Object oriented programming is a modular approach to programming that treats data and functions that operate on that data as objects. The basic elements of OOP are objects, classes, and inheritance. Objects contain both data and functions that operate on that data. Classes are templates that define common properties and relationships between objects. Inheritance allows new classes to acquire properties of existing classes. OOP provides advantages like modularity, code reuse, and data abstraction.
Object Oriented Programming using C++.pptxparveen837153
This document provides an introduction to object oriented programming (OOP). It discusses how OOP addresses issues that contributed to a "software crisis" like managing complexity as systems grow. OOP models real-world problems using objects that encapsulate both data and functions. Key concepts of OOP include classes, which define user-defined data types, and objects, which are instances of classes. Other concepts are inheritance, which allows classes to acquire properties of other classes; polymorphism, which allows operations to exhibit different behaviors; and encapsulation, which wraps data and functions into a single unit. The document outlines benefits of OOP like reusability, extensibility, and mapping to real-world problems. It also lists promising applications
Object Oriented Programming is a programming paradigm that uses objects and their interactions to design applications and computer programs. The document discusses the limitations of procedural programming and how object oriented programming aims to address these. It introduces key concepts of OOP like classes, objects, encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism. Classes act as a blueprint to create real objects with data and behaviors. The document provides examples of defining empty classes and creating multiple objects in Python.
This document compares procedure-oriented programming and object-oriented programming. Procedure-oriented programming divides programs into smaller subprograms called functions that can access shared global data, while object-oriented programming divides programs into objects that encapsulate both data and functions together and protect data from access by external functions. The document also discusses key object-oriented programming concepts like classes, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and messaging that provide benefits like code reuse and easier management of complex software projects.
The document provides an introduction to object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD). It defines OOAD as a process of analyzing problems and developing solutions by planning in UML or pseudocode. Object-oriented analysis focuses on discovering key classes, while object-oriented design models real-world objects and communication between objects through interfaces. The document also outlines principles of object-oriented programming including classes, objects, inheritance, and polymorphism.
This document introduces object-oriented programming (OOP). It discusses the software crisis and need for new approaches like OOP. The key concepts of OOP like objects, classes, encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism are explained. Benefits of OOP like reusability, extensibility and managing complexity are outlined. Real-time systems, simulation, databases and AI are examples of promising applications of OOP. The document was presented by Prof. Dipak R Raut at International Institute of Information Technology, Pune.
This document provides an introduction to object oriented programming (OOP). It defines key concepts in OOP like objects, classes, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. Objects are the basic runtime entities that can represent any item to be handled in a program. Classes are user-defined data types that contain data and code to manipulate that data. Encapsulation wraps data and functions into a single unit, while inheritance allows classes to inherit properties from other classes. Polymorphism allows operations to exhibit different behaviors depending on the data type. Benefits of OOP include code reuse, easier management of complexity, and better mapping to real world problems. Promising application areas for OOP include real-time systems, simulations, databases
C++ is a middle-level programming language developed by Bjarne Stroustrup starting in 1979 at Bell Labs. C++ runs on a variety of platforms, such as Windows, Mac OS, and the various versions of UNIX
Most C++ compilers don't care what extension you give your source code, but if you don't specify otherwise, many will use .cpp by default
Most frequently used and free available compiler is GNU C/C++ compiler, otherwise you can have compilers either from HP or Solaris if you have respective Operating Systems.
Unit 1 introduces the basics of object-oriented programming (OOP). OOP treats data as objects that contain both data fields (properties) and methods (behaviors). Classes are templates that are used to create objects. Some key principles of OOP include encapsulation, which binds an object's data and methods together, inheritance which allows classes to share structures and behaviors of other classes, and polymorphism which allows different classes to have similarly-named methods that work in different ways. OOP aims to make code reusable, modular, and adaptable to changing requirements compared to traditional procedural programming.
This document provides an introduction to object-oriented programming (OOP) using Java. It defines key OOP concepts like classes, objects, encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism. It explains the differences between procedural and object-oriented paradigms. Popular OOP languages like Java, C++, Smalltalk are listed, with examples of how classes and objects are used to represent real-world entities like vehicles. The advantages of OOP like code reusability and modular design are also summarized.
The document discusses the key elements of the object model, including abstraction, encapsulation, modularity, and hierarchy. It explains that abstraction is one of the fundamental ways to cope with complexity in software design. Abstraction focuses on the essential characteristics of an object that distinguish it from other objects, from the perspective of the viewer. The object model provides a conceptual framework for object-oriented programming that is based on these elements.
The document discusses the key elements of the object model, including abstraction, encapsulation, modularity, and hierarchy. It explains that abstraction is one of the fundamental ways to cope with complexity in software design. Abstraction focuses on the essential characteristics of an object that distinguish it from other objects, from the perspective of the viewer. The object model provides a conceptual framework for object-oriented programming that is based on these elements.
The document discusses abstraction, which is a fundamental concept of object-oriented design. Abstraction involves focusing on an object's essential characteristics and behavior while hiding implementation details. There are different types of abstractions from most useful to least useful. Effective abstractions model real-world entities and provide well-defined interfaces through contracts, preconditions, and postconditions. Both static and dynamic properties of objects must be considered.
The document discusses abstraction, which is a fundamental concept of object-oriented design. Abstraction involves focusing on essential characteristics of an object that distinguish it from others, separating an object's interface from its implementation. There are different types of abstractions from most to least useful: entity, action, virtual machine, and coincidental. Other key concepts discussed include contracts, invariants, exceptions, static and dynamic properties, and passive vs. active objects.
The document discusses abstraction, which is a fundamental concept of object-oriented design. Abstraction involves focusing on an object's essential characteristics and behavior while hiding implementation details. There are different types of abstractions from most useful to least useful. Effective abstractions model real-world entities and provide well-defined interfaces through contracts, preconditions, and postconditions. Both static and dynamic properties of objects must be considered.
The document discusses the key elements of the object model, including abstraction, encapsulation, modularity, and hierarchy. It explains that abstraction is one of the fundamental ways to cope with complexity in software design. Abstraction focuses on the essential characteristics of an object that distinguish it from other objects, from the perspective of the viewer. The object model provides a conceptual framework for object-oriented programming that is based on these elements.
The document discusses the key elements of the object model, including abstraction, encapsulation, modularity, and hierarchy. It explains that abstraction is one of the fundamental ways to cope with complexity in software design. Abstraction focuses on the essential characteristics of an object that distinguish it from other objects, from the perspective of the viewer. The object model provides a conceptual framework for object-oriented programming that is based on these elements.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented programming (OOP) using C++. It defines key OOP concepts like classes, objects, abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. It notes that OOP improves software development productivity and maintainability by making code modular and reusable. OOP also allows for faster development and lower costs due to code reuse. However, OOP has disadvantages like a steep learning curve and producing slower programs in some cases. The document provides examples of where OOP is commonly applied, such as user interfaces, real-time systems, and artificial intelligence.
This document provides an introduction to object-oriented programming (OOP). It discusses the differences between procedural programming and OOP, defining OOP as a methodology that associates data structures with operators. The core concepts of OOP are defined as objects, classes, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and message passing. Objects are instances of classes that package both data and methods. Encapsulation binds data and methods within an object, while inheritance allows classes to acquire properties from other classes in a hierarchy. Polymorphism enables different implementations through message passing between objects.
This document provides an introduction to object-oriented concepts, modeling, and system development. It discusses key topics such as:
- The benefits of object-oriented programming like modularity, information hiding, and code reuse.
- Basic concepts in OOP like objects, classes, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism.
- The role of modeling in engineering by providing information about systems before they are built through mapping, reducing complexity, and being pragmatic.
- Object-oriented analysis focuses on understanding a system's functional requirements, unlike traditional function/data analysis which considers behavior and data separately.
1. Object oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that models concepts as "objects" that contain data and functionality.
2. A class defines the format for objects, including attributes like properties and behaviors like methods. Creating an object from a class is like a real-world object.
3. OOP concepts like encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism address limitations of procedural programming by combining related data and functions into classes and objects. Encapsulation wraps data and functions together, hiding implementation details.
The document provides an introduction to object-oriented programming (OOP). It defines key OOP concepts like objects, classes, inheritance, encapsulation, and polymorphism. It also discusses design patterns like factory pattern and singleton pattern. Object-oriented programming uses objects and their interactions to design applications and computer programs. Classes and objects help manage complexity by encapsulating data and code into reusable components.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented programming concepts in C++. It begins with a comparison of procedure-oriented programming and object-oriented programming. Key concepts of OOP like objects, classes, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism are then explained. The basic structure of a C++ program including header files, functions, variables and data types, input/output operators, and comments is also covered at a high level.
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C++ is a middle-level programming language developed by Bjarne Stroustrup starting in 1979 at Bell Labs. C++ runs on a variety of platforms, such as Windows, Mac OS, and the various versions of UNIX
Most C++ compilers don't care what extension you give your source code, but if you don't specify otherwise, many will use .cpp by default
Most frequently used and free available compiler is GNU C/C++ compiler, otherwise you can have compilers either from HP or Solaris if you have respective Operating Systems.
Unit 1 introduces the basics of object-oriented programming (OOP). OOP treats data as objects that contain both data fields (properties) and methods (behaviors). Classes are templates that are used to create objects. Some key principles of OOP include encapsulation, which binds an object's data and methods together, inheritance which allows classes to share structures and behaviors of other classes, and polymorphism which allows different classes to have similarly-named methods that work in different ways. OOP aims to make code reusable, modular, and adaptable to changing requirements compared to traditional procedural programming.
This document provides an introduction to object-oriented programming (OOP) using Java. It defines key OOP concepts like classes, objects, encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism. It explains the differences between procedural and object-oriented paradigms. Popular OOP languages like Java, C++, Smalltalk are listed, with examples of how classes and objects are used to represent real-world entities like vehicles. The advantages of OOP like code reusability and modular design are also summarized.
The document discusses the key elements of the object model, including abstraction, encapsulation, modularity, and hierarchy. It explains that abstraction is one of the fundamental ways to cope with complexity in software design. Abstraction focuses on the essential characteristics of an object that distinguish it from other objects, from the perspective of the viewer. The object model provides a conceptual framework for object-oriented programming that is based on these elements.
The document discusses the key elements of the object model, including abstraction, encapsulation, modularity, and hierarchy. It explains that abstraction is one of the fundamental ways to cope with complexity in software design. Abstraction focuses on the essential characteristics of an object that distinguish it from other objects, from the perspective of the viewer. The object model provides a conceptual framework for object-oriented programming that is based on these elements.
The document discusses abstraction, which is a fundamental concept of object-oriented design. Abstraction involves focusing on an object's essential characteristics and behavior while hiding implementation details. There are different types of abstractions from most useful to least useful. Effective abstractions model real-world entities and provide well-defined interfaces through contracts, preconditions, and postconditions. Both static and dynamic properties of objects must be considered.
The document discusses abstraction, which is a fundamental concept of object-oriented design. Abstraction involves focusing on essential characteristics of an object that distinguish it from others, separating an object's interface from its implementation. There are different types of abstractions from most to least useful: entity, action, virtual machine, and coincidental. Other key concepts discussed include contracts, invariants, exceptions, static and dynamic properties, and passive vs. active objects.
The document discusses abstraction, which is a fundamental concept of object-oriented design. Abstraction involves focusing on an object's essential characteristics and behavior while hiding implementation details. There are different types of abstractions from most useful to least useful. Effective abstractions model real-world entities and provide well-defined interfaces through contracts, preconditions, and postconditions. Both static and dynamic properties of objects must be considered.
The document discusses the key elements of the object model, including abstraction, encapsulation, modularity, and hierarchy. It explains that abstraction is one of the fundamental ways to cope with complexity in software design. Abstraction focuses on the essential characteristics of an object that distinguish it from other objects, from the perspective of the viewer. The object model provides a conceptual framework for object-oriented programming that is based on these elements.
The document discusses the key elements of the object model, including abstraction, encapsulation, modularity, and hierarchy. It explains that abstraction is one of the fundamental ways to cope with complexity in software design. Abstraction focuses on the essential characteristics of an object that distinguish it from other objects, from the perspective of the viewer. The object model provides a conceptual framework for object-oriented programming that is based on these elements.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented programming (OOP) using C++. It defines key OOP concepts like classes, objects, abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. It notes that OOP improves software development productivity and maintainability by making code modular and reusable. OOP also allows for faster development and lower costs due to code reuse. However, OOP has disadvantages like a steep learning curve and producing slower programs in some cases. The document provides examples of where OOP is commonly applied, such as user interfaces, real-time systems, and artificial intelligence.
This document provides an introduction to object-oriented programming (OOP). It discusses the differences between procedural programming and OOP, defining OOP as a methodology that associates data structures with operators. The core concepts of OOP are defined as objects, classes, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and message passing. Objects are instances of classes that package both data and methods. Encapsulation binds data and methods within an object, while inheritance allows classes to acquire properties from other classes in a hierarchy. Polymorphism enables different implementations through message passing between objects.
This document provides an introduction to object-oriented concepts, modeling, and system development. It discusses key topics such as:
- The benefits of object-oriented programming like modularity, information hiding, and code reuse.
- Basic concepts in OOP like objects, classes, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism.
- The role of modeling in engineering by providing information about systems before they are built through mapping, reducing complexity, and being pragmatic.
- Object-oriented analysis focuses on understanding a system's functional requirements, unlike traditional function/data analysis which considers behavior and data separately.
1. Object oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that models concepts as "objects" that contain data and functionality.
2. A class defines the format for objects, including attributes like properties and behaviors like methods. Creating an object from a class is like a real-world object.
3. OOP concepts like encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism address limitations of procedural programming by combining related data and functions into classes and objects. Encapsulation wraps data and functions together, hiding implementation details.
The document provides an introduction to object-oriented programming (OOP). It defines key OOP concepts like objects, classes, inheritance, encapsulation, and polymorphism. It also discusses design patterns like factory pattern and singleton pattern. Object-oriented programming uses objects and their interactions to design applications and computer programs. Classes and objects help manage complexity by encapsulating data and code into reusable components.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented programming concepts in C++. It begins with a comparison of procedure-oriented programming and object-oriented programming. Key concepts of OOP like objects, classes, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism are then explained. The basic structure of a C++ program including header files, functions, variables and data types, input/output operators, and comments is also covered at a high level.
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2. REFERENCE MATERIAL
Textbook:
C How to program by Paul Detiel and Harvey
Detial, Prentice Hall; 10th edition (March 4, 2017)
Reference Books:
The C++ Programming Language, 4th Edition by
Bjarne Stroustrup
The C++ Programming Language, 4th Edition 4th
Edition by Bjarne Stroustrup, Adison-Wesley
Professional
Jumping into C++ by Alex Allian,
Cprograming.com
3. WHAT IS OOP?
Object Oriented Programming is a programming
technique in which programs are written on basis
of objects.
Object is a collection of data and function
Object represent a person, place or thing in real
world.
In OOP data and all possible function on data are
grouped together.
4. WHAT IS OOP?
Object Oriented Programming is a programming
style that is associated with the concept of class,
Objects and various other concepts revolving
around these two, like inheritance,
polymorphism, abstraction, encapsulation.
5. EXAMPLE
A fork is an object with properties
a number of prongs
its size
material (made of plastic or metal), etc.
Behavior and functions of a fork include
Shredding
Squashing
Making design
Eating.
3
7. WHY OOP IS NECESSARY ?
The OOP (Object Oriented Programming)
approach is most commonly used approach now a
days.
OOP is being used for designing large and
complex applications.
The earlier approaches to programming were not
that good, and there were several limitations as
well.
8. EVOLUTION OF OO
PROGRAMING
These programming approaches have been
passing through revolutionary phases just like
computer hardware.
Machine
Language
Monolithic
Approach
Procedural
Approach
Structural
Approach
OOP
9. EVOLUTION OF OO
PROGRAMING
Machine Language
for designing small and simple programs
Monolithic Programming Approach
the program consists of sequence of statements that
modify data.
code is duplicated each time because there is no
support for the function.
data is not fully protected as it can be accessed from
any portion of the program.
programming languages include ASSEMBLY and
BASIC.
10. EVOLUTION OF OO
PROGRAMING
Procedural Programming Approach
Program is divided into functions that perform a
specific task.
Data is global and all the functions can access the
global data.
This approach avoids repetition of code which is the
main drawback of Monolithic Approach.
Enabled us to write larger and hundred lines of code
11. EVOLUTION OF OO
PROGRAMING
Structured Programming Approach
divide a program in functions and modules.
The use of modules and functions makes the program
more understandable.
It helps to write cleaner code and helps to maintain
control over each function.
Developed for designing medium sized programs.
The programming languages: PASCAL and C follow
this approach.
12. EVOLUTION OF OO
PROGRAMING
Object Oriented Programming Approach
The basic principal of the OOP approach is to
combine both data and functions so that both can
operate into a single unit. Such a unit is called an
Object.
This approach secures data also.
Now a days this approach is used mostly in
applications.
The programming languages: C++ and JAVA follow
this approach.
13. OBJECT ORIENTED DESIGN
Object-oriented design (OOD) is the process of
creating a software system or application
utilizing an object-oriented model.
This technique permits the creation of a software
solution based on object notion.
OOD is an implementation of the object-oriented
programming (OOP) paradigm.
14. OBJECT ORIENTED DESIGN
In the object-oriented design method, the system
is considered a collection of objects (i.e., entities).
The state is shared among the objects, and each
object is responsible for its own state data.
Similar objects form a class.
In other words, every object belongs to a class.
16. OBJECT ORIENTED DESIGN
Objects
An Object can be defined as an entity that has a state
and behavior, or in other words, anything that exists
physically in the world is called an object. It can
represent a dog, a person, a table, etc.
An object means the combination of data and
programs, which further represent an entity.
17. OBJECT ORIENTED DESIGN
Classes
Class can be defined as a blueprint of the individual
object, attribute and method.
Method
Function that describe behavior of class
Attribute
Define in class and represents state of object.
20. OBJECT ORIENTED DESIGN
Message
Objects communicate by passing messages.
Messages contain the name of the requested
operation, and any other action required to complete
the function.
Messages are frequently implemented through
function calls.
22. PRINCIPALS OF OOP
Encapsulation
The wrapping up of data and functions together in a
single unit is known as encapsulation.
All properties and methods of an object are kept
private and save from other object.
Encapsulation makes the data non-accessible to the
outside world.
24. PRINCIPALS OF OOP
Abstraction
Abstraction helps in the data hiding process.
It helps in displaying the essential features without
showing the details or the functionality to the user.
It avoids unnecessary information or irrelevant
details and shows only that specific part which the
user wants to see.
26. PRINCIPALS OF OOP
Inheritance
Inheritance is the process in which two classes have
an is-a relationship among each other and objects of
one class acquire properties and features of the other
class.
The class which inherits the features is known as the
child class, and the class whose features it inherited
is called the parent class.
For example, Class Vehicle is the parent class, and
Class Bus, Car, and Bike are child classes.
28. PRINCIPALS OF OOP
Polymorphism
Polymorphism means many forms.
It is a feature that provides a function or an operator
with more than one definition.
It can be implemented using function overloading,
operator overload, function overriding, virtual
function.
30. OBJECT-ORIENTED PROBLEM
SOLVING APPROACH
Object-oriented problem solving approach is very
similar to the way a human solves daily
problems. It consists of identifying objects and
how to use these objects in the correct sequence
to solve the problem.
31. OBJECT-ORIENTED PROBLEM
SOLVING APPROACH
In other words, object-oriented problem solving
can consist of designing objects whose behavior
solves a specific problem. A message to an object
causes it to perform its operations and solve its
part of the problem.
32. OBJECT-ORIENTED PROBLEM
SOLVING APPROACH
The object-oriented problem solving approach, in
general, can be divided into following steps. They
are:
1. Understanding the problem
2. Formulating a model
3. Developing an algorithm
4. Writing a subsequent program
5. Testing and improving the program
6. Evaluating the solution.
35. OBJECT-ORIENTED PROBLEM
SOLVING APPROACH
Developing an algorithm
grades_array = grades,
sum=0
for grade in grade array
add grades -> sum
average <- sum / length(grades_array)
37. OBJECT-ORIENTED PROBLEM
SOLVING APPROACH
Testing and improving the program
The program is tested against all kinds of
data including but not limited to corner
cases that may break the algorithm such
as the length of the array being returned
as 0.
39. PROS OF OOP
Secure
Reusability
High productivity
Reduce redundancy
Low-cost development
Easy to maintain and modify
Allows for parallel development.
40. DRAWBACKS OF OOP
Complexity
Hardware Constraints
Size is larger than other programs
It required a lot of effort to create
It is slower than other programs
It is not suitable for some sorts of problems
It takes time to get used to it.