 15. D comfortable and relaxed 16. C verge of extinction (n) 17. C biography (n) tự truyện 18. C for pleasure (n) để giải trí 19. C enterprises (n) tổ hợp CN C decision (n) quyết định Exercise 17: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Câu Đáp Giải thích Câu Đáp Giải thích Trang 375
- 377. án 1. C varietyof (n) nhiều 2. B terrorism (n) chủ nghĩa k. bố 3. B disappearance (n) biến mất 4. C medicine (n) y học 5. A responsibility (n) trách nhiệm 6. D security (n) an ninh nghiêm 7. A Constant threat (n) đe dọa 8. A top priority (n) ưu tiên đầu 9. A device (n) thiết bị 10. C investment (n) đầu tư án 11. B living standards (n) mức sống 12. D friendship (n) tình bạn 13. A policy (n) chính sách mở cửa 14. D sectors (n) thành phần kinh tế 15. C development (n) sự phát triển 16. D shuttle (n) tàu con thoi 17. B depression (n) suy thoái k. tế 18. A Telecommunication (n) l. lạc 19. A science (n) khoa học 20. D breath (n) sự hít thở Exercise 18: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. B preference (n) sở thích 2. C course (n) khóa học 3. C graduation (n) lễ tốt nghiệp 4. D institute (n) học viện 5. A requirements (n) yêu cấu 6. D Veterinary (n) Bác sĩ thú y 7. C applicant (n) ứng viên 8. B take a course (v) theo học 9. A curriculum (n) chương trình học 10. D selection (n) sự chọn lựa Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. D applicants (n) ứng viên 12. B optional (adj) tự chọn 13. C pressure (n) áp lực 14. B position(n) vị trí công việc 15. D disappointment (n) thất vọng 16. A impression (n) gây ấn tượng 17. C Vacant (n) quảng cáo việc làm 18. A out of work (n) thất nghiệp 19. D interest (n) hứng thú 20. C inflation (n) lạm phát BÀI 2. VERBS - ĐỘNG TỪ Phần lời giải cho các bài tập từ Exercise 19 đến Exercise 20 được cung cấp bằng một động từ phái sinh đúng cả về ngữ nghĩa và ngữ pháp tương ứng với mỗi từ gốc cho trước. Exercise 19: Give ONE of the derived verbs of the given words to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. 1. LESSENED 11. GATE-CRASHED 2. COMPUTERIZE 12. WORSENED 3. EXPECTED 13. UNINFORMED 4. UNEMPLOYED 14. RESURFACING Trang 376
- 378. 5. DISQUALIFIED 15.ENCOURAGED 6. DISORGANISING 16. MODERNIZE 7. ENDANGERED 17. IMMOBILIZE 8. UNACCOMPANIED 18. REARRANGE 9. OUTNUMBER 19. DISREGARDING 10. VALIDATED 20. UNDERESTIMATED Exercise 20: Give ONE of the derived verbs of the given words to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. 1. DIFFERENTIATE 11. CRITICIZED 2. RIPENED 12. SPECIALIZE 3. MASTERING 13. FASTEN 4. SOLIDIFY 14. TIGHTEN 5. SUCCEEDED 15. REALIZED 6. POLLUTED 16. FERTILIZE 7. LOOSEN 17. INDUSTRIALIZED 8. INDUSTRIALIZED 18. POPULARIZED 9. ENRICH 19. STANDARDIZE 10. THREATENED 20. ENDANGER Phần lời giải cho các bài tập từ Exercise 21 đến Exercise 26 cung cấp các đáp án đúng cụ thể kèm theo phần giải thích đáp án qua giảng nghĩa của từ, đưa ra cấu trúc câu hay các cụm ngữ cố định. Exercise 21: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. B confirmed = xác nhận 2. C vote = bỏ phiếu, bầu cử 3. A finish = mệnh đề không chia 4. D remain + adj = vẫn giữ điều gì 5. A bring along = mang theo 6. B cấu trúc “be allowed to V” 7. C cấu trúc “feel like + V-ing” 8. B keep on V-ing 9. C be visible = can be seen A outnumber (v) vượt trội Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. A needn’t have made: không cần 12. D take off (v) cất cánh 13. B can’t = deduction (suy luận) 14. C put on: mang, đeo 15. C come in for: đối mặt, chịu 16. C accelerate = promote thúc đẩy 17. D do the V-ing: làm việc gì đó 18. B recycled: tái chế 19. A might: không chắc về suy luận A make s.b V: bắt ai làm gì Trang 377
- 379. Exercise 22: Choosethe best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Câu Đáp Giải thích Câu Đáp Giải thích án án 1. B Put down (v) bỏ xuống, buông 11. D suppose S V-ed: giả định 2. B are going to= intension 12. D broke (up): tan vỡ 3. C had been working: trước q.khứ 13. A Not only→đảo ngữ nhấn mạnh 4. D will be sitting: plan, đoán trước 14. C Don't be: mệnh lệnh thức 5. C needn't: unnecessity 15. A wear out(v)become exhausted 6. A imagine: tưởng tượng 16. C let off: tha, thả 7. A Should: giả sử điều kiện xảy ra 17. A call (v) phone, telephone, dial 8. C defend title: bảo vệ danh hiệu 18. D turn out: kết quả 9. A stuck: gắn vào, dán tem 19. D make for (v) tẩu thoát, tránh 10. C take part in: tham gia 20. C diverted (chuyển hướng) Exercise 23: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. C has broken–cấu trúc “either…or” 2. C pull through – vượt qua khỏi 3. D addressing – gọi, chỉ danh 4. D draw up – rà soát, kiểm tra 5. B turn off – tắt các thiết bị 6. D insist that = qui định rằng 7. A did – giả định 8. C needn't – sự không cần thiết 9. C May I V? xin phép 10. D limit to V-ing = hạn chế Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. A seem to V (bị động với vật) 12. B need V-ing = bị động 13. C Cấu trúc hiện tại hoàn thành 14. A touch = đụng/ sờ vào 15. A decide = quyết định điều gì 16. C must have been – speculation 17. B stand for = dùng thay thế cho 18. A catch up on = bù đắp 19. C sleep and eat = không gì ngoài 20. A danced wildly = chủ động Exercise 24: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. A used to be – thói quen ở quá khứ B aren’t I? – question tag Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. B keep off = xua đuổi B sit down – ngồi xuống ghế Trang 378
- 380. 3. A playssoftball and tennis 4. B soared – thuật lại một sự việc 5. B took – ai đó mất thời gian để… 6. C non-stop – không ngừng nghỉ 7. D weigh (v) cân nặng 8. D to go to – đến đâu đó 9. C put on (v) mặc 10. A throw (v) ném bóng 13. C done – dùng trợ động từ thay 14. B come up = xảy đến 15. A took off = cất cánh 16. C fit = vừ vặn 17. B believe = tin vào 18. C throw away = ném bỏ 19. C could = giả định, giá mà 20. D broke down = hỏng Exercise 25: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. D left – reduced clause (mđ lược) 2. C taken – cấu trúc “have st done” 3. D preparing = who prepares 4. C understood: cấu trúc với “wish” 5. B amusing bổ nghĩa cho “the film” 6. A hears – time clause “whenever” 7. C begins – sự thật, sự lặp 8. C liked: cấu trúc với “wish” 9. A knocked down – phá bỏ, dỡ bỏ 10. D freed – giải thoát, giải phóng Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. B Must: bổn phận/ needn't 12. B speed up – đi nhanh, tăng tốc 13. C would be floating – đk trộn 14. B swallow – đọc ngấu nghiến 15. B staggering – “see s.b V-ing/ V” 16. D want s.t to be done – cấu trúc 17. C it’s no good V-ing – cấu trúc 18. D should be cleaned – necessity 19. B cannot be allowed - forbidden 20. B refuse to V – từ chối việc gì đó Exercise 26: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Đáp Câu án Giải thích 1. D could – possibility or permit 2. D had been repaired – bị động 3. B can be turned – bị động 4. B Don't – nghi vấn về sự thật 5. C advance (v) dẫn bóng 6. D have been carrying –đến giờ 7. C melted – tan chảy C type – cấu trúc cố định Câu Đáp án Giải thích 11. D are always making – phàn nàn 12. C cut off – cắt, ngừng cung cấp 13. D astonishing (adj) chỉ sự vật 14. A looked – câu điều kiện loại 2 15. B get on with – sống hòa thuận 16. D will be employed – kế hoạch 17. B take up – thực hành môn A has been leaking – đến giờ Trang 379
- 381. A get through– kết nối, liên lạc C appreciate help – đánh giá cao 19. B ought to be made – nhất thiết 20. D do a favor – làm ơn làm giúp BÀI 3. ADJECTIVES - TÍNH TỪ Phần lời giải cho bài tập Exercise 27 được cung cấp bằng một tính từ phái sinh tương ứng với mỗi từ gốc cho trước (một từ gốc có thể có hơn một tính từ phái sinh, nhưng phần đáp án chỉ cung cấp một tính từ trong số các tính từ phái sinh đó). Exercise 27: Give ONE of the derived adjectives of the given words. roots adjectives roots adjectives 1. accident accidental 16. mean meaningful 2. industry industrial 17. home homeless 3. inform informative 18. poison poisonous 4. history historical 19. danger dangerous 5. politics political 20. value valuable 6. parent parental 21. understand understandable 7. essence essential 22. advice advisable 8. confide confidential 23. eat eatable 9. act active 24. tire tired 10. affect affective 25. bore bored 11. destroy destructive 26. excite excited 12. defend defensive 27. avoid avoidable 13. produce productive 28. benefit beneficial 14. compete competitive 29. success successful 15. thank thankful 30. chaos chaotic Phần lời giải cho các bài tập từ Exercise 28 đến Exercise 29 được cung cấp bằng một tính từ phái sinh tương ứng với mỗi từ gốc cho trước sao cho câu được hoàn tất đúng về mặt ngữ nghĩa và ngữ pháp. Exercise 28: Give ONE of the derived adjectives of the given words to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. 1. INFORMATIVE 11. TOLERANT 2. DECISIVE 12. ATTRACTIVE 3. AVOIDABLE 13. ADVISABLE 4. UPSET 14. EDUCATIVE 5. DISASTROUS 15. DEPENDENT 6. HYPOCRITICAL 16. KNOWLEDGEABLE 7. PREFERENTIAL 17. TROUBLE 8. CONFIDENTIAL 18. INCONSISTENT Trang 380
- 382. 9. VOLUNTARY 19.UNRECONGNISABLE 10. BENEFICIAL 20. UNSUCCESSFUL Exercise 29: Give ONE of the derived adjectives of the given words to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. 1. PROUD 11. ACQUAINTED 2. UNPOLLUTED 12. SINGLE-MINDED 3. ALIVE 13. HURTFUL 4. THEATRICAL 14. UNCHARACTERISTIC 5. MAMMALIAN 15. DANGERED 6. UNPLEASANT 16. OBEDIENT 7. CHAOTIC 17. UNPREDICTABLE 8. INDISPENSABLE 18. THRILLING 9. UNDERESTIMATED 19. WIDESPREAD 10. RACIAL 20. AWAKE Phần lời giải cho các bài tập từ Exercise 30 đến Exercise 34 cung cấp các đáp án đúng cụ thể kèm theo phần giải thích đáp án qua giảng nghĩa của từ, đưa ra cấu trúc câu hay các cụm ngữ cố định. Exercise 30: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Câu Đáp án Giải thích 1. D be appreciative of – biết ơn 2. D humanitarian (adj) nhân đạo 3. A averse to = ghét, chống lại 4. B Defensive player = hậu vệ 5. D apt to V = có xu hướng 6. B northerly (adj) về phía bắc 7. A in particular = nói riêng 8. C rural = vùng nông thôn 9. A water runs deep = thành ngữ 10. D be interested in V-ing: cấu trúc Câu Giải thích Đáp án 11. D less than: so sánh về giá cả 12. B it be adj (for O) to V 13. D petty theft = trộm vặt 14. B optional = tự chọn 15. B industrious (adj) cần mẫn 16. B informative (adj) đủ thông tin 17. B once in a blue moon: cấu trúc 18. B voluntary (adj) tình nguyện 19. C childlike (adj) tính trẻ con 20. C academic degree: học vị, bằng Exercise 31: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Câu Đáp án Giải thích Câu Đáp án Giải thích Trang 381
- 383. 1. A be(un)fit for : cấu trúc cố định 2. C endangered species: collocation 3. A be (un)able to V: cấu trúc 4. B agricultural: chỉ đặc trưng vùng 5. D so sánh thăng tiến: the…., the… 6. B medical (adj) thuộc y tế, y học 7. B agricultural subsidies 8. B intense feeling : cảm giác mạnh 9. C be suitable for: phù hợp 10. C obedient (adj) ngoan, biết nghe 11. B attractive >< plain 12. A diverse cultures: văn hóa khác 13. C stressful (adj) căng thẳng 14. A tasteful (adj) có khiếu 15. A life-developing diseases 16. C discriminatory: tính kì thị 17. C worthless: không giá trị 18. B look confident (link verb) 19. C impressive (adj) gây ấn tượng 20. A a thorough examination Exercise 32: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. B adventurous (adj) phiêu lưu 2. B epidemic: bệnh dịch 3. B priceless: vô giá, rất giá trị 4. C narrow-minded: hẹp hòi 5. B pessimistic: bi quan 6. A nicer and more attractive 7. D cụm cố định “as far as I know” 8. D insufficient: không đủ, thiếu 9. B anxious: lo lắng 10. C supportive: ủng hộ, tương trợ Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. A initial: tiên quyết, hàng đầu 12. D favourable: tốt, thuận lợi 13. C better than: so sánh 14. A informal gatherings 15. B S be adj that - clause 16. B slight hesitation: lưỡng lự 17. B impolite: bất nhã 18. C productive use: tận dụng 19. A content to: hài lòng 20. B powerful: mạnh mẽ Exercise 33: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. B rude: thô lỗ khi không cảm ơn 2. A independent: tự do, tư thục 3. C be capable of : có năng lực 4. D required examination: thi tuyển 5. B technological advances 6. B influential person: ảnh hưởng Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. D objection to: phản đối 12. B natural rates: tỉ lệ tự nhiên 13. D another: một cái khác 14. C interesting: so sánh tính từ 15. C out of ordinary: bất thường C imaginative: óc tưởng tượng Trang 382
- 384. 7. C scientificexperiments: cụm từ 8. B traditional crafts: nghề thủ công 9. B mysterious disease: bệnh lạ 10. B sensitive: nhạy cảm 17. D competent to V: đủ khả năng 18. A deep-seated: ăn sâu, bám rễ 19. D scary: sợ hãi, nhút nhát 20. B optimistic: lạc quan Exercise 34: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Câu Đáp án Giải thích 1. A light: vắng, thưa; heavy: đông 2. C independent: tự do 3. B exhausted = very tired 4. B active: năng động, hiếu động 5. C many thousands of: cụm từ 6. D special dishes: đặc sản 7. C consistent with: phù hợp 8. B supportive of: ủng hộ 9. C loyal: trung thành 10. A supportive: ủng hộ, tương trợ Câu Đáp án Giải thích 11. A be (un)aware of: cấu trúc 12. C contractual: dàn xếp 13. B ordinary people: dân thường 14. A be obliged to V: bổn phận phải 15. B romantic: lãng mạn 16. B bad-tempered: mất bình tĩnh 17. A it be difficult to V: khó để 18. B determined: quyết tâm 19. A allergic to: dị ứng 20. B non-verbal: vô ngôn, không lời BÀI 4. ADVERBS - TRẠNG TỪ Phần lời giải cho các bài tập Exercise 35 chỉ cung cấp các đáp án đúng là một trạng từ phái sinh từ từ gốc cho trước để hoàn tất mỗi câu còn khoảng trống. Exercise 35: Give ONE of the derived adverbs of the given words to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. 1. EXTREMELY 11. REASONABLY 2. ALIVE 12. INTENTIONALLY 3. SOCIALLY 13. PLEASANTLY 4. IRRESPONSIBLY 14. DEADLY 5. BREATHLESSLY 15. OFFICIALLY 6. EXCEPTIONALLY 16. DANGEROUSLY 7. ECONOMICALLY 17. ORIGINALLY 8. ENJOYABLY 18. CAREFULLY 9. ECONOMICALLY 19. UNEXPECTEDLY 10. UNSUCCESSFULLY 20. HIGHLY Trang 383
- 385. Phần lời giảicho các bài tập từ Exercise 36 đến Exercise 40 cung cấp các đáp án đúng cụ thể kèm theo phần giải thích đáp án qua giảng nghĩa của từ, đưa ra cấu trúc câu hay các cụm ngữ cố định. Exercise 36: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Câu Đáp Giải thích Câu Đáp Giải thích án án 1. D regardless of – không kể đến 11. C economically – hiệu quả 2. D obediently – ngoan, hiền 12. B constantly (adv) không ngừng 3. C barely just to V – chỉ để 13. D completely- hoàn toàn (m. độ) 4. B rely heavily on – dựa chủ yếu 14. D unexpectedly – không lường 5. B unwisely (adv) thiếu suy nghĩ 15. A respectively – lần lượt 6. C Or else – nếu không thì (đk) 16. A efficiently – hiệu quả 7. A đảo ngữ với “only with/ by” 17. B by no means – ngữ cố định 8. B appropriately (adv) phù hợp 18. D carefully – chỉ cách thức 9. D almost certainly – cụm cố định 19. B cấu trúc so__that/ to be P.P 10. C Honestly – chỉ cách thức nói 20. A danced wildly – mô tả Exercise 37: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. B so adj/adv that – cấu trúc câu 2. C personally (my point of view) 3. A concentration (n) sự tập trung 4. D Surprisingly – trạng ngữ câu 5. B repeatedly – trạng từ bổ nghĩa 6. A financially – về tài chính 7. A Theoretically – xét về lí thuyết 8. C Twice a year –độ thường xuyên 9. B cụm từ only after 10. A all your life – suốt đời Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. C one each – phân phối 12. D đảo ngữ với Seldom 13. C whereas – trong khi 14. B work hard/ could hardly V 15. C expectedly–không lường trước 16. B each other: đại từ tương hỗ 17. B cụm từ only when 18. A comparatively easy – rất dễ 19. A cụm từ: not only_ but__as well A slowly (adv) chậm chạp Exercise 38: Find the ONE among the underlined and marked A, B, C, D in each of the following sentences that needs correcting: Câu Đáp Giải thích Câu Đáp Giải thích Trang 384
- 386. án 1. D từđúng là: which (sau dấu “,”) 2. C bỏ “hardly” vì đã có “not” 3. A từ đúng là: Despite 4. B từ đúng là: had gone 5. B từ đúng là: carefully (adv) 6. D từ đúng là: been interested 7. B từ đúng là: leads (chủ ngữ số ít) 8. A từ đúng là: trying (sau giới từ) 9. B từ đúng là: to get 10. B từ đúng là: dirty road án 11. A từ đúng là: told 12. C từ đúng là: is (S=information) 13. C từ đúng là: destroying 14. A từ đúng là: Efforts to improve 15. C từ đúng: forward to spending 16. B từ đúng là: on my own 17. A từ đúng là: Would you mind 18. B bỏ “a” vì news (uncount noun) 19. B từ đúng là: smoking – từ bỏ 20. D từ đúng là: not to go Exercise 39: Find the ONE among the underlined and marked A, B, C, D in each of the following sentences that needs correcting: Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. D từ đúng là: easily (adv) 2. A từ đúng là: death (n) 3. D bỏ to give vì đã có including 4. B từ đúng là: most of 5. A từ đúng là: occasionally (adv) 6. B từ đúng là: shamed (adj) 7. D từ đúng là: instruction (n) 8. B từ đúng là: scientific (adj) 9. A từ đúng là: Supposed – giả sử 10. B từ đúng là: Therefore – vậy nên Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. D từ đúng là: pleasure (n) 12. A từ đúng là: sad (adj) 13. B từ đúng là: not 14. B từ đúng: oppositions – nhiều 15. D từ đúng là: nationalities (n) 16. B từ đúng là: encourage (v) 17. C từ đúng là: equality (n) 18. A từ đúng: Because of (phrase) 19. B từ đúng là: folded (bị động) 20. C từ đúng là: which (sau dấu “,”) Exercise 40: Find the ONE among the underlined and marked A, B, C, D in each of the following sentences that needs correcting: Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. A từ đúng là: industrially (adv) 2. D từ đúng là: automatically (adv) 3. C từ đúng là: manufactured (P.P) 4. C từ đúng là: consequently (adv) 5. C từ đúng là: enrich (v) Câu Đáp Giải thích án A từ đúng là: hearing (sau on) D từ đúng là: need + repairing B từ đúng là: to unlock C từ đúng là: prevent C từ đúng: I was (chủ thể cụ thể) Trang 385
- 387. 6. B từđúng là: disappointed (adj) 7. A từ đúng là: who sau dấu “,” 8. A từ đúng là: economics - môn 9. A từ đúng là: despite – cụm từ 10. B từ đúng là: had better learn 16. A bỏ I think (= in my judgment) 17. A từ đúng là: In order that 18. D từ đúng là: so annoying 19. A từ đúng là: had he entered 20. A từ đúng là: Published Phần lời giải cho các bài tập từ Exercise 41 đến Exercise 42 cung cấp hình thức viết lại các câu gốc theo gợi ý sao cho câu viết lại giữ nguyên nghĩa của câu gốc – phần này chú trọng luyện viết dưới hình thức đảo ngữ sử dụng các trạng từ mang nghĩa phủ định và các cụm trạng ngữ đi với cấu trúc câu đảo ngữ. Exercise 41: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. → No longer do the women nowadays depend on their husband. → At no time did he suspect that she was a witch. → Never before had she been so happy. → No longer do women in developed countries bear many children. → Not until John received the offer of promotion in writing did he celebrate. → Never have I never heard such nonsense! → Hardly did the teacher leave when the students started shouting again. → Never have I never seen such a mess in my life. → Never before are there more tourists in the city this year than ever. → Seldom has public borrowing been so high. → Seldom had they participate in such a fascinating ceremony. → Little did they suspect that the musical was going to be a runaway success. → Little did the embassy staff realize that Ted was a secret agent. → Hardly had I begun to apologize when the door closed. → In no way can the shop be held responsible for customers' lost property. → No sooner had the couple arrived than the priest started the ceremony. → Only when he saw his wife's face, did Tom understand the meaning of the comment. → Under no circumstances can the restaurant accept animals. → Rarely did the artist pay any attention to his agent's advice. → So enormous was the crowd that all traffic came to a standstill. Exercise 42: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. → So great was her grief that she almost fainted. → No sooner had he returned from his walk he got down to writing the letter. Trang 386
- 388. → Hardly hadshe begun to speak when people started interrupting her. → Only when I realized what I had missed did they tell me about it. → Nowhere will you find a more dedicated worker anywhere than Mrs. John. → At no time was the outcome of the election in doubt. → Not until he got home did he forget about the gun. → Only by training hard every day, can you become a good athlete. → Hardly can I keep my eyes open. → No sooner had I shut the door than I realized I’d left the key inside. → So tired was I that I don’t feel like eating. → Not only does he sing well but he also plays the guitar well. → So fierce a dog did they have that nobody would visit them. → Not only did she pass the exam, but she also got a prize. → So expensive was the Picasso painting that nobody could buy it. → Such a great problem is that everybody is concerned of it. → Such uncertainty is there that I will not invest my money. → Hardly could he know what had happened to his car. → Nowhere will we find this kind of book. → Seldom could they do anything better than what they had finished. BÀI 5. ARTICLES - MẠO TỪ Phần lời giải cho các bài tập từ Exercise 43 đến Exercise 45 cung cấp các đáp án đúng cụ thể là các mạo từ “a”/ “an”/ “the”, hoặc các vị trí không sử dụng mạo từ ()- phần bài tập này rất cơ bản và được thể hiện rõ qua phần lí thuyết bài Articles. Exercise 43. In the following sentences supply the articles (a, an, or the) if they are necessary. If no article is needed, leave the space blank (). 1. a 6. the/ a/ / a 11. / / 2. The/ the 7. / the 12. the/ the 3. / 8. a/ / the 13. 4. a/ / / 9. / the/ 14. / 5. The/ the 10. 15. the/ an Exercise 44. In the following sentences supply the articles (a, an, or the) if they are necessary. If no article is needed, leave the space blank (). 1. a 6. / 11. the/ a 2. the 7. the 12. the 3. / the 8. / the 13. 4. an/ / 9. / the/ 14. a/ 5. the/ 10. / the 15. / Trang 387
- 389. Exercise 45. Inthe following sentences supply the articles (a, an, or the) if they are necessary. If no article is needed, leave the space blank (). 1. / the 6. the/ 11. / the 2. / a 7. / an 12. 3. the 8. the/ the/ 13. / the 4. The/ the 9. / the 14. / the 5. / a 10. / the 15. the/ the Phần lời giải cho các bài tập từ Exercise 46 đến Exercise 48 cung cấp các đáp án đúng cụ thể dựa trên các lựa chọn A, B, C, hoặc D, là các mạo từ “a”/ “an”/ “the”, hoặc ()- phần bài tập này rất cơ bản và được thể hiện rõ qua phần lí thuyết bài Articles. Exercise 46: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. câu đáp án câu đáp án câu đáp án câu đáp án câu đáp án 1. C 5. C 9. D 13. C 17. C 2. C 6. C 10. C 14. C 18. D 3. B 7. A 11. C 15. A 19. D 4. D 8. D 12. A 16. D 20. A Exercise 47: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. câu đáp án câu đáp án câu đáp án câu đáp án câu đáp án 1. B 5. A 9. B 13. B 17. B 2. D 6. A 10. C 14. B 18. A 3. B 7. A 11. C 15. A 19. D 4. A 8. C 12. B 16. D 20. D Exercise 48: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. câu đáp án câu đáp án câu đáp án câu đáp án câu đáp án 1. B 5. D 9. B 13. C 17. B 2. C 6. A 10. C 14. A 18. A 3. D 7. C 11. C 15. C 19. B 4. D 8. C 12. C 16. C 20. C Trang 388
- 390. BÀI 6. PREPOSITIONS- GIỚI TỪ Phần lời giải cho các bài tập từ Exercise 49 đến Exercise 51 cung cấp các đáp án đúng cụ thể dựa là các giới từ, kèm theo phần chú giải bằng các ngữ cố định sử dụng các giới từ đó, trong các ngữ cảnh câu cụ thể được đề cập. Exercise 49: In the following sentences supply the suitable preposition to each of the gaps. 1. at at: dùng cho dịp lễ 2. on on the floor: sàn nhà 3. at at the end: cuối (của) 4. in in the street: trên phố on on the street: trên phố 5. of of: chỉ mệnh giá, giá trị 6. in decrease in: giảm (về số lượng) 7. of cause of: căn nguyên 8. to solution to problem: giải pháp 9. by by: viết, tạo (bởi ái đó) 10. of It be adj of s.b to V: (cấu trúc) 11. at furious at: tức giận for for: vì (lí do nào đó) 12. by disappointed by: thất vọng 13. by shocked by: sốc bởi 14. at scared at: sợ hãi of scared of: sợ hãi 15. of ashamed of: xấu hổ, nhục nhã Exercise 50: In the following sentences supply the suitable preposition to each of the gaps. 1. at at: tại thời điểm 2. to engage to: đính hôn với 3. for responsible for: trách nhiệm 4. to similarto: giống, tương đồng 5. on keen on: thích 6. with crowded with: đông, chật 7. with get along with: hòa thuận 8. for apply for: xin, ứng cử cho 9. for care for: để tâm, quan tâm 10. on concentrate on: tập trung 11. into crash into: đâm, va vào 12. on depend on: phụ thuộc vào 13. of hear of: nghe nói về 14. after look after: chăm sóc of dream of: mơ về điều gì Exercise 51: In the following sentences supply the suitable preposition to each of the gaps. 1. for pay for: chi trả 2. from suffer from: khổ đau vì 3. out shout out: la lên, gọi to 4. for search for: tìm kiếm 5. about think about: nghĩ về 6. for pay for: chi trả 7. to go to: đi tới đâu on on foot: walk (đi bộ) 8. to next to: sát, kề, cạnh 9. out out door: ngoài trời 10. With With no doubt: (cụm từ) 11. on on strike: đình công 12. among among a group: trong đám in in the corner: trong góc 13. at at: tại quầy, quán, nhà,…ai đó 14. in fall in love: yêu đương onto jump onto: nhảy lên Phần lời giải cho các bài tập từ Exercise 52 đến Exercise 56 cung cấp các đáp án đúng cụ thể A, B, C, hoặc D, kèm theo phần chú giải bằng các ngữ cố định sử dụng các giới từ đó, trong các ngữ cảnh câu cụ thể được đề cập. Exercise 52: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Câu Đáp Giải thích Câu Đáp Giải thích Trang 389
- 391. án 1. A interestedin: thích, hứng thú 2. D in fact: thực ra, thực tế là 3. B source of: nguồn 4. D pick s.t up: cầm lấy, nhặt lên 5. D At the start: khởi đầu 6. A excited about: hứng thú với 7. D float on: trôi nổi 8. A in team: trong đội hình 9. A pay attention to: chú ý đến 10. D look at: nhìn, quan sát án 11. A save___from: cứu thoát khỏi 12. D put s.b off: làm cho ai ghê, sợ 13. A recognized as/ a threat of 14. B On V-ing = when/while V-ing 15. C result in: gây ra 16. B see it through: lường trước 17. B on subject: về chủ đề 18. D under obligation to V: bổn phận 19. A at the same time as: cùng thời 20. B out of the ordinary: bất thường Exercise 53: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. D in different ways: nhiều cách 2. C By the time: mệnh đề thời gian 3. D bring forward: dời đến, lùi đến 4. C important to: quan trọng với 5. C excited about: hào hứng với 6. A friendly with: thân thiết với 7. B belong to: thuộc về ai đó 8. A ahead of: phía trước, đằng trước 9. A pick up: nhặt, cầm lên 10. B set out: khởi sự, bắt đầu Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. D On defense: tự vệ, phòng vệ 12. C throw to: truyền tới ai 13. B It be adj of s.b to V: (cấu trúc) 14. C out of position: ngoài tầm với 15. A player on the field: trên sân 16. B plenty of: rất nhiều 17. B turn down: khước từ 18. D go off: nổ, đổ (chuông), thiu 19. A famous for: nổi tiếng về/ vì 20. A accessible to: đạt được Exercise 54: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. D in context: trong một ngữ cảnh 2. B wait for: đợi/ listen to: nghe 3. A hang on: treo 4. B for: mục đích/ in space: vũ trụ 5. B independent from: độc lập Câu Đáp Giải thích án D depend on: nhờ cậy/ dựa vào B dispose of: thải, xả thải A wear in: mặc đồ màu gì C hold s.t with hand: cầm tay D thành ngữ: Đếm cua trong lỗ Trang 390
- 392. 6. D takecare of/ be on business 7. D move___ to: chuyển từ___ đến 8. C according to/ wrong with: sai 9. C marry to: lấy/ kết hôn với ai 10. C depend on s.b for st: dựa dẫm 16. A depend on: nhờ cậy/ dựa vào 17. C derived from: chiết xuất từ 18. A travel/ go by (vehicle): đi lại 19. A at risk of extinction: nguy cơ 20. B drive___ to: đẩy/ xô___ đến Exercise 55: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. B slow down: chậm lại, giảm tốc 2. D bad effect on: tác động xấu đến 3. A light up: chiếu sáng 4. A It be adj of s.b to V: cấu trúc 5. C because of: vì/ lack of: thiếu 6. C continuation of: sự tiếp nối 7. B good at/ spend time on 8. C give back: trả lại 9. D go on holiday: đi nghỉ/ du lịch 10. D fed up with: chán ngấy Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. B think of: nghĩ đến/ về 12. C look up: tra cứu 13. D try on: thử 14. B pick s.b up: đón/ rước ai đó 15. D come from/ refer to: đề cập 16. C on fire: cháy/ call for help 17. A stand for: thay, đại diện cho 18. B keep on/ complain about 19. C run out: cạn kiệt, hết 20. C acquainted with: quen với Exercise 56: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. D think over: cân nhắc 2. C object to: phản đối/ on time 3. A aware of: nhận thức rõ/ late for 4. B knock at: gõ vào/ at night: đêm 5. D available for:sẵn sàng 6. B keen on: thích/ good at: giỏi 7. D similar to: tương tự, giống 8. B devote to: cống hiến 9. B buy s.t for s.b/ at supermarket A surprised at/ by: ngạc nhiên Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. B depend on: phụ thuộc/ dựa 12. D spend money on s.t: tiêu tiền 13. D warn s.b of/ about/ against s.t 14. C translate into: dịch sang 15. B dependent on: lệ thuộc vào 16. A accustomed to: quen 17. C compose of: gồm, cấu thành từ 18. B famous for: nổi tiếng về/ vì 19. A afraid of: sợ B essential for: thiết yếu với Trang 391
- 393. BÀI 7. SYNONYM& ANTONYM - TỪ ĐỒNG NGHĨA TRÁI NGHĨA Phần lời giải cho các bài tập từ Exercise 57 đến Exercise 60 cung cấp các đáp án đúng cụ thể A, B, C, hoặc D, kèm theo phần chú giải nghĩa các từ tương ứng đồng nghĩa. Exercise 57. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word or phrase that is CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined part in each of the following questions. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. C dull: tẻ nhạt, buồn = boring 2. C assemblies: tụ họp = gatherings 3. D identify: xác định, định hình = recognize 4. C rescued: cứu sống = save the life of s.b 5. A occupied: bận rộn, bị chiếm hết thời gian = busy 6. B didn’t bat an eye: không thèm để ý = didn’t want to see 7. A conspicuous: dễ nhận thấy = easily seen: dễ thấy 8. D immediately: ngay lập tức, tức khắc = right away 9. D obtaining: đạt được, lấy được 10. C abandon: rời bỏ, từ bỏ = leave Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. C postponed: hủy, hoãn = put off 12. B threats: hiểm họa = risks 13. A pave the way for: mở đường, vạch ra đường lối = initiate 14. A cashless: không dùng tiền mặt = cash-free 15. C vicissitudes: đầy thăng trầm = ups and downs: lên/ xuống 16. A inure: làm cho quen = accustom: quen với 17. D made use of: tận dụng, lợi dụng = taken advantage of 18. A gives me a hand with: giúp ai = assists me by: trợ giúp cho ai 19. D contaminating = polluting 20. C resulted in: gây ra = caused Exercise 58. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word or phrase that is CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined part in each of the following questions. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. D absent-minded: đãng trí = often forgetting things 2. A convenient: tiện lợi = practical 3. C make progress: tiến bộ= do better: làm tốt hơn 4. A available: sẵn có, sãn sàng = present for the event A overwhelming: mạnh, tràn lan = Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. B delay: hoãn, trì hoãn = put off 12. B established: thiết lập = set up 13. C recover from: phục hồi, khỏi bệnh = get over 14. A detriment: tổn hại, phương hại = harm: sự hại, độc hại D jot down = ghi chép lại = write Trang 392
- 394. powerful: mạnh mẽ Bcatastrophe: thảm họa = disaster B fret over: ưu tư, lo lắng = worry about D wounded: bị thương = injured B exploded: phát nổ = went off: phát nổ D is greater than = exceeds: vượt down C affected: xúc động, cảm động = touched: cảm động D identify: xác định, định hình = recognize D foul play = unfair play: chơi xấu B adventurous: phiêu lưu, mạo hiểm = willing to take risks C penalty = punishment: phạt Exercise 59. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word or phrase that is CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined part in each of the following questions. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. A Be careful: cẩn thận = Look out 2. C play: chơi = take up: nhận chơi môn thể thao 3. D take it easy: làm dịu nhẹ, đơn giản hóa = relax: thư giãn 4. C functions = roles: vai trò, chức năng 5. A speak his mind: từ suy nghĩ, đúng như suy nghĩ 6. C go on: tiếp tục = continue 7. C terrified = frightened: sợ hãi 8. C enormous = immense: rộng lớn 9. A commercials: quảng cáo C flora and fauna: động, thực vật Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. D are entitled to = are given the right to: cho, cấp 12. A corporations = companies tập đoàn kinh tế 13. A flourishing = growing well: mọc tươi tốt 14. D effect = impact: hiệu quả 15. D bad-tempered=easily annoyed or irritated: dễ nổi nóng/ cáu 16. A appreciate – be thankful: ơn 17. C habitat: môi trường sống 18. C endangered: gặp nguy hiểm 19. D identify: xác định, tìm ra B collapsed: đổ, sụp đổ Exercise 60. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word or phrase that is CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined part in each of the following questions. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. C privilege: đặc ân = favor C thorough: kĩ lưỡng = complete Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. A more or less = approximately C response = reply: đáp lại Trang 393
- 395. 3. D servicestation = petrol station 4. C provide = supply: cung cấp 5. D awareness = knowledge: nhận thức, kiến thức 6. A truthfully: chính xác như thực tế 7. C rushed = went quickly: vội vã 8. C meteorologist = TV weatherman: dự báo khí tượng 9. A give me a hand = help me 10. A come up = happen:xảy đến 13. A accomplished: giỏi = skillful 14. B endeavoring: cố = trying to V 15. A diversity: sự đa dạng = variety 16. D liberated from = freed from 17. D appropriate: hợp = suitable 18. B inevitable: không lường được = unavoidable: không tránh đc 19. A instance = situation 20. C assistance: trợ giúp = help Phần lời giải cho các bài tập từ Exercise 61 đến Exercise 62 cung cấp các đáp án đúng cụ thể A, B, C, hoặc D, kèm theo phần chú giải nghĩa các từ tương ứng trái nghĩa. Exercise 61. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word or phrase that is OPPOSITE in meaning to the italic part in each of the following questions. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. D keep secret: giữ bí mật reveal: lộ tẩy 2. C integrate: hội nhập separate: tách rời 3. A insufficient: không đủ/ hiệu quả adequate: đầy đủ 4. B more & more: ngày càng nhiều fewer and fewer: ngày càng ít 5. C materialistic: thực dụng spiritual: mang tính tinh thần 6. C successful: thành công faulty: hỏng, lỗi 7. C friendly: thân mật hostile : thù địch, không thân 8. A dilapidated: đổ nát, xiêu vẹo renovated: mới, hiện đại 9. D extravagant: ngông cuồng practical: thực tế 10. D taxing: mệt mỏi, đòi hỏi Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. D hostility: sự thù địch serenity: trầm lặng, thanh tịnh 12. C ostracize: tẩy chay, đày patronize: bảo trợ, đỡ đầu 13. B vary: biến đổi stay unchanged: nguyên trạng 14. C dismay: mất tinh thần happiness: vui, hung phấn 15. D optional: tự chọn, không bắt mandatory: ủy thác, phải làm B secure: an toàn unsure: không chắc chắn D sufferings: sự đau khổ happiness: niềm hạnh phúc 18. C innocent: vô tội guilty: có dính líu, liên quan 19. D generous: hào phóng mean: keo kiệt 20. B rapidly: nhanh Trang 394
- 396. relaxing: thư thái,thoải mái sluggishly: chậm, lề mề Exercise 62. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word or phrase that is OPPOSITE in meaning to the italic part in each of the following questions. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. C threatened: bị đe dọa defended: được bảo vệ 2. D starving: đói full: no 3. A pay some money into: gửi tiền withdraw: rút tiền 4. B secure: an toàn unsure: không an tâm 5. A temporary: tạm permanent: lâu dài 6. B inordinate: quá mức limited: hạn chế, giới hạn 7. A discourtesy: không xương sống with backbones: có xương sống 8. A discourtesy: vô phép, bất nhã politeness: lịch thiệp 9. B safe: an toàn unsafe: không an toàn 10. B arrogant: kiêu ngạo humble: khiêm nhường Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. C beneficial: có lợi ích detrimental: bất lợi 12. B give up: từ bỏ continue: tiếp tục 13. C Advanced: tiến bộ of low level: cấp độ thấp 14. C abundance: nhiều, đa dạng small quantity: số lượng ít 15. C concern: sự quan tâm ease: sự thờ ơ 16. B merge: gộp lại separate: tách ra 17. A accomplished: tài năng unskilled: không có kĩ năng 18. D Affluent: giàu có Impoverished: nghèo hèn 19. A cozy: đầm ấm/ uncomfortable: không thoải mái 20. A illiterate: mù chữ/ able to read and write: biết đọc, viết BÀI 8. SENTENCE ELEMENTS - CÁC THÀNH TỐ CỦA CÂU Phần lời giải cho các bài tập từ Exercise 63 đến Exercise 70 các đáp án đúng được cung cấp cụ thể là A, B, C, hoặc D, kèm theo phần chú giải nghĩa các đáp án, các cụm từ hoặc cấu trúc cố định. Exercise 63: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. A What the woman was: mệnh đề làm chủ ngữ (That/ What/ All) Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. A Most of Ns: hầu hết, hầu như tất cả Trang 395
- 397. 2. A befed up with: chán ngấy 3. A find it/O adj: nhận thấy 4. C for fear that: vì sợ rằng 5. A be interested in: thích 6. B incompetent:không đủ khả năng 7. B success: sự thành công 8. C đảo ngữ với Only 9. C được giảng dạy “to be taught’ 10. B only a few Ns left: còn lại vài … 12. A having heard (reduced clause) 13. B Plants grown (reduced clause) 14. C mistake s.b for: nhầm lẫm 15. C to arrive: cấu trúc “used to V” 16. B since: kể từ thời điểm/ mốc 17. A if: nếu (câu điều kiện loại 1) 18. A elder brother/ sister: anh/ chị 19. C It take O time to V (cấu trúc) 20. B preoccupying: lo âu, bận tâm Exercise 64: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. A fire alarm: chuông báo hỏa hoạn 2. D only after: ngay khi (cụm từ) 3. A make s.b V: bắt ai làm gì 4. D neither…nor: chia V cho S sau 5. B cost of living: chi phí sống 6. D unconvincing: không thuyết phục 7. A further = more detailed: chi tiết 8. B in case: đề phòng, phòng khi 9. B with suspicion: sự nghi ngờ 10. D live on one’s own: tự lập Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. B application form: mẫu đơn từ 12. A It be adj (for O) to V (cấu trúc) 13. D differences: sự khác biệt 14. D It be adj (for O) to V (cấu trúc) 15. D give a lecture: giảng bài 16. A do such damage: gây hại 17. D comes out: xuất hiện, có mặt 18. C applicants: ứng viên, người xin 19. A different ways: cách khác nhau 20. A stop V-ing: từ bỏ Exercise 65: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. B heavy storm: bão lớn/mạnh 2. D would rather V than V: thích 3. C ask s.b for s.t: hỏi xin ai cái gì 4. D gave up: từ bỏ 5. B apply for: xin việc 6. C unemployment benefit: trợ cấp A make O adj: làm cho… (cấu trúc) Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. A was cooking: hành động đan xen 12. B be/ get used to V-ing: quen với 13. A busy with: bận rộn 14. C strong wind: gió lớn 15. B be good at: giỏi (cấu trúc) 16. D the highest/ the Himalayas B has been moved: bị di chuyển Trang 396
- 398. B heavy smoker:nghiện thuốc lá 9. C can't stand V-ing: không chịu được D be tired of V-ing: mệt mỏi vì A play a vital part: đóng vai trò B so sánh với tính từ đa âm C economical: tiết kiệm, kinh tế Exercise 66: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. A would join: (suy đoán) 2. C dedicated: tận tâm 3. A is going to retire: (chỉ dự kiến) 4. D which: mệnh đề quan hệ 5. C were inhabited: bị xâm chiếm 6. C speak language: nói (ngôn ngữ) 7. A recognize (nguyên thể sau could) 8. C be different from: khác biệt 9. D forein language: ngoại ngữ C on: vào ngày cụ thể Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. A miss (vehicle): nhỡ (tàu, xe) 12. D S wish S would/ could V 13. A endangered: có nguy cơ 14. D were: giả định với (as if) 15. C is spoken: được nói (thực tế) 16. D favorite: ưa chuộng, yêu thích 17. B like V-ing: thích làm gì 18. D hate V-ing: ghét làm gì 19. D stop V-ing: từ bỏ việc gì C gerund: danh động từ Exercise 67: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Câu Đáp Giải thích Câu Đáp Giải thích án án 1. A tell lies: nói dối (cụm từ cố định) 11. B sau câu mệnh lệnh progressive 2. D stop V-ing = give up V-ing: từ bỏ 12. D find it adj to V: (cấu trúc) 3. C would like (O) to V: (cấu trúc) 13. B would come: lời nói gián tiếp 4. B be/ get used to V-ing: quen với 14. B enjoy watching (cấu trúc) 5. C students is: (S = One/ those Ns) 15. A be afraid of V-ing: (cấu trúc) 6. B like best: thích nhất 16. D schooling: việc học hành 7. A very little: rất ít 17. C biologist: nhà sinh vật học 8. D since: kể từ 18. B would have introduced: (tiếc) 9. A would like (O) to V: (cấu trúc) 19. D laboratories:phòng thí nghiệm 10. B school are (S = classes/ this N) 20. C be good at: giỏi môn/ việc gì Exercise 68: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Câu Đáp Giải thích Câu Đáp Giải thích Trang 397
- 399. án 1. C every+ singular noun 2. D strength (n) sức/ điểm mạnh 3. B cause difficulties: gây khó khăn 4. D have difficulty+ V-ing: (cấu trúc) 5. A recognized: hành động liên tiếp 6. B apologize to O for V-ing 7. B orbit (n/v) quỹ đạo 8. C take advantage of: lợi dụng 9. B boring (adj) tẻ nhạt (chỉ vật) 10. B should(n’t) V: (không) nên án 11. B widely used: sử dụng rộng rãi 12. A pen-name: bút danh 13. B encouraged: động viên 14. A put an end to: finish =kết thúc 15. B teaches: dạy (chủ từ số ít) 16. D falls (in love with): yêu ai đó 17. B was rescued: được sứu sống 18. B notorious criminal: tội rõ ràng 19. C death: cái chết 20. D have influence on: ảnh hưởng Exercise 69: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. D cause difficulties: gây khó khăn 2. A evaporate (v) bay/ bốc hơi 3. B Approximately = About: khoảng 4. A written (v) viết, sang tác 5. C to reduce: cắt giảm 6. B on my own: tự tôi (cụm từ) 7. D spend time V-ing: ngữ cố định 8. D be good at: giỏi môn/ việc gì 9. A enjoy V-ing: hào hứng, thích B since + mốc/ mệnh đề thời gian Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. C high (adj) độ cao “How adj” 12. D cost: chi phia hết bao nhiêu 13. C take place: xảy ra, diễn ra 14. B On: vào ngày cụ thể 15. D It be adj for O to V: (cấu trúc) 16. B would like (O) to V: (cấu trúc) 17. B musical instruments: nhạc cụ 18. A southern accent: giọng Nam 19. D population: dân số C longer: so sánh tính từ đơn âm Exercise 70: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. D current (adj) hiện tại, hiện hành 2. A much better than: so sánh 3. C emotional (adj) cảm động 4. B be attentive: chú ý, tập trung 5. B ample (adj) đáp ứng mong mỏi Câu Đáp Giải thích án C imaginative: óc tưởng tượng A polite (adj) lịch sự, tinh tế A a little: một chút, ít B acceptable: có thể chấp nhận A be (un)aware of (cấu trúc) Trang 398
- 400. 6. A slighttremble: hơi run run 7. C subtle changes: thay đổi nhỏ 8. A rude (adj) thô lỗ, bất nhã 9. B tedious: chán ngắt, tẻ nhạt 10. D sociable: hòa đồng 16. D academic (adj) kiến thức 17. D illegible (adj) không rõ 18. D public school: trường tư 19. A the cleverer: so sánh với 2 vật 20. C informative: giàu thông tin CHUYÊN ĐỀ III. GRAMMAR NGỮ PHÁP BÀI 1. TENSES OF VERBS - THÌ CỦA ĐỘNG TỪ Phần lời giải cho các bài tập từ Exercise 71 đến Exercise 78 các đáp án đúng được cung cấp cụ thể là A, B, C, hoặc D, kèm theo phần chú giải nghĩa các đáp án, các cụm từ hoặc cấu trúc cố định, các key words để nhận dạng các thì ngữ pháp. Exercise 71: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. A hành động xảy ra trước quá khứ 2. D tính cho đến thời điểm nói 3. D cho rằng một việc đã xảy ra 4. C “get tired” chỉ có thể đi với “Do” 5. B for 2 years now: hoàn thành 6. A went (ago); have not been (since) 7. A thường xuyên, và thực tại 8. A key words: In the past/ in the last 9. D a fact with “can” as possibility 10. C hành động đan xen ở quá khứ Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. D key words: By this time next…. 12. B key words: Right now… 13. B key words: Last night at…. 14. D hành động lần lượt ở quá khứ 15. A mệnh đề thời gian ở quá khứ 16. C sequence of tense 17. C mệnh đề thời gian ở quá khứ 18. D mệnh đề thời gian 19. D dùng to V sau the first/ last… 20. B hành động liên tục ở quá khứ Exercise 72: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. D chỉ nguyên nhân (xảy ra trước) 2. A hiện tại hoàn thành cho thực tại 3. B mệnh đề thời gian với “while” 4. D key words: After all = kết luận Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. B mệnh đề thời gian với “after” 12. D key words: so far 13. A key words: by the end of next 14. A hiện tại tiếp diễn sau mệnh lệnh Trang 399
- 401. 5. C keywords: since = ht hoàn thành 6. B key words: No sooner___than 7. A key words: ago/ since 8. D key words: by the end of this … 9. C mệnh đề thời gian với “when” 10. B mệnh đề thời gian với “before” 15. A chỉ dự định hay kế hoạch 16. C kết quả đang ở hiện tại 17. B showing the truths 18. A hội thoại tức thời 19. D mệnh đề thời gian với “when” 20. C tell s.b (not) to V Exercise 73: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. C reported time expression 2. D reported general question 3. A instruction, promise 4. C reported general question 5. D reported statement 6. A tell s.b (not) to V 7. D reported statement 8. C reported statement 9. D tell s.b (not) to V 10. B reported WH- question Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. C reported general question 12. D reported statement 13. A reported general question 14. C reported general question 15. B reported WH- question 16. D reported WH- question 17. A reported general question 18. B reported WH- question 19. C advice s.b (not) to V 20. A report a truth, true action Exercise 74: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. B reported statement 2. C reported statement 3. A intension or plan, schedule 4. D cấu trúc “be said/ believed… ” 5. B hate V-ing 6. C be said/ believed; take time 7. C passive voice 8. B passive voice/ place/ gender 9. A present perfect passive voice Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. D simple past passive voice 12. D simple past passive voice 13. B simple present passive voice 14. C publicize: công bố trước công chúng 15. C be divided into: chia ra 16. D modal verb passive 17. A key words: by the time 18. D simple present passive 19. A present perfect passive Trang 400
- 402. 10. B itis used for: được dùng trong… 20. B be reported: được ghi nhận Exercise 75: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. C Was that book written: bị động 2. A should be done: nên; prevent O from V-ing: ngăn cản khỏi 3. A nơi sản xuất – nhà sản xuất 4. C bị động 5. C đảo ngữ 2 vế 6. B bị động với first trước V-ed 7. B mệnh đề quan hệ bị động 8. A chỉ dự định: be going to V 9. B bị động và phân từ dùng như adj 10. D bị động hiện tại hoàn thành Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. B bị động 12. D bị động dưới hình thức suy đoán (speculation) 13. C tương lai bị động (kế hoạch) 14. D make s.t past participle 15. B be told to V: được bảo phải 16. A be made to V: bị bắt phải làm 17. A be advised (not) to V: được khuyên nên làm gì 18. D câu điều kiện lọai 2 19. D giả định với “If only”: giá mà 20. A câu điều kiện lọai 1 Exercise 76: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. A mệnh đề thời gian 2. A Do you want: hỏi về kế hoạch 3. B will you be doing: hỏi về kế hoạch 4. A what marriage is: câu hỏi gián tiếp 5. D câu điều kiện trộn 6. B câu điều kiện loại 2 7. B câu điều kiện loại 2 8. A Providing: (câu điều kiện loại 2) 9. C câu điều kiện loại 3 đảo ngữ 10. A either S1 or S2: chia động từ theo S2 Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. D câu điều kiện trộn 12. B câu điều kiện loại 1 13. C câu điều kiện loại 3 14. B câu điều kiện trộn 15. A câu điều kiện loại 2 đảo ngữ 16. C câu điều kiện loại 3 17. A mệnh đề với after/ before 18. A câu điều kiện loại 1, mệnh lệnh 19. D câu điều kiện loại 2 với “or” D câu điều kiện loại 1 Exercise 77: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Trang 401
- 403. Câu Đáp Giảithích Câu Đáp Giải thích án án 1. B make excuses: xin xỏ hoài 11. A ask O to V: yêu cầu ai làm gì 2. A send for: phái đi 12. D if it hadn’t been for: nếu không 3. B should not (advice) không nên; 13. D has: hiện tại hoàn thành might (possibility) có thể 4. C deepen (v) làm sâu hơn 14. A needn’t: không cần thiết 5. A must have left (speculation) 15. B be required to V: được yêu cầu 6. A must (speculation) chắc phải 16. C take exam: thi, dự thi 7. D should (advice) nên; might 17. D take in: hiểu, nhận thức được (possibility) có thể 8. C will be wearing: nhận dạng 18. A be to V: convey ideas (phải) 9. A clap one’s hands: vỗ tay 19. A reduce pressure: giảm áp lực 10. C broke out: nổ ra 20. B should not be put (bị động) Exercise 78: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. C chia động từ theo chủ ngữ đứng trước “as well as” 2. C interviewed for job: phỏng vấn 3. C restructure: tái cấu trúc kinh tế 4. B interact with each other: tương tác 5. D producing (reduced clause) 6. A enable O to V: giúp…. làm gì 7. C could fly (câu điều kiện loại 2) 8. D can't (deduction: suy luận) không thể 9. D warn s.b (not) to V: cảnh báo 10. C can: possibility; should (advice) Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. D would rather O V (simple past) (không có thực) 12. B must (deduction: suy luận) 13. D Hardly…when: ngay khi 14. A commit a foul/ a mistake/ a crime: phạm lỗi/ tội 15. A cannot (deduction: suy luận) 16. B has been studying: tính đến giờ B should have gone: tiếc nuối C can (ability) khả năng; needn’t (unnecessity) không cần thiết D must (deduction: suy luận) can (possibility) khả năng C tell O (not) to V: bảo ai làm gì Trang 402
- 404. BÀI 2. EMPHASIS- THỨC NHẤN MẠNH Phần lời giải cho các bài tập từ Exercise 79 đến Exercise 85 các đáp án đúng được cung cấp cụ thể là A, B, C, hoặc D, kèm theo phần chú giải nghĩa các đáp án, các cụm từ hoặc cấu trúc cố định. Exercise 79. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. Câu Đáp Giải thích Câu Đáp Giải thích án án 1. D đảo ngữ với “No longer____” 11. D cấu trúc “No sooner___than” 2. A cấu trúc “No sooner___than” 12. D đảo ngữ với “Hardly__when” 3. C cấu trúc “hardly__when” 13. C cấu trúc “Not only_but_as well ” 4. A đảo ngữ với “Never before___” 14. C đảo ngữ với “No longer____” 5. A đảo ngữ với “Rarely___” 15. B đảo ngữ với “Only____” 6. D đảo ngữ với “Hardly__when” 16. D đảo ngữ với “Hardly__when” 7. C cấu trúc “hardly ever” 17. A đảo ngữ với “So adj/adv____” 8. B đảo ngữ với “Hardly__when” 18. C cấu trúc “Not only___but also” 9. B cấu trúc “No sooner___than” 19. D cấu trúc “hardly ever” 10. D cấu trúc “Not only___but also” 20. A cấu trúc “Not only___but also” Exercise 80. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. B cấu trúc “Never before___” 2. B cấu trúc “It be only then that___” 3. A cấu trúc “Only by ___” 4. B As soon as = No sooner ___than 5. B đảo ngữ với “At no time____” 6. D cấu trúc “Not only___but also” 7. A đảo ngữ với “Seldom ____” 8. C đảo ngữ với “Rarely ____” 9. B đảo ngữ với “Nowhere ____” 10. B cấu trúc “Not only_but__aso well” Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. A đảo ngữ với câu điều kiện loại 3 12. D biến đổi câu so sánh = điều kiện 13. A đảo ngữ với câu điều kiện loại 2 14. A đảo ngữ với câu điều kiện trộn 15. A đảo ngữ với câu điều kiện loại 3 16. A nhấn mạnh dùng câu chẻ 17. C nhấn mạnh dùng câu chẻ 18. C nhấn mạnh dùng cause and effect 19. B nhấn mạnh dùng “Here” 20. B đảo ngữ với câu điều kiện loại 3 Exercise 81: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Câu Đáp Giải thích Câu Đáp Giải thích Trang 403
- 405. án 1. C nationality:quốc tịch 2. C instruction: chỉ dẫn, hướng dẫn 3. D respect: kính trọng, tôn trọng 4. D importance: tầm quan trọng 5. C communicative satellites: vệ tinh thông tin 6. C necessity: sự cần thiết 7. A widely used: sử dụng rộng rãi 8. A cụm từ: at the age of = ở độ tuổi 9. D explanation: sự giải thích 10. D attraction: lực hút, sức hút án 11. C make O adj: làm cho ___ 12. D beyond my expectation 13. B Bodybuilding: môn thể hình 14. A enthusiast: người hâm mộ 15. D status: địa vị (xã hội, kinh tế, chính trị) 16. D Philosophy: triết học, triết lí 17. B There’s no need: không cần 18. C champion: nhà vô địch 19. A offer reward: phần thưởng 20. C gold medal: huy chương vàng Exercise 82: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. B limitation (n) hạn chế, giới hạn 2. D applicants (n) người tham dự 3. D letter of recommendation: thư giới thiệu 4. B experience: kinh nghiệm 5. C responsibility: trách nhiệm 6. B Unemployment:nạn thất nghiệp 7. B temporary employment: việc làm tạm thời 8. C make an application: làm/ nộp đơn xin việc C certificate: bằng, chứng chỉ A undergraduate: học sinh đại học chưa tốt nghiệp Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. C in agreement: đồng quan điểm 12. D marriage: hôn nhân, đám cưới 13. C physical attractiveness: diện mạo, vẻ đẹp hình thể 14. B bride: cô dâu 15. D equality: bình đẳng 16. C in the majority: số đông 17. B language and communication: ngôn ngữ và giao tiếp 18. C catch eye: bắt gặp ánh mắt, nhìn D signal: tín hiệu C educator: nhà giáo dục Exercise 83: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Câu Đáp Giải thích án Câu Đáp Giải thích án Trang 404
- 406. 1. B developments:sự phát triển 2. B depression: khủng hoảng, lo âu 3. C encouragement: sự khích lệ 4. B subsidy: tiền/ khoản trợ cấp 5. A initial challenge: thách thức đầu 6. B economies: nền kinh tế 7. D sand: cát 8. C explorers: nhà thám hiểm 9. C corridors: thung lũng, rãnh 10. A computing technology: công nghệ máy tính 11. B hummock: đỉnh gò (explanation) 12. D expedition đi với explore 13. B territory: vùng đất, lãnh thổ 14. D camel: lạc đà (explanation) 15. B legal protection: luật bảo vệ 16. B reserves (n) khu sinh thái 17. A Biodiversity: đa dạng sinh học 18. B experiences: sự trải nghiệm 19. D desertification: sa mạc hóa 20. A Biology: môn/ ngành sinh học Exercise 84: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Câu Đáp Giải thích Câu Đáp Giải thích án án 1. D must have been caused (đoán) 11. A can't be (negative deduction) 2. D were: câu điều kiện loại 2 12. D relate to: liên quan đến 3. A the first/ last/ only to V 13. D well-prepared: chuẩn bị kĩ 4. A beat = defeat: đánh bại 14. B have trouble V-ing: gặp rắc rối 5. A it will snow (prediction dự 15. B take responsibility for: chịu đoán/ dự báo – tương lai) trách nhiệm về 6. C can't have been taken (đoán) 16. A enjoy V-ing: thích làm gì 7. B S wish S would/ could V 17. C join hands: chung tay/ sức 8. A qui trình bắt buộc 18. A happened đi với yesterday 9. A be able to V: có khả năng 19. B prediction dự đoán/ dự báo 10. B needn't be watered: unnecessity 20. D make sure: hãy chắc chắn rằng Exercise 85: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. C It is said/ believed...(cấu trúc) 2. D depends: (thực tế khách quan) 3. A reaches: mệnh đề phụ “when” C enjoy V-ing: thích làm gì Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. D love V-ing: thích làm gì 12. C was buried: bị chôn vùi 13. B key words: In the last… (htht) A key words: In the 19th century Trang 405
- 407. 5. D Being/As NP: mệnh đề lược 6. C will: (promise or swear) 7. B lately đi với hiện tại hoàn thành 8. C key words: during the 1970s 9. D keeps – in accordance with fails 10. B want s.t: muốn điều gì 15. C be busy V-ing = be busy with 16. A showing possibility “could” 17. D agree: đồng ý 18. B be willing to V: sẵn sàng làm gì 19. A To become (purpose: mục đích) 20. C Does/ Do/ Did S V__? Phần lời giải cho bài tập Exercise 86 các đáp án đúng được cung cấp cụ thể là A, B, C, hoặc D, kèm theo phần chú giải nghĩa các từ được thay thế để câu đúng về ngữ nghĩa và ngữ pháp. Exercise 86: Find the ONE among the underlined and marked A, B, C, D in each of the following sentences that needs correcting: Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. D sửa là: went (quá khứ) 2. D sửa là: thought (xảy ra trước) 3. B sửa là: visit (vì có every year) 4. C sửa là: since (present perfect) 5. A sửa là: will have got… (by the end) 6. A sửa là: involved (passive voice) 7. B sửa là: is causing ( Air pollution) 8. D sửa là: doing to (do damage to) 9. A sửa là: Unlike: không như 10. D sửa là: as (work as) Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. B sửa là: at (arrive at the gate) 12. C sửa là: to lie: nằm 13. B sửa là: ask question 14. C sửa là: ask (mệnh đề phụ when) 15. B sửa là: air-conditioned (adj) 16. B sửa là: was (chủ ngữ What I…) 17. B sửa là: arrive (mệnh đề when) 18. A sửa là: told – phù hợp với was 19. B sửa là: is (chủ ngữ Dreaming) 20. D sửa là: indicate (cần động từ) BÀI 3. GERUNDS - DANH ĐỘNG TỪ Phần lời giải cho các bài tập từ Exercise 87 đến Exercise 93 các đáp án đúng được cung cấp cụ thể là A, B, C, hoặc D, kèm theo phần chú giải nghĩa các đáp án, các cụm từ hoặc cấu trúc cố định. Exercise 87. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. D remember V-ing: nhớ quá khứ 2. C be going to V: intension 3. D to go to: tới đâu đó 4. C put on clothes; mặc quần áo 5. B encourage that S should V Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. B apologize for: xin lỗi 12. D S suggest (that) S V(bare inf) 13. D look after: chăm sóc 14. C Reducing (danh động từ làm S) 15. A need V-ing: cần được Trang 406
- 408. 6. B hateit that S V: ghét cái điều mà 7. C make s.b V: bắt ai làm gì 8. B watch s.b/s.t V/ V-ing: quan sát 9. B S wish S would/ could V (muốn) 10. B expect to V: mong muốn làm gì 16. A S require (that) S V(bare inf) 17. C resent V-ing: chống đối việc gì 18. C bring down: kìm hãm, giảm 19. A get adj = be adj 20. C need V-ing: cần được Exercise 88. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. B like V-ing: thích làm gì 2. D Would you mind V-ing? 3. C Windsurfing: lướt ván nhờ gió 4. C feel like V-ing: thích làm gì 5. B enjoy V-ing: thích làm gì 6. D regret to V: tiếc phải (làm gì) 7. B having = who has (reduced clause) 8. D forget V-ing: tiếc vì đã (làm gì) 9. D stand there V-ing: ở đó (làm gì) 10. A stop V-ing: bỏ đi thói quen Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. B standing = who stands 12. D stop to V: dừng việc này để 13. A Do you mind V-ing: làm ơn 14. C insist on V-ing: nài nỉ 15. B life-threatening (adj) đe dọa 16. D limit oneself to V-ing: cắt giảm 17. A afraid of V-ing: e sợ (làm gì) 18. D deny V-ing: chối bỏ việc đã làm 19. B have trouble V-ing: gặp rắc rối 20. A enjoy V-ing: thích làm gì Exercise 89. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. B hate V-ing: ghét (làm việc gì đó) 2. A instead of V-ing: thay vì 3. B recall V-ing: nhớ lại 4. A sau giới từ dùng V-ing 5. B have an excuse of V-ing: tiếc 6. B consider V-ing: xem xét/ tính đến 7. C be busy V-ing = be busy with V-ing 8. D Scuba-diving: môn lặn có thiết bị 9. D When V-ing: mệnh đề lược B Before V-ing: mệnh đề lược Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. D who prepares: mệnh đề lược 12. D produce goods: sản xuất hàng 13. C It’s no good V-ing: không đáng 14. A Rowing: bơi thuyền 15. B need V-ing: (bị động) nên làm 16. C Collecting: gerund làm chủ ngữ 17. D sitting = who sits: (reduced) 18. B spend time V-ing: dùng--- làm 19. C resist V-ing: cự lại A reduced clause using V-ing Trang 407
- 409. Exercise 90: Choosethe best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Câu Đáp Giải thích Câu Đáp Giải thích án án 1. B look forward to V-ing: mong chờ 11. B promise not to V: hứa sẽ không 2. C let O V: thả, cho phép 12. B want s.b to V: muốn ai làm gì 3. C remember V-ing: nhớ việc đã làm 13. A remember V-ing: nhớ đã làm gì 4. B remember to V: ghi nhớ nhiệm vụ 14. A can’t/ couldn’t help V-ing 5. C suggest V-ing: gợi ý việc gì 15. C like/ would like to V: thích làm 6. C mind V-ing: phiền (đề nghị) 16. A avoid V-ing: tránh việc gì 7. C give up V-ing: từ bỏ việc gì 17. D stop to V: dừng để làm gì 8. B stop to V: dừng việc này để làm 18. C enjoy V-ing: thích làm gì 9. D stop V-ing: từ bỏ thói quen 19. C finish V-ing: hoàn tất/ kết thúc 10. C prevent from V-ing: ngăn cản 20. D risk V-ing: liều mạng làm gì Exercise 91: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. B allow s.b to V: cho phép ai làm gì 2. D be allowed to V: được cho phép 3. A had better V = should V (nên) 4. D need to be P.P/ V-ing 5. A can’t/ couldn’t help V-ing 6. A help s.b to V/ V/ with s.t (giúp) 7. C use money to V: dùng tiền để 8. B finish V-ing: hoàn tất/ kết thúc 9. C for o to V: đối với ai làm gì 10. A stop s.b from V-ing: ngăn ai làm Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. D carry on V-ing: thực hiện 12. A fancy to V: vui vì 13. D put off V-ing: hoãn, hủy việc gì 14. C imagine to V: tưởng tượng việc 15. C give up V-ing: từ bỏ việc gì 16. B in order to V: để mà làm gì 17. A can’t bear V-ing: không chịu nổi 18. A consider V-ing: tính/ xét đến 19. D suggest V-ing: gợi ý làm gì 20. C cause to V: gây ra điều gì Exercise 92: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. D quit V-ing: từ bỏ B go on V-ing: tiếp tục Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. B seem to V: dường như A tend to V: có xu hướng làm gì Trang 408
- 410. 3. A allows.b to V: cho phép ai làm gì 4. D admit V-ing: thú nhận đã làm gì 5. A decide to V: quyết định làm gì 6. C agree to V: đồng ý làm gì 7. A learn how to V: học cách làm gì 8. B fail to V: thất bại 9. B decide not to V: quyết định không 10. A encourage s.b to V: khích lệ 13. D pretend not to V: giả vờ không 14. C happen to V: tình cờ 15. D to lose weight: giảm cân 16. C know to V: biết nên làm gì 17. C understand what to V: biết việc 18. D show how to V: chỉ/ bày cách 19. A forget to V: quyên nhiệm vụ 20. C manage to V: cố làm gì Exercise 93: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. A charge for: ra giá, bắt trả 2. D consider V-ing; change job 3. D touch s.t: chạm vào 4. D might have been delayed (đoán) 5. C should be cleaned (suggestion) 6. B must be taken: (điều bắt buộc) 7. A can't have seen (suy đoán) 8. C score a goal: ghi điểm/ ghi bàn 9. A last: kéo dài (độ dài thời gian) D must have started (suy đoán) Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. C needn't have studied (đoán) 12. A faded: mờ, bạc màu 13. D toss the coin: tung xu xấp ngửa 14. A needn't be taken (unnecessity) 15. C cooled off: làm mát – swim 16. C will be cancelled (kế hoạch) 17. A the first/ last/ only to V 18. D explore: khám phá 19. B has risen (thống kê) B apply for; xin việc Phần lời giải cho bài tập Exercise 94 các đáp án đúng được cung cấp cụ thể là A, B, C, hoặc D, kèm theo phần chú giải nghĩa các từ được thay thế để câu đúng về ngữ nghĩa và ngữ pháp. Exercise 94: Find the ONE among the underlined and marked A, B, C, D in each of the following sentences that needs correcting: Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. B sửa là: going out (sau giới từ) 2. B sửa là: learn (had better V) 3. A sửa là: On hearing (sau giới từ) 4. D sửa là: repairing (need V-ing) 5. D sửa là: to do (nothing to V) 6. A sửa là: Getting (reduced clause) Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. C sửa là: prevent (it be adj to V) 12. D sửa là: polluting (can’t help) 13. D sửa là: watching (sau suggest) 14. B sửa là: settle (have s.b V) 15. C sửa là: visiting (reduced clause) B sửa là: to enrich (chỉ mục đích) Trang 409
- 411. 7. A sửalà: not helping (đã xảy ra) 8. B sửa là: to unlock (try to V: cố) 9. A sửa là: Opening (reduced clause) 10. B sửa là: using (stop V-ing: từ bỏ) 17. D sửa là: to fight (it be adj to V) 18. B sửa là: to conserve (care to V) 19. A sửa là: giving (mind V-ing) 20. B sửa là: finish (have to V) BÀI 4. INFINITIVES - ĐỘNG TỪ NGUYÊN THỂ Phần lời giải cho các bài tập từ Exercise 95 đến Exercise 70 các đáp án đúng được cung cấp cụ thể là A, B, C, hoặc D, kèm theo phần chú giải nghĩa các đáp án, các cụm từ hoặc cấu trúc cố định. Exercise 95. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. D keep pace with: bắt kịp 2. D recommend that S V(bare inf) 3. B to be caught V: bị bắt quả tang 4. C provide s.t for s.b: cung cấp cho 5. D opposes: chống đối/ phản đối 6. B take responsibility for (cấu trúc) 7. C let s.b off: thả, phóng thích 8. B take up: nhận/ chơi môn thể thao 9. C acknowledge: chứng nhận 10. A catch up on: bắt kịp Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. A pass exam: vượt qua kì thi 12. D get dressed up: mặc 13. B keep pace with: bắt kịp 14. A To be good (chỉ mục đích) 15. D put out: dập, tắt 16. C abide: tuân thủ 17. B maintain beauty: duy trì sắc đẹp 18. C childless: vô sinh 19. A nothing but to V: không__ngoài 20. B convey: truyền tải, dịch Exercise 96. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. A stand up for: thay thế, đảm nhận 2. C keep up: giữ nguyên sắc mặt 3. A part with: chia sẻ, nhường 4. B tell s.b (not) to V: bảo ai làm gì 5. B Look no further!: ngay trước mắt 6. D do s.b a favor: làm ơn giúp 7. B Put s.t down: bỏ xuống, buông 8. C would like s.b to V: muốn ai làm 9. B be allowed to V: cho phép làm Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. C get s.b to V/ let s.b V 12. D Make sure: hãy chắc chắn rằng 13. A insist that S V(bare inf) 14. B refuse to V: từ chối việc gì 15. B reject the offer: từ chối đề nghị 16. B engage: lấy ý kiến chuyên gia 17. B be willing to V: sẵn sàng làm gì 18. C back you up: ủng hộ, chống lưng C have s.b V: nhờ ai làm gì Trang 410
- 412. 10. D offerto V: sẵn lòng làm gì 20. D promote: thúc đẩy Exercise 97. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. A To become (chỉ mục đích) 2. C Raise hands: giơ tay xung phong 3. A seem to be V-ed: dường như được 4. B sit down: ngồi xuống (ghế) 5. C refuse to V: từ chối làm gì đó 6. B cut down on: cắt giảm, giảm 7. C need s.b to V: cần ai giúp đỡ 8. B run out of: cạn kiệt, hết 9. A exchange money: đổi tiền A To win (chỉ mục đích) Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. C tell___apart: phân biệt 12. B make no differences: không làm thay đổi 13. A take part in: tham gia, tham dự 14. A attract attention: thu hút sự chú ý 15. A make s.b to V: bắt ai làm gì đó 16. D vote for: bầu cử, bỏ phiếu 17. B attract: thu hút, hấp dẫn 18. B commute: di chuyển, đi làm 19. B It take O time to V: mất thời gian để ai đó làm gì A the first/ last/ only to V Exercise 98: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. B afford to V: đủ tiền để 2. A how to V: học làm gì 3. D dare to V: dám làm gì 4. D have s.b V: nhờ/ có ai làm gì 5. B get s.t past participle: có việc gì được làm bởi 6. C hope to V: hi vọng sẽ làm gì 7. C sau modal verbs dùng bare verbs 8. D having and working (nối bởi “and”) 9. D claim to V: khảng định, cho rằng D wh – words S should V (cấu trúc) Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. C advice s.b (not) to V: khuyên bảo 12. B would rather (not) V 13. D spend time V-ing (cấu trúc) 14. A offer to V: đề nghị làm giúp 15. D prove to V: chứng minh việc gì 16. B There’s no point in V-ing 17. D delay/ risk + V-ing 18. A be willing to V: sẵn sàng làm gì 19. C keep on V-ing: tiếp tục làm gì A make s.b to V: bắt ai làm gì đó Trang 411
- 413. Exercise 99: Choosethe best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Câu Đáp Giải thích Câu Đáp Giải thích án án 1. C It be adj (for O) to V (cấu trúc) 11. D When V-ing (reduced clause) 2. B It’s up to O to V: tùy ai làm gì 12. A On V-ing = When/ While V-ing 3. B be fed up with V-ing: chán ngấy 13. D gerund/ infinitive – chủ ngữ 4. C be ready to V: sẵn sàng làm gì 14. B regret to V: tiếc vì phải làm 5. C sitting = who sit (reduced clause) 15. C make s.t adj; ploughing (gerund) 6. C enjoy V-ing: thích làm gì 16. D remember V-ing: việc đã làm 7. B Collecting: gerund làm chủ ngữ 17. C would you mind V-ing (cấu trúc) 8. C It’s no use V-ing: không đáng để 18. A tell O (not) to V): bảo ai làm gì 9. C giới từ V-ing/ it’s adj for O to V 19. C want O to V: muốn ai làm gì 10. C Looking: gerund làm chủ ngữ 20. B any thing to V: có gì để Exercise 100: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. D passed – mệnh đề sau when 2. C postpone: hoãn, hủy (put off) 3. B will be held: kế hoạch tương lai 4. D blame s.b for N/ V-ing 5. D had better V= should V: nên làm 6. D chỉ khả năng possibility 7. B must be observed (trách nhiệm) 8. B question tag 9. A can be picked (bị động với “can”) 10. A put up with: chịu đựng (tolerate) Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. B should be typed: điều nên làm 12. A mustn't: không được phép 13. B couldn't (past ability) 14. A needn't (unnecessity) 15. D hadn’t been: điều kiện loại 3 16. C protect s.t: bảo vệ thứ gì đó 17. D interfere with: can thiệp, cản 18. C must still be sitting (bổn phận) 19. C make film: làm phim 20. A must: chắc (deduction: suy ra) Exercise 101: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. B mệnh đề điều kiện với “or” A was stressed (bị động) Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. B take care of: chăm sóc C labor-saving: tiết kiệm sức Trang 412
- 414. 3. A dipinto: chúi đầu, vùi đầu 4. C can’t (speculation – suy đoán) 5. D belong to: thuộc về 6. C chia theo chủ ngữ sau 7. A to prevent from: ngăn cản 8. D contribute to: đóng góp 9. C có “so far” - hiện tại hoàn thành 10. D go over: kiểm tra lại 13. C knock down: phá, dỡ 14. B separated by: bị chia tách 15. C prefer to be taught: muốn được 16. C remain a mystery: bí mật 17. B needn't be typed (unnecessity) 18. D dismissed: hủy, bỏ 19. D can be visited (bị động) 20. B penalty awarded: thưởng penalty Phần lời giải cho bài tập Exercise 102 các đáp án đúng được cung cấp cụ thể là A, B, C, hoặc D, kèm theo phần chú giải nghĩa các từ được thay thế để câu đúng về ngữ nghĩa và ngữ pháp. Exercise 102: Find the ONE among the underlined and marked A, B, C, D in each of the following sentences that needs correcting: Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. C sửa là: eating (feel like V-ing) 2. B sửa là: creep/ creeping 3. D sửa là: to give (forget to V) 4. C sửa là: to send ( adj enough to V) 5. C sửa là: saying (without V-ing) 6. D sửa là: to tell (something to do) 7. B sửa là: getting (can’t help V-ing) 8. D sửa là: to learn ( adj to V) 9. B sửa là: not having (enjoy V-ing) 10. B sửa là: eating ( recommend V-ing) Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. D sửa là: from entering (sau stop) 12. A sửa là: Knowing (reduced clause) 13. C sửa là: to enter (allow to V) 14. B sửa là: to read ( advice O to V) 15. B sửa là: falling ( keep V-ing) 16. B sửa là: interested (cấu trúc) 17. D sửa là: to do (how to V) 18. C sửa là: go (let s.b V) 19. D sửa là: wait (do nothing but V) 20. C sửa là: by working (sau giới từ) BÀI 5. THE PASSIVE VOICE - THỂ BỊ ĐỘNG Phần lời giải cho các bài tập từ Exercise 103 đến Exercise 106, cung cấp một hình thức viết lại câu gốc đã cho sao cho không làm thay đổi ngữ nghĩa của câu gốc (sử dụng cấu trúc câu bị động). Exercise 103: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. → I had the gate painted last week. → It is recommended that we should stay at the city center. → Jack is going to be served breakfast in bed on his birthday. → It is thought that Maradona is the best football player in the 20th century. → They have the story told again. Trang 413
- 415. →This flower iswatered by my father every morning. → John gets his shirt cleaned. → This dish is brought to me by the waiter. → Fiona was invented to John’s birthday party last month. → I will get a new dress made. → She will have her car washed tomorrow. → Anne has had her composition typed. → It is found that the job is not suitable for a girl like her. → Her ticket was showed to the airline agent by her. → The dinner is being prepared by her mother in the kitchen. → Rick will have his hair cut. → These postcards are sent to us by our friend. →Our teeth should be cleaned twice a day. → He had his car repaired. → Five million pounds was left to her relatives by her. Exercise 104: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. → It was explained that this powerful engine pulled the train. → The English grammar has been explained by our teacher. → The accident was caused in this city by some drunk drivers. → This story was told to them by their grandmother when they visited her last week. → Tom’s parents will be visited by him next month. → This train ticket was ordered for Tim’s mother. → The secretary wasn’t phoned by the manager this morning. → It has been decided that the company will go to the beach together at the weekend. → Alice was appointed secretary for the meeting by the committee. → I was told that his football team had played well last season. → Was this beautiful dress bought by Mary? → A cookery book is going to be bought by her next month. → These old pictures won’t be hung in the living room by me. → The new project is found worthless. → This factory wasn’t built by the German during the Second World War. → I have been persuaded that they will go with me to the stadium. → The note wasn’t taken to the manager by the secretary. → This house and these cars are going to be painted for Christmas day by the Greens. → The farm is going to be enlarged by the farmer. Trang 414
- 416. → The catshad been fed by Ann before she went to the cinema. Exercise 105: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. → The pollution problems have been discussed by the students since last week. → Those slums are going to be cleared. → All the workers are notified that they will have to work extra hard this month. → Has the most valuable painting in the national museum been stolen by the thieves. → The roof is going to be mended tomorrow morning. → The new president will be interviewed on TV. → She often gets the heater maintained. → I must have my teeth checked. → She will have her dog examined. → These boxes were handed to the customer by the shop assistant. → How many languages are spoken in Canada? → Alice was believed to pass the driving test. → They had the shoplifter arrested. → Have the Christmas cards been sent to your family? → Are those shoes going to be repaired? → Are you going to have your shoes repaired? → The special cameras weren’t showed to me. → His nose has been broken in a football match by him. → His new shoes are lent to his friends by him. → Have above sentences been finished? Exercise 106: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. → It was discovered that this cotton was grown in Egypt. → The first prize was awarded to the reporter by the board. → We had this photograph taken when we were on holiday last summer. → The broken cup is hidden in the drawer by him. → It is promised that the performance will start on time. → This room is kept tidy all the time. → The Greens had their carpet cleaned. → It was announced that the meeting was delayed until next week. → The party was voted a great success. → We had our car repaired. → I am informed that the director is going to take a business trip to England. → I have my hair cut by the hairdresser. → Ann was given some bananas and some flowers by us. → The flowers were reported to be killed by frost. → Lan got the window cleaned last week by her brother. Trang 415
- 417. → The fridgewas moved into the living room. → I was told that you were the architect in this city. → Jill got her new dress made by the tailor. → Some cups of tea were brought to the visitors in the next room by her. → The wine should be opened three hours before it is used. Phần lời giải cho các bài tập từ Exercise 107 đến Exercise 108 các đáp án đúng được cung cấp cụ thể là A, B, C, hoặc D, kèm theo phần chú giải nghĩa các đáp án, các cụm từ hoặc cấu trúc cố định. Exercise 107. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. B keep s.b occupied: bận rộn 2. D cấu trúc “be said/ believed…” 3. B đảo ngữ nhấn mạnh “Up/ Down” 4. C divert: điều chuyển hướng 5. C Founded: được thành lập 6. B is cleaned: present passive 7. A key words: right now 8. D have s.t done by s.b (form) 9. C was broken: past passive 10. A were called: past passive Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. A hai mệnh đề chia ở bị động 12. D active to passive voice 13. A active to passive voice 14. A is disappeared: present passive 15. C have s.t done by s.b (form) 16. B be taken down: bị thuyết phục 17. A almond-shaped (tính từ ghép) 18. C stolen: bị đánh cắp, lấy cắp 19. B I was given (hậu quả điểm xấu) 20. B being excited: hào hứng Exercise 108. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. B demand to be V-ed: đòi được 2. A when interviewed (mệnh đề lược: khi được phỏng vấn) 3. B invited: người được mời 4. B Drunken: người bị say 5. A run business: điều hành công việc kinh doanh, làm ăn 6. D people concerned: người quan tâm 7. B Founded: được thành lập 8. A damaged: tổn hại, hủy hoại Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. C It is important that S V(bare inf) A đảo ngữ nhấn mạnh với Only ở đầu câu A be recommended to V: đề nghị 14. A be used to s.t/ V-ing: quen với 15. B the first/ last to V (cấu trúc) 16. A It’s imperative that S V(bare inf) 17. A Unused to s.t: không quen A are examined: present passive Trang 416
- 418. 9. B Whatis needed (mệnh đề làm chủ ngữ cho câu) 10. A question raised: câu hỏi được đưa ra, đề xuất 19. B avoid V-ing: tránh khỏi 20. D have been laid off: bị sa thải, mất việc Phần lời giải cho các bài tập từ Exercise 109 đến Exercise 110 các đáp án đúng được cung cấp cụ thể là A, B, C, hoặc D, kèm cvvcvc vc vc theo sửa lỗi với các phương án thay thế cho từ, cụm từ cho trước để câu trở nên đúng. Exercise 109: Find the ONE among the underlined and marked A, B, C, D in each of the following sentences that needs correcting: Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. B of: die of = chết vì lí do nào đó 2. A divided: divide into = chia ra 3. B sửa là: are arrested: bị bắt giữ 4. C sửa là: was attacked: bị tấn công 5. C sửa là: are made: được làm để 6. C leading: dẫn đầu, hàng đầu 7. D their hiking: việc leo núi của họ 8. A It is generally believed that 9. B none vì either dùng cho 2 vật 10. B to be vì S be said to V (cấu trúc) Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. B must not be touched (bị động) 12. A sửa là: has not been examined 13. B will be discussed (bị động) 14. A sửa là: was thought (bị động) 15. D are be widened (bị động) 16. D sửa là: known (tính từ) 17. B sửa là: gets (thực tế) 18. D sửa là: by pushing (by V-ing) 19. C sửa là: washed (have s.t done) 20. C sửa là: was stolen (bị động) Exercise 110: Find the ONE among the underlined and marked A, B, C, D in each of the following sentences that needs correcting: Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. D sửa là: had been sold (đã bán) 2. B sửa là: typed (được đánh máy) 3. A sửa là: is considered (được coi là) 4. A sửa là: believed (được tin là) 5. C sửa là: expression (biểu hiện) 6. A sửa là: are contained (được lưu) 7. A sửa là: Following (theo, tiếp theo) 8. C sửa là: made (have s.t V-ed) 9. D sửa là: was written (được viết) Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. B sửa là: only be answered 12. D sửa là: had disappeared 13. B sửa là: takes (either số ít) 14. D sửa là: no (dùng như tính từ) 15. C sửa là: had been seen (bị động) 16. B sửa là: has been built 17. D sửa là: transtated (have s.t V-ed) 18. C sửa là: are impressed 19. B sửa là: repaired (have s.t V-ed) Trang 417
- 419. 10. B sửalà: are used (được sử dụng) 20. B sửa là: is/ has been BÀI 6. INDIRECT SPEECH - CÂU GIÁN TIẾP Phần lời giải cho các bài tập từ Exercise 111 đến Exercise 112, cung c ấp một hình thức viết lại câu gốc đã cho sao cho không làm thay đổi ngữ nghĩa của câu gốc (sử dụng cấu trúc câu chuyển từ trực tiếp sang gián tiếp và ngược lại). Exercise 111: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. → He told me not to make such a silly mistake again. → She said she hadn’t known me. → The boy said he didn’t what he would do. → Paul reminded Sue to buy some bread. → The man ordered the children not to touch anything in that room. → Mary said that she had to go home to make the dinner. → Tom asked me if/whether I was going to Ho Chi Minh City the next week/ the following week. → Mom asked if I had finished my homework. → She told me that she couldn’t do it by herself. → Lan wanted to know if Nam’s brother lived in London. → His father warned him not to repeat that mistake again. → The photographer told me to give a smile. → The librarian told the students not to leave those books on the table. → He asked me if I had travelled abroad much. → The boss asked the secretary who had written that note. → My friend told me she had just received a postcard from his sister. → He said that story had happened long before. → He advised me not to buy that car. → Nam offered to carry Lan’s suitcase. → Ann agreed to share the food with Dave. Exercise 112: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. → The instructor warned the sportsman not to repeat that mistake again. → The assistant told me to leave the address with the secretary. → The manager asked the client to phone to him for an answer the next day/the following day. → The father told the kid not to be so silly. Trang 418
- 420. → The photographertold me to give a smile. → Ann asked her friend to help her make a decision. → The librarian told the student not to leave those books on the table, but to put them back on the shelf. → The nurse told the child to be a good girl and to sit quietly for five minutes. → My companion advised me to leave my things there. → The chairman asked the participants not to discuss that question at the moment. → We asked the guide if it would be safe to stay in the mountains for the night if the weather didn’t changed for the better. → The porter told me he would wake me up when the train arrived in Leeds. → My wife told me that she would do the packing while I was away. → He told me not to leave until he phoned me. → The doctor said that after he left hospital they would take him to the South. → The man explained to me that they would wait for the fisherman to return until it got dark. → My neighbour told me she would let me know as soon as she heard from him. → She said that she would live in town until her husband returned from the expedition and that when he returned, they would go to the seaside together. → The mother told her son to sit still. → John asked/told his friend to come and spend a week with him. Phần lời giải cho các bài tập từ Exercise 113 đến Exercise 116 các đáp án đúng được cung cấp cụ thể là A, B, C, hoặc D, kèm theo phần chú giải nghĩa các đáp án, các cụm từ hoặc cấu trúc cố định. Exercise 113. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. Câu Đáp Giải thích Câu Đáp Giải thích án án 1. A tell s.b that (reported speech) 11. A tell s.b that (reported speech) 2. B lùi thì động từ “said that S V-ed” 12. D ask if/ whether S V (question) 3. D ask wh- S V (reported question) 13. D want to know wh-S V (question) 4. A tell s.b that (reported speech) 14. B ask wh- S V (reported question) 5. C ask wh- S V (reported question) 15. A wonder if/ whether (question) 6. D lùi thì động từ “said that ….” 16. B suggest that S V (bare inf) 7. C ask wh- S V (reported question) 17. A showing a truth (không đổi) 8. C advice s.b (not) to V (reported) 18. A advice s.b (not) to V (reported) 9. C want to know wh-S V (question) 19. B reported conditional sentence Trang 419
- 421. 10. C reminds.b to V (reported speech) 20. A the previous day (reported time) Exercise 114. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. D ask if/ whether S V (question) 2. A ask s.b (not) to V (reported) 3. B showing a truth (không đổi) 4. C ask if/ whether S V (question) 5. A discovered : thời điểm xác định 6. C warn s.b (not) to V: cảnh báo 7. C lùi thì động từ (reported) 8. B indirect to direct speech 9. B ask if/ whether S V (question) D deny V-ing: chối bỏ việc đã làm Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. A mệnh đề thời gian với “when” 12. A suggest s.t (reported) 13. C ask wh- S V (reported question) 14. B reported speech statement 15. A advice s.b (not) to V (reported) 16. D would try (promise/ swear) 17. B promise to V: hứa hẹn điều gì 18. D ask wh- S V (reported question) 19. C asked (động từ dẫn) D ask wh- S V (reported question) Exercise 115. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. A ask wh- S V (reported question) 2. A suggest that S should V 3. D wants to know if/ whether S V 4. A wonder wh- S V (reported) 5. B promise to V: hứa hẹn điều gì 6. A ask wh- S V (reported question) 7. B pleaded with s.b (not) to V 8. B there (trạng ngữ chỉ nơi chốn) 9. B directed speech statement A offer s.b s.t: cho/ tặng ai, cái gì Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. A wants to know if/ whether S V 12. C ask if/ whether S V (question) 13. D invite s.b to somewhere: mời 14. B ask wh- S V (reported question) 15. D ask wh- S V (reported question) 16. A ask if/ whether S V (question) 17. A advice s.b (not) to V (reported) 18. B ask wh- S V (reported question) 19. A invite s.b to somewhere: mời C advice s.b (not) to V (reported) Exercise 116. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. Câu Đáp Giải thích án A live reporting or interpreting Câu Đáp Giải thích án B advice s.b (not) to V (reported) Trang 420
- 422. 2. A thesummer before (reported time) 3. B criticize s.b for V-ing: chỉ trích 4. A ask s.b (not) to V: yêu cầu làm gì 5. C threaten to V: đe dọa làm gì đó 6. B tell s.b that S V (reported) 7. C nave s.t V-ed (passive) 8. C tell s.b that S V (reported) 9. A beg s.b (not) to V: cầu xin ai 10. D ask wh- S V (reported question) 12. B tell s.b (not) to V: khuyên bảo 13. B remind s.b to V: nhắc nhở ai 14. A directed speech statement 15. A reproach s.b for (not) V-ing 16. B directed speech statement 17. B persuade s.b to V: thuyết phục 18. A showing the truth 19. A threaten to V: đe dọa làm gì 20. C tell s.b (not) to V: khuyên bảo BÀI 7. SUBJUNCTIVE CLAUSES - MỆNH ĐỀ GIẢ ĐỊNH Phần lời giải cho các bài tập từ Exercise 117 đến Exercise 119 các đáp án đúng được cung cấp cụ thể là các động từ được chia theo các hình thái giả định. Phần đáp án này rất dễ hiểu nếu người học xem phần lí thuyết liền trước. Exercise 117. Complete each of the following sentences with the right forms of the verbs shown in brackets. Câu Đáp án Câu Đáp án 1. (should) be 11. (should) learn 2. (should) open 12. (should) complete 3. (should) leave 13. had not lost 4. (should) accompany 14. had not forgotten 5. (should) fly 15. had shown 6. (should) be 16. had given 7. (should) take 17. had snowed 8. (should) be 18. had not opened 9. (should) remain 19. had heard 10. (should) find 20. had known Exercise 118. Complete each of the following sentences with the right forms of the verbs shown in brackets. câu đáp án câu đáp án câu đáp án câu đáp án 1. were 6. were 11. would come 16. would join 2. were 7. were 12. would hurry 17. were 3. knew 8. found 13. would open 18. had been 4. wanted 9. would make 14. would wait 19. would come 5. felt 10. would help 15. would write 20. had left Trang 421
- 423. Exercise 119. Completeeach of the following sentences with the right forms of the verbs shown in brackets. câu đáp án câu đáp án câu đáp án câu đáp án 1. would you stop 6. had arrived 11. would win 16. stay 2. would not be 7. would visit 12. had made 17. be 3. Would he let 8. were 13. were 18. worry 4. would not want 9. had helped 14. were 19. Mind 5. would come 10. were 15. would telephone 20. Be Phần lời giải cho các bài tập từ Exercise 120 đến Exercise 122 các đáp án đúng được cung cấp cụ thể là A, B, C, hoặc D, kèm theo các gợi ý sửa chữa phần sai, các chú giải nghĩa các đáp án, các cụm từ hoặc cấu trúc cố định. Exercise 120: Find the ONE among the underlined and marked A, B, C, D in each of the following sentences that needs correcting: Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. C sửa là: paid (time clause) 2. D sửa là: had had (time clause) 3. C sửa là: end (time clause) 4. B sửa là: was (sự hòa hợp S-V) 5. A sửa là: had been (time clause) 6. D sửa là: cruelty (liệt kê danh từ) 7. C sửa là: would receive (quá khứ) 8. D sửa là: the two chapters 9. A sửa là: know how to repair C sửa là: is paid (động từ chia) Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. B sửa là: its (số ít Restaurant) 12. B sửa là: had discovered 13. A sửa là: has (tác động) 14. B sửa là: to be (want to V) 15. C sửa là: was formed (thành lập) 16. B sửa là: turn (it’s important…) 17. A sửa là: such a difficult time 18. C sửa là: one/ number one 19. A sửa là: was hit (bị động) C sửa là: was caused Exercise 121: Find the ONE among the underlined and marked A, B, C, D in each of the following sentences that needs correcting: Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. D sửa là: came (statement) 2. B sửa là: has been (vì Up to now) 3. A sửa là: had always taken 4. A sửa là: how different ( No matter) 5. D sửa là: technologically advanced Câu Đáp Giải thích án A sửa là: news stories B sửa là: had been left C sửa là: happened D sửa là: rang (time clause) B sửa là: has been waiting Trang 422
- 424. A sửa là:does not always A sửa là: has been writing C sửa là: had already started C sửa là: came (time clause) C sửa là: confused (bổ ngữ cho người) 16. C sửa là: had finished (time clause) C sửa là: that (vì economy số ít) C sửa là: is ( knowledge – số ít) A sửa là: are the lakes (đảo ngữ) B sửa là: since (mệnh đề mốc thời gian) Exercise 122: Find the ONE among the underlined and marked A, B, C, D in each of the following sentences that needs correcting: Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. B sửa là: would (reported speech) 2. D sửa là: had already left 3. B sửa là: too (too adj for O to V) 4. A sửa là: have (vì unless= if__not) 5. C sửa là: stop (vì recommend that S V(bare inf)) 6. B sửa là: has been (vì Up to now) 7. B sửa là: have been making (vì since dùng cho present perfect) 8. D sửa là: get (time clause) 9. C sửa là: to win (first/ last to V) 10. C sửa là: could hardly (negative) Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. D sửa là: had been (trước quá khứ) 12. A sửa là: has struggled (since) 13. C sửa là: does (truth) 14. C sửa là: will be working 15. A sửa là: have I seen (đảo ngữ với Never ở đầu câu) 16. A sửa là: too (too adj for O to V) 17. B sửa là: does not ( chủ ngữ là a lunch) 18. C sửa là: relaxing (tương đồng) 19. C sửa là: would vote (1920s) A sửa là: complained (phân từ) CHUYÊN ĐỀ IV. PHRASES VS. CLAUSES CHUYÊN ĐỀ VỀ CỤM TỪ VÀ MỆNH ĐỀ BÀI 1. DEFINITIONS OF PHRASES AND CLAUSES KHÁI NIỆM CƠ BẢN VỀ CỤM TỪ VÀ MỆNH ĐỀ Phần lời giải cho bài tập Exercise 123 các đáp án đúng được cung cấp cụ thể là A, B, C, hoặc D, kèm theo các gợi ý sửa chữa phần sai, các chú giải nghĩa các đáp án, các cụm từ hoặc cấu trúc cố định. Exercise 123. Choose the underlined part among A, B, C or D that needs correcting. Câu Đáp Giải thích án A sửa là: In spite of (cụm từ) Câu Đáp Giải thích án B sửa là: but/ while Trang 423
- 425. 2. D sửalà: because of (cụm từ) 3. B sửa là: when (time clause) 4. B sửa là: when/ because (clause) 5. B sửa là: bỏ but thay bằng dấu “,” 6. B sửa là: because (clause of reason) 7. B sửa là: so that (clause of purpose) 8. B sửa là: but (clause of concession) 9. C sửa là: because (clause of reason) 10. B sửa là: when (time clause) 12. B sửa là: because (clause of reason) 13. A sửa là: Despite/ In spite of 14. A sửa là: Although/ Though 15. C sửa là: bỏ but vì có Though 16. C sửa là: Although/ Though 17. A sửa là: Despite (phrase) 18. B sửa là: so that (clause of purpose) 19. C sửa là: because (clause of reason) 20. A sửa là: Despite/ In spite of Phần lời giải cho các bài tập từ Exercise 124 đến Exercise 128 các đáp án đúng được cung cấp cụ thể là A, B, C, hoặc D, kèm theo các chú giải nghĩa các đáp án, các cụm từ hoặc cấu trúc cố định. Exercise 124. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. Câu Đáp Giải thích Câu Đáp Giải thích án án 1. C to learn (chỉ mục đích) 11. B Despite (phrase of concession) 2. A because of (phrase of reason) 12. B since (time clause with since) 3. C S be such a(n) adj N that S V 13. D Although (clause of concession) 4. B so many Ns that (quá nhiều đến) 14. D too adj/adv (for O) to V 5. A so much N that (quá nhiều đến) 15. D S be such a(n) adj N that S V 6. D S be such a(n) adj N that S V 16. D (not) adj/adv enough to V 7. A S V so adv that S V (quá đến nỗi) 17. D Whenever (time clause) 8. B In spite of N, S V (concession) 18. A too adj/adv (for O) to V 9. D S be such a(n) adj N that S V 19. C because (clause of reason) 10. A so that (clause of purpose) 20. D because of (phrase of reason) Exercise 125. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. Câu Đáp Giải thích Câu Đáp Giải thích án án 1. B so that she can(clause of purpose) 11. A while (adverbial time clause) 2. C unless (conditional sentences 1) 12. B after (adverbial phrase of time) 3. D A and B (clause of concession) 13. B so: nên, vậy nên (chỉ kết quả) 4. C in case: phòng khi (điều kiện) 14. C In spite of (phrase of concession) Trang 424
- 426. 5. D despite(phrase of concession) 6. B in spite of (phrase of concession) 7. C Although (clause of concession) 8. C but (as a clause of concession) 9. D As soon as (adverbial time clause) 10. D until (adverbial time clause) 15. C because (clause of reason) 16. A unless (conditional sentences 1) 17. D Because of (phrase of reason) 18. D B and C: kết quả/ hậu quả là… 19. A However: tuy nhiên, tuy vậy 20. C so as not to (phrase of purpose) Exercise 126: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. C kể lại sự việc (take turning: rẽ) 2. D be allowed to v: được phép 3. D tell s.b about s.t: kể cho ai điều gì 4. A hiện tại với “Every day” 5. D conduct a survey: làm khảo sát 6. B maintain one’s beauty: 7. D married to: lập gia đình với ai 8. B requires (chỉ thực tế) 9. B Either S1 or S2 V(chia theo S2) 10. A will give: chỉ kế hoạch Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. A turn (hiện tại với usually) 12. D had been sitting (xảy ra trước) 13. C in case: phòng khi 14. A điều kiện loại 1 có thực 15. A taken = which are taken 16. B hate it that S V: ghét điều gì 17. A điều kiện loại 3 đảo ngữ 18. A be to V: phải làm gì (truyền ý) 19. B listed = which are listed 20. C require: yêu cầu (thực tế) Exercise 127: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Câu Đáp Giải thích Câu Đáp Giải thích án án 1. A schedule (lịch trình) 11. A May –xin phép; can – cho phép 2. B sequence of tense (phối thì) 12. B needn’t (unnecessity: không cần) 3. B mustn't (bổn phận, trách nhiệm) 13. A must be (deduction: suy luận) 4. C speculation (suy đoán quá khứ) 14. B isn’t going to exist (suy diễn) 5. D needn’t (unnecessity: không cần) 15. D was able to buy (chỉ khả năng) 6. C are manufactured (thực tế) 16. D must (deduction: suy luận) 7. A established (phân từ =tính từ) 17. B might not (uncertainty) 8. C need s.b to V: cần ai giúp 18. A mustn't (lời nhác nhở) 9. D forget V-ing: quên việc đã làm 19. A needn’t (unnecessity: không cần) 10. B should have tried (khuyên, trách) 20. B be supposed to V: cho rằng Trang 425
- 427. Exercise 128. Chooseone word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. B While S was/were V-ing, S V-ed 2. A After S had V-ed, S V-ed 3. C Before V-ing, S V-ed 4. B After S has/ have V-ed, S will V 5. D Whenever S V, S V 6. C No sooner had S V-ed than S V-ed 7. A As soon as S V, S will V 8. A S had V-ed before S V-ed 9. D After S had V-ed, S V-ed 10. C As soon as S V, S will V Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. C mệnh đề thời gian với “until” 12. B When (future time clause) 13. B When (future time clause) 14. C When (past time clause) 15. D mệnh đề thời gian với “until” 16. C mệnh đè với “no sooner_than” 17. B When (future time clause) 18. A When (future time clause) 19. D By the time S V, S will V 20. C When (future time clause) BÀI 2. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES - CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN Phần lời giải cho các bài tập từ Exercise 129 đến Exercise 130 các đáp án đúng được cung cấp cụ thể là các động từ được chia theo các loại câu điều kiện phù hợp. Phần đáp án này rất dễ hiểu nếu người học xem phần lí thuyết liền trước. Exercise 129. Complete each of the following sentences with the right forms of the verbs shown in brackets. Câu Đáp án Câu Đáp án 1. would we have begun 11. would enter 2. would they not have drunk 12. Would she not take 3. would not have missed 13. would have received 4. would he not have returned 14. would appreciate 5. would not have left 15. Would she not be 6. would have found 16. Would he have won 7. would you have gone 17. Would they not have ordered 8. would not hesitate 18. Would she not visit 9. would have finished 19. Would you have bought 10. Would you have spoken 20. had paid Exercise 130. Complete each of the following sentences with the right forms of the verbs shown in brackets. Trang 426
- 428. Câu Đáp án 1.were 2. Were 3. did not work 4. had 5. began 6. saw 7. did not trust 8. did not have 9. organized 10. were Câu Đáp án 11. had studied 12. Had he been 13. had thought 14. had seen 15. had we known 16. Had it not rained 17. had understood 18. had put 19. Had he written 20. had chosen Phần lời giải cho các bài tập từ Exercise 131 đến Exercise 133 các đáp án đúng được cung cấp cụ thể là A, B, C, hoặc D, kèm theo các chú giải nghĩa các đáp án, các cụm từ hoặc cấu trúc cố định. Exercise 131. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. D câu điều kiện mixed 2. D câu điều kiện loại 3 với “Without” 3. C Unless (câu điều kiện loại 1) 4. D If I had had (câu điều kiện mixed) 5. B had known (câu điều kiện loại 3) 6. D if (câu điều kiện loại 1) 7. C câu điều kiện loại 3 8. B If only: giá như, giá mà (nuối tiếc) 9. A câu điều kiện mixed A meets (câu điều kiện loại 1) Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. D câu điều kiện mixed 12. B câu điều kiện loại 1 13. B were (câu điều kiện mixed) 14. B câu điều kiện mixed 15. D câu điều kiện loại 2 16. C câu điều kiện loại 3 17. B would (câu điều kiện loại 2) 18. A tell (câu điều kiện loại 1: truth) 19. D câu điều kiện loại 2 A is (câu điều kiện loại 1: truth) Exercise 132. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. A will give (câu điều kiện loại 1) 2. C in case (câu điều kiện loại 1) D giá mà (câu điều kiện loại 2) Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. A câu điều kiện loại 2 12. C had (câu điều kiện loại 2) C câu điều kiện loại 3 Trang 427
- 429. 4. D Ifonly: giá mà (đã không xảy ra) 5. A unless (câu điều kiện loại 1: truth) 6. D câu điều kiện mixed 7. B câu điều kiện loại 2 8. B knew (câu điều kiện loại 2) 9. A Providing (câu điều kiện loại 2) 10. D câu điều kiện loại 3 14. A spoke (câu điều kiện loại 2) 15. D will complete (điều kiện loại 1) 16. C would happen (điều kiện loại 2) 17. B keep (câu điều kiện loại 1) 18. A study (câu điều kiện loại 1) 19. C câu điều kiện loại 2 20. B câu điều kiện loại 3 đảo ngữ Exercise 133. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. D câu điều kiện loại 2 2. B câu điều kiện loại 2 3. C câu điều kiện loại 2 4. B câu điều kiện loại 2 5. C câu điều kiện loại 2 6. B câu điều kiện loại 2 7. D câu điều kiện loại 2 8. B câu điều kiện loại 2 9. B câu điều kiện loại 2 10. D câu điều kiện loại 2 Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. B câu điều kiện loại 2 12. B chuyển đổi giả định ở quá khứ 13. C chuyển đổi giả định ở quá khứ 14. A chuyển đổi giả định ở hiện tại 15. B câu điều kiện loại 1 16. A chuyển đổi giả định ở hiện tại 17. D chuyển đổi giả định ở hiện tại 18. C chuyển đổi giả định ở quá khứ 19. A chuyển if___not = unless loại 1 20. B giả định quá khứ với “as if” Phần lời giải cho các bài tập từ Exercise 134 đến Exercise 136, cung cấp một hình thức viết lại câu gốc đã cho sao cho không làm thay đổi ngữ nghĩa của câu gốc (sử dụng cấu trúc câu điều kiện và các mệnh đề phụ có liên quan). Exercise 134: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. → Had you not washed it in boiling water, it wouldn’t have shrunk. → If we had not been using an out-of-date timetable, we wouldn’t have missed the train. → He wouldn’t have failed if his own men had not deserted him. → The accident wouldn’t have been so terrible if they hadn’t driven very quickly. → But for the rain, I would have taken the children to the beach. → People would ring me up if my number were in the directory. → Were the armed, we would have gun battles in the streets. → Life would not be made difficult if the shops delivered now. → He wouldn’t feel the cold so much if he were not very thin. Trang 428
- 430. → We couldlight a fire if we had matches. → He would have enjoyed his visit if it hadn’t rained all the time. → Had I worked hard at school, I would have got a good job when I left. → Had it been for the closed-circuit television, they couldn’t have spotted the shop-lifter. → If he had been wearing a shirt, they wouldn’t have asked him to leave the dining- room. → Had the streets been clearly marked, it hadn’t taken us a long time to find his house. → My friend said “if I were you I would sell it”. → If I had much time, I would read more. → The rooms wouldn’t look rather dark if they cleaned the windows. → If he polished his shoes, he would look smart. → His staff would work well if he paid them properly. Exercise 135: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. → She would enjoy parties if she were not shy. → He would be healthy if he took regular exercise. → If I had the right change, we could get tickets from the machine. → Her English would improve if they didn’t speak French to her. → He would earn as much as I do if he worked overtime. → He would not look unattractive if he shaved. → If you didn’t work too fast, you wouldn’t make so many mistakes. → If I could park near my office, I would come by car → Were I not to live a long way from the centre, I were not always late for work. → Were I to have a map, I could direct you. → If we had a steak, we could cook over our camp fire. → I could get through the bathroom window if I were not fat. → If I asked him for help, he would help me. → I would take the car, if I could drive. → If we had a ladder, we could get over the wall. → I would spend more time travelling to work if I didn’t live near my office. → Had I seen the signal, I would have stopped. → I would have rung you if I had known your number. → Had she known you were in hospital, she would have visited you. → Had there been taxis, we wouldn’t have come by bus. Trang 429
- 431. Exercise 136: Finisheach of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. → If we had got central heating, the house wouldn’t be rather cold. → I would like being alone in the house at night, if I had a dog. → If I we hadn’t got a lift, we wouldn’t have reached the station in time. → I would not be slow if I had got a vacuum cleaner. → If I knew his address, I could write to him. → Had we had time, we would have visited the museum. → But for Tom's father’s being on the Board, he wouldn’t have got the job. → Had he looked where he was going, he wouldn’t have been run over. → If I had been brought up in the country, I would have liked country life. → Had I known he was so quarrelsome, I would not have invited him. → If people didn’t drive very fast, there would not be so many accidents. → I would understand the English people if they spoke more slowly. → Had they not paid the ransom at once, they might not have got the children back alive. → It would be easy to find someone if the flats were clearly numbered. → If you wiped your feet, you wouldn’t make muddy marks all over the floor. → Had we had enough money, we would have gone by air. → Had you put your hand up, the bus would have stopped. → Had the lift been working, I wouldn’t have come up the stairs. → If I had known how thin the ice was, I wouldn’t have walked on it quite confidently → If the champion had taken the fight seriously at first, they would win it. BÀI 3. RELATIVE CLAUSES - MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ Phần lời giải cho các bài tập từ Exercise 137 đến Exercise 138, cung cấp các đáp án đúng là các từ which, that, whose, whom, who, where, when, why, or which được điền vào các khoảng trống thích hợp để hoàn tất các câu cho trước. Exercise 137. Fill in each gap with a suitable relative pronoun: which, that, whose, whom, who, where, when, why, or which. câu đáp án câu đáp án câu đáp án câu đáp án 1. which 6. which 11. when 16. where 2. which/ that 7. when 12. where 17. which 3. which/ that 8. whose 13. whose 18. who/ that 4. whom/ that 9. which/ that 14. who/ that 19. which 5. where 10. which/ that 15. which 20. who Trang 430
- 432. Exercise 138. Fillin each gap with a suitable relative pronoun: which, that, whose, whom, who, where, when, why, or which. câu đáp án câu đáp án câu đáp án câu đáp án 1. who/ that 6. who 11. which 16. whose 2. who 7. which/ that 12. which 17. who 3. whose 8. whose 13. where 18. when 4. that 9. whose 14. which 19. where 5. where 10. who/ that 15. which/ that 20. why Phần lời giải cho bài tập Exercise 139, cung cấp một hình thức viết lại câu gốc đã cho sao cho không làm thay đổi ngữ nghĩa của câu gốc (sử dụng cấu trúc câu có các mệnh đề quan hệ hoặc mệnh đề phụ có liên quan). Exercise 139. Replace the relative clause in each of the following sentences by a suitable phrase using the –ing, -ed, or to infinitive form. → Neil Armstrong was the first man to walk on the moon. → I come from a city located in the southern part of the country. → The children attending that school receive a good education. → The scientists researching the causes of cancer are making progress. → They live in a house built in 1980. → We have an apartment overlooking the park. → Yuri Gagarin became the first man flying into space. → We stood on the bridge connecting the two halves of the building. → I come from a city located in the southern part of the country. → The vegetables sold in this supermarket are grown without chemicals. → Do you know the woman coming toward us? → The people waiting for the bus in the rain are getting wet. → He lives in a city located in the southern part of the country. → They have just bought a house built in 1890. → He was the first man leaving the burning building. → The couple living in the house next door are both college professors → The people working in the rain are getting wet. → The students not coming to the class yesterday explain their absence to the teacher. → Did you get the message concerning the special meeting? → Lan is the second student entering the classroom this morning. Phần lời giải cho các bài tập từ Exercise 140 đến Exercise 142 các đáp án đúng được cung cấp cụ thể là A, B, C, hoặc D, kèm theo các chú giải nghĩa các đáp án, các cụm từ hoặc cấu trúc cố định (chủ yếu liên quan đến các loại mệnh đề quan hệ). Trang 431
- 433. Exercise 140. Chooseone word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. A who (subject relative pronoun) 2. C which (subject relative pronoun) 3. D all are correct 4. D whom (object relative pronoun) 5. D A and C are correct 6. B whose (relative adjective) 7. A who could help you (relative clause) 8. D made by Mary (reduced clause) 9. D about which I told you (relative clause) 10. D that people died of years ago Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. A which you will set off 12. A on which (sau giới từ) 13. B where I can see the lake 14. C why you can find valuable … 15. C she hardly knows (lược) 16. C where (relative adverb) 17. B whose (relative adjective) 18. A Frank Zappa, who was 19. C which (sau dấu “,” dùng which) 20. B which is called Taunton Exercise 141. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. A where I live (relative clause) 2. C Those who (subject relative pronoun) 3. C where (relative adverb) 4. D whose daughter (relative adj) 5. C whom he had met in Japan 6. A whose (relative adjective) 7. A when (relative adverb of time) 8. B whom (object relative pronoun) 9. B that (both person and thing) C whom (object relative pronoun) Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. B when (relative adverb of time) 12. A the book I need (mệnh đề quan hệ không giới hạn) 13. D Those who (see 2) 14. C A jelly fish, which is not 15. B non-defining relative clause 16. A who had (subject relative pronoun) 17. A non-defining relative clause 18. B some of who (subject pronoun) 19. C which (subject relative pronoun) D whose (relative adjective) Exercise 142. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. Câu Đáp Giải thích Câu Đáp Giải thích Trang 432
- 434. án 1. C whichwe are…(relative clause) 2. B which (subject relative pronoun) 3. B which (subject relative pronoun) 4. A why (theo sau “the reason”) 5. D John Robbins, whom I spoke… 6. C most of which (relative clause) 7. D where (relative adverb) 8. A when (relative adverb of time) 9. A I could ask for help (lược) 10. A that (both person and thing) án 11. D that (dùng sau đại từ bất định) 12. D B and C are correct (mệnh đề lược – reduced clause) 13. C The architect having moved 14. D being (reduced clause) 15. A terribly spoilt (reduced clause) 16. B whom (object relative pronoun) 17. D nối câu sử dụng relative clause 18. D nối câu sử dụng relative clause 19. A where (relative adverb) 20. C living next door (reduced clause) Phần lời giải cho các bài tập từ Exercise 143 đến Exercise 144 các đáp án đúng được cung cấp cụ thể là A, B, C, hoặc D, kèm theo các từ, cụm từ thay thế, các cụm từ hoặc cấu trúc cố định sao cho câu trở nên đúng (chủ yếu liên quan đến các loại mệnh đề quan hệ). Exercise 143: Find the ONE among the underlined and marked A, B, C, D in each of the following sentences that needs correcting: Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. C whether (dùng với “or”) 2. C would have let (điều kiện loại 3) 3. D been (điều kiện loại 3) 4. C that (thay cho cả người và vật) 5. D rules of the game to the children 6. C joining a club (join (v) without a preposition) 7. A writers (chỉ người – nhà văn) 8. B who (đại từ quan hệ chủ ngữ) 9. A which was written (bị động) 10. A who (đại từ quan hệ chủ ngữ chỉ người) Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. D swallowing (cùng từ loại) 12. B would never meet (split) 13. C further: học nâng cao 14. B thirty-minute (tính từ ghép) 15. C where (trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn) 16. C which (luôn dùng which/ whom sau các giới từ) 17. B which (xem câu 16) 18. A who (đại từ quan hệ chủ ngữ) 19. C good (tính từ sau “to be”) A which (đại từ quan hệ chủ ngữ chỉ vật) Exercise 144: Find the ONE among the underlined and marked A, B, C, D in each of the following sentences that needs correcting: Câu Đáp Giải thích Câu Đáp Giải thích Trang 433
- 435. án 1. B stay(không dùng giới từ) 2. C that (thay cho cả người và vật) 3. C most of which (chủ ngữ chỉ vật) 4. B when (relative adverb of time) 5. D a frightening voice: giọng sợ hãi 6. D the United Nations’ plan 7. D which is not their mother tongue 8. D are (chủ ngữ số nhiều) 9. B why (đi với “”the reason”) 10. A which (đại từ quan hệ chỉ vật) án 11. C who (câu chẻ: it’ S who/that) 12. B where (trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn) 13. C for which: vì điều đó 14. C whose (tính từ quan hệ sở hữu) 15. C who (đại từ quan hệ chủ ngữ) 16. A After being written (bị động) 17. A It is known (cấu trúc cố định) 18. C had been (quá khứ của quá khứ) 19. C similar: giống nhau 20. A whose (relative adjective) BÀI 4. PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF PURPOSE CỤM TỪ & MỆNH ĐỀ CHỈ MỤC ĐÍCH Phần lời giải cho bài tập Exercise 145, cung cấp một hình thức viết lại câu gốc đã cho sao cho không làm thay đổi ngữ nghĩa của câu gốc (sử dụng “so as to”/ “in order to” đã cho). Exercise 145. Combine each of the two provided sentences using “so that”/ “in order that”/ “so as to”/ “in order to” where appropriate. → The boys stood on the desks so that they could get a better view. → We learn English so that we can have better communication with other people. → We lower the volume so that we will not bother our neighbors. → I will write to you so that you can know my decision soon. → These girls were talking whispers so that no one could hear their conversation. → The little girl feigned to be sick in order that we wouldn't make her work. → I spoke loudly in order that everybody could hear me clearly. → Mary often goes home as soon as the class is over in order that mother will not have to wait for her. → Tom gets up early in order that he will not be late for school. → Max hid the sweets under his pillow in order that his mother couldn't see them. → Mary prepares her lesson carefully in order to get high marks in class. → The thief changed his address all the time so as not to be found by the police. → They did their job well in order to get a higher salary. → You should walk slowly in order to be followed by your sister. → I am studying hard in order to keep pace with my classmates. → They are climbing higher in order to get a better view. Trang 434 “so that”/ “in order that”/
- 436. → He workedlate last night so as to be free to go away tomorrow. → We put the milk in the fridge so as to make sure it won't spoil. → I cashed a check yesterday so as to make sure that I had enough money to go to market. → Danny pretended to be sick so as to stay at home. Phần lời giải cho các bài tập từ Exercise 146 đến Exercise 147 các đáp án đúng được cung cấp cụ thể là A, B, C, hoặc D, kèm theo các chú giải nghĩa các đáp án, các cụm từ hoặc cấu trúc cố định. Exercise 146. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. C in order that (clause of purpose) 2. A so that (clause of purpose) 3. D so/that (clause of cause & effect) 4. D clause of cause & effect 5. B so that (clause of purpose) 6. A so that (clause of purpose) 7. D so that (clause of purpose) 8. C so: vậy nên, thế nên (result) 9. B in order to (phrase of purpose) 10. B so that (clause of purpose) Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. A so: vậy nên, thế nên (result) 12. D Therefore: vì thế nên (result) 13. B so that (clause of purpose) 14. C so that (clause of purpose) 15. D so that (clause of purpose) 16. C so that (clause of purpose) 17. D so: vậy nên, thế nên (result) 18. D so that (clause of purpose) 19. B in order to (phrase of purpose) 20. D clause and phrases of purpose Exercise 147. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. A so: vậy nên, thế nên (result) 2. C in order to (phrase of purpose) 3. B so: vậy nên, thế nên (result) 4. C in order for O to V (purpose) 5. B so as not to (phrase of purpose) 6. B so that she can (clause of purpose) 7. C so as not to (phrase of purpose) 8. A so that (clause of purpose) Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. A so that (clause of purpose) 12. D so that…. (clause of purpose) 13. A so as not to (phrase of purpose) 14. D clause and phrases of purpose 15. B so that…. (clause of purpose) 16. D clause and phrases of purpose 17. A so that (clause of purpose) 18. A so that… (clause of purpose) Trang 435
- 437. 9. D soas not to (phrase of purpose) 10. C in order that (clause of purpose) 19. A in order that (clause of purpose) 20. A so: vậy nên, thế nên (result) Phần lời giải cho các bài tập từ Exercise 148 đến Exercise 150 các đáp án đúng được cung cấp cụ thể là A, B, C, hoặc D, kèm theo các từ, cụm từ thay thế, các cụm từ hoặc cấu trúc cố định sao cho câu trở nên đúng. Exercise 148: Find the ONE among the underlined and marked A, B, C, D in each of the following sentences that needs correcting: Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. C sửa là: were (điều kiện loại 2) 2. C sửa là: would have been (loại 3) 3. D sửa là: had been (past subjunctive) 4. A sửa là: Thunder (uncount noun) 5. B sửa là: the number of Ns 6. C sửa là: the number of Ns 7. B sửa là: we rarely stop 8. B sửa là: had known (đk loại 3) 9. A sửa là: I had known (đk loại 3) D sửa là: would not have turned Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. B sửa là: bỏ again vì return to 12. D sửa là: to go shopping (and) 13. B sửa là: whose (relative adjective) 14. C sửa là: if (dạng phủ định đã có) 15. A sửa là: kept (điều kiện loại 2) 16. A sửa là: If (điều kiện loại 1) 17. B sửa là: carrying (reduced clause) 18. D sửa là: work permit: giấy phép 19. C sửa là: caused (đã xảy ra) B sửa là: were (điều kiện loại 2) Exercise 149: Find the ONE among the underlined and marked A, B, C, D in each of the following sentences that needs correcting: Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. C who (đại từ quan hệ chủ ngữ) 2. C who (đại từ quan hệ chủ ngữ) 3. C others: những người khác 4. D made up (bị động) 5. B outdoors last night (thứ tự) 6. B Mathew looked (câu hỏi gián tiếp) 7. B who (đại từ quan hệ chủ ngữ) 8. A whose (tính từ quan hệ sở hữu) 9. B haven’t met (hiện tại hoàn thành) 10. A who (đại từ nghi vấn chủ ngữ) Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. C which (đại từ quan hệ) 12. B remains visible (V+C) 13. C use of (sử dụng danh từ) 14. C has visited (chia V cho Estioco) 15. C would be (điều kiện loại 2) 16. B when (trạng từ quan hệ) 17. D was stolen (câu bị động) 18. A to whom (mệnh đề quan hệ) 19. B where (chỉ địa danh) D racial (tính từ - danh từ) Trang 436
- 438. Exercise 150: Findthe ONE among the underlined and marked A, B, C, D in each of the following sentences that needs correcting: Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. B so___that (cause & effect) 2. A such a lot of: nhiều đến mức 3. A Although (clause of concession) 4. A Despite (phrase of concession) 5. A Although (clause of concession) 6. B because (clause of reason) 7. B in order that (clause of purpose) 8. A such___that (cause & effect) 9. C because (clause of reason) C so that (clause of purpose) Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. A in order to (phrase of purpose) 12. B so (clause of result) 13. C in order to (phrase of purpose) 14. C so that (clause of purpose) 15. C though (clause of concession) 16. A so many Ns that (effect) 17. C so (clause of result) 18. A so___that (cause & effect) 19. C well (trạng từ chỉ thể cách) A so___that (cause & effect) BÀI 5. PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF CONCESSION CỤM TỪ & MỆNH ĐỀ CHỈ SỰ NHƯỢNG BỘ Phần lời giải cho bài tập Exercise 151, cung cấp một hình thức viết lại câu gốc đã cho sao cho không làm thay đổi ngữ nghĩa của câu gốc (sử dụng cấu trúc câu có các mệnh đề quan hệ hay cụm từ chỉ sự nhượng bộ với cấc liên từ although/ though/ even though/ in spite of/ despite). Exercise 151. Combine each two sentences using the suggested word. Matthew doesn’t know any French though it was one of his school subjects. Although Nick used to smoke, he seems to be in good health. Our team won by a large margin but no one thought we would win the championship. Laura felt unwell in spite of this she went on working. We couldn’t get tickets in spite of queuing for an hour. The goods were never delivered despite the promise we had received. Even though she got a B.A. degree, she earned her living by selling newspaper. Even though I told the absolute truth. No one would believe me. I enjoyed the film in spite of the silly story. We hardly ever see each other despite living in the same street. Although my foot was injured, I managed to walk to the nearest village. In spite of having very little money. They are happy. I got very wet in the rain even though I had an umbrella. I couldn’t sleep despite being tired. Trang 437
- 439. Though he likedthe sweater, he decided not to buy it. I didn’t get the job in spite of having all the necessary qualifications. It was still hot in the room even though I had turned on the air conditioner. Laura wants to fly in spite of the fact that she feels afraid. Trevor didn’t notice the sign even though it was right in front of him. I’m no better despite the fact that I’ve taken the pills. Phần lời giải cho các bài tập từ Exercise 152 đến Exercise 156 các đáp án đúng được cung cấp cụ thể là A, B, C, hoặc D, kèm theo các chú giải nghĩa các đáp án, các cụm từ hoặc cấu trúc cố định. Exercise 152. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. Câu Đáp Giải thích Câu Đáp Giải thích án án 1. B Although (clause of concession) 11. B Although (clause of concession) 2. A Although (clause of concession) 12. A though (clause of concession) 3. B Although (clause of concession) 13. B although (clause of concession) 4. B If (conditional sentences type 1) 14. C in spite of (phrase of concession) 5. B after (adverbial time clause) 15. A although (clause of concession) 6. C not only__but also (cấu trúc) 16. D Although (clause of concession) 7. A However: tuy nhiên (concession) 17. D Although (clause of concession) 8. A however: tuy nhiên (concession) 18. D A and C are correct (clause) 9. A Unless (conditional type 1) 19. A Although (clause of concession) 10. B Moreove: hơn nữa 20. A Although (clause of concession) Exercise 153. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. Câu Đáp Giải thích Câu Đáp Giải thích án án 1. A although (clause of concession) 11. C Although (clause of concession) 2. A Despite (phrase of concession) 12. A although (clause of concession) 3. B However: tuy nhiên (concession) 13. C however: tuy nhiên (concession) 4. D although (clause of concession) 14. C however: tuy nhiên (concession) 5. B However: tuy nhiên (concession) 15. C Despite (phrase of concession) 6. C although (clause of concession) 16. C Although (clause of concession) 7. B but (clause of concession) 17. D Though (clause of concession) Trang 438
- 440. 8. C However:tuy nhiên (concession) 9. B but (clause of concession) 10. C Although (clause of concession) 18. C despite (phrase of concession) 19. B Although (clause of concession) 20. B though (clause of concession) Exercise 154. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. Câu Đáp Giải thích Câu Đáp Giải thích án án 1. D In spite of (phrase of concession) 11. B clause to phrase of concession 2. A Despite (phrase of concession) 12. C clause to phrase of concession 3. D In spite of (phrase of concession) 13. A clause to phrase of concession 4. C although (clause of concession) 14. C phrase to clause of concession 5. B despite (phrase of concession) 15. B clause to phrase of concession 6. D Despite (phrase of concession) 16. A clause to clause of concession 7. A Although (clause of concession) 17. B Despite (phrase of concession) 8. C phrase to clause of concession 18. D despite (phrase of concession) 9. A phrase to clause of concession 19. B clause of concession 10. D phrase to clause of concession 20. B despite (phrase of concession) Exercise 155: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Câu Đáp Giải thích Câu Đáp Giải thích án án 1. D A and B (clause of concession) 11. C but (clause of concession) 2. A so that (clause of purpose) 12. D As soon as (time clause) 3. D A and C (clause of purpose) 13. D until (adverbial time clause) 4. C in case (conditional case) 14. A while (adverbial time clause) 5. D despite (phrase of concession) 15. B after (adverbial time clause) 6. D because of (phrase of reason) 16. B so (clause of result) 7. D all are correct (clause of reason) 17. C In spite of (phrase of concession) 8. A If (conditional sentences type 1) 18. B so many stars (cause & effect) 9. B in spite of (phrase of concession) 19. A so much work (cause & effect) 10. C Although (clause of concession) 20. D such an old (cause & effect) Exercise 156: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Trang 439
- 441. Câu Đáp Giảithích án 1. C because (clause of reason) 2. A unless (conditional sentence) 3. D Because of (phrase of reason) 4. D B and C (clause of result) 5. A However (clause of result) 6. B so that she can (clause of purpose) 7. C unless (conditional sentence) 8. C so as not to (phrase of purpose) 9. C to learn (clause of purpose) A because of (phrase of reason) Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. C such a big (cause & effect) 12. A so far (cause & effect) 13. B In spite of (phrase of concession) 14. C to tell (cause & effect) 15. A so that (clause of purpose) 16. B Despite (phrase of concession) 17. B since (adverbial time clause) 18. D Although (clause of concession) 19. D too strong (cause & effect) C because (clause of reason) BÀI 6. PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF REASON CỤM TỪ & MỆNH ĐỀ CHỈ NGUYÊN NHÂN Phần lời giải cho các bài tập từ Exercise 157 đến Exercise 160 các đáp án đúng được cung cấp cụ thể là A, B, C, hoặc D, kèm theo các chú giải nghĩa các đáp án, các cụm từ hoặc cấu trúc cố định. Exercise 157. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. B Since (clause of reason) 2. C because (clause of reason) 3. C because (clause of reason) 4. A since (adverbial time clause) 5. B Because (clause of reason) 6. B because of (phrase of reason) 7. D B and C are correct (phrase of reason) 8. A because of (phrase of reason) 9. B since (clause of reason) 10. C because of (phrase of reason) Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. A because of (phrase of reason) 12. A Because of (phrase of reason) 13. C As (phrase of reason) 14. D or (lựa chọn còn lại) 15. A if (conditional sentences type 1) 16. B since: kể từ khi 17. A because of (phrase of reason) 18. B Because of (phrase of reason) 19. A if (conditional sentences type 1) 20. A because of (phrase of reason) Trang 440
- 442. Exercise 158. Chooseone word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. A because of (phrase of reason) 2. D because (clause of reason) 3. D because (clause of reason) 4. B but (clause of concession) 5. C because of (phrase of reason) 6. A because S V – because of Np 7. A so___that – because of Np 8. B Despite Np – Although S V 9. D because of Np - because S V A too adj to V – so adj that Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. D in spite of (phrase of concession) 12. B In spite of (phrase of concession) 13. C but (clause of concession) 14. D before (adverbial time clause) 15. D Before (adverbial time clause) 16. D where (adverbial time clause) 17. B unless (conditional sentence) 18. C If (conditional sentence) 19. D or (conditional sentence) D as if (subjunctive case) Exercise 159. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. C too adj to V: quá___ đến nỗi 2. D because (clause of reason) 3. B because of (phrase of reason) 4. A adj enough to V: có đủ___ để 5. D such___that: quá___ đến nỗi 6. D adj enough: đủ___để 7. D Whenever (adverbial time clause) 8. A too adj for O to V: quá___ đến nỗi 9. C although (clause of concession) 10. D so as not to (phrase of concession) Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. C in order that (phrase of concession) 12. C so adv that: quá___ đến nỗi 13. D so___that: quá___ đến nỗi 14. C too adj to V: quá___ đến nỗi 15. D adj enough to V: có đủ___ để 16. A too adj to V: quá___ đến nỗi 17. C such___that: quá___ đến nỗi 18. D because (clause of reason) 19. C when (adverbial time clause) 20. C No sooner___than: ngay khi Exercise 160. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. B During (adverbial time clause) Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. A so that (clause of purpose) Trang 441
- 443. 2. D When(adverbial time clause) 3. C Since (clause of reason) 4. C such___that: quá___ đến nỗi 5. A unless (conditional sentence) 6. B adj enough: đủ___để 7. C too adj to V: quá___ đến nỗi 8. B too adj to V: quá___ đến nỗi 9. B such___that: quá___ đến nỗi 10. C Unless (conditional sentence) 12. D Even though (clause of concession) 13. A as (clause of reason) 14. B so that (clause of purpose) 15. A So long as (conditional sentence) 16. B so___that: quá___ đến nỗi 17. C such___that: quá___ đến nỗi 18. B since (clause of reason) 19. A such___that: quá___ đến nỗi 20. B adj enough: đủ___để Phần lời giải cho bài tập Exercise 161, cung cấp một hình thức viết lại câu gốc đã cho sao cho không làm thay đổi ngữ nghĩa của câu gốc (sử dụng cấu trúc câu có các mệnh đề chỉ nguyên nhân thay cho các cụm từ chỉ nguyên nhân). Exercise 161: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. → Because her motorbike had a puncture, Mary came to class late. → Because the weather was cold, we stayed home. → Because its climate is healthy, people like to live in this country. → Because it can be used for various purposes, a computer becomes very popular nowadays. → Because his health was ill, Stacey retired in 1987. → Because the traffic was heavy, we were late for the meeting. → Because he broke his leg, Harry had to stay in hospital. → Because our leader couldn’t attend the meeting, it was canceled. → Because it was in dilapidated condition, the young couple decided not to buy the house. → Because I always enjoyed mathematics in high school, I decided to major in it in college. → Because of his severely sprained ankle, Jim had to give up jogging. → Because of its pollution, the water in most rivers is unsafe to drink. → Because of the fog at the airport, we had to stay in London an extra day. → Because of his wife’s illness, Bill has to do all of the cooking and cleaning. → Because of our parents’ generosity, we all have received the best of everything. → Because of the noise in the next apartment, I couldn’t get to sleep last night. → Because of his poor eyesight, John has to sit in the front row in class. → Because of the red traffic lights, we stopped our car. → Because of the high wall, she couldn’t see the road. Trang 442
- 444. 20. → Becauseof the bad driving conditions, we postponed our trip. Phần lời giải cho bài tập Exercise 162, cung cấp một từ hoặc cụm từ thích hợp để điền vào mỗi khoảng trống, dựa trên kiến thức của các loại cụm từ hoặc mệnh đề phụ chỉ nguyên nhân hay sự nhượng bộ. Exercise 162. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. câu đáp án câu đáp án câu đáp án câu đáp án 1. because of 6. because 11. although 16. although 2. because 7. because of 12. in spite of 17. because of 3. because of 8. because of 13. because of 18. because 4. because 9. because 14. because 19. although 5. because of 10. because of 15. in spite of 20. in spite of BÀI 7. CLAUSES OF CAUSE AND EFFECT MỆNH ĐỀ CHỈ NGUYÊN NHÂN KẾT QUẢ Phần lời giải cho các bài tập từ Exercise 163 đến Exercise 164, cung c ấp một hình thức viết lại câu gốc đã cho sao cho không làm thay đổi ngữ nghĩa của câu gốc (sử dụng cấu trúc câu có các mệnh đề chỉ nguyên nhân và kết quả). Exercise 163: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. → It was such old furniture that we couldn't keep it → The car is too expensive for him to buy. → Such is the popularity of the play that the theatre is likely to be full every night. → Such was her hopelessness that Alice decided to stop her business. → He is strong enough to lift the box. → He ate such a lot of food that he became ill. → He bought so many books that he didn't know where to put them. → He is such a very lazy boy that no one likes him. → The coffee is too hot for me to drink. → Her voice is so soft that everyone likes her. → He is too weak to run. → The tea was so hot that he couldn’t drink it. → The weather is too bad for us to go out. → It was such a boring film that we couldn’t go on seeing it. → He was such an old person that he couldn’t run fast. Trang 443
- 445. → So fastdid he speak that we couldn’t understand him. → The fair was too noisy for us to hear each other. → You are such a fast speaker that I can’t catch up with your words. → It is too early for us to go out. → The water is so hot that I can’t drink it. → The restaurant is so expensive that we can’t eat in that restaurant. Exercise 164: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. → He studied so badly that he couldn’t pass the exam. → He isn’t intelligent enough to do it. → He has so much money that he can buy a car. → It is such an untidy room that it took us one hour to clean it. → He is such a fool man that no one took any notice of him. → It is such a long film that they can’t broadcast it on one night → They are such interesting books that we have read them many times. → It was such bad news that she burst into tears on hearing it. → It was such hot food that it burned my tongue. → It rains so much that we can’t go out. → He is so fat a boy that every calls him Stuffy. → It is such excellent milk that all the children want some more. → It was so warm a day that they had a walk in the garden. → So many people were there in the hall that we couldn't see him. → It was such an exciting match that all the fans shouted loudly. → So much coffee did they drink that they couldn't sleep all night. → Alice had such a lot of exercises to do that she couldn't go out. → She was so poor a woman that she needed everyone's help. → He was so young that he can’t walk to school alone. → The car was too rusty for them to travel far in. Phần lời giải cho các bài tập từ Exercise 165 đến Exercise 168 các đáp án đúng được cung cấp cụ thể là A, B, C, hoặc D, kèm theo các chú giải nghĩa các đáp án, các cụm từ hoặc cấu trúc cố định. Exercise 165. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. Câu Đáp Giải thích Câu Đáp Giải thích án án Trang 444
- 446. 1. A leavebehind (v) bỏ lại sau 2. A below the age of: dười độ tuổi 3. B accustomed to: quen thuộc với 4. B undertake: thực thi, tiến hành 5. A a good view of: dễ quan sát 6. C adjust (v) điều chỉnh, chỉnh 7. B lend >< return: cho mượn><trả 8. A turn down: khước từ 9. D persuade s.b to V: thuyết phục 10. D plenty of (uncountable noun) 11. B There/ Here (chỉ định nhấn mạnh) 12. C anyone: bất cứ ai 13. D old fashioned: cổ, không hợp thời 14. A and then: và rồi (tính liên tiếp) 15. A On behalf of: thay mặt/ đại diện 16. B ability (n) năng lực, khả năng 17. A get on/off: lên/ xuống (tàu/ xe) 18. B be clever to V: sang suốt 19. A scratch (v) cào (đặc tính của mèo) 20. C pull down (v) dỡ bỏ Exercise 166. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. D source (n) nguồn, đầu nguồn 2. D tricks up my sleeve: mẹo, mánh 3. B loads (n) tải trọng 4. B resign from: từ chức, thoái vị 5. A swept: bị trôi dạt, cuốn đi 6. A There is no point in V-ng 7. B injured: thương tật do tai nạn 8. D nuisance: phiền nhiễu 9. B be prepared for: chuẩn bị tinh thần, sẵn sàng cho công việc 10. B not__ any = no: đại từ bất định Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. D ought to V: trách nhiệm phải… 12. C run after: chạy/ đuổi theo 13. C delicious: ngon 14. B make an appointment: hẹn 15. B out of the reach: ngoài tầm với 16. C lean against: dựa, tựa vào 17. D somewhere (undefined place) 18. A crop: vụ, mùa màng 19. C bother to V: không để tâm 20. D suit one’s taste: hợp thị hiếu Exercise 167. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. C put ladder against: dựa thang 2. D be fit to V: phù hợp để làm gì C held up = slow down: làm chậm Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. D Apart from: ngoài, ngoại trừ 12. B fade (v) mờ, bạc (theo thời gian) A To our relief (cấu trúc) Trang 445
- 447. 4. C exchange:đổi tiền, trao đổi 5. D bitterly: cay đắng (chỉ thái độ) 6. D as far as I know: như tôi biết 7. C get to somewhere: đến đâu đó 8. C influential (adj) có ảnh hưởng 9. C dismiss = sack: sa thải 10. A As far as I'm concerned (structure) 14. C come to power: nắm quyền 15. B take exam in: thi môn gì đó 16. C make s.b V: bắt/ ép ai làm gì 17. D quite: hoàn toàn (đánh giá) 18. D know by sight: biết mặt, gặp 19. A helping: lần tiếp thức ăn 20. D pay for: chi trả Exercise 168. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. B check safety: kiểm tra an toàn 2. B distinguish between: phân biệt 3. A lost without trace: mất dạng 4. B catch a disease: nhiễm bệnh 5. B brand of: nhãn hiệu (hàng hóa) 6. D Unless (conditional sentence 1) 7. A fill in form: điền thông tin vào mẫu đơn 8. D tie a label on: gắn nhãn 9. A look over: quan sát, khảo sát 10. D intervals: giải lao (nghỉ giữa giờ) Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. C turn red/ green (traffic lights) 12. D displease: làm mất lòng 13. B a check-up: kiểm tra sức khỏe 14. A smartly dressed: ăn mặc bảnh 15. C group of students: nhóm 16. A present: trao quà, tặng 17. A establish procedures: thiết lập chương trình/ lịch trình 18. D tell s.b the way: chỉ đường 19. A it’s an awful shame: thật đáng tiếc/ xấu hổ 20. D in charge of: chịu trách nhiệm BÀI 8. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF TIME - MỆNH ĐỀ THỜI GIAN Phần lời giải cho bài tập Exercise 169, cung cấp một hình thức chia động từ thích hợp cho mỗi động từ được cung cấp trong dấu ngoặc. Exercise 169. Put the verbs in brackets into correct tense. Câu Đáp án Câu Đáp án 1. begins 11. saw/ were singing/ said/ had been singing 2. has finished/ finishes 12. will not rain/ leaves 3. got/ had started 13. stroke/ had been waiting 4. read 14. is doing/ did not pass 5. come/ will find 15. had listened/ will I be Trang 446
- 448. 6. was reading/ was doing 16. comes 7. came/ was watching 17. left 8. was walking / saw 18. arrives 9. have finished 19. was singing 10. have learned / was 20. were arriving Phần lời giải cho các bài tập từ Exercise 170 đến Exercise 174 các đáp án đúng được cung cấp cụ thể là A, B, C, hoặc D, kèm theo các chú giải nghĩa các đáp án, các cụm từ hoặc cấu trúc cố định. Exercise 170. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. Câu Đáp Giải thích Câu Đáp Giải thích án án 1. D unless (conditional sentence 1) 11. B in order that (clause of purpose) 2. A too adj for O to V: quá__đến nỗi 12. C such__that (cause & effect) 3. B Because of (phrase of reason) 13. D Whenever (time clause) 4. D all are correct (clauses of 14. B too adj for O to V: quá__đến nỗi purpose) 5. B While (adverbial time clause) 15. A too adj to V: quá__đến nỗi 6. B as if (subjunctive case) 16. A so as not to (phrase of purpose) 7. C unless (conditional sentence 1) 17. B so that (clause of purpose) 8. C after (adverbial time clause) 18. B at which (relative clause) 9. A so that (clause of purpose) 19. C on account of (reason) 10. A so that (clause of purpose) 20. A such___that (cause & effect) Exercise 171. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. B ends (when – time clause) 2. B see (when – time clause) 3. B will tell (when – time clause) 4. D were fighting (when – time clause) 5. C had studied (adverbial time clause) 6. D since (adverbial time clause) B while (adverbial time clause) Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. B adverbial time clause 12. C adverbial time clause 13. A since (adverbial time clause) 14. B adverbial time clause 15. B adverbial time clause 16. D adverbial time clause C adverbial time clause Trang 447
- 449. 8. B was(adverbial time clause) 9. A come (adverbial time clause) 10. A adverbial time clause 18. B adverbial time clause 19. B adverbial time clause 20. A adverbial time clause Exercise 172. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. D Before (adverbial time clause) 2. D before (adverbial time clause) 3. B since (adverbial time clause) 4. B until (adverbial time clause) 5. C when (adverbial time clause) 6. A As soon as (adverbial time clause) 7. A had opened (adverbial time clause) 8. D after (adverbial time clause) 9. C by the time… (adverbial time clause) 10. C until (adverbial time clause) Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. D until (adverbial time clause) 12. C no sooner__than (time clause) 13. B until (adverbial time clause) 14. D before (adverbial time clause) 15. B dries (adverbial time clause) 16. A I’m (adverbial time clause) 17. B When (adverbial time clause) 18. B arrives (adverbial time clause) 19. C when they heard a scream (adverbial time clause) 20. D will have saved (adverbial time clause) Exercise 173. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. A while (adverbial time clause) 2. B after (adverbial time clause) 3. B so (clause of result) 4. C despite (phrase of concession) 5. C because (clause of reason) 6. A unless (conditional sentence) 7. D Because of (phrase of reason) 8. D B and C (clause of result) 9. A However (clause of concession) 10. C so as not to (phrase of purpose) Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. C to learn (purpose) 12. A because of (phrase of reason) 13. C such__that (cause & effect) 14. B so many….that (cause & effect) 15. A so much work (cause & effect) 16. D such an old (cause & effect) 17. A so far (cause & effect) 18. B in spite of (phrase of concession) 19. D such__that (cause & effect) A so that (clause of purpose) Trang 448
- 450. Exercise 174. Chooseone word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. C so (clause of result) 2. C such__that (cause & effect) 3. A so that (clause of purpose) 4. D Even though (clause of concession) 5. B Because of (phrase of reason) 6. B While (adverbial time clause) 7. B as if: có vẻ như (subjunctive case) 8. C though (clause of concession) 9. B so that (clause of purpose) B because of (phrase of reason) Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. A such__that (cause & effect) 12. B adj enough (cause & effect) 13. A adj enough (cause & effect) 14. A too adj for O to V (cause & effect) 15. A so__that (cause & effect) 16. C such__that (cause & effect) 17. B such__that (cause & effect) 18. A so that (clause of purpose) 19. B too adj for O to V (cause & effect) A too adj to V (cause & effect) BÀI 9. COMMUNICATIVE EXCHANGES – MẪU CÂU GIAO TIẾP Phần lời giải cho các bài tập từ Exercise 175 đến Exercise 177 các đáp án đúng được cung cấp cụ thể là A, B, C, hoặc D, kèm theo các chú giải nghĩa các đáp án, các cụm từ hoặc cấu trúc cố định. Exercise 175. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. C thể hiện sự đồng tình 2. B wish – giả định không thực tế 3. B sự không tính toán, bận tâm 4. A nói về sở thích – câu trả lời 5. A lời cảm ơn cho một lời đánh giá 6. B Poor Ted! – sự cảm thông 7. D thể hiện sự yêu thích hào hứng 8. A hỏi về tình tiết, mức độ 9. C sự tán đồng, tán thưởng 10. B cảm ơn, và mời ghé thăm Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. D Not yet: trả lời cho “Has__made” 12. B Not at all (sự sẵn lòng) 13. C hỏi “think” trả lời “In my…” 14. B Thank you: cảm ơn (đáp lễ) 15. A It’s over there (chỉ đường) 16. B by train (chỉ phương tiện đi) 17. A Let’s go… (gợi ý về việc…) 18. B Good bye. See… (lời chia tay) 19. D It’s Jane’s: là của Jane D by bus (chỉ phương tiện đi) Trang 449
- 451. Exercise 176. Chooseone word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. D See you later (đáp từ chia tay) 2. A Congratulations! Chúc mừng 3. A Yes, I love to – tôi rất thích 4. A Could you tell me (hỏi đường) 5. A How do you do? (lời chào – đáp) 6. B I don’t (quan điểm trái ngược) 7. B Shall (đề nghị lịch sự) 8. A wish – giả định không thực tế 9. A do for a living: kiếm sống 10. B Thank you – cảm ơn (lời khen) Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. A So do I (quan điểm đồng nhất) 12. A Good luck: chúc may mắn 13. C It’s my pleasure 9suwj sẵn lòng giúp đỡ) 14. B I hope not (đoán và mong) 15. D Well, I hope so (hi vọng điều gì) 16. A The same to you! (chúc lại) 17. C How about V-ing? (hỏi ý kiến) 18. B lời cảm ơn cho một lời khen 19. C lời cảm ơn cho một lời khen 20. D lời cảm ơn cho một lời khen Exercise 177: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. Câu Đáp Giải thích án 1. B Good bye. See… (lời tạm biệt) 2. C lời cảm ơn cho một lời khen 3. C Very well, thank you (đáp từ) 4. D lời cảm ơn cho một lời khen 5. D đáp từ lời cảm ơn 6. C Oh, yes. I’d love one (quan điểm) 7. A lời cảm ơn cho một lời khen 8. B Poor him (sự cảm thông, chia sẻ) 9. B cảm tạ và thể hiện quan điểm 10. D trả lời một câu hỏi thường ngày Câu Đáp Giải thích án 11. B Good bye. See… (lời tạm biệt) 12. A đáp từ lời cảm ơn 13. B thể hiện sự sẵn lòng giúp đỡ 14. B Thank you (đáp từ lời chúc) 15. B do for a living: kiếm sống 16. C can't have been (suy đoán) 17. D must have called (suy đoán) 18. D must (suy luận logic) 19. B chỉ đường 20. C nêu địa chỉ mua hàng Trang 450
- 452. CHUYÊN ĐỀ V.WRITING SKILLS CHUYÊN ĐỀ VIẾT BÀI 1. SENTENCES TRANSFORMATION - VIẾT LẠI CÂU Phần lời giải cho các bài tập từ Exercise 178 đến Exercise 192 các đáp án đúng được cung cấp là các câu viết lại sao cho không làm thay đổi nghĩa của câu gốc và phù hợp các yêu cầu ngữ pháp, dựa trên các mẫu câu chuyển đổi thông dụng đã trình bày ở phần lí thuyết. Exercise 178: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. → If it hadn’t been for my father’s money, we couldn’t have managed. → He last ate this kind of food in 1991. → Hardly had I put the phone down when the boss rang back. 4. → Nick has been a member of a golf club for a year. → Despite my strong disapproval of your behavior, I will help you this time. → I've never been to Brazil before. → I’m sorry not to have heard/attended your lecture. → I have been a member of the yoga club for six months now. → The concert may have to be cancelled. → She has not been to Spain before. → It came as no surprise to me that he had failed his driving test. → How long is it since he started work? → Not until he came into the light did I recognize him. → We will have a meeting tomorrow. → There is no truth in that rumour about the politician and the construction contract. → When we arrived, David had gone home. → One runner was so exhausted that he couldn’t complete the last lap of the race. → How long have you had your car? → I’ve never known a more warm-hearted person than my mother → I didn't use to wear glasses until recently. Exercise 179: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. → He has had his computer for one year → We were never made to do anything we didn’t want to. → They have played /been playing tennis for three months. → Had it not been for the death of the man the bill would have been passed. → It is the first time they had been to South Korea. → There’s no point in complaining. → It's a long time since I went to the beach. Trang 451
- 453. → Only aftera new pay offer did the workers call off the strike. → It was the first time he had been to ballet classes. → He received a sentence of six months for his part in the robbery. → It’s the most boring film I have ever watched. → There is no limit/restriction to how much you eat at the new lunch-bar. → My parents still haven’t reached London. → She wasn’t so deaf that she couldn’t hear the phone. → It's ages since I had a Chinese meal. → Mrs. Hoa is the most generous person you will/could ever meet. → She moved to this village in 2009. → I was allowed to go abroad alone for the first time last year. → I haven’t been to Mui Ne since January. → If he hadn’t been so incompetent they wouldn’t have been captured. Exercise 180: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. → I have no intention of giving you any more money. → This is the first time that Charles has had a tablet. → We haven’t received confirmation of/about our hotel booking (yet). → They has been in this village for five months. → According to the salesman my new car would be delivered next Wednesday. → We haven’t been out for a long time. → There have been very few sightings of the Yeti at this altitude. → She started cooking when her husband left. → It is open to question (as to) whether Jones will get the job. → I have known my husband since 2001. → No sooner had the announcement been made than everyone started complaining. → When you phoned me, I was having lunch. → The older I get, the less I want to travel. → We have worked here for three years. → You won’t be able to buy a house in that district for less than a million dollars. → My mother started studying English 15 days ago. → Alan’s illness was caused by the result of his working too hard at the office. → By the time we get to the theatre, the play will have begun. → As long as you keep calm, you will pass your driving test. → I have never been on a plane before. Exercise 181: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. Trang 452
- 454. → This isthe first time that she has had a smartphone. → No sooner had he been appointed to the post than the new editor fell ill. → It's a long time since we last went to the theatre. → There has been such a vociferous protest that the committee has had to reconsider. → The last time I went to a football match was three years ago. → Contrary to your belief/opinion, fat people are not always jolly. → It’s the first time he has ever eaten this kind of food. → The less time my boss has, the better he works. → They have been married for ten years. → The patient made a more rapid/a quicker/faster recovery than expected. → Next week Mary will give a party at her house. → We are completely (sold) out of thermal socks, Madam. → I’ve been working for this company for three years. → It is not (very) likely (that) they will succeed. → I have been head of the university for four years. → The rail workers have no intention of calling off their strike. → Helen's flight will arrive at 8.00. → Mrs. Scott prides herself on her cooking/on being a good cook. → Oh no! I have lost my wallet. → If it hadn’t been for the goalkeeper we could/would have lost the match. Exercise 182: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. → The bigger they are, the faster they will fall. → The more I look into your eyes, the more I love you. → The more mature she is, the more beautiful she becomes. → The more water he drinks, the thirstier he becomes. → The more you speak English, the better you will be. → The more paper people save, the more wood pulp is preserved. → The more money you make, the more you spend. → The cheaper means of transport are, the more popular they become. → The earlier we leave, the sooner we will arrive. → The younger you are, the earlier you learn. → The older she is, the more beautiful she becomes. → The longer I waited, the angrier I got. → The higher the sun is, the lower the shadow is. → The more I know, the more I forget. → The more I forget, the more I know. Trang 453
- 455. → Sarah isbetter at chemistry than Susan. → He is the youngest in the group. → Iron is harder than stone. → No one in the team is so good at football as Tom. → He plays the guitar better than I do. Exercise 183: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. → Your house is not as big as mine. → The red car is more expensive than the black one. → That film is not as interesting as this one. → Your kitchen is not as small as mine. → My grandmother is the oldest in my family. → Tam is the tallest in my class. → My mother can cook better than I do. → Jack can play tennis better than him. → You spent more money than I did. → This book is more expensive than I think. → No one in his class is as tall as him. → No other films are as interesting as this one. → Japanese cars are the most expensive of all (in the world). → That exercise is not as difficult as this one. → Jack doesn’t drives as carefully as him. → He can play the best in the group. → This hotel is the most comfortable in the city. → The Pacific Ocean is the largest one in the world. → The more they travel, the more they know about the world. → The harder he practices, the better he performs. Exercise 184: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. → My sister is the tallest in the class. → Ho Chi Minh city is the largest in Vietnam. → This is the most interesting story I have ever heard. → My mother cooks better than my father does. → My brother is the shortest in the class. → The more slowly Daisy writes, the fewer mistakes she makes. Trang 454
- 456. → The morestories the writer wrote, the more famous she became. → The later she started, the more she got into traffic jam. → Tam and I are the same height. → I don’t do as much as he knows. → Taking by bus isn’t as quickly as taking by taxi. → Hoa can’t cook as well as Linh. → Apple are not as expensive as oranges. → The train doesn’t take as long as the bus. → My mother can cook better than I do. → She has never met a more punctual than him. → They have never had a more interesting book than that. → This is the most delicious dish we have ever eaten. → This is the most difficult situation Jimmy has ever been in. → The more Dick earns, the more he seems to spend. Exercise 185: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. → Mrs. Smith asked where the station car park was. → Miss Taylor wishes she were living in such a small house. → If he had hurried, he wouldn’t have missed the train. → Many houses have been destroyed by the fire. → I began studying English 3 years ago. → A new school is going to be built in that village. → If you don’t water those flowers regularly, they will wither. → The driver asked the passengers not to get off the bus while it’s moving. → The bank manager was made to hand over the money. → John suggested Barry to put a better lock on the door. → This is the first time I have ever eaten this kind of food. → Peter asked if he could borrow my bicycle. → If it hadn’t been for my father’s money, we couldn’t have managed. → Hardly had I put the phone down when the boss rang back. → The English owe the introduction of potatoes and tobacco to Walter Raleigh. → If I had (only) been thinking, I wouldn’t have made that terrible mistake. → Despite my strong disapproval of your behavior, I will help you this time. → I’m sorry not to have heard/attended Professor Baker’s lecture. → The concert may have to be cancelled. → It came as no surprise to me that Harry had failed his driving test. Trang 455
- 457. Exercise 186: Finisheach of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. → We were planning to visit grandmother, so we left early in the morning. → No sooner had the burglars left the building than someone rang the alarm. → The more popular TV programs become, the worse they seem to get. → He dismissed the whole idea as (being) ridiculous. → Anyone found trespassing on this land will be prosecuted (by the authorities). → I’d rather go out for a meal than stay at home. → But for the weather, it would have been a super weekend. → Hardly had she begun to speak before/when people started interrupting her. → Getting into work this morning was a bit difficult. → She flatly refused to sleep in that haunted house. → There’s hardly anything he doesn’t know about whales. → The sooner we (can) solve the problem, the better it will be for all concerned. → So great was the demand that they had to reprint the book immediately. → They can’t (possibly) have been playing in this weather. → He denied having stolen the car but admitted borrowing/having borrowed it. → They didn’t have/need to call for help after all. → The police caught him (as he was) climbing over the garden wall. → Sad though/as it is, unemployment is unlikely to go down this year. → The man is believed to have escaped in a stolen car. → Having nothing else to do, we decided to go for a walk. Exercise 187: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. → Nowhere will you find a more dedicated worker than Mrs. Jones. → This is the first time (that) someone has challenged his authority. → The manager threatened not to select Brian if he didn’t train harder. → The house had its/the roof blown off by/in/during/because of the hurricane. → You are bound/sure/certain to meet lots of people. → Rather than disturb the meeting, I left without saying goodbye. → In few other books would one see this problem so well- explained. → I object to people criticizing me unfairly. → Robert now wishes (that) he had taken/accepted the job. → The film star avoided recognition/being recognized by wearing dark glasses. → What amazes me is/are the mistakes he makes. → It came as no surprise to us (to hear) (that) he was/had been successful. → Jean’s mother complimented Jean on her lovely new dress. → Only after/when all the guests had gone home/could we relax/were we able to relax. → George was nowhere to be found. → An increased number of travellers is/are being stopped by customs officials this week. Trang 456
- 458. → She isa more sympathetic listener than anyone else I know. → You can please yourself/yourselves about whether you accept their offer or not. → Martin’s poor health does not stop/prevent him from enjoying life. → Each of the company’s retiring employee is represented a gold watch. Exercise 188: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. → But for his command of (the) local dialect we would have been jailed/put into jail. → The average depth of the Pacific (Ocean) is greater than that of the Atlantic. → My father has difficulty/difficulties in following the maps. → The last thing you should/must/ought to do is to phone/phoning the police. → There has been a dramatic increase in (the) house prices this year. → This affair is no concern/business of yours. → The final date for you to submit articles for the magazine is June 18th. → Despite his (superior) strength Jimmy was (soon) overpowered by his attacker. → Fancy seeing you here. → I have no intention of apologizing to either of them. → Not until (after) I (had) left home did I realize how much my father meant to me. → The rail workers have no intention of calling off their strike. → Mrs. Scott prides herself on her cooking/on being a good cook. → If it hadn’t been for the goalkeeper we could/would have lost the match. → It came as no surprise (to me) (to hear) that Karen had changed her job. → Not until John (had) received the offer of promotion in writing did he celebrate. → Much as I admire her achievements, I don’t really like her. → The accident is thought/ believed to have been caused by human error. → As long as you (can) keep/stay calm, you will/should/ought to pass your driving test. → No sooner had he been/was he appointed to the post than the new editor fell ill. Exercise 189: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. → John blew up the tyres of his bicycle. → We’d better leave them a note in case they arrive later. → Before the came here, his previous boss/employer was Mr. Smith. → He has an excellent command of German. → There is no justification for his criticisms. → I am baffled by their reluctance to sign the contract. → Chess problems like that (always) defeat me! → You mustn’t let anyone (else) know this. → I can’t afford a new dress. I’ll have to make do with that old blue one. → There is no question of supper being ready by 8 o’clock. → As far as I can see, there is no advantage in further discussion. Trang 457
- 459. → Please makeallowances for Jane’s poor typing; she’s only been learning for a month. → That young man is bound to fail in this test. → Contrary to (its) (harmless) appearance, the dog was in fact quite dangerous. → The accident was not his fault. → It’s not possible to reach this hotel in winter. → To (the best of) my knowledge, he is still working in Bristol. → There is little/no likelihood that there will be applicants for this post. → Susan could hardly believe the good news. → You must take his experience into account. Exercise 190: Finish each of the following sentences using a phrase including the given bold word in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. → Neither (one) of us is bound by this contract until we both sign it. → You should/do not assume (that) he will help you. → We all make mistakes. → The last Olympic Games took place in Seoul. → His sole topic of conversation was the weather. → I had no regrets about/on/over leaving the club in the end. → You are an idiot to refuse Richard’s offer of a loan. → It’s the company’s intention to replace this model. → Their problems are all of their own making. → Taking that job will mean (that) you’ll have to get up at 6a.m every morning. → They had no alternative but to look for a new flat. → I haven’t heard from him for 3 years. → It’s a pity (that) we cannot rely on what she says. → There is no comparison between an open fire and central heating. → I can scarcely remember anything about my childhood. → Tsiolkovsky is credited with the invention of the space rocket. → I daren’t turn on the TV for fear of waking up the baby. → Some people will do any/great lengths to lose weight. → The 2 theories have (got) nothing in common. → The river Volta burst its banks last year. Exercise 191: Finish each of the following sentences using a phrase including the given bold word in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. → He takes his wife for granted. → There has been a gradual decrease in the number of people out of work. → William (decided that he) was not cut out to be an actor. → My cat has gone/is off its food. → The children did/tried their best to please their father. → His behavior took me aback. Trang 458
- 460. → The bankrobbers made their getaway in a stolen car. → There isn’t much call for cars with large engines. → There is little likelihood of the PM calling a(n) (early general) election. → The story he told us was beyond belief. → The whole committee were in favour of the project. → Scientists blame our pollution for the destruction of the forests. → One never knows how he is going to/will/may/might react. → The scandal had a bad/negative effect. → There was an agreement among the teachers to introduce new methods. → Jenny wasn’t in the mood to go to the party/for (going to) the party. → The councilor gave frank answers to every question. → He is reputed to have been (sent) to prison. → Most stores will accept a credit card as an alternative to cash. → There is no difference in/between our opinions on the subject. Exercise 192: Finish each of the following sentences using a phrase including the given bold word in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. → Local residents expressed their disapproval of the new traffic scheme. → A reduction of/in interest rates may improve the economic situation. → There was a heavy criticism of the architect’s new design. → There was very little response to the charity appeal. → Our company has got the monopoly of the importation of these chemicals. → The team’s defeat was a direct consequence of the coach’s tactics. → We don’t know his whereabouts. → The prompt action of the policeman averted an accident. → There is no doubt that this new record will sell a lot of copies. → I don’t want to be disturbed. → He took the company to court unfairly. → There’s every likelihood that we’ll be late. → The committee expressed a preference for the first proposal. → I really must get down to answering all these letters. → You mustn’t blame yourself. → There’s quite a lot of criticism directed at the police nowadays. → Quite bluntly, the man’s an idiot. → I (just) can’t wait to meet them. → They spent the whole week lying on the beach sunbathing. → I have serious doubts as to whether this will work. Trang 459
- 461. BÀI 2. WRITINGA PARAGRAPH,AN ESSAY VIẾT ĐOẠN VĂN, BÀI VĂN Phần lời giải cho các bài tập từ Exercise 193 đến Exercise 215 là các bài viết mẫu về các chủ đề theo chương trình Sách Giáo Khoa Tiếng Anh khối THPT hiện hành, chủ yếu liên quan tới chương trình lớp 12. Các chủ đề viết được lựa chọn kĩ càng về các vấn đề cuộc sống, học tập, nhà trường, gia đình, các vấn đề về an ninh, xã hội và môi trường. Các chủ đề được lựa chọn chính là những yêu cầu bắt buộc học sinh phải nắm vững khi tham gia kì thi THPT Quốc Gia. Exercise 193. Within 160 words, write a paragraph describing a person you admire most. SAMPLE WRITING Of all my acquaintances, the principal of our school is the one who has created the greatest ever impression on me. I must say that I am not only impressed by his good managerial skills but also his personalities. First, this principal is one of the dedicated educational managers who always know how to find new ways to run the school effectively. For example, he has initiated various ideas and programs to improve the school’s educational quality, the teaching staff’s lives despite limited resources. He also knows very well that he cannot do all things by himself. Therefore, he tries to motivate all the teaching staff to join him towards better achievements treating them fairly. Secondly, he instantly sets a clear example of a moderate but dedicated officer who loves to work more than to talks. He has led a simple life. In short, his leadership skills and personalities are greatly admired by not only me but by the teaching staff in our school. (164 words) Exercise 194. Within 160 words, write a paragraph giving your opinions of what makes a person successful in life. SAMPLE WRITING There are many factors that make a person successful, but in my opinion, it is the way people define “success” that most affects people thinking of success. This is because the term “success” can be interpreted differently by different individuals, and the unclear definition of this concept may mislead people in their life. The result is that each individual may not know how successful he is, even when he achieves what he really wishes to. To me, “success” is that you achieve what your abilities allow you to. In other words, the achievement within your abilities will give you the sense of success. For example, if you are not intellectually good enough to study at universities, but you actually have some innate (in-born) ability for soccer or other sports, then a choice to become a football player or a sport-man may bring you success. So, unless we define “success” clearly in our own way and act upon that understanding, success will stay out of our reach. (166 words) Trang 460
- 462. Exercise 195. Within160 words, write a paragraph giving your opinions of the benefits of being able to use English. SAMPLE WRITING Obviously, English, in our globalization world, has been considered as the international passport to enable us to be the global citizen. That means the good demand of English helps us live and work well in any corner of the world. First, English is an international language that is spoken everywhere, so if you are able to use English, you can communicate with people all around the world. It is the English language that is used in aviation, international sports, music, commerce, newspapers, periodicals, radio and television stations and other. Secondly, we can learn almost all things with the help of English. If your English is good enough, you can take full advantages of the internet – the mass media storage and sources of knowledge and entertainments. You can realize your long-harbored dream of working overseas also. For example, you will easily apply for a vacant at an international company, organization, corporation, or a global group or enterprise so that you have chance to better your life and work. In conclusion, English benefits us various ways including communication, knowledge, work, entertainment, or even the way we lead our life. (187 words) Exercise 196. Within 160 words, write a paragraph describing your homeland. SAMPLE WRITING The hidden beauty of my homeland makes it way to impress the residents as well as the increasing yearly visitors. The village, in fact, does not possess any special beautiful landscapes such as a forested mountain or a romantic river, but nothing can compare with its rich cultural heritages which are reflected in the villagers’ lifestyles and other well- preserved artefacts. First, it seems that the present market economy does not affect the way the local people live, work and think. By this I can say that unlike the money-driven lifestyle commonly seen in most of other places, life in my village is still community-oriented. Everybody lives for other else in a harmonious way, describing as “me in others” and “others in me”. Secondly, many rick-in-culture well-preserved heritages such as folk songs and music, old-aged architectures will certainly give visitors a sense of long-lived customs of a typical past traditional Vietnamese country village which one can hardly see elsewhere. After all, we – the village residents – are always proud of our homeland for both its inner beauty and people lifestyles. (178 words) Exercise 197. Within 160 words, write a paragraph describing your favorite school subject. SAMPLE WRITING Personally, I must say that no single school subjects can compare with English in terms of its interests. It is the English language that opens up a new horizon to me due to the status of its being used globally. Undoubtedly, a good command of English will enable me to access new amount of information which brings me to various new academic and cultural Trang 461
- 463. territories. In additionto that, the more I study English, the more I love Vietnamese – my mother tongue. This is because when my English is good enough, I can compare the language with my mother-tongue, and this helps me understand Vietnamese better. My knowledge of other cultures gained by means of studying English encourages me to learn more about my fatherland. For example, if I am good at English, I can study the other cultures and lifestyles, then I can compare the things I have learned with our national heritages and I feel more and more confident and proud of being a Vietnamese. As I want to become both a Vietnamese and a global citizen, English is really a great attraction to me. (187 words) Exercise 198. Within 160 words, write a paragraph giving your opinions on the idea of controlling the access to electronic services. SAMPLE WRITING More people now have personal computers and the uses of electronic services such as Internet is becoming more widespread. Some people are concerned about unlimited access to electronic services and would like this access to be controlled nationally or even internationally to prevent some certain bad influences on users, especially children. The first reason for which we should control the use of electronic services is that it saves time for users to do other useful things. For example, people spend too much time surfing, commenting, liking and do other wasteful things on social networks, some even become addicted to them. Some may forget their present lives, enjoying their online lives and becoming seriously impractical. On the other side, we should limit the access to the internet so as to prevent users, especially immature one, from being poisoned by harmful websites or forums. Uncontrolled access to poisonous sites may result to crime, immorality, and violence among the youth. In fact, we can hear of the heinous crimes committed by the one who cannot control their thinking and acting after long-browsing the internet playing violent games or doing other bad things. (181 words) Exercise 199. Within 160 words, write a paragraph giving your opinions about the formal school education system in Vietnam. SAMPLE WRITING The current formal school education system in Vietnam consists of three levels; pre-school, primary and secondary educations. Secondary education is divided into lower and upper stage. In some provinces especially in cities, there are two parallel school systems; state and private schools. In both systems, the academic year, from early September to late May, is divided into two semesters consisting of four to five months each. Children start their pre- school at the age of three but this stage is not compulsory. When children reach the age of Trang 462
- 464. six, they goto primary schools. This stage lasts five years with 5 grades. Children then go to lower secondary schools from grade 6 to grade 9. Those who complete lower secondary may be accepted to upper secondary schools which last three years with 3 grades. It depends on the locality that children have to take the entrance examination to be upper secondary students. Often, at the end of upper secondary education, students have to take the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE), the requirement to go to university or college, which takes place in early July. (186 words) Exercise 200. Within 160 words, write a paragraph giving your opinions on the benefits of working for an International Organization. SAMPLE WRITING For long, I have harbored the dream to work for an International Organization for a number of following reasons. First, working for an International Organization gives me opportunities to live abroad, to use English at work, and to have high salary. And it will be an interesting life to have chance to travel far and wide to meet different people of different personalities and nationalities. Second, I will be able to further my knowledge by doing numerous researches. I can also understand more about life. Of course, working for an International Organization will offer me occasions to meet, to have talks with well-known people worldwide. As far as I can say, working as an official of an International Organization helps me to be more aware of the value of life. It will give me strength and hope, helps me think more optimistically and do more positive things. I promise myself that I will try my best to realize my dream some day in the future. (165 words) Exercise 201. With around 200 words, write a paragraph giving your opinions on the solutions to the commuting problems among people who live in the country to drive to work in the city. SAMPLE WRITING Many people are moving out of big cities into the countryside to live to escape from city problems. This causes problems because most the jobs that are available are in the cities so people have to travel back into the cities again to work. The transport system cannot cope so people are using their own cars and the countryside is affected by the traffic jams. One solution to encourage people to stay in cities is to improve the quality of life there. More money could be spent reducing crime, as this is one of the main reasons why people leave cities. For example, more policemen can be employed for city center. Moreover, safe places to work and live in should be made in the city center. The environment can be made cleaners and more agreeable. As a result, people might be encouraged to stay rather than moving out. A very different way to tackle the problem would be to move some of the jobs Trang 463
- 465. out of cityto smaller cities or towns. People could then still live in the countryside and have to travel short distances to work. Another step is to encourage workers to spend part of their working week at home, perhaps two days and then to go into work in the other days. This is happening more and more in many parts of the world. (228 words) Exercise 202. With around 220 words, write to discuss the issue “Families now are not as close-knit as they were in the past”. SAMPLE WRITING It is believed that home is where love dwells and that the social, economic changes make the traditional family formulas vary. Although different people have different points of view on the matters, we all agree that families now are not as close-knit as they used to be. The causes are various, but we can count for the three main points below. First, we all seem to have so busy with working, earning, getting promotions, taking part in social activities, etc. People are likely to have longer working hours because of their demand of earning more and more. People seem to be never satisfied with what they have. In families, under the economic pressure, both parents work so they have less time for themselves as well as for other family members. Secondly, due to the explosion of modern technologies people are more interested in their online lives than interacting with other family members. People seem to isolate themselves with their mobile-phones, tablets, personal computers, and other information technological devices. Moreover, the generation gaps sometimes cause misunderstandings or even debates. Information technology also brings opportunities to diverse viewpoints within family members. Having different opinions pulls people far from one another. Above all, though changes of traditional families are unavoidable, we are to shorten the gaps among family members to be as close-knit as possible. Because family life is very important to any individual, each member must be responsible for bringing all family members closer together. (243 words) Exercise 203. Within 200 words, write a letter to apply for an overseas university. SAMPLE WRITING Dear Sir/Madam, I’ve read a lot about tertiary study in the UK and very impressed by the reputation of many famous universities there. I am writing now to apply for the course and to ask for the admission requirements to the university. Now, I am in the last year of the high school and will finish secondary education in 3 months. I am very much interested in an undergraduate course in economics in Birmingham University. At school I have learnt English for 7 years now, and my English is good enough to communicate with English speaking residents. Moreover, I am rather good at natural Trang 464
- 466. science subjects, andI am also very much interested in social activities. My family income is absolutely good enough to pay for my life and study abroad, too. I have good health and am willing to live on my own. What my family and I want to know now is the detailed admission requirements to the university and the degrees I will be granted after finishing the course. Could you please send me some information about the admission requirements, tuitions fees, accommodation and details of the course? I am ready to supply any information about myself if necessary. I look forward to hearing from you soon. Yours faithfully, (213 words) Exercise 204. Within 200 words, write a letter to apply for a job as a local tour guide. SAMPLE WRITING Dear Sir/ Madam, I am writing in reply to your advertisement in the Vietnam News for experienced English- speaking local guides to accompany foreign visitors on trips throughout Vietnam. To tell the truth, I am very much interested in the post and hope to get it. After reading the requirement for applicants, I can say by sure that I meet all of the qualifications that you specify. I was awarded High School Certificate two years ago with flying colors. After leaving high school, I worked as an accountant in a small travel agency for one year, where I was given a training course on tourism. Then I had one year of experience as a tour guide so I know many tourist areas in Vietnam arid have a basic knowledge of Vietnamese culture, history, geography and the people. Moreover, I was a good student at English at school and achieved some prizes for English-speaking and English-in-use contests, so I can say that I speak English fluently and be able to communicate effectively with English speaking partners. In addition, I am a sociable and confident person and can work hard for long hours. I would like to work for you and would appreciate the opportunity to discuss this position with you in person. I am looking forward to hearing from you at your convenience. Yours faithfully, (210 words) Exercise 205. With around 230 words, write a letter to tell your friend about your family life. SAMPLE WRITING Dear Jim, I am writing to talk about my family rules. It is an interesting topic, isn’t it? It may be obvious that every family has its own rules. Mine has a few, apart from the traditional ones, especially for this school year as I am in the final year. Trang 465
- 467. First, I amnot allowed to watch much TV, except when there is a good or very interesting film or an academic game show, or when I have finished all my homework and exercises. And hardly do my parents let me stay up so late at night. Next, my parents rarely permit me to go out with friends without necessary reasons for example birthdays or funerals. Besides, I have to take the balanced diets to keep fit for my coming examinations. And one more thing I have to keep up is talking on the phone. That is why I have to set a limit to my using of the phone. Furthermore, I don’t have to do much housework though we share that all together. Do you think I have a lot of rules to abide? Or I have no rights or freedom to do what I want or like? Tell me about your family rules, will you? It is much fun to hear about then. Write to me as soon as you can. I look forward to hearing from you. Best wishes, (233 words) Exercise 206. With around 250 words, write a letter to a friend to tell her/ him about the one who influenced you most. SAMPLE WRITING Dear Linda, I am sorry for not writing to you for so long as I have been busy with preparing for the coming GCSE. I am writing today to tell you about the one who has great influence on me. For me, I must say that my life would not have been as good as it is today if I did not meet Mr. Jimmy. It happened to me when I was a lower secondary student. I always got bad marks for school subjects as well as I got fined daily. My teachers got very disappointed, my parents felt ashamed as I was very often mentioned as a bad example at school. My classmates found ways to keep away from me. I felt so lonely and hopeless. Then Mr. Jimmy, my new teacher appeared. After having had a talk with me and my parents, he agreed to be my private tutor. It was so strange that he did not teach but made ways to be my friend first. He spared time to get to know my difficulties, helped me to gain me confidence, let me believe in what I could do. Gradually, I realized what to do, how to do. He encouraged me when I felt tired, lonely or daunted. He gave me belief and strength to stand right on my own feet. Finally, I got to know the meaning of life. To tell the truth, I feel so happy to have a great teacher like Mr. Jimmy. I hope that you will let me know about your idols in life. I am looking forward to hearing from you soon. Yours, (270 words) Trang 466
- 468. Exercise 207. Thewidespread use of the Internet has brought many problems. What do you think the main problems associated with the use of the web? What solutions can you suggest? SAMPLE WRITING Great changes have taken place in our modern life along with development of technology. And I do think that the Internet plays a big role in this. First, with the surfing internet or playing computer and video games, people have a more sedentary lifestyle. Children no longer play games outside and get exercise but they spend time on the computer. This has bad effect on their health and cause problems such as obesity. Another problem is the negative effect on their relationship with their family. Internet access fills most young people's time, and even their leisure time, so this separate them from their family and produces bad effect on their social behavior. A third problem is that not all internet sites are useful. Some sites bears inaccurate information, violence, and dangerous things. To solve the problems, the first solution must be with the parents. They need to limit hours that children spend on the computer and to encourage them to have other hobbies and pastimes. It is also important for children to spend more time to speak with their family than facing electronic devices. Parents should encourage children to use other means of communication, too. To conclude, I would say that the internet has brought many benefits and it will not disappear, therefore it is very important that we learn to use it well so that we can reap the benefits and not the disadvantages. (235 words) Exercise 208. Young people are much more aware of and concerned about the issues like the environment, poverty, and animal welfare than previous generations. What is your own opinion? SAMPLE WRITING Many people think that the world existing problems are only matter the young generation as they are the candidates who are facing them now and in the future. Although a considerable percentage of the public might refer to these hazards as hazards for the young predominantly, yet many of these concerns are actually brought into the scene by the old people. The previous generation are those who lived the new developments in science and technology that brought with them pollution, poverty and part of it also possible distinction of many species of plants and animals. Trang 467
- 469. So they raisethe alarms for those radical and serious consequences. It is often suggested that old generation are passing by and not interested in what happening and only the young who gives those alerts considerable thoughts. However from what we are experiencing now, that many of green people are old and work actively to preserve animal rights and fight fiercely against global warming and environmental pollution. This give us that the present world concerns are a shared interest of both old and new generations. Although many activist on these issues appears in the media and they are from the youth, still and probably equal number from the old follow the same routes. Actually, no one in this life wants to destroy our planet. Definitely every parent is of concern about his offspring lives thereafter, and selfishness does not dominate our thinking at all. What one should be aware of is that such threats are not always discussed or contemplated in the right way by old or young generation. (264 words) Exercise 209. It is important for travelers and business people to understand the cultures they come into contact with, however briefly. What are the main advantages of doing so? What do you think is the main disadvantage of doing so? SAMPLE WRITING There is no doubt that the number of visitors and businessmen and women who are travelling abroad has been increasing markedly in recent years. However, not surprisingly, understanding the culture of local people brings many benefits to all types of visitors as well as problems for those who do not understand a new culture. First of all, no sensible person can deny the importance of breaking down barriers between countries. By this I mean, people from different lands can socialize effectively and relate emotionally regardless of their race and religion, if they take time to learn languages and to find out about where they are going before they travel. As a result, the tension between people from different backgrounds would be melted. Another important advantage that needs to be taken into account is that travelers can broaden their horizons by travelling. In other words, people who travel for business or tourism definitely would gain a lot of information from their host society. Knowing how to behave can help businessmen make lots of money for themselves and for their companies. Undoubtedly business and tourism play a pivotal role in employing of people and reviving the local economy in their own countries and when they travel. On the other hand lack of understanding of the culture and traditions of people may lead to misunderstanding and even increased tension between different communities, simply because the background of any society can act as a mirror to reflect the nature Trang 468
- 470. personality and behaviorof people. Certainly, when we know these vital things we can overcome many difficulties. (262 words) Exercise 210. More and more city workers are deciding to live in the country and travel into work every day. The result is increased traffic congestion and damage to the environment. What measures do you think could be taken to encourage people not to travel much long distance into work? SAMPLE WRITING Many people are moving out of big cities into the countryside to live to escape from city problems. This causes problems because most the jobs that are available are in the cities so people have to travel back into the cities again to work. The transport system cannot cope so people are using their own cars and the countryside is affected by the traffic jams. One solution to encourage people to stay in cities is to improve the quality of life there. More money could be spent reducing crime, as this is one of the main reasons why people leave cities. For example, more policemen can be employed for city center. Moreover, safe places to work and live in should be made in the city center. The environment can be made cleaners and more agreeable. As a result, people might be encouraged to stay rather than moving out. A very different way to tackle the problem would be to move some of the jobs out of city to smaller cities or towns. People could then still live in the countryside and have to travel short distances to work. Another step is to encourage workers to spend part of their working week at home, perhaps two days and then to go into work in the other days. This is happening more and more in many parts of the world. There are other ways to overcome the situation but these are the most important. (242 words) Exercise 211. Write an essay to discuss the benefits of doing exercise. SAMPLE WRITING Health is considered to be the most valuable thing one possesses. Improving health is always a prior task in one’s daily routine. And the simplest, cheapest, but the most effective way to better one’s health is doing regular exercise. One advantage of doing exercise is to reduce stress. People who exercise are likely to feel more relaxed, healthier, and of course happier. Doing regular exercise helps the body produce happy chemicals that make the exercisers reduce the worries about life and work as well as forget the boredom and unhappiness. Trang 469
- 471. Another benefit exercisingbrings us is that we will feel more energetic to face and overcome our daily difficulties. Doing exercise helps us reduce the possibilities of being ill, protects us from some fatal diseases as heart disease, cancers and diabetes. Regular exercisers are believed to have healthier, happier and longer lives. The other good thing is that doing exercise helps us feel more self-confident. We know exactly what we can do or what abilities, talents we have. We will think positively, do confidently, and lead an optimistic life if we practice exercising regularly. Controlling our weight effectively is another value. Perspiration occurs when we exercise, which helps our bodies get rid of bad things inside. Fats are burnt during our practicing exercise, which helps us to keep fit. To sum up, doing exercise enables people to have good body-buildings, keep fit and brings exercisers many benefits. Sparing time doing exercise will ensure us a longer, healthier and happier life. (260 words) Exercise 212. Write an essay to talk about the situations and to offer the solutions to protect the wildlife from being all disappearing. SAMPLE WRITING We now all know clearly that our environment is worsening day by day. Thousands of species have been vanishing, many other thousands are being threatened to be extinct. To solve the problems, or even to slower the process of extinction, there are a number of measures that should be taken to protect endangered animals. The first problem is that people do not know much about the need to rare and endangered animals. Therefore, people should be taught about the importance of the wildlife and rare animals in the ecosystem. Another bad thing is that the habitats for wild animals are being seriously damaged or polluted. To better homes for the wildlife we should protect their habitats from being degraded and then help build up good habitats for all species to live in. Sometimes, people who live in or near the endangered species’ habitats have poor living conditions and rely mostly on wildlife products for their livelihood. Urgently, governments should raise these people’s living standards by providing them with jobs, and help them to live well with the nature. The other reasons are that some countries do not have laws to protect the vulnerable animals, people keep buying fashionable wildlife products, and there are not enough wildlife habitat reserves. To deal with these challenges, governments all over the world had better soon pass and enforce laws to protect the nature, to make the purchasing products related to wild species and to build up reserves for endangered ones to survive and develop. Trang 470
- 472. Protecting the environmenttoday is offering us and the next generations more prosperous future. To save the endangered species means to save the earth and to save ourselves. (278 words) Exercise 213. Write an essay to talk about the reason why people want to have college or university education. SAMPLE WRITING People study in college or university for many different reasons. I think the most important reason is to gain more knowledge and learn more skills. Of course, there are also many other reasons that people study in college such as to get more friends, and increase one's self-confidence. These days, most jobs require people who are educated and have good job skills. Therefore, the people who want a good job have to study hard and at least graduate with a high education. Furthermore, as technology advances all over the world, more and more education is required of people. Some people who study in college or university want to make more friends and increase their interpersonal skills. They enjoy their lives in university or college and tend to socialize a lot. They can meet more people who have the similar interests with themselves. They can go to somewhere after school and make more friends who they trust. The people who graduate from college seem more confident in our community. These people are more respected by society. Many people want to be respected and to be important by family, friends, their bosses, and others in their lives. They find that most of them can confidently talk and do their jobs as they are more educated. Therefore, most people want to get the confidence through the university or college study. In today's society, people need more knowledge and skills to be adapted. The university and college study is a good way to achieve this. (251 words) Exercise 214. Write an essay to talk about the topic “Parents are our first teachers in life”. SAMPLE WRITING Have you ever wondered the questions of “Who teaches you to walk?” “Who teaches you to speak?” It is your parents who teach you to do these basic things in your life. So don't you think that parents are the best teachers! Firstly, parents know us very much. Parents give us life, and I think that we will spend large amount of time with them. So they know our merit and demerit in details. Meanwhile, they will help us to get rid of our demerit. Furthermore, parents possessed many experiences. Since they are older than us, they have experienced many things. Sometimes, they are just like our models. And as the saying Trang 471
- 473. goes: "Example isbetter than precept." So we will unconsciously copy some of our parents' habits and styles of behavior, i.e. we can learn many things from them. Finally, parents will teach us everything. Since schoolteachers can just teach us knowledge from the books, our parents can teach us everything. For example, I learn knitting, cooking and make- up from my mother, while learn fixing leaky faucet from my father. They are the persons who love me most, so they will teach me everything without reservations. Just as the saying goes: "There is no place like home." And I think there is no teacher like our parents. They are the best teachers in our life. (227 words) Exercise 215. Individuals can do nothing to change society. Any new developments can only be brought about by governments and large institutions. How far do you agree or disagree? SAMPLE WRITING It is no doubt that governments and large institutions carry out many different movements to change the society. However, for me, they cannot do anything without the contributions of each individual citizen. To begin, members of governments and large institutions are citizens. Governments make policies, other legal measures to manage the society, but their work can only come into practice with the supports and obedience of all people. Take the policy of value added tax in Vietnam for example, the whole society thought it was necessary that customers should contribute to the national budget and approve of the law, so the new tax policy became practical. By contrast, the fee on motor riders on using the road is not a reasonable rule to all citizens, so our law-makers have to reconsider. This is because of the feedbacks from provincial governments and individual motor users. For me, state and organizations have legal rights to introduce new ideas or pass new laws, but those can only benefit the whole society when they are accepted by the communities. Moreover, governmental issues can encourage individuals to contribute more to the country and each person will also be greatly beneficial of what he has devoted. In conclusion, citizens, organizations, and governments need to cooperate to make their own country a better place to live in. (221 words) -------------------THE END------------------- Trang 472
- 474. Danh Sách 35Đề Thi Học Sinh Giỏi môn Tiếng Anh Lớp 12 Có Lời Giải Chi Tiết 1. Đề thi HSG môn Tiếng Anh lớp 12 cấp tỉnh năm 2020-2021 có đáp án - Sở GD&ĐT Quảng Trị 2. Đề thi HSG môn Tiếng Anh lớp 12 cấp tỉnh năm 2020-2021 có đáp án - Tp HCM 3. Đề thi HSG môn Tiếng Anh lớp 12 cấp tỉnh năm 2020-2021 có đáp án - Sở GD&ĐT Bắc Ninh 4. Đề thi HSG môn Tiếng Anh lớp 12 cấp tỉnh năm 2020-2021 có đáp án - Sở GD&ĐT Bạc Liêu 5. Đề thi HSG môn Tiếng Anh lớp 12 cấp tỉnh năm 2020-2021 có đáp án - Sở GD&ĐT Bắc Ninh 6. Đề thi HSG môn Tiếng Anh lớp 12 cấp tỉnh năm 2020-2021 có đáp án - Sở GD&ĐT Vĩnh Phúc 7. Đề thi HSG môn Tiếng Anh lớp 12 cấp tỉnh năm 2020-2021 có đáp án - Sở GD&ĐT Hải Dương 8. Đề thi HSG môn Tiếng Anh lớp 12 cấp tỉnh năm 2020-2021 có đáp án - Sở GD&ĐT Thanh Hóa 9. Đề thi HSG môn Tiếng Anh Quốc Gia năm 2020-2021 có đáp án 10. Đề thi HSG môn Tiếng Anh lớp 12 cấp tỉnh năm 2020-2021 có đáp án - Trường THPT Quế Võ số 1 11. Đề thi HSG môn Tiếng Anh lớp 12 cấp tỉnh năm 2020-2021 có đáp án - Sở GD&ĐT Quảng Nam 12. Đề thi HSG môn Tiếng Anh lớp 12 cấp tỉnh năm 2020-2021 có đáp án - Sở GD&ĐT Đồng Nai 13. Đề thi HSG môn Tiếng Anh lớp 12 cấp tỉnh năm 2020có đáp án - Tỉnh Quảng Nam 14. Đề thi chọn HSG môn Tiếng Anh lớp 12 cấp tỉnh năm 2020có đáp án - Tp Hồ Chí Minh 15. Đề Thi KSCL HSG môn Tiếng Anh lớp 12 cấp tỉnh năm 2020có đáp án -Trường Nông Công I 16. Đề thi HSG môn Tiếng Anh lớp 12 cấp tỉnh năm 2019-2020 có đáp án - trường Đồng Đậu – Vĩnh Phúc lần 1 17. Đề thi HSG môn Tiếng Anh lớp 12 cấp tỉnh năm 2019-2020 có đáp án - trường Đồng Đậu – Vĩnh Phúc lần 2 18. Đề thi HSG môn Tiếng Anh lớp 12 cấp tỉnh năm 2020 có đáp án - Tỉnh Quảng Nam 19. Đề Thi HSG môn Tiếng Anh lớp 12 cấp tỉnh năm 2019-2020 có đáp án - Chuyên Quảng Nam 20. Đề Thi HSG môn Tiếng Anh lớp 12 cấp tỉnh năm 2019-2020 có đáp án - Trường THPT Liễn Sơn 21. Đề thi HSG môn Tiếng Anh lớp 12 cấp tỉnh năm 2019-2020 có đáp án - Sở GD&ĐT Hải Phòng 22. Đề thi HSG môn Tiếng Anh lớp 12 cấp tỉnh năm 2019-2020 có đáp án - Sở GD&ĐT Hải Dương 23. Đề thi HSG môn Tiếng Anh lớp 12 cấp tỉnh năm 2019-2020 có đáp án - Trường THPT Yên Lạc 2, Vĩnh Phúc 24. Đề thi HSG môn Tiếng Anh lớp 12 cấp tỉnh năm 2018-2019 có đáp án - Sở GD&ĐT Quảng Nam 25. Đề Thi HSG môn Tiếng Anh lớp 12 cấp tỉnh năm 2019 có đáp án - Chuyên Quảng Nam 26. Đề Thi HSG môn Tiếng Anh lớp 12 cấp tỉnh có đáp án – Đề 1 27. Đề Thi HSG môn Tiếng Anh lớp 12 cấp tỉnh có đáp án – Đề 2
- 475. 28. Đề thiHSG môn Tiếng Anh lớp 12 cấp tỉnh năm 2018-2019 có đáp án - trường Lưu Nhân Chú – Thái Nguyên 29. Đề Thi Chọn HSG môn Tiếng Anh lớp 12 cấp tỉnh năm 2018-2019 có đáp án - Trường THPT Liễn Sơn 30. Đề Thi Chọn HSG môn Tiếng Anh lớp 12 cấp tỉnh năm 2018-2019 có đáp án - Trường Chuyên Vĩnh Phúc 31. Đề Thi HSG môn Tiếng Anh lớp 12 cấp tỉnh năm 2017-2018 có đáp án - Tỉnh Quảng Nam 32. Đề Thi HSG môn Tiếng Anh lớp 12 cấp tỉnh năm 2017-2018 có đáp án - Trường THPT Liễn Sơn 33. Đề thi HSG môn Tiếng Anh lớp 12 cấp tỉnh năm 2017-2018 có đáp án - Tỉnh Quảng Bình 34. Đề Thi Chọn HSG môn Tiếng Anh lớp 12 cấp tỉnh năm 2017-2018 có đáp án - TP Hà Nội 35. Đề thi Môn Tiếng Anh 12 Năm 2017-2018 Có Đáp Án – Tỉnh Nam Định
- 476. SỞ GIÁO DỤCVÀ ĐÀO TẠO KỲ THI HỌC SINH GIỎI VĂN HOÁ LỚP 12 THPT QUẢNG TRỊ Khóa ngày 06 tháng 10 năm 2020 Môn thi: TIẾNG ANH Thời gian làm bài: 180 phút (không kể thời gian giao đề) (Đề thi này gồm 11 trang) Họ và tên học sinh: Ngày sinh: Phòng thi số: Hội đồng thi: Số báo danh Họ, tên và chữ ký GIÁM THỊ 1 Họ, tên và chữ ký GIÁM THỊ 2 Mã phách (Thí sinh không viết vào ô này) HƯỚNG DẪN THÍ SINH LÀM BÀI: ● Thí sinh làm toàn bộ bài thi trên đề thi theo yêu cầu của từng phần. Thí sinh phải viết câu trả lời vào phần trả lời được cho sẵn ở mỗi phần (Your answers here). Trái với điều này, phần bài làm của thí sinh sẽ không được chấm điểm. ● Đề thi gồm có 11 trang (không kể trang phách). Thí sinh phải kiểm tra số tờ đề thi trước khi làm bài. ● Phần NGHE, mỗi Part thí sinh được nghe 2 lần. ● Thí sinh không được ký tên hoặc dùng bất cứ dấu hiệu gì để đánh dấu bài thi ngoài việc làm bài theo yêu cầu của đề ra. Không được viết bằng mực đỏ, bút chì, không viết hai thứ mực trên tờ giấy làm bài. Phần viết hỏng, ngoài cách dùng thước để gạch chéo, không được tẩy xóa bằng bất kỳ cách gì khác (kể cả bút xóa màu trắng). Trái với điều này bài thi sẽ bị loại. ● Thí sinh nên làm nháp trước rồi ghi chép cẩn thận vào phần bài làm trên đề thi. Giám thị sẽ không phát giấy làm bài thay thế đề và giấy làm bài do thí sinh làm hỏng. ● Giám thị không giải thích gì thêm về đề thi. ĐỀ THI CHÍNH THỨC
- 477. SECTION I: LISTENINGCOMPREHENSION (5 POINTS) Part 1: Listen to a conversation and complete the form below with NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS and/or A NUMBER for each answer. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes. Student Union Registration Form Name : Stefan Unger Degree programme: (1) ______________________ Department : (2) ______________________ Leisure activities: (3) ______________________ Language(s) (apart from English): (4) ______________________ Type of accommodation: (5) ______________________ Contact number: 0295069003 Part 2: Listen to part of a radio programme. Decide which of the sentences are true (T), and which are false (F) according to the recording. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes. 1. Everybody in the Outback has at least a telephone to keep in touch with the world. 2. In an emergency, doctors use jeeps to get to the patient. 3. It doesn’t take the doctors more than ninety minutes to get to any place in the Outback. 4. Children living in the Outback do not go to school at all. 5. The children in the Outback can communicate with their teachers by two- way radio and post. Part 3: Listen to an interview with a woman called Amy Rowntree, who works as a fashion designer and choose the correct option (A, B, or C). Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes. 1. Amy decided to become a fashion designer while ________. A. she was working in a shop B. she was still at school C. she was helping run a fashion show 2. Amy says the most important skill for a designer is ________. A. remaining patient in difficult situations B. understanding how clothes are made C. knowing about different materials 3. What does Amy particularly like about her work? A. being able to sell her designs B. having her name recognised C. seeing her clothes on display 4. What helps Amy find new ideas for designs? A. going to visit museums B. looking at photos of clothes C. seeing things around her 5. What project is Amy working on at the moment? A. a fashion show in New York B. a collection of clothes for a film C. a new range for a London store
- 478. Part 4: Listento a lecture about student orientation and complete the table below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes. Orientation Schedule Part I: Campus Tour Monday meet at door of (1) __________________ at 9 a.m. visit (2) ___________________ in the afternoon. Tuesday Computer Centre: to get (3) ____________________ (4) ____________________: to apply for membership Part II: Course Arrangement Wednesday meet at Auditorium in the west campus (5) _______________ course requirement (6) ___________________ and optional courses assessments: (7) ___________________ 80% assignment (8) ___________________ group work exam: open-book Thursday go to department office to: get a (9) ____________________ hand in optional course form Part III: Welcome Party Friday Time: 5 p.m. Venue: (10) _____________________ on the third floor Your answers here Part 1: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Part 2: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Part 3: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Part 4: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
- 479. SECTION II: LEXICAL& GRAMMAR (3.5 POINTS) Part 1: Choose the best answer (A, B, C, or D) to each of the following questions and write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes. 1. If Jack had done his homework last night, he ______ a bad mark now. A. wouldn’t get B. won’t get C. wouldn’t have got D. would get 2. It is necessary that Dave _______ to see the doctor right now. A. come B. comes C. to come D. is coming 3. Everyone hardly finds out a quiet place here, ______? A. don’t they B. do they C. does she D. doesn’t she 4. Even when John was angry, he would never _______ to violence. A. resolve B. recourse C. exert D. resort 5. Tom’s parents were really pleased when they read his school ______. A. report B. paper C. diploma D. account 6. Susan says that she feels less nervous since she ______ on tea and coffee. A. stopped off B. turned back C. cut out D. cut down 7. Mike: What a nice hat you have on! ~ Paul: ______ A. You’re welcome. B. Yes, you like it? C. Oh, you must be kidding. D. Thanks. I bought it at Kelly’s. 8. This room is decorated in a _____ combination of colours. A. delicious B. sweet C. tasteful D. tasty 9. My decision to drop out of university after a year is the one I now ______ regret. A. keenly B. painfully C. heavily D. harshly 10. It was decided that the cost of the project would be ______ and so it was abandoned. A. restrictive B. prohibitive C. repressive D. exclusive Your answers here 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Part 2: Identify 10 mistakes in the following passage in any order and correct them. (0) in Line 1 has been done as an example. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes. Line 1 Line 2 Line 3 Line 4 Line 5 Line 6 Line 7 Line 8 Line 9 Line 10 Line 11 Line 12 An endangered species is a population of an organism who is at risk of becoming extinct because it is either few in numbers, or threatened by changed environmental or predation parameters. An endangered species is usually a taxonomic species, but may be other evolutionary significant unit, The World Conservation Union (IPCN) has calculated the percent of endangered species as 40 percent of all organisms based at the samples of species that have been evaluating through 2006. Many nations have laws offering protection to this species: for example, forbidding hunting, restricting land development or create reserves. Only a few of the many species at risk of extinct actually make it to the lists and obtain legal protection. Much more species become extinct, or potential will become extinct, without gaining public notice.
- 480. Your answers here LineMistake Correction Line 1 (0) who which Line Mistake Correction 1. 6. 2. 7. 3. 8. 4. 9. 5. 10. Part 3: Complete each of the following sentences with one appropriate preposition/particle. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes. 1. Fred is really mature. He is completely independent ____________ his parents. 2. Make ____________ your mind now or we will go without you. 3. Kelly must be responsible ____________ the director for what she has just said. 4. Nowadays many people have been suffering ____________ cancer. 5. He really gets ____________ my nerves. He never stops complaining. 6. No student can answer the professor’s question because it is too hard to take ____________. 7. Sofia worked very hard and her success went ____________ my expectation. Your answers here 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Part 4: Supply the correct form of the words given in CAPITALS to complete the sentences. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes. Meditation People are often put off meditation by what they see as its many mystical associations. Yet meditation is a (1) ______ (STRAIGHT) technique which merely involves sitting and resting the mind. In addition to its (2) ______ (SIMPLE), meditation offers powerful help in the battle against stress. Hundreds of studies have shown that meditation, when (3) ______ (TAKE) in a principled way, can reduce hypertension which is related to stress in the body. Research has proved that certain types of meditation can substantially decrease key stress symptoms such as anxiety and (4) ______ (IRRITABLE). In fact, those who practice meditation with any (5) ______ (REGULAR) see their doctors less and spend, on average, seventy percent fewer days in hospital. They are said to have more stamina, a happier disposition and even enjoy better relationships. When you learn to meditate, your teacher will give you a (6) ______ (PERSON) ‘mantra’ or word which you use every time you practice the technique and which is (7) ______ (SUPPOSE) chosen according to your needs. Initial classes are taught individually but subsequent classes usually consist of a group of students and take place over a period of about four days. The aim is to learn how to slip into a deeper state of (8) ______ (CONSCIOUS) for twenty minutes a day. The rewards speak for themselves. Your answers here 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
- 481. SECTION III: READINGCOMPREHENSION (5 POINTS) Part 1: Read the text below and think of ONE word which best fits each gap. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes. Always a sure source of affection, my grandparents (1) _______hugely important figures in my life. They would shower my sisters and me with sweets, indulgences and stories, (2) _______tales about my parents as naughty children. When the last of (3) _______ died, we all wondered who would hold the family together. People have relied on grandparents in Britain since the industrial Revolution, (4) _______ whole families moved into cities from the country to get work in the new factories, taking grandmother along to look after the children. (5) _______ the fact that more grandmothers are working now, grandparents are still the backbone of childcare in Britain. They provide 44% of full- time care for pre-school children, which (6) _______ you wonder how the country would manage without them. The traditional image of a grandparent is a smiling old person surrounded by a cohort of happy children, but this doesn’t match the facts. (7) _______ we have now is the so-called ‘beanpole family’, thinly stretched over several generations, with fewer family members in each and with growing (8) _______ of single-parent families. Grandparents are getting younger - more than 50% of grandparents have already had their first grandchild by the age 54. For many of them, grandparenthood means juggling a job, involvement with grandchildren and, sometimes, the care of their own parents. It is up to us to balance the demands we make on them if we don’t want to wear them (9) _______. Grandparents are (10) _______ a valuable part of the family that we just cannot do without them. Your answers here 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Part 2: Read the following passage and decide which option (A, B, C, or D) best fits each gap. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes. From Nigel’s point of view, a love of travelling began with what is called a ‘gap year’. In (1) _____ with many other British teenagers, he chose to take a year out before (2) _____ to study for his degree. After doing various jobs to raise some money, he left home to gain some experience of life in different cultures, visiting America and Asia. The more adventurous the young person are, the (3) _____ the challenge they are likely to (4) _____ themselves for the gap year, and for some, like Nigel, it can (5) _____ in a thirst for adventure. Now that his university course has (6) _____ to an end, Nigel is just about to leave on a three- year trip that will take him (7) _____ around the world. What’s more, he plans to make the whole journey using only means of transport which are (8) _____ by natural energy. In other words, he’ll be relying mostly on bicycles and his own legs; and when there’s an ocean to cross, he won’t be taking a short cut by climbing aboard a plane, he’ll be joining the crew of a sailing ship (9) _____. As well as doing some mountain climbing and other outdoor pursuits along the way, Nigel hopes to pass on to the people he meets the environmental (10) _____ that lies behind the whole idea. 1. A. term B. sense C. common D. conclusion 2. A. settling down B. getting up C. taking over D. holding back 3. A. stronger B. wider C. deeper D. greater 4. A. place B. set C. aim D. put 5. A. lead B. result C. cause D. create 6. A. come B. turned C. made D. brought 7. A. complete B. just C. whole D. right 8. A. powered B. charged C. forced D. pulled
- 482. 9. A. anywayB. alike C. instead D. otherwise 10. A. notice B. message C. tour D. voyage Your answers here 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Part 3: Read the following passage and choose the best answer (A, B, C or D). Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes. Animation traditionally is done by hand-drawing or painting successive frames of an object, each slightly different from the preceding frame. In computer animation, although the computer may be the one to draw the different frames, in most cases the artist will draw the beginning and ending frames and the computer will produce the drawings between the first and the last drawing. This is generally referred to as computer-assisted animation, because the computer is more of a helper than an originator. In full computer animation, complex mathematical formulas are used to produce the final sequence of pictures. These formulas operate on extensive databases of numbers that define the objects in the pictures as they exist in mathematical space. The database consists of endpoints, and colour and intensity information. Highly trained professionals are needed to produce such effects because animation that obtains high degrees of realism involves computer techniques for three- dimensional transformation, shading, and curvatures. High-tech computer animation for film involves very expensive computer systems along with special colour terminals or frame buffers. The frame buffer is nothing more than a giant image memory for viewing a single frame. It temporarily holds the image for display on the screen. A camera can be used to film directly from the computer’s display screen, but for the highest quality images possible, expensive film recorders are used. The computer computes the positions and colours for the figures in the picture, and sends this information to the recorder, which captures it on film. Sometimes, however, the images are stored on a large magnetic disk before being sent to the recorder. Once this process is completed, it is repeated for the next frame. When the entire sequence has been recorded on the film, the film must be developed before the animation can be viewed. If the entire sequence does not seem right, the motions must be corrected, recomputed, redisplayed, and rerecorded. This approach can be very expensive and time consuming. Often, computer- animation companies first do motion tests with simple computer-generated line drawings before selling their computers to the task of calculating the high-resolution, realistic-looking images. 1. What aspect of computer animation does the passage mainly discuss? A. The production process B. The equipment needed C. The high cost D. The role of the artist 2. According to the passage, in computer-assisted animation the role of the computer is to draw the ______. A. first frame B. middle frames C. last frame D. entire sequence of frames 3. The word “they” in the second paragraph refers to ______. A. formulas B. databases C. numbers D. objects 4. According to the passage, the frame buffers mentioned in the third paragraph are used to ______. A. add colour to the images B. expose several frames at the same time C. store individual images D. create new frames 5. According to the passage, the positions and colours of the figures in high-tech animation are determined by ______. A. drawing several versions B. enlarging one frame at a line. C. using computer calculations D. analyzing the sequence from different angles 6. The word “once” in the fourth paragraph is closest in meaning to ______.
- 483. A. before B.since C. after D. while 7. According to the passage, how do computer-animation companies often test motion? A. They experiment with computer-generated line drawings. B. They hand-draw successive frames. C. They calculate high-resolution images. D. They develop extensive mathematical formulas. 8. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage? A. Computers have reduced the costs of animation. B. In the future, traditional artists will no longer be needed. C. Artists are unable to produce drawings as high in quality as computer drawings. D. Animation involves a wide range of technical and artistic skills. Your answers here 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Part 4: Read the passage and choose the best answer (A, B, C or D) to the following questions. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes. The oceans are so vast and deep that until fairly recently, it was widely assumed that no matter how trash and chemicals humans dumped into them, the effects would be negligible. Proponents of dumping in the oceans even had a catchphrase: "The solution to pollution is dilution." Today, we need look no further than the New Jersey–size dead zone that forms each summer in the Mississippi River Delta, or the thousand–mile–wide swath of decomposing plastic in the northern Pacific Ocean to see that this "dilution" policy has helped place a once flourishing ocean ecosystem on the brink of collapse. There is evidence that the oceans have suffered at the hands of mankind for millennia. But recent studies show that degradation, particularly of shoreline areas, has accelerated dramatically in the past three centuries as industrial discharge and run–off from farms and coastal cities have increased. Pollution is the introduction of harmful contaminants that are outside the norm for a given ecosystem. Common man–made pollutants reaching the oceans include pesticides, herbicides, chemical fertilizers, detergents, oil, sewage, plastics, and other solids. Many of these pollutants collect at the ocean's depths, where they are consumed by small marine organisms and introduced into the global food chain. Many ocean pollutants are released into the environment far upstream from coastlines. Nitrogen–rich fertilizers applied by farmers inland, for example, end up in local streams, rivers, and groundwater and are eventually deposited in estuaries, bays, and deltas. These excess nutrients can spawn massive blooms of algae that rob the water of oxygen, leaving areas where little or no marine life can exist. Solid wastes like bags, foam, and other items dumped into the oceans from land or by ships at sea are frequently consumed, with often fatal effects, by marine mammals, fish, and birds that mistake them for food. Discarded fishing nets drift for many years, ensnaring fish and mammals. In certain regions, ocean currents corral trillions of decomposing plastic items and other trash into gigantic, swirling garbage patches. One in the North Pacific, known as the Pacific Trash Vortex, is estimated to be the size of Texas. Pollution is not always physical. In large bodies of water, sound waves can carry undiminished for miles. The increased presence of loud or persistent sounds from ships, sonar devices, oil rigs, and even from natural sources like earthquakes can disrupt the migration, communication, and reproduction patterns of many marine animals, particularly aquatic mammals like whales and dolphins.
- 484. 1. What doesthe passage mainly discuss? A. The end of the “dilution” era B. Marine pollution and its many forms C. Various kinds of harmful pollutants D. Noise and its disruptive effects on marine life 2. The word “negligible” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ______. A. unpredictable B. serious C. insignificant D. positive 3. It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that the “dilution” policy is related to _____. A. helping the ecosystem of the oceans flourish B. neglecting the effects of dumping trash into the oceans C. treating harmful materials in the oceans properly D. dealing with the problems of water pollution 4. The word “they” in paragraph 4 refers to ______. A. ocean’s depth B. the oceans C. marine organisms D. man–made pollutants 5. The word “spawn” in paragraph 5 can be best replaced by ______. A. produce B. appear C. prevent D. limit 6. According to the passage, nitrogen–rich fertilizers _______. A. cannot be found inland B. do not relate to the disappearance of marine life C. are created by massive blooms of algae D. cause a shortage of oxygen in the ocean water 7. Which of the following statements is NOT supported in the passage? A. The oceans in the past were more contaminated than they are now. B. Industrial wastes and agriculture run–off are blamed for the degradation of the oceans. C. It is apparent that the oceans have been polluted for a long time. D. Many pollutants deposited in the oceans finally become part of the global food chain. 8. Whales and dolphins are mentioned in the final paragraph as an example of marine creatures that _____. A. can survive earthquakes because of their large bodies B. suffer from loud or persistent sounds at sea C. are forced to migrate because of water pollution D. can communicate with each other via sound waves Your answers here 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Part 5: Read through the following text and then choose from list A-H the best phrase or sentence to fill each of the blanks. One suggested answer does not fit at all. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes. A. The local people are used to it B. It does not say much for the quality control in the military weapon factories of Britain and Germany C. Only after positive identification of their country of origin can the shells be made safe D. Once cleaned and classified, the shells are placed in wooden boxes, separated by sand E. That makes 400 million unexploded shells F. Army personnel try to identify all types of shells
- 485. G. Over theyears they have grown to treat them with a certain indifference H. Shortly afterwards, huge explosions rock the sea Twice a day throughout the summer in a field outside the small Belgian town of Poelkapelle, a strange ritual takes place. First a siren sounds. Then a number of boxes are lowered into specially prepared pits. (1) _______, throwing clouds of earth into the air. (2) _______; it is only another consignment of World War I shells exploding 75 years late. Bomb disposal experts at Poelkapelle will be hard at work for many years to come. (3) _______, but best estimates suggest that of 1.5 billion shells fired on the Western Front between 1914 and 1918, about 30% failed to explode on impact. (4) _______, most of which are still out there. In the countryside around Poelkapelle, farmers plough up these deadly souvenirs almost daily. (5) _______; after unearthing the shells, they leave them by the roadside to be collected by an army jeep. The shells, however, remain potentially unstable and lethal as most of them are badly corroded after so many decades in the ground. (6) _______. This is initially difficult because they are covered with rust and dirt. Officers used to clean them by hand in the open air. Now they use a high-pressure water jet or, if the dirt proves too stubborn, they remove it with a remote-control machine. (7) _______. Shells over 50kg have to be exploded at sea; the remainders are stored, ready to be detonated at the ritual hours of 11.45am and 3.30pm. Your answers here 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 SECTION IV - WRITING (4.5P) Part 1: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence printed before it. Write your answers in the space provided. 1. She regrets not studying hard enough for the final examination. She wishes _____________________________________________________________. 2. They believe that the room was badly decorated. The room _____________________________________________________________. 3. I fully intend to find out who is responsible for the graffiti. I have every ____________________________________________________________. 4. I didn’t stop worrying about the wild animals until we were safe inside camp. It was only when we reached ______________________________________________. 5. It’s sad, but unemployment is unlikely to go down this year Sad __________________________________________________________________. 6. The only thing that prevented the passing of the bill was the death of the Prime Minister. Had __________________________________________________________________. 7. You may be disqualified if you don’t obey the regulations. Failure ________________________________________________________________. 8. His condition improved so rapidly that he went home four days after the operation. There _________________________________________________________________. 9. He is proud of his loyalty to his friends. He prides ______________________________________________________________. 10. I was not surprised to hear that Harry had failed his driving test. It came ________________________________________________________________. Part 2: Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and six words, including the word given. Write your answers in the space provided. 1. She can’t stand her toothache, so she goes to see the dentist. (PUT)
- 486. She goesto see the dentist as she can’t ___________________________ her toothache. 2. He couldn’t understand the instruction of this task. (SENSE) The instruction of this task ____________________________ him. 3. A foreign manager is running our restaurant at the moment. (RUN) Our restaurant ____________________________ a foreign manager at the moment. 4. The fast food Linda eats affects her health badly. (EFFECT) The fast food Linda eats ____________________________ her health. 5. Nora described the trip to us in detail. (DETAILED) Nora ____________________________ the trip. 6. On Monday last week I met one of my friends by chance at the stadium. (CAME) On Monday last week I ____________________________ mine at the supermarket. 7. Robert offered her a lift in his new car, but she didn’t accept. (TURNED) She ____________________________ offer of a lift in his new car. 8. Tony said that she would never talk to anyone else about the matter. (DISCUSS) Tony promised never ____________________________ anyone else. 9. She really hates it when people speak to her like that! (OBJECTS) She really ____________________________ to like that! 10. Kevin hates tennis, so don’t try to persuade him to play. (WORTH) It ____________________________ Kevin to play tennis because he hates it. Part 3: Writing an essay (about 200 words) to express your opinion on the following topic: The world grows more connected through social networks. Therefore, many people think that school students should be allowed to use mobile phones in class. Do you agree with the above point of view? ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- 487.
- 488. SỞ GIÁO DỤCVÀ ĐÀO TẠO QUẢNG TRỊ HƯỚNG DẪN CHẤM ĐỀ THI CHÍNH THỨC MÔN TIẾNG ANH KỲ THI HỌC SINH GIỎI VĂN HOÁ LỚP 12 THPT Khóa ngày 06 tháng 10 năm 2020 (Hướng dẫn chấm gồm 02 trang) SECTION I: LISTENING COMPREHENSION (5 POINTS) Part 1: (0.2/ea) 1. postgraduate 2. engineering 3. computer games 4. German 5. (in) hall Part 2: (0.2/ea) 1. F 2.F 3.T 4.F 5.T Part 3: (0.2/ea) 1.A 2. B 3. B 4. C 5. B Part 4: (0.2/ea) 1. Student Union 2. (the) library 3. username and password 4. (the) Sports Centre 5. in the morning 6. compulsory (courses) 7. attendance 8. presentation 9. curriculum 10. Common Room SECTION II: USE OF LANGUAGE (3.5 POINTS) Part 1: (0.1/ea) 1. A 2.A 3.B 4.D 5.A 6. D 7. D 8.C 9. B 10. B Part 2: (0.1/ea; 0,05 for any correct half of the answer ) Line Mistake Correction Line 1 (0) who which Line Mistake Correction Line 3 4 5 1. changed changing Line 8 6. this these Line 4 2.other another Line 9 7. create creating Line 5 3. percent percentage Line 10 8. extinct extinction Line 6 4.at on Line 11 9. much many Line 7 5.evaluating evaluated Line 12 10.potential potentially Part 3: (0.1/ea) 1. of /from 2. up 3. to 4. from 5. on 6. in 7. beyond Part 4: (0.1/ea) 1.straightforward 2. simplicity 3. undertaken 4. irritability 5. regularity 6. personal 7. supposedly 8. consciousness SECTION III: READING COMPREHENSION (5 POINTS) Part 1: (0.1/ea) 1. were 2. telling/inventing/concocting 3.them 4.when 5.despite 6.makes 7.what 8.numbers 9.out 10.such
- 489. Part 2: (0.1/ea) 1.C 2. A 3.D 4.B 5.B 6.A 7.D 8.A 9. C 10. B Part 3: (0.1/ea) 1.A 2. B 3. D 4. C 5. C 6. C 7. A 8. D Part 4: (0.1/ea) 1.B 2. C 3. B 4. D 5. A 6. D 7. A 8. B Part 5: (0.2/ea) 1. H 2.A 3.B 4.E 5.G 6.C 7.D SECTION IV - WRITING (4.5 POINTS) Part : (0.15/ea) 1. She wishes she had studied hard enough for the final examination. 2. The room is believed to have been badly decorated. 3. I have every intention of finding out who is responsible for the graffiti. 4. It was only when we reached the safety of/inside the camp that I stopped worrying about the wild animals. 5. Sad though/as it is, unemployment is unlikely to go down this year. 6. Had it not been for the death of the Prime Minister, the passing of the bill would/ could not have been prevented. / the bill would have been passed. 7. Failure to obey the regulations may lead to/ result in disqualification. 8. There was such a rapid improvement in his condition that he went home four days after the operation 9. He prides himself on his loyalty to his friends. 10.It came as no surprise to me that Harry had failed his driving test. Part 2: (0.15/ea) 1. She goes to see the dentist as she can’t …… put up with …..her toothache. 2. The instruction of this task … did not make (any/much) sense to….. him. 3. Our restaurant …… is being run by …..a foreign manager at the moment. 4. The fast food Linda eats …… has a bad effect on …. her health. 5. Nora …… gave us the/a detailed description of …… the trip. 6. On Monday last week I …… came across a friend of .……mine at the supermarket. 7. She …… turned down Robert’s …….. offer of a lift in his new car. 8. Tony promised never ……… to discuss the matter with …….anyone else. 9. She really …… objects to being spoken ……to like that! 10. It … is not worth trying to persuade….Kevin to play tennis because he hates it. Part 3: Write an essay (1.5 pts) Criteria/scale 0.0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.0 1.25 1.5 Content Communicative achievement Organization Language
- 490. Note: Điểm củabài luận là điểm trung bình cộng của 4 tiêu chí, làm tròn đến một chữ số thập phân ------------ THE END ------------
- 491. SỞ GIÁO DỤCVÀ ĐÀO TẠO KỲ THI HỌC SINH GIỎI VĂN HOÁ LỚP 12 THPT HỒ CHÍ MINH NĂM HỌC 2020-2021 Môn thi: TIẾNG ANH Thời gian làm bài: 180 phút (không kể thời gian giao đề) SECTION A: GRAMMAR & VOCABULARY (40 POINTS) I. Choose the word or phrase (A, B, C or D) which best completes each sentence. (20points) 1. He_________ his son of the dangers of driving too fast in his new car A. warned B. remembered C. threatened D. concerned 2. The child was_________ by a lorry on the safety crossing in the main street. A. knocked out B. run across C. run out D. knocked down 3. The independent arbitrator managed to_________ the confrontation between the union and the employers. A. refuse B. confuse C. refute D. defuse 4. When I heard the footsteps behind me I was_________ that I would be attacked. A. horrified B. terror-struck C. terrorized D. terrified 5. His illness made him_________ of concentration. A. incompetent B. unable C. incapable D. powerless 6. Medieval travelers’ tales of fantastic creatures were often fascinating but not always________. A. credible B. creditable C. credulous D. imaginable 7. An almost________ line of traffic was moving at a snail’s pace through the town. A. continuous B. constant C. continual D. stopping 8. Somebody ran in front of the car as I was driving. Fortunately I________ just in time. A. could stop B. could have stopped C. managed to stop D. must be able to stop 9. You are being thoroughly________ in refusing to allow this ceremony to take place. A. unrequited B. unrepresentative C. unreliable D. unreasonable 10 The sudden resignation of the financial director put the company in a very_________position. A. weak B. unsteady C. vulnerable D. collapsed 11. David: Would you like fish or meat? Mary: I_________ fish, please. ĐỀ THI CHÍNH THỨC
- 492. A. would ratherB. would prefer C. suppose D. believe 12. Many teenagers show signs of anxiety and_________ when being asked about their future. A. depress B. depression C. depressed D. depressing 13. . A part – time job gives me the freedom to_________ my own interests. A. pursue B. chase C. seek D. catch 14. The new road currently under_________ will solve the traffic problems in the town. A. design B. progress C. construction D. work 15. - Daisy: “What a lovely house you have!” - Mary: “_______________.” A. Lovely, I think so B. Thank you. Hope you will drop in C. Of course not, it’s not costly D. No problem 16. We were shocked to hear the news of your ________. A. having fired B. being fired C. having been fired D. to have been fired 17. _______ as taste is really a composite sense made up of both taste and smell. A. That we refer to B. What we refer to C. To which we refer D. What do we refer to 18. They are happily married although, of course, they argue _______. A. most times B. from day to day C. every now and then D. on the occasion 19. I don’t know French, but I’ll ________. A. get Tom to translate it B. have it translate C. have Tom to translate it D. make it translate 20. Doctors advise people who are deficient __________ vitamin C to eat more fruit and vegetables. A. from B. of C. in D. for II. Use the word in capitals at the end of these sentences to form a word that fits in the blank space. (10 points) 1. The main goals of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations are to promote peace and________ in the region. STABLE
- 493. 2. The securityof the earth can be threatened by________ groups. TERROR 3. I don’t care if you had had too much to drink. Your behaviour last night was______. DEFEND 4. Her son is always mischievous and________ which annoys her very much. OBEY 5. The Americans are much more concerned than the Indians and the Chinese with physical________ when choosing a wife or a husband. ATTRACT 6. You can never be sure what my sister is going to do. She is so________. PREDICT 7. He is completely________. Not only is he lazy but he is dishonest too. EMPLOY 8. His boss told him off because he had behaved________ RESPONSIBLE 9. He won the discus event at the Olympic Games but was later________ when a medical check proved that he had been taking drugs. QUALIFY 10. The trouble with Mr. Brown is that he’s so________. One minute he goes mad when you come late; the next he says nothing. You never know where you are! CONSIST III. Find one mistake in each sentence below by choosing the letter A, B, C or D. (10 pts)? 1. Jill mustn’t have arrived yet, otherwise she would have phoned me A B C D 2. Not many people realize that apples have been cultivating for over 3,000 years A B C D 3. The building manager is having all the windows and doors replace on the second and third floor as well as in the restaurant A B C D 4. Having live here for seven years, my friend is used to speaking English with all her classmates. A B C D 5. If only we knew all this information about the market many weeks ago A B C D
- 494. 6. Peter apologizedme for not working hard for the final exam. A B C D 7. John had so interesting and creative plans that everyone wanted to work with him. A B C D 8. Species become extinct or endangered for the number of reasons, but the primary cause A B C is the destruction of habitat by human activities . D 9. Were she be invite to their wedding nniversary, she would be very happy . A B C D 10. Not until the end of prehistoric times that did the first wheeled vehicles appear. A B C D SECTION B: READING (40 POINTS) I. Read the text below and fill in each blank with ONE suitable word. (10 pts) TSUNAMI IN JAPAN Japan's most powerful earthquake since records began has struck the north-east coast,triggering a massive tsunami. Cars, ships and buildings were (1)________ away by a wall ofwater after the 8.9 - magnitude tremor, which struck about 400 kms (250 miles) north- east ofTokyo. A state of emergency has been declared at a nuclear power plant, (2)________pressure has exceeded normal levels. Officials say more than 10,000 people are dead and about 5,000 (3)________, but it is feared the final death toll will be (4)________ higher. Inone ward alone in Sendai, a port city in Miyagi prefecture, 200 to 300 bodies were found.“The quake has been the fifth-largest in the world (5)________ 1900 and nearly 8,000(6)________ stronger than the one which devastated Christchurch, New Zealand, last month”, said scientists. Thousands of people (7)________ near the Fukushima nuclear power plant have been ordered to evacuate. Japanese nuclear officials said that pressureinside a boiling water reactor at the plant was running much higher than normal after the cooling system failed. Officials said they might need to deliberately (8)________ some radioactive steam to relieve pressure, but that there would be no health risk. US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton had earlier said the US Air Force had flown emergency coolant to the site. But US officials later said (9)________ coolant had been handed over because the Japanese had decided to handle the situation (10)________.The UN's nuclear agency said four nuclear power plants had been shut down safely. 1._____________ 2._____________ 3._____________ 4._____________
- 495. 5.____________ 6._____________ 7._____________8._____________ 9._____________ 10.____________ II. Read the passage and choose the best option for each of the following blanks. (10 pts) Women nowadays have more (1)________ than those in the past. For example, ourgreat grandmothers were not allowed to go to school or to work to earn their own living.(2)________, they had to depend on their husbands financially. Modern women, on thecontrary, can get good education, have their own careers, and (3)________ their interests.They can even take good positions in politics if they are competent (4)________ it. However,women living in our modern society have their (5)________ too. Today women work harderthan their great grandmothers so that they can gain the (6)________ between working lifeand family life. Many people predict that by 2032, most (7)________ positions at work willbe taken by women. Then, it is possible that women will have more (8)________ life because, (9)________ in a very modern society, the women can’t (10)________ their role inthe family. 1. A. advances B. advantages C. benefits D. conveniences 2. A. Therefore B. However C. As a result D. Although 3. A. pursue B. support C. promote D. stimulate 4. A. to B. at C. with D. of 5. A. obstacles B. disputes C. profits D. problems 6. A. equality B. stables C. balance D. steadiness 7. A. senior B. junior C. inferior D. superior 8. A. sheltered B. healthy C. strenuous D. active 9. A. though B. even C. ever D. never 10. A. perform B. adopt C. fulfill D. neglect III. Read the following passage and choose the option that indicates the correct answer to each of the following questions.(10 pts) Over the past 600 years, English has grown from a language of few speakers to become the dominant language of international communication. English as we know it today emerged around 1350, after having incorporated many elements of French that were introduced following the Norman invasion of 1066. Until the 1600s, English was, for the most part, spoken only in England and had not extended even as far as Wales, Scotland, or Ireland.
- 496. However, during thecourse of the next two centuries, English began to spread around the globe as a result of exploration, trade (including slave trade), colonization, and missionary work. That small enslaves of English speakers became established and grew in various parts of the world. As these communities proliferated, English gradually became the primary language of international business, banking, and diplomacy. Currently, more than 80 percent of the information stored on computer systems worldwide is in English. Two thirds of the world‟s science writing is in English, and English is the main language of technology, advertising, media, international airports, and air traffic controllers. Today there are 700 million English users in the world, and over half of these are nonnative speakers, constituting the largest number of nonnative users of any language in the world. 1. What is the main topic of the passage? A. The number of non-native users of English. B. The French influence on the English language. C. The expansion of English as an international language. D. The use of English for science and technology. 2. English began to be used beyond England approximately............................. A. in 1066 B. around 1350 C. before 1600 D. after 1600 3. According to the passage, all of the following contributed to the spread of English around the world EXCEPT ..................................... A. the slave trade B. the Norman invasion C. missionaries. D. colonization 4. Which of the following statements is NOT true? A. Most of the information stored on computer systems is in English. B. Only one thirds of the world‟s science writing is in languages other than English. C. English is the only language used in technology, and advertising. D. International airports and air controllers use mostly English. 5. According to the passage, approximately how many non-native users of English are there in the world today? A. A quarter million B. Half a million C. 350 million D. 700 million. Sustainable architecture - lessons from the ant Termite mounds were the inspiration for an innovative design in sustainable living
- 497. Africa owes itstermite mounds a lot. Trees and shrubs take root in them. Prospectors mine them, looking for specks of gold carried up by termites from hundreds of metres below. And of course, they are a special treat to aardvarks and other insectivores. Now, Africa is paying an offbeat tribute to these towers of mud. The extraordinary Eastgate Building in Harare, Zimbabwe's capital city, is said to be the only one in the world to use the same cooling and heating principles as the termite mound. Termites in Zimbabwe build gigantic mounds inside which they farm a fungus that is their primary food source. This must be kept at exactly 30.5°C, while the temperatures on the African veld outside can range from 1.5°C at night- only just above freezing - to a baking hot 40°C during the day. The termites achieve this remarkable feat by building a system of vents in the mound. Those at the base lead down into chambers cooled by wet mud carried up from water tables far below, and others lead up through a flue to the peak of the mound. By constantly opening and closing these heating and cooling vents over the course of the day the termites succeed in keeping the temperature constant in spite of the wide fluctuations outside. Architect Mick Pearce used precisely the same strategy when designing the Eastgate Building, which has no air conditioning and virtually no heating. The building - the country's largest commercial and shopping complex - uses less than 10% of the energy of a conventional building its size. These efficiencies translated directly to the bottom line: the Eastgate's owners saved $3.5 million on a $36 million building because an air-conditioning plant didn't have to be imported. These savings were also passed on to tenants: rents are 20% lower than in a new building next door. The complex is actually two buildings linked by bridges across a shady, glass-roofed atrium open to the breezes. Fans suck fresh air in from the atrium, blow it upstairs through hollow spaces under the floors and from there into each office through baseboard vents. As it rises and warms, it is drawn out via ceiling vents and finally exits through forty-eight brick chimneys. To keep the harsh, high veld sun from heating the interior, no more than 25% of the outside is glass, and all the windows are screened by cement arches that jut out more than a metre. During summer's cool nights, big fans flush air through the building seven times an hour to chill the hollow floors. By day, smaller fans blow two changes of air an hour through the building, to circulate the air which has been in contact with the cool floors. For winter days, there are small heaters in the vents. This is all possible only because Harare is 1600 feet above sea level, has cloudless skies, little humidity and rapid temperature swings - days as warm as 31°C commonly drop to 14°C at night. 'You couldn't do this in New York, with its fantastically hot summers and fantastically cold winters,' Pearce said. But then his eyes lit up at the challenge. 'Perhaps you could store the summer's heat in water somehow .... '
- 498. The engineering firmof Ove Arup & Partners, which worked with him on the design, monitors daily temperatures outside, under the floors and at knee, desk and ceiling level. Ove Arup's graphs show that the temperature of the building has generally stayed between 23°C and 25°C, with the exception of the annual hot spell just before the summer rains in October, and three days in November, when a janitor accidentally switched off the fans at night. The atrium, which funnels the winds through, can be much cooler. And the air is fresh - far more so than in air-conditioned buildings, where up to 30% of the air is recycled. Pearce, disdaining smooth glass skins as 'igloos in the Sahara', calls his building, with its exposed girders and pipes, 'spiky'. The design of the entrances is based on the porcupine-quill headdresses of the local Shona tribe. Elevators are designed to look like the mineshaft cages used in Zimbabwe's diamond mines. The shape of the fan covers, and the stone used in their construction, are echoes of Great Zimbabwe, the ruins that give the country its name. Standing on a roof catwalk, peering down inside at people as small as termites below, Pearce said he hoped plants would grow wild in the atrium and pigeons and bats would move into it, like that termite fungus, further extending the whole 'organic machine' metaphor. The architecture, he says, is a regionalised style that responds to the biosphere, to the ancient traditional stone architecture of Zimbabwe's past, and to local human resources. Choose the correct answer, A, B, C or D. 1 Why do termite mounds have a system of vents? A to allow the termites to escape from predators B to enable the termites to produce food C to allow the termites to work efficiently D to enable the termites to survive at night 2 Why was Eastgate cheaper to build than a conventional building? A Very few materials were imported. B Its energy consumption was so low. C Its tenants contributed to the costs. D No air conditioners were needed. 3 Why would a building like Eastgate not work efficiently in New York? A Temperature change occurs seasonally rather than daily. B Pollution affects the storage of heat in the atmosphere. C Summer and winter temperatures are too extreme. D Levels of humidity affect cloud coverage.
- 499. 4 What doesOve Arup's data suggest about Eastgate's temperature control system? A It allows a relatively wide range of temperatures. B The only problems are due to human error. C It functions well for most of the year. D The temperature in the atrium may fall too low. 5 Pearce believes that his building would be improved by A becoming more of a habitat for wildlife. B even closer links with the history of Zimbabwe. C giving people more space to interact with nature. D better protection from harmful organisms. The accidental rainforest According to ecological theory, rainforests are supposed to develop slowly over millions of years. But now ecologists are being forced to reconsider their ideas When Peter Osbeck, a Swedish priest, stopped off at the mid-Atlantic island of Ascension in 1752 on his way home from China, he wrote of 'a heap of ruinous rocks' with a bare, white mountain in the middle. All it boasted was a couple of dozen species of plant, most of them ferns and some of them unique to the island. And so it might have remained. But in 1843 British plant collector Joseph Hooker made a brief call on his return from Antarctica. Surveying the bare earth, he concluded that the island had suffered some natural calamity that had denuded it of vegetation and triggered a decline in rainfall that was turning the place into a desert. The British Navy, which by then maintained a garrison on the island, was keen to improve the place and asked Hooker's advice. He suggested an ambitious scheme for planting trees and shrubs that would revive rainfall and stimulate a wider ecological recovery. And, perhaps lacking anything else to do, the sailors set to with a will. In 1845, a naval transport ship from Argentina delivered a batch of seedlings. In the following years, more than 200 species of plant arrived from South Africa. From England came 700 packets of seeds, including those of two species that especially liked the place: bamboo and prickly pear. With sailors planting several thousand trees a year, the bare white mountain was soon cloaked in green and renamed Green Mountain, and by the early twentieth century the mountain's slopes were covered with a variety of trees and shrubs from all over the world.
- 500. Modern ecologists throwup their hands in horror at what they see as Hooker's environmental anarchy. The exotic species wrecked the indigenous ecosystem, squeezing out the island's endemic plants. In fact, Hooker knew well enough what might happen. However, he saw greater benefit in improving rainfall and encouraging more prolific vegetation on the island. But there is a much deeper issue here than the relative benefits of sparse endemic species versus luxuriant imported ones. And as botanist David Wilkinson of Liverpool John Moores University in the UK pointed out after a recent visit to the island, it goes to the heart of some of the most dearly held tenets of ecology. Conservationists' understandable concern for the fate of Ascension's handful of unique species has, he says, blinded them to something quite astonishing - the fact that the introduced species have been a roaring success. Today's Green Mountain, says Wilkinson, is 'a fully functioning man-made tropical cloud forest' that has grown from scratch from a ragbag of species collected more or less at random from all over the planet. But how could it have happened? Conventional ecological theory says that complex ecosystems such as cloud forests can emerge only through evolutionary processes in which each organism develops in concert with others to fill particular niches. Plants co-evolve with their pollinators and seed dispersers, while microbes in the soil evolve to deal with the leaf litter. But that's not what happened on Green Mountain. And the experience suggests that perhaps natural rainforests are constructed far more by chance than by evolution. Species, say some ecologists, don't so much evolve to create ecosystems as make the best of what they have. 'The Green Mountain system is a man-made system that has produced a tropical rainforest without any co-evolution between its constituent species,' says Wilkinson. Not everyone agrees. Alan Gray, an ecologist at the University of Edinburgh in the UK, argues that the surviving endemic species on Green Mountain, though small in number, may still form the framework of the new ecosystem. The new arrivals may just be an adornment, with little structural importance for the ecosystem. But to Wilkinson this sounds like clutching at straws. And the idea of the instant formation of rainforests sounds increasingly plausible as research reveals that supposedly pristine tropical rainforests from the Amazon to south-east Asia may in places be little more than the overgrown gardens of past rainforest civilisations. The most surprising thing of all is that no ecologists have thought to conduct proper research into this human-made rainforest ecosystem. A survey of the island's flora conducted six years ago by the University of Edinburgh was concerned only with endemic species. They characterised everything else as a threat. And the Ascension authorities are currently turning Green Mountain into a national park where introduced species, at least the invasive ones, are earmarked for culling rather than conservation.
- 501. Conservationists have understandableconcerns, Wilkinson says. At least four endemic species have gone extinct on Ascension since the exotics started arriving. But in their urgency to protect endemics, ecologists are missing out on the study of a great enigma. 'As you walk through the forest, you see lots of leaves that have had chunks taken out of them by various insects. There are caterpillars and beetles around,' says Wilkinson. 'But where did they come from? Are they endemic or alien? If alien, did they come with the plant on which they feed or discover it on arrival?' Such questions go to the heart of how rainforests happen. The Green Mountain forest holds many secrets. And the irony is that the most artificial rainforest in the world could tell us more about rainforest ecology than any number of natural forests. Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3? In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this 1 When Peter Osbeck visited Ascension, he found no inhabitants on the island. 2 The natural vegetation on the island contained some species which were found nowhere else. 3 Joseph Hooker assumed that human activity had caused the decline in the island's plant life. 4 British sailors on the island took part in a major tree planting project. 5 Hooker sent details of his planting scheme to a number of different countries. 6 The bamboo and prickly pear seeds sent from England were unsuitable for Ascension. Complete each sentence with the correct ending A-G from the box below. Write the correct letter A-G in boxes 7-10 on your answer sheet. 7 The reason for modern conservationists' concern over Hooker's tree planting programme is that 8 David Wilkinson says the creation of the rainforest in Ascension is important because it shows that 9 Wilkinson says the existence of Ascension's rainforest challenges the theory that
- 502. 10 Alan Grayquestions Wilkinson's theory, claiming that SECTION C: WRITING (20 POINTS) I. Finish the second sentence in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence printed before it. (10 pts) 1. I am sure it wasn’t Mrs. Brown you saw yesterday because she had gone abroad. It can’t have been Mrs. Brown you saw yesterday because she had gone abroad. 2. Some scientists report that dolphins have a brain capacity larger than human beings’ Dolphins are reported to have a brain capacity larger than human beings. 3. They think that someone started the fire on purpose The fire is thought to have started been started on purpose. 4. After Louie had written his composition, he handed it to his teacher. Having written his composition, Louie handed it to his teacher. 5. If only I had studied hard enough to pass the final exam. I regret not studying hard enough to pass the final exam. 6. John speaks Chinese fluently because he used to live in China for ten years. Had John not lived in China for ten years, he could not speak Chinese fluently. 7. "How beautiful is the dress you have just bought!" Peter said to Mary. Peter complimented Mary on her beautiful dress. 8. "You’re always making terrible mistakes," said the teacher. A other rainforests may have originally been planted by man. B many of the island's original species were threatened with destruction. C the species in the original rainforest were more successful than the newer arrivals. D rainforests can only develop through a process of slow and complex evolution. E steps should be taken to prevent the destruction of the original ecosystem. F randomly introduced species can coexist together. G the introduced species may have less ecological significance than the original ones.
- 503. The teacher complainedabout his student‟s making terrible mistakes 9. Sue is too slow to understand what you might say. So slow is Sue that she can’ t understand what you might say. 10. Although it was expected that he would stand for election, he didn’t. Contrary to what people expected, he didn’t stand for election. II. Write a new sentence similar in meaning to the given one, using the word given in the brackets. Do not alter the word in any way. (10 pts) 1. You looked tired. Why don’t you go to bed early tonight? (better) You had better go to bed early tonight as you looked tired. 2. Zoe has a job which makes her feel very stressful. (less) Zoe wishes she had a less stressful job. 3. Simon wants to be left alone because he’s upset. (rather) Simon would rather be left alone because he’s upset. 4. He’d rather eat with friends than eat alone.. ( prefers) He prefers eating with friends to eating alone. 5. He is too irresponsible to run the department. (charge) He is not responsible enough to be in charge. 6. His arrival was completely unexpected. (took) His arrival took us by surprise. 7. If I help you now, don’t assume I’ll help you next time.(count) If I help you now, don’t count on me to help you next time. 8. He owes his life to that surgeon. (indebted) He is indebted to that surgeon for saving his life 9. Don’t pay any attention when she complains. (notice) Don’t take any notice of her when she complains. 10. A rejection of their offer would have been unwise. (accepted) Not to have accepted their offer would have been unwise.
- 504. ANSWER KEYS SECTION A I. 1.A 2.D 3.D 4.D 5.C 6.A 7.A 8.C 9.D 10.C 11.B 12.B 13.A 14.C 15.B 16.C 17.B 18.C 19.A 20.C II. 1.STABILITY 2. TERRORIST 3. INDEFENSIBLE 4. DISOBEDIENT 5. ATTRACTIVENESS 6. UNPREDICTABLE 7. UNEMPLOYED 8. IRRESPONSIBLY 9. DISQUALIFIED 10.INCONSISTEN III. 1.A 2.C 3.B 4.A 5.B 6.A 7.A 8.C 9.A 10.B SECTION B I. 1. SWEPT 2. WHERE 3. MISSING 4. MUCH 5. SINCE 6.TIMES 7.LIVING 8. RELEASE 9. NO 10. THEMSELVES II.
- 505. 1. B 2. C 3.A 4. B 5. D 6. C 7. A 8. C 9. B 10.D III. READING COMPREHENSION PASSAGE1 1. C 2. D 3. B 4. C 5. C PASSAGE 2 1. B 2. D 3. A 4. C 5. A PASSAGE 3 1. NG 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. NG 6. F 7. B 8. F 9. D 10.G UBND TỈNH BẮC NINH SỞ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ĐỀ CHÍNH THỨC ĐỀ THI CHỌN HỌC SINH GIỎI CẤP TỈNH NĂM HỌC 2020 - 2021 Môn thi: Tiếng Anh 12 Thời gian làm bài: 90 phút (không kể thời gian giao đề) (Đề thi gồm 08 trang, 80 câu trắc nghiệm) Họ và tên học sinh :.................................................................... SBD: ................... Listen to the recording and choose the correct answer to each of the following questions. Question 1. According to the talk, what does presidency mean? A. The office of the president B. The US president’s room C. A particular president D. The US president’s position and power Question 2. The U.S. presidency . A. was not similar to any other position in world history B. refers to the American Constitution C. was created in the 17th century D. was created by Jefferson in the 1700s Question 3. If a country were a monarchy and ruled by a king or queen, _ . A. a lot of power was given to one person B. power belonged to an elected group C. power was shared between king or queen with representatives D. voters elected representatives Question 4. What were the writers of the Constitution concerned about? A. One person had a lot of power in a democracy B. Being under the control of a British king C. Fighting a war for independence against the British D. Making the country a democracy Question 5. According to the writers of the Constitution, what could a strong executive become? A. A curator B. A president C. A tyrant or corrupt D. A king or queen Question 6. What was the problem of a weak executive branch? A. The Constitution’s writers argued with each other. B. It took too much time to ask state legislatures to make national decisions. C. The problems were resolved. D. There were conflicting ideas about what the office of the president should be. Listen to an interview with a health worker about vaccination programmes in less economically developed Mã đề 033
- 506. countries. Question 7. Theproportion of the world’s children receiving vaccinations is . A. just over two thirds B. just a half C. just under three quarters D. just over four fifths Question 8. One achievement mentioned by the expert is that . A. there are only 71 measles cases since 2000 B. polio has almost been eradicated C. there are 200,000 fewer tetanus cases since the 1980s D. measles cases have fallen by one quarter
- 507. Question 9. Theexpert warns against . A. both rich and poor children still living in poor conditions B. investing too heavily in immunisation and neglecting other health issues C. giving children one vaccination and not delivering a full course of injections D. assuming that recent achievements are sufficient and withdrawing funding Question 10. According to the expert, many children do not get immunized if they . A. are already sick B. do not live within an established system C. can access to health care D. have proper living conditions Question 11. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as the reason why leaflets are not an effective means of advertising immunisation programmes because . A. some mothers cannot read B. they do not reach people in isolated areas C. there is a shortage of health workers D. the health worker doesn’t have enough time Question 12. To ensure that vaccinations reach everyone, it is necessary to . A. have an education programme in place as well B. teach illiterate women how to read and write C. pinpoint where the system fails and address these issues D. only hire health workers who are well trained and trustworthy Question 13. To solve the storage problem, the expert’s organisation is . A. finding warm places to keep vaccines B. training health workers how to store vaccines properly C. creating vaccines that can be stored at any temperature D. building cheap fridges that work reliably without electricity Question 14. The expert mentions that computers are necessary to . A. keep knowledge up-to-date B. maintain communications C. manage the production of vaccines D. manage distribution Question 15. The expert advises against using vaccines which are . A. cheap B. costly C. unbranded D. not pre-qualified Question 16. A DALY is . A. the amount of time lost when a person is ill or dies prematurely B. the loss of earnings due to ill-health and caring for relatives C. the amount of money a country spends on its health service D. the amount of time which is well spent on vaccinations Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions. Question 17. A. Argentina B. disadvantage C. existential D. nevertheless Question 18. A. intimacy B. intensity C. Antarctica D. invaluable Question 19. A. architecture B. manufacture C. agriculture D. literature Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word or phrase that is OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined part in each of the questions. Question 20. I’ve worked with her for donkey’s years and I still don’t know how to use the photocopier. A. for good and all B. from the beginning C. from time to time D. for a short time Question 21. Should the ice caps melt, warm tropical waters will circle the globe and make this a hostile planet. A. dry B. friendly C. hospitable D. warlike
- 508. Mark the letterA, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to show the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions. Question 22. Quinine, cinnamon and other useful substances are all derived of the bark of trees. A. other B. substances C. the bark of trees D. derived of Question 23. Cell membrance, when exposing to electrical impulses, can absorb medicine. A. can absorb B. electrical C. exposing D. Cell membrance Question 24. She made some very complementary remarks about my English, which was encouraging to me. A. complementary B. about C. made D. encouraging Question 25. In outer space, spacecraft can be maneuvered by means small steering rockets. A. In B. can be maneuvered C. by means D. steering Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions. Composers today use a wider variety of sounds than ever before, including many that were once considered undesirable noises. Composer Edgard Varese (1883-1965) called this the ‘liberation of sound…the right to make music with any and all sounds’. Electronic music, for example, made with the aid of computers, synthesizers, and electronic instruments, may include sounds that in the past would not have been considered musical. Environmental sounds, such as thunder, and electronically generated hisses and blips can be recorded, manipulated, and then incorporated into a musical composition. But composers also draw novel sounds from voices and non-electronic instruments. Singers may be asked to scream, laugh, groan, sneeze, or to sing phonetic sounds rather than words. Wind and string players may lap or scrape their instruments. A brass or woodwind player may hum while playing, to produce two pitches at once; a pianist may reach inside the piano to pluck a string and then run a metal blade along it. In the music of the Western world, the greatest expansion and experimentation have involved percussion instruments, which outnumber strings and winds in many recent compositions. Traditional percussion instruments are struck with new types of beaters; and instruments that used to be considered unconventional in Western music, tom-toms, bongos, slapsticks, maracas, are widely used . In the search for novel sounds, increased use has been made in Western music of Microtones. Non- Western music typically divides and intervals between two pitches more finely than Western music does, thereby producing a greater number of distinct tones or micro tones, within the same interval. Composers such as Krzysztof Penderecki create sound that borders on electronic noise through tone clusters, closely spaced tones played together and heard as a mass, block, or band of sound . The directional aspect of sound has taken on new importance as well. Loud speakers or groups of instruments may be placed at opposite ends of the stage, in the balcony, or at the back and sides of the auditorium. Because standard music notation makes no provision for many of these innovations, recent music scores may contain graph like diagrams, new note shapes and symbols, and novel ways of arranging notation on the page. Question 26. The passage suggests that Edgard Varese is an example of a composer who . A. criticized electronic music as too noise like B. modified sonic of the electronic instruments he used in his music C. wrote music with environmental themes D. believed that any sound could be used in music Question 27. The word ‘it’ in paragraph 2 refers to . A. string B. piano C. blade D. music Question 28. According to the passage, which of the following would be considered traditional elements of Western music? A. Microtones B. Pianos C. Tom-toms and bongos D. Hisses Question 29. The word ‘thereby’ in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to . A. by this means B. in return for C. by the way D. in spite of Question 30. According to the passage, Krzysztof Pederecki is known for which of the following practices?
- 509. A. Combining traditionaland nontraditional instruments B. Using tones that are clumped together C. Seating musicians in unusual areas of an auditorium D. Playing Western music for non-Western audiences Question 31. The word ‘wider’ in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to . A. more extensive B. more controversial C. more distinctive D. more impressive Question 32. According to the passage, which of the following types of instruments has played a role in much of the innovation in Western music? A. brass B. woodwind C. string D. percussion Question 33. In paragraph 3, the author mentions diagrams as an example of a new way to . A. indicate how particular sounds should be produced B. chart the history of innovation in musical notation C. explain the logic of standard musical notation D. design and develop electronic instruments Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions. THE FUTURE OF NEWSPAPERS Anybody who says they can reliably forecast the future of newspapers is either a liar or a fool. Look at the raw figures, and newspapers seem doomed . Since 2000, the circulation of most UK national dailies has fallen by between a third and a half. The authoritative Pew Research Center in the USA reports that newspapers are now the main source of news for only 26 percent of US citizens as against 45 percent in 2001. There is no shortage of prophets who confidently predict that the last printed newspaper will be safely buried within 15 years at most. Yet one of the few reliable facts of history is that old media have a habit of surviving. An over- exuberant New York journalist announced in 1935 that books and theatre ‘have had their day’ and the daily newspaper would become ‘the greatest organ of social life’. Theatre dully withstood not only the newspaper, but also cinema and then television. Radio has flourished in the TV age; cinema, in turn, has held its own against videos and DVDs. Even vinyl records have made a comeback, with online sales up 745 percent since 2008. Newspapers themselves were once new media, although it took several centuries before they became the dominant medium for news. This was not solely because producing up-to-date news for a large readership over a wide area became praticable and economic only in the mid-19th century, with the steam press, the railway and the telegraph. Equally important was the emergence of the idea that everything around us is in constant movement and we need to be updated on its condition at regular intervals - a concept quite alien in the medieval times and probably also to most people in the early modern era . Now, we expect change. To our medieval ancestors, however, the only realities were the passing of the seasons, punctuated by catastrophes such as famine, flood or disease that they had no reliable means of anticipating. Life, as the writer Alain de Botton puts it, was ‘ineluctably cyclical’ and ‘the most important truths were recurring’. Journalism as a full-time trade from which you could hope to make a living hardly existed before the 19th century. Even then, there was no obvious reason why most people needed news on a regular basis, whether daily or weekly. In some respects, regularity of newspaper publication and rigidity of format was, and remains, a burden. Online news readers can dip in and out according to how they perceive the urgency of events. Increasingly sophisticated search engines and algorithms allow us to personalise the news to our own priorities and interests. When important stories break, internet news providers can post minute-by- minute updates. Error, misconception and foolish speculation can be connected or modified almost constantly. There are no space restrictions to prevent narrative or analysis, and documents or events cited in news stories can often be accessed in full. All this is a world away from the straitjacket of newspaper publication. Yet few of any providers seem alive to the new medium’s capacity for spreading understanding and enlightenment.
- 510. Instead, the anxietyis always to be first with the news, to maximise reader comments, to create heat and sound and fury and thus add to the sense of confusion. In the medieval world what news there was was usually exchanged amid the babble of the market place or the tarven, where truth competed with rumour, mishearing and misunderstanding. In some respects, it is to that world that we seem to be returning. Newspapers have never been very good- or not as good as they ought to be- at telling us how the world works. Perhaps they now face extinction. Or perhaps , as the internet merely adds to what de Botton discribes as our sense that we live in ‘an improvable and fundamentally chaotic universe’, they will discover that they and they alone can guide us to wisdom and understanding. Question 34. Which phrase in the second paragraph has the same meaning as ‘held its own against’? A. flourished B. made a comeback C. had their day D. withstood Question 35. What does the writer suggest is the main advantage of online news sites? A. The flexibility of the medium B. The ease of access for their users C. The breadth of their potential readership D. The accuracy of the reporting Question 36. The word ‘alien’ in the passage is closest in meaning to . A. acceptable B. ridiculous C. strange D. absurd Question 37. In the third paragraph, the writer stresses the importance of _ . A. a shift in people’s attitudes towards the outside world B. certain key 19th century advances in mechanisation C. the competition between newspapers and more established media D. the challenges of news distribution in the pre-industrial era Question 38. What point is the writer making in the second paragraph? A. Existing media are not necessarily replaced by new ones. B. Public enthusiasm for new types of media is often unpredictable. C. It is inevitable that most media technologies will have a limited life. D. The best media technologies tend to be the most long-lasting. Question 39. The word ‘recurring’ in the passage is closest in meaning to . A. emerging B. happening again C. astonishing D. maintaining Question 40. In the first paragragh, the writer is presenting . A. his interpretation of a current trend B. reasons for the decline in newspaper readership C. his prediction on the future of print journalism D. evidence that supports a widespread view Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word in each of the following questions. Question 41. The fighter plane gave pivotal assistance to the ground forces that were surrounded by the enemy. A. reliable B. significant C. compulsory D. necessary Question 42. Holding copyright provides the only legal remedy against unauthorised copying. A. redress B. relief C. treatment D. preparation Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions. Question 43. No matter how hard Fred tried to lose weight, he did not succeed . A. Fred tried very hard to lose weight and succeeded . B. Try as Fred might, he could not lose weight. C. It was hard for Fred to lose weight because he never succeeded. D. It did not matter whether Fred could lose weight. Question 44. There are several categories of people who do not have to pay the new tax.
- 511. A. There areseveral categories of people who are under obligation to pay the new tax. B. There are several categories of people who are exempt by paying the new tax. C. There are several categories of people who are exempt from paying the new tax. D. There are several categories of people who mustn’t pay the new tax. Question 45. You should have persuaded him to change his mind. A. You persuaded him to change his mind but he didn't listen. B. You didn't persuade him to change because of his mind. C. You should persuade him to change his mind. D. It was essential to persuade him to change his mind but you didn’t. Question 46. The woman was too weak to lift the suitcase. A. Such was her weakness that the woman couldn’t lift the suitcase. B. So weak the woman was that she couldn’t lift the suitcase. C. The woman shouldn’t have lifted the suitcase as she was weak. D. Weak though the woman was, she could lift the suitcase. Question 47. He is an authority on primitive religion. A. He has authority over the people who practise primitive religion. B. He has official permission to practice primitive religion. C. He has a great influence on the people who practise primitive religion. D. He is famous for his vast knowledge of primitive religion. Question 48. Due to the fact that the demand for tea was very high in the 19th century, its price was astronomical. A. In the 19th century the price for tea didn’t increase despite the demand . B. It was its astronomical price which decreased the demand for tea in the 19th century. C. The demand for tea was so high in the 19th century that its price was enormous. D. It was not until the 19th century that the demand for tea started to increase. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the most suitable response to complete each of the following exchanges. Question 49. Viva and Bob have been reading about the wonders of the world . Viva: “Would you say The Great Wall is among the seven man- made wonders of the world?” Bob: “ ” A. Do you say so? B. There’s no doubt about that. C. That’s the least I could do. D. I’m glad you like it. Question 50. Elizabeth has worked with her colleague on a project for a long time and they feel a little tired. Laurie: “Then, let’s call it a day, shall we?” Elizabeth: “ ” A. All right. See you later. B. I think we have. Is there anything else to discuss? C. I’d love to, and I’ve got a pretty tight schedule today. D. I’m sorry I can’t. Maybe we can finish it tomorrow. Question 51. Frank and Brandy are talking about Brandy's last vacation. Frank: "I learned that you had an amazing vacation last summer. Did you go with your parents?" Brandy: " . I went with my cousins. We had a blast!" A. That's right B. Of course not C. Certainly with my friends too D. Oh, no. That's unbelievable
- 512. Mark the letterA, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that best combines each pair of sentences in the following questions. Question 52. Jack has won a jackpot prize. 10% of it was donated to flooded areas. A. Jack has won a jackpot prize, 10% which was donated to flooded areas. B. Jack has won a jackpot prize, which was donated 10% to flooded areas. C. Jack has won a jackpot prize, which of 10% was donated to flooded areas. D. Jack has won a jackpot prize, 10% of which was donated to flooded areas. Question 53. I owed Bill a favor. I agreed to help him. A. If I hadn’t owed Bill a favor, I would have agreed to help him. B. It was only because I owed Bill a favor that I agreed to help him. C. Although I owed Bill a favor, I agreed to help him. D. I only agreed to help Bill because I owed him some money. Question 54. She gave in her notice. She planned to start her new job in January. A. Her notice was given in order for her to start her new job in January B. She gave in her notice with a view to starting her new job in January. C. Her notice was given in with an aim to start her new job in January. D. She gave in her notice, plan to start her new job in January. Question 55. His wife phoned him early in the morning. She didn’t want him to forget to bring along the document. A. His wife phoned him early in the morning when she didn’t want him to bring along the document. B. His wife phoned him early in the morning lest he would forget to bring along the document. C. His wife phoned him early in the morning so that she wanted him to bring along the document. D. His wife phoned him early in the morning though she didn’t want him to forget to bring along the document. Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions. Question 56. The speech was by the music coming from the next room. We couldn’t hear a word she said . A. broken out B. drowned out C. pulled out D. dropped out Question 57. I don't want to ask the question, but it is the big in the room. A. problem B. animal C. elephant D. matter Question 58. If the work-force respected you, you wouldn't need to your authority so often. A. affirm B. inflict C. maintain D. assert Question 59. The earthquake 6.5 on the Richter scale. A. measured B. achieved C. counted D. weighed Question 60. The children by social networks are likely to suffer from depression and other health problems. A. obsessing B. who obsessed C. are obsessed D. obsessed Question 61. The factory is working below because of the shortage of essential materials. A. scope B. capacity C. range D. denstiy Question 62. Four miles off the southern coast of Massachusetts , a popular summer resort. A. where the island of Martha’s Vineyard lie B. lies the island of Martha’s Vineyard C. the island of Martha’s Vineyard lies there D. does the island of Martha’s Vineyard lie Question 63. She is reported to be a spectator. A. an athlete more than B. more an athlete than C. an athlete of more than D. more of an athlete than
- 513. Question 64. Theywere at the stadium with us last night, so they at the theatrethen. A. needn’t have been B. might have been C. mustn’t have been D. can’t have been Question 65. Ebola virus disease which is ongoing in West Africa is a severe, often fatal illness, with a rate of up to 90%. A. dying B. mortal C. dead D. fatality Question 66. The Martins have confirmed their strong to charity actions by donating a lump sum of money again. A. assignment B. compliance C. commitment D. reliance Question 67. Travellers will need some cash in _ currency but they can use their credit cards. A. local B. current C. real D. area Question 68. It’s Prime Minister’s right to an election at any time he likes A. nominate B. submit C. call D. summon Question 69. You are bound to find information on the stock market crash of 1987 in the newspaper . A. archives B. files C. records D. collections Question 70. , we missed our plane. A. The train is late B. The train being late C. To be late D. The train was late Question 71. Offices, too, will go with the result that paper will almost completely disappear. A. electrified B. well C. wrong D. electronic Question 72. We did our best to fix the broken computer but our efforts bore no . A. end B. fruit C. luck D. success Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions. Question 73. A. width B. bathroom C. method D. bathing Question 74. A. candidate B. considerate C. associate D. adequate Question 75. A. booked B. wicked C. naked D. beloved Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks. The popular writer J. K. Rowling has agreed to end her part in the destruction of the world’s forests by having her books printed on paper which is environmentally friendly. The multi-millionaire author, whose novels about a teenage wizard have _(76) 6.5 million trees so far, is one of a number of high-profile authors who have pledged their support for the environment by stipulating that only recycled paper should be used for their books. Techniques (77) in Canada mean that, for the first time, paper made from such materials as office waste paper can be used to make books. The Canadian edition of Rowling’s last book was printed without chopping down a single tree, saving an (78) 40,000 of them. In the past, it was difficult to print books on recycled paper because the paper was not strong enough to withstand a lifetime’s reading. Technological advances mean that paper which is manufactured from waste materials is now just as (79) as paper made from virgin fiber in terms of quality and strength. Despite the high cost of developing recycled paper that has the required strength and whiteness needed for books, there will not necessarily be a price rise for the readers. (80) , publishers are likely to compensate for the higher paper cost by using cheaper book covers, as happened in Canada. Question 76. A. exhausted B. erased C. consumed D. absorbed Question 77. A. led B. inaugurated C. pioneered D. founded Question 78. A. evaluated B. estimated C. established D. assessed Question 79. A. durable B. firm C. persistent D. substantial Question 80. A. Moreover B. Instead C. However D. Therefore
- 514. ĐÁP ÁN MÔNTIẾNG ANH HỌC SINH GIỎI LỚP 12 NĂM HỌC 2020-2021 Câu 543 987 694 033 1 B D C D 2 B B A A 3 B C D A 4 D A A A 5 A A A C 6 C B D B 7 D B B D 8 B D A B 9 C A B D 10 C D B B 11 D B B C 12 A A A C 13 D C B D 14 A D B D 15 C D C D 16 B B A A 17 C C B D 18 D A B A 19 D C B B 20 D D C D 21 A C A C 22 A B C D 23 C C A C 24 A B A A 25 B A A C 26 B A D D 27 B D C A 28 A B B B 29 D A D A 30 B C D B 31 D C B A 32 C B C D 33 A B D A 34 C C D D 35 D B B A 36 D B B C 37 A B D A 38 A D B A 39 C C A B 40 B D D D 41 C C C B 42 D D B A 43 B D C B 44 C D A C 45 A C D D
- 515. Câu 543 987694 033 46 B C C A 47 C D A D 48 A A C C 49 D B C B 50 D B C A 51 D B C B 52 B C C D 53 B B B B 54 D A B B 55 B A D B 56 B D A B 57 C B B C 58 D B B D 59 D D B A 60 B C D D 61 A D C B 62 A D B B 63 B D B D 64 A A C D 65 D D D D 66 D B B C 67 C A C A 68 B A D C 69 B D B A 70 C B B B 71 D A B D 72 A A B B 73 B B B D 74 B B C C 75 B B A A 76 A C B C 77 C A C C 78 C B C B 79 A B A A 80 A A D B CHỮ KÝ XÁC NHÂN CÁN BỘ RA ĐỀ
- 516. SỞ GDĐT BẠCLIÊU KỲ THI CHỌN HSG LỚP 12 VÒNG TỈNH NĂM HỌC 2020-2021 (Gồm 12 trang) (Không kể trang phách) * Môn thi: TIẾNG ANH (BẢNG A) * Ngày thi: 05/11/2020 * Thời gian: 180 phút (Không kể thời gian giao đề) Điểm Bằng số Bằng chữ Chữ ký GK 1 Chữ ký GK 2 Mã phách (Thí sinh làm bài trực tiếp trên đề thi) Part A. LISTENING I. Listen to Amanda talking to a friend about a birthday party. For eachquestion, circle the best answer (A, B, C). You will hear the conversation twice. (0) is as an example. (1 point) Example: 0. How many people can come to the party? A. 8 B. 11 C.18 1. Which ice cream will they have at the party? A. coffee B. lemon C. apple 2. What is broken? A. the CD player B. the cassette recorder C. the guitar 3. Whose birthday is it? A. Emma's B. Joan's C. Amanda's sister's 4. What present has Amanda bought? A. a camera B. a video C. a football 5. What time should people arrive at the party? A. 8 p.m. B. 8.30 p.m. C. 9.30 p.m. II. Complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND / OR A NUMBER for each answer. You will hear twice. (2 points) West Bay Hotel - details of job Example Answer • Newspaper advert for … te… mp … or … ar… y .. staff • Vacancies for (1) .................................. • Two shifts • Can choose your (2) ................................... (must be the same each we CHÍNH THỨC
- 517. • Pay: £5.50per hour, including a (3) .................................. • A (4) ...............................is provided in the hotel • Total weekly pay: £231 • Dress: a white shirt and (5) ............................ trousers (not supplied)a (6)…………(supplied) • Starting date: (7) .................................... • Call Jane (8) ..........................(Service Manager) before (9) ...................tomorrow (Tel: 832009) • She'll require a (10) ………...................... Part B. LEXICO AND GRAMMAR I. Circle the best answer (A, B, C, or D) to complete each unfinished sentence. (1 point) 1. I love this painting of an old man. He has such a ...............................smile. A. childhood B. childish C. childless D. childlike 2. You’d better leave for the airport now ………….. there’s a lot of traffic on the way. A. in fact B. in time C. in order D. in case 3. I would like to thank you,............................my colleagues, for the welcome you have given us. A. on account of B. on behalf of C. because of D. instead of 4. The poor child was in floods of...................................because his bicycle had been stolen. A. weeping B. tears C. crying D. unhappiness 5. The soldier was punished for ……………. to obey his commanding officer’s orders. A. refusing B. regretting C. objecting D. resisting 6. She ………… her husband’s job for his ill health. A. accused B. blamed C. caused D. claimed 7. It’s time we ………….. this old car and bought a new one. A. will B. had sold C. have sold D. sold 8. The project was rejected because of...........................funds. A. unavailable B. inconsiderable C. incomplete D. insufficient 9. Please leave this space ………… on the enrolment form. A. absent B. blank C. missing D. undone 10. You shouldn’t have criticized him in front of his friends. It was extremely ………..of you. A. unfortunate B. insensitive C. insensible D. unconscious 11. Phone me before ten; ……………. I’ll be too busy to talk to you. A. Unless B. whether C. otherwise D. if 12. According to the ………… of the contract, tenants must give six months’ notice if they intend to leave. A. laws B. rules C. terms D. details 13. The injured man was taken to hospital and ………… for internal injuries. A. cured B. healed C. operated D. treated 14. The door hinges had all been oiled to stop them …………… A. squeaking B. screechingC. shrieking D. squealing 15. Mary attempted to herself with her new boss by volunteering to take on extra work
- 518. A. gratify B.please C. ingratiate D. commend 13. You are under no obligation ………… to accept this offer. A. indeed B. eventually C. apart D. whatsoever 14. Wasn’t it you yourself ……….. the door open? A. to be left B. were left C. who left D. that should leave 15. If only motorists …………. drive more carefully! A. must B. shall C. would D. will 16. It is regretted that there can be no …………… to this rule. A. exclusion B. alternative C. exception D. deviation 17. Complete the form as …………… in the notes below. A. insisted B. specified C. implied D. devised II. In the passage below some lines are correct but some have a word that should not be there. Indicate the correct lines with a tick (√). For the incorrect lines, write the words that should not be there. (1 point) 1.................................Many species of animals, birds and even that insects are in danger 2..................................of disappearing from the earth off. Every day construction in 3 ………….. the rainforests destroys the habitats of these creatures. They 4 cannot survive in other environments. They rely on about the food 5 ....................and shelter being in their own habitats. Each time a habitat is 6.................................destroyed, the animals must have search for a new place. Luckily, 7..................................there are some people who they are doing something about this 8 ………….. situation. Animal protection societies are helping for the world 9 to learn more than about endangered species. When people know 10 more, they can fight to protect and save the animals. III. Choose the right tenses to complete the following passage. (1 point) Traditionally, universities (1.carry out) ........................... two main activities: research and teaching. Many academics would argue that both these activities play a critical role in serving the community. The fundamental question, however, is: how does the community want or need (2. serve) ......................................................................? In recent years, universities have been coming under (3.increase) ...........................pressure from both governments and the public (4.ensure) ........................... that they
- 519. do not remain“ivory towers” of study divorced from the realities of everyday life. University teachers (5.encourage) ..........................., and in some cases constrained, to provide more courses which produce graduates with the technical skills (6. require) ........................... for the commercial sector and research that has practical benefits which are commercially exploitable. If Aristotle (7.want)..............................................................to work in a tertiary institution in the UK today, he would have a good chance of teaching computer science but would not be so readily employable as a philosopher. A post-industrial society (8. require) ........................... large numbers of computer programmers, engineers, managers and technicians to maintain and develop its economic growth but man, as the Bible says “does not live by bread alone”. Apart from requiring medical and social services which do not directly contribute to economic growth, it (9.be) ................................................an impoverished society that did not value and enjoy literature, music and the arts. In these cost- conscious times, it even (10.point out) ........................... in justification for the funding of the arts that they can be useful money earners. A successful musical, for instance, can contribute as much to the Gross Nation Product through tourist dollars as any other export initiative. IV. Use the correct form of the word in capitals to fit each gap. (1 point) Interviews are an imperfect method of choosing the best people for jobs, yet human (1) ...........................like to examine each other in BE this way. One of the many problems of (2) ...........................as it is SELECT commonly practised is that the forms filled in by (3) ........................... APPLY often fail to show people as they really are. This means that you can follow all the best (4) ........................... when completing your form and ADVISE still find that you are (5) ........................... at the next stage - the interview. SUCCESS (6) ..........................., in the rare cases where interviewers are automatic, a SIMILAR candidate with an (7) ........................... form may do surprisingly well. ADEQUAT E Of course, your forms need to show that you have (8) ........................... CONFIDEN T in your (9) ........................... to do the job, but don’t try to turn yourself ABLE into someone else – a person you have to pretend to be at the interview. Realism and (10) ........................... are definitely the best approach. HONEST V. Choose the correct prepositional phrase from the box to complete the
- 520. following sentences. Youmay not use one phrase. (1 point) on good terms independent of tired of out of ashamed of on the whole capable of at most for safe keeping out of order for a 1. She was .................................... her poor exam results. 2. He gave his watch and wallet to me.................................................while he went for a swim in the lake. 3. You are ........................................ better work than this. 4. The piano is ........................................ again. It sounds terrible. 5. She is old enough to be ........................................ her parents. 6. Despite many disagreements, they’re now.....................................................with their next- door neighbours. 7. I’m ..........................................doing the same thing every day. 8. There weren’t many passengers on the bus – twelve ........................................... . 9. Parts of the play were boring, but ......................................... I quite enjoyed. 10. You’ll have to use the stairs. The lift is ........................................... VI. Insert a, an or the if necessary. Write if there is no article. (1 point) In (1)………….. summer of 1907, I was living in (2)...........................................little cottage in (3)………….. country, at (4) …………..small distance from (5)…………..sea. Half (6)………….. mile from my cottage there was (7) school, The Grables, where Harold Stackhurst, (8) ………….. headmaster, and several other teachers taught students and prepared them for various professions. Stackhurst and I went on friendly terms and he was (9) only man in………….. (10) neighbourhood who sometimes called at my cottage. PART C. READING I. Read the following passage. Circle the best answers (A, B, C or D) to complete the passage. (1 point) Smoking causes lung cancer, heart disease, and breathing problems. Worldwide, about three million people die every year because of smoking - that's about one ....(1)...... every ten seconds ! In fact, smoking is the ....(2)...... of almost 20 percent of all deaths in the developed countries of the world. Smoking doesn't just ....(3). ............................................the smoker, it hurts other people, too. When a pregnant ....(4)...... smokes, she is hurting her developing....(5)....... When a man .....(6) at home, his wife and children are also breathing in smoke and can become sick. Even though most people understand the ....(7). effects of smoking, they continue to smoke. The....(8) of women and teenagers who smoke is increasing. Cigarette companies make advertisements that.....(9).......these groups of people so that they...(10). to buy cigaretes. 1. A. death B. end C. loss D. decrease 2. A. origin B. reason C. cause D. basis 3. A. injure B. danger C. destroy D. hurt 4. A. child B. manC. woman D. wife
- 521. 5. A. babyB. children C. loveD. youth 6. A. relax B. enjoy C. cigarettes D. smokes 7. A. beneficial B. harmful C. harmed D. 8. A. number B. amount C. quantity D. total 9. A. interest B. concern C. matter D. worry 10. A. retain B. maintain C. continue D. preserve Read the passage below. Then circle the best option (A, B, C or D) to answer each question. (1 point) Rachel Carson was born in 1907 in Springsdale, Pennsylvania. She studied biology at college and zoology at Johns Hopkins University, where she received her master’s degree in 1933. In 1936, she was hired by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, where she worked most of her life. Carson’s first book, Under the Sea Wind, was published in 1941. It received excellent reviews, but sales were poor until it was reissued in 1952. In that year, she published The Sea Around Us, which provided a fascinating look beneath the ocean’s surface, emphasizing human history as well as geology and marine biology. Her imaginary and language had a poetic quality. Carson consulted no less than 1,000 printing sources. She had voluminous correspondence and frequent discussions with experts in the field. However, she always realized the limitations of her non-technical readers. In 1962, Carson published Silent Spring, a book that sparked considerable controversy. It proved how much harm was done by the uncontrolled, reckless use of insecticides.She detailed how they poisoned the food supply of animals, killed birds and fish, and contaminated human food. At the time, spokesmen for the chemical industry mounted personal attacks against Carson and issued propaganda to indicate that her findings were flawed. However, her work was vindicated by a 1963 report of the President’s Science Advisory Committee. A. The passage mainly discusses Rachel Carson’s work A. as a researcher B. at college C. at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service D. as a writer B. According to the passage, what did Carson primarily study at Johns Hopkins University? A. oceanography B. history C. literature D. zoology C.When she published her first book, Carson was closest to the age of A. 26 B. 29 C. 34 D. 35 D.It can be inferred from the passage that in 1952, Carson’s book Under the Sea Wind A. was outdated. B. became more popular than her other books. C. was praised by critics. D. sold many copies. E. Which of the following was Not mentioned in the passage as a source of information for The Sea Around Us? A. printed matter B. talks with experts C. a research expedition D. letters from scientists F. Which of the following words or phrases is LEAST accurate in describing The Sea Around Us?
- 522. A. highly technicalB. poetic C. fascinating D. well-researched 7.The word “reckless” is closest in meaning to A. unnecessary B. limited C. continuous D. irresponsible 8. According to the passage, Silent Spring is primarily A. an attack on the use of chemical preservatives in food. B. a discussion of the hazards insects posing to the food supply. C. a warning about the dangers of misusing insecticides. D. an illustration of the benefits of the chemical industry. 9. The word “flawed” is closest in meaning to A. faulty B. deceptive C. logical D. offensive 10. Why does the author of the passage mention the report of the President’ s Science Advisory Committee? A. To provide an example of government propaganda. B. To support Carson’s ideas. C. To indicate a growing government concern with the environment. D. To validate the chemical industry’s claims. II.Read the text below carefully and then do the following exercises. (1 point) Testing 1, 2, 3, … A. These are testing times. In both education and the field of work, the prevailing wisdom apears to be: if it moves, test it and if doesn’t, well, test it anyway. I say wisdom, but it has become rather an absession. In addition to the current obstacles, like GCSEs, A- levels, GNVQs, ONDs, and HNDs, not to mention the interviews and financial hurdles that school-leavers have to overcome in order to access higher education, students are facing the threat of “new tests”, Scholastic Aptitude Tests (SATs) B. SATs are being imported from the United States, where they have been in use for nearly a hundred years. As a supplement to A-levels, the tests purport to give students from poor backgrounds a better chance of entering university. SATs are intended to remove the huge social class bias that exists in British universities. But, in fact, they are, no more than an additional barrier for students. The tests, which masquerade as IQ tests, are probably less diagnostic of student potential than existing examinations, and, more seriously, are far from free of the bias that the supporters pretend. B. First of all, as for any other tests, students will be able to take classes to cram for SATs, which again will advantage the better-off. At a recent conference of the Prefessional Association of Teachers, it was declared that school exams and tests are biased toward middle-class children. Further, the content of the tests in question is not based on sound scientific theory, merely on a pool of Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs), set up by a group of item writers. The questions in SATs are tested on a representative sample of children. Those which correlate with the school grades of the children are kept, and the rest discarded. This is highly unsatisfactory. There is also evidence that in MCQs tests women are at a disadvantage, because of the way they think, i.e. they can see a wider picture. And it is worth noting that MCQs are only as good as the people who write them; so, unless
- 523. the writers arehighly trained, those who are being tested are being judged against the narrow limitations of the item writers. Globalisation has introduced greater flexibility into the workplace, but the educational system has not been so quick off the mark. But there are signs that times are a changing. Previously, students took exams at the end of academic terms, or at fixed dates periodically throughout the year. Now, language examinations like the TOEFL, IELTs and the Pitman ESOL exams can be taken much more frequently. The IELTs examination, for example, is run a test centre throughout the world subject to demand. Where the demand is high, the test is held more frequently. At present, in London, it is possible for students to sit the exam about four times a week. C. Flexible assessment like the IELTs has been mooted in other areas. It has been suggested that the students may in future be able to walk into a public library or other public building and take assessment test for a range of skills on a computer. The computer will dispense an instant assessment and a certificate. The beauty of this system is the convenience. Questions 1 – 5: This reading passage has 6 paragraphs (A-F). Choose the most suitable heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below. Write the appropriate number (1-10) next to the paragraph. One of the headings has been done for you. Note: There are more headings than paragraphs, so you will not use all of them. YOU MAY USE ANY HEADING MORE THAN ONCE 0. Paragraph A 9 Paragraph D Paragraph B Paragraph E Paragraph C Paragraph F List of Headings 1. Assessment in the future 2. The theory behind MCQs 3. Problem with SATs 4. Misuse of testing in School 5. The need for computer assessment 6. The benefits of SATs 7. Testing in workplace 8. The sortcoming of MCQs 9. Too much testing 10. Flexibility in language tesing Question 6- 10: Read the passage again and then decide whether the following statements
- 524. agree with theinformation in the Reading or not. Write: Yes if the statement agrees with the information in the passage. No if the statement contradicts the information in the passage No Information if there is no information about the statement in the passage. Example: 0. SATs is the abbreviation of Scholastic Aptitude Tests . Answer: Yes 6. In the fields of education and work the prevailing wisdom seems to be to test everything. 7. Research in genetics refutes the theory that people are predestined to follow certain careers. 8. Psychometric testing is favoured by headmaster and mistresses in many high schools. 9. The writer of this article is in favour of testing in general. 10. According to the writer, students get benefits from SATs Your answer 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. III. You are going to read an article about the Beatles Band. Ten sentences or phrases have been removed from the article. Choose from the sentences or phrases A- J the one which fits each gap (1-10). (1 point) The Beatles were an English rock band, active throughout the 1960s and………….. (1) …………... Formed in Liverpool, by 1962 the group consisted of John Lennon (rhythm guitar, vocals), Paul McCartney (bass guitar, vocals), George Harrison (lead guitar, vocals) and Ringo Starr (drums, vocals). Rooted in skiffle and 1950s rock and roll…………..(2) …………... The nature of their enormous popularity, which first emerged as "Beatlemania", transformed as their songwriting grew in sophistication. They came to be perceived as the embodiment of ideals of the social and cultural revolutions of the 1960s. Initially a five-piece line-up of Lennon, McCartney, Harrison, Stuart Sutcliffe (bass) and Pete Best (drums), ………….. (3) …………... Sutcliffe left the group in 1961, (4) …………... Moulded into a professional outfit by their manager, Brian Epstein, their musical potential was enhanced by the creativity of producer George Martin. ………….. (5) …………... Gaining international popularity and acquiring the nickname "Fab Four" the following year, they toured extensively until 1966. During their subsequent "studio years", they produced what critics consider some of their finest material includi